AFG 10-Q Quarterly Report June 30, 2016

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP INC

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10-Q 1 afg-201663010q.htm 10-Q Document

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the

Securities Exchange Act of 1934



For the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2016

Commission File No. 1-13653

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.



Incorporated under the Laws of Ohio		IRS Employer I.D. No. 31-1544320

301 East Fourth Street, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202

(513) 579-2121

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months, and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes þ No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer þ Accelerated filer ¨ Non-accelerated filer ¨ Smaller reporting company ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No þ

As of August 1, 2016 , there were 86,893,457 shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding, excluding 14.9 million shares owned by subsidiaries.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table of Contents

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

TABLE OF CONTENTS




	Page
Part I — Financial Information
Item 1 — Financial Statements:
Consolidated Balance Sheet	2
Consolidated Statement of Earnings	3
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income	4
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity	5
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows	6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2 — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	34
Item 3 — Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk	88
Item 4 — Controls and Procedures	88

Part II — Other Information
Item 1A — Risk Factors	88
Item 2 — Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	89
Item 6 — Exhibits	90
Signature	90

Table of Contents

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

PART I

ITEM I — FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET (UNAUDITED)

(Dollars in Millions)



	June 30, 2016		December 31, 2015
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,548	$	1,220
Investments:
Fixed maturities, available for sale at fair value (amortized cost — $32,882 and $31,565)	34,638		32,284
Fixed maturities, trading at fair value	271		254
Equity securities, available for sale at fair value (cost — $1,400 and $1,469)	1,472		1,553
Equity securities, trading at fair value	86		166
Mortgage loans	1,159		1,067
Policy loans	195		201
Real estate and other investments	1,270		991
Total cash and investments	40,639		37,736
Recoverables from reinsurers	2,576		2,636
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	521		480
Agents’ balances and premiums receivable	992		937
Deferred policy acquisition costs	881		1,184
Assets of managed investment entities	4,410		4,047
Other receivables	788		820
Variable annuity assets (separate accounts)	595		608
Other assets	1,132		1,190
Goodwill	199		199
Total assets	$	52,733	$	49,837

Liabilities and Equity:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	8,203	$	8,127
Unearned premiums	2,109		2,060
Annuity benefits accumulated	28,596		26,622
Life, accident and health reserves	702		705
Payable to reinsurers	588		591
Liabilities of managed investment entities	4,192		3,781
Long-term debt	998		998
Variable annuity liabilities (separate accounts)	595		608
Other liabilities	1,557		1,575
Total liabilities	47,540		45,067
Shareholders’ equity:
Common Stock, no par value — 200,000,000 shares authorized — 86,850,459 and 87,474,452 shares outstanding	87		87
Capital surplus	1,228		1,214
Retained earnings	3,016		2,987
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax	669		304
Total shareholders’ equity	5,000		4,592
Noncontrolling interests	193		178
Total equity	5,193		4,770
Total liabilities and equity	$	52,733	$	49,837

Table of Contents

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF EARNINGS (UNAUDITED)

(In Millions, Except Per Share Data)



	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
	2016			2015			2016			2015
Revenues:
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums	$	1,027		$	985		$	2,025		$	1,931
Life, accident and health net earned premiums	6			27			12			52
Net investment income	423			404			834			792
Realized gains (losses) on:
Securities (*)	(16		)	(1		)	(34		)	18
Subsidiaries	2			—			2			(162		)
Income (loss) of managed investment entities:
Investment income	48			38			93			72
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities	11			(2		)	(2		)	(5		)
Other income	80			92			126			142
Total revenues	1,581			1,543			3,056			2,840

Costs and Expenses:
Property and casualty insurance:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	687			601			1,268			1,177
Commissions and other underwriting expenses	348			338			682			651
Annuity benefits	223			151			451			335
Life, accident and health benefits	9			33			18			65
Annuity and supplemental insurance acquisition expenses	42			66			77			107
Interest charges on borrowed money	19			20			37			40
Expenses of managed investment entities	36			28			71			52
Other expenses	81			80			160			157
Total costs and expenses	1,445			1,317			2,764			2,584
Earnings before income taxes	136			226			292			256
Provision for income taxes	73			77			125			82
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests	63			149			167			174
Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests	9			8			12			14
Net Earnings Attributable to Shareholders	$	54		$	141		$	155		$	160

Earnings Attributable to Shareholders per Common Share:
Basic	$	0.63		$	1.60		$	1.79		$	1.82
Diluted	$	0.62		$	1.57		$	1.76		$	1.79
Average number of Common Shares:
Basic	86.8			87.7			86.8			87.6
Diluted	88.4			89.5			88.4			89.4

Cash dividends per Common Share	$	0.28		$	0.25		$	0.56		$	0.50
________________________________________
(*) Consists of the following:
Realized gains before impairments	$	23		$	29		$	57		$	52

Losses on securities with impairment	(39		)	(30		)	(90		)	(34		)
Non-credit portion recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)	—			—			(1		)	—
Impairment charges recognized in earnings	(39		)	(30		)	(91		)	(34		)
Total realized gains (losses) on securities	$	(16	)	$	(1	)	$	(34	)	$	18

Table of Contents

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)

(In Millions)



	Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,
	2016		2015			2016		2015
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests	$	63	$	149		$	167	$	174
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities:
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on securities arising during the period	213		(214		)	338		(145		)
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses included in net earnings	10		(1		)	21		(13		)
Total net unrealized gains (losses) on securities	223		(215		)	359		(158		)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges	1		(1		)	4		—
Foreign currency translation adjustments	1		—			7		(8		)
Pension and other postretirement plans adjustments	—		—			1		—
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	225		(216		)	371		(166		)
Total comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	288		(67		)	538		8
Less: Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests	13		5			18		12
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to shareholders	$	275	$	(72	)	$	520	$	(4	)

Table of Contents

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

(Dollars in Millions)



			Shareholders’ Equity
	Common		Common Stock and Capital			Retained Earnings						Accumulated Other Comp.						Noncon- trolling			Total
	Shares		Surplus			Approp.			Unapprop.			Income			Total			Interests			Equity
Balance at December 31, 2015	87,474,452		$	1,301		$	—		$	2,987		$	304		$	4,592		$	178		$	4,770
Net earnings	—		—			—			155			—			155			12			167
Other comprehensive income	—		—			—			—			365			365			6			371
Dividends on Common Stock	—		—			—			(48		)	—			(48		)	—			(48		)
Shares issued:
Restricted stock awards	317,230		—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Exercise of stock options	448,136		16			—			—			—			16			—			16
Other benefit plans	72,050		5			—			—			—			5			—			5
Dividend reinvestment plan	7,427		1			—			—			—			1			—			1
Stock-based compensation:
Expense	—		10			—			—			—			10			—			10
Excess tax benefits	—		4			—			—			—			4			—			4
Shares acquired and retired	(1,438,142	)	(22		)	—			(76		)	—			(98		)	—			(98		)
Shares exchanged — benefit plans	(28,044	)	—			—			(2		)	—			(2		)	—			(2		)
Forfeitures of restricted stock	(2,650	)	—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Other	—		—			—			—			—			—			(3		)	(3		)
Balance at June 30, 2016	86,850,459		$	1,315		$	—		$	3,016		$	669		$	5,000		$	193		$	5,193

Balance at December 31, 2014	87,708,793		$	1,240		$	(2	)	$	2,914		$	727		$	4,879		$	175		$	5,054
Cumulative effect of accounting change	—		—			2			—			—			2			—			2
Net earnings	—		—			—			160			—			160			14			174
Other comprehensive loss	—		—			—			—			(164		)	(164		)	(2		)	(166		)
Dividends on Common Stock	—		—			—			(44		)	—			(44		)	—			(44		)
Shares issued:
Restricted stock awards	171,130		—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Exercise of stock options	852,691		28			—			—			—			28			—			28
Other benefit plans	88,181		5			—			—			—			5			—			5
Dividend reinvestment plan	7,041		—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Stock-based compensation:
Expense	—		10			—			—			—			10			—			10
Excess tax benefits	—		6			—			—			—			6			—			6
Shares acquired and retired	(1,254,791	)	(18		)	—			(60		)	—			(78		)	—			(78		)
Shares exchanged — benefit plans	(32,633	)	—			—			(2		)	—			(2		)	—			(2		)
Other	—		—			—			—			—			—			(5		)	(5		)
Balance at June 30, 2015	87,540,412		$	1,271		$	—		$	2,968		$	563		$	4,802		$	182		$	4,984

Table of Contents

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

(In Millions)



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016			2015
Operating Activities:
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests	$	167		$	174
Adjustments:
Depreciation and amortization	53			84
Annuity benefits	451			335
Realized (gains) losses on investing activities	(3		)	81
Net (purchases) sales of trading securities	85			(5		)
Deferred annuity and life policy acquisition costs	(124		)	(90		)
Change in:
Reinsurance and other receivables	42			314
Other assets	(150		)	(83		)
Insurance claims and reserves	121			(64		)
Payable to reinsurers	(3		)	(134		)
Other liabilities	12			53
Managed investment entities’ assets/liabilities	(199		)	(107		)
Other operating activities, net	(26		)	18
Net cash provided by operating activities	426			576

Investing Activities:
Purchases of:
Fixed maturities	(3,776		)	(3,728		)
Equity securities	(101		)	(152		)
Mortgage loans	(255		)	(62		)
Real estate, property and equipment	(26		)	(32		)
Proceeds from:
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities	2,073			1,688
Repayments of mortgage loans	163			127
Sales of fixed maturities	373			231
Sales of equity securities	139			149
Sales of real estate, property and equipment	43			92
Managed investment entities:
Purchases of investments	(869		)	(808		)
Proceeds from sales and redemptions of investments	771			439
Other investing activities, net	(282		)	(58		)
Net cash used in investing activities	(1,747		)	(2,114		)

Financing Activities:
Annuity receipts	2,533			2,012
Annuity surrenders, benefits and withdrawals	(1,118		)	(937		)
Net transfers from variable annuity assets	17			20
Reductions of long-term debt	—			(37		)
Issuances of managed investment entities’ liabilities	1,028			639
Retirements of managed investment entities’ liabilities	(682		)	(192		)
Issuances of Common Stock	20			34
Repurchases of Common Stock	(98		)	(78		)
Cash dividends paid on Common Stock	(48		)	(44		)
Other financing activities, net	(3		)	(6		)
Net cash provided by financing activities	1,649			1,411
Net Change in Cash and Cash Equivalents	328			(127		)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	1,220			1,343
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	1,548		$	1,216

Table of Contents

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS



INDEX TO NOTES

A.	Accounting Policies	H.	Managed Investment Entities
B.	Sale of Business	I.	Goodwill and Other Intangibles
C.	Segments of Operations	J.	Long-Term Debt
D.	Fair Value Measurements	K.	Shareholders’ Equity
E.	Investments	L.	Income Taxes
F.	Derivatives	M.	Contingencies
G.	Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs	N.	Subsequent Event

A . Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements for American Financial Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“AFG”) are unaudited; however, management believes that all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring accruals unless otherwise disclosed herein) necessary for fair presentation have been made. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year. The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and, therefore, do not include all information and footnotes necessary to be in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”).

Certain reclassifications have been made to prior periods to conform to the current year’s presentation. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The results of operations of companies since their formation or acquisition are included in the consolidated financial statements. Events or transactions occurring subsequent to June 30, 2016 , and prior to the filing of this Form 10-Q, have been evaluated for potential recognition or disclosure herein.

The preparation of the financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Changes in circumstances could cause actual results to differ materially from those estimates.

Fair Value Measurements Accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The standards establish a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability (“inputs”) are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect AFG’s assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. AFG did not have any significant nonrecurring fair value measurements in the first six months of 2016 .

Investments Fixed maturity and equity securities classified as “available for sale” are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) in AFG’s Balance Sheet. Fixed maturity and equity securities classified as “trading” are reported at fair value with changes in unrealized holding gains or losses during the period included in net investment income. Mortgage and policy loans are carried primarily at the aggregate unpaid balance.

In January 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-01, which, among other things, will require all equity securities currently classified as “available for sale” to be reported at fair value, with holding gains and losses recognized in net income, instead of AOCI. AFG will be required to adopt this guidance effective January 1, 2018.

Premiums and discounts on fixed maturity securities are amortized using the interest method. Mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) are amortized over a period based on estimated future principal payments, including prepayments. Prepayment assumptions are reviewed periodically and adjusted to reflect actual prepayments and changes in expectations.

Gains or losses on securities are determined on the specific identification basis. When a decline in the value of a specific investment is considered to be other-than-temporary at the balance sheet date, a provision for impairment is charged to earnings (included in realized gains (losses) on securities) and the cost basis of that investment is reduced. If management can assert that it does not intend to sell an impaired fixed maturity security and it is not more likely than not that it will have to sell the security

Table of Contents

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED

before recovery of its amortized cost basis, then the other-than-temporary impairment is separated into two components: (i) the amount related to credit losses (recorded in earnings) and (ii) the amount related to all other factors (recorded in other comprehensive income). The credit-related portion of an other-than-temporary impairment is measured by comparing a security’s amortized cost to the present value of its current expected cash flows discounted at its effective yield prior to the impairment charge. Both components are shown in the statement of earnings. If management intends to sell an impaired security, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery, an impairment charge to earnings is recorded to reduce the amortized cost of that security to fair value.

Derivatives Derivatives included in AFG’s Balance Sheet are recorded at fair value. Changes in fair value of derivatives are included in earnings, unless the derivatives are designated and qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges. Derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting under GAAP consist primarily of (i) components of certain fixed maturity securities (primarily interest-only MBS) and (ii) the equity-based component of certain annuity products (included in annuity benefits accumulated) and related call options (included in other investments) designed to be consistent with the characteristics of the liabilities and used to mitigate the risk embedded in those annuity products.

To qualify for hedge accounting, at the inception of a derivative contract, AFG formally documents the relationship between the terms of the hedge and the hedged items and its risk management objective. This documentation includes defining how hedge effectiveness and ineffectiveness will be measured on a retrospective and prospective basis.

Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges are recorded in AOCI and are reclassified into earnings when the variability of the cash flows from the hedged items impacts earnings. Any hedge ineffectiveness is immediately recorded in current period earnings. When the change in the fair value of a qualifying cash flow hedge is included in earnings, it is included in the same line item in the statement of earnings as the cash flows from the hedged item. AFG uses interest rate swaps that are designated and qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges to mitigate interest rate risk related to certain floating-rate securities included in AFG’s portfolio of fixed maturity securities.

For derivatives that are designated and qualify as highly effective fair value hedges, changes in the fair value of the derivative, along with changes in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk, are recognized in current period earnings. AFG has entered into an interest rate swap that qualifies as a highly effective fair value hedge to mitigate the interest rate risk associated with fixed-rate long-term debt by economically converting certain fixed-rate debt obligations to floating-rate obligations. Since the terms of the swap match the terms of the hedged debt, changes in the fair value of the swap are offset by changes in the fair value of the hedged debt attributable to changes in interest rates. Accordingly, the net impact on AFG’s current period earnings is that the interest expense associated with the hedged debt is effectively recorded at the floating rate.

Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of cost of subsidiaries over AFG’s equity in their underlying net assets. Goodwill is not amortized, but is subject to an impairment test at least annually. An entity is not required to complete the quantitative annual goodwill impairment test on a reporting unit if the entity elects to perform a qualitative analysis and determines that it is more likely than not that the reporting unit’s fair value exceeds its carrying amount.

Reinsurance Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the claim liability associated with the reinsured policies. AFG’s property and casualty insurance subsidiaries report as assets (i) the estimated reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, including an estimate for losses incurred but not reported, and (ii) amounts paid or due to reinsurers applicable to the unexpired terms of policies in force. Payable to reinsurers includes ceded premiums due to reinsurers, as well as ceded premiums retained by AFG’s property and casualty insurance subsidiaries under contracts to fund ceded losses as they become due. AFG’s insurance subsidiaries also assume reinsurance from other companies. Earnings on reinsurance assumed is recognized based on information received from ceding companies.

An AFG subsidiary cedes life insurance policies to a third party on a funds withheld basis whereby the subsidiary retains the assets (securities) associated with the reinsurance contract. Interest is credited to the reinsurer based on the actual investment performance of the retained assets. This reinsurance contract is considered to contain an embedded derivative (that must be adjusted to fair value) because the yield on the payable is based on a specific block of the ceding company’s assets, rather than the overall creditworthiness of the ceding company. AFG determined that changes in the fair value of the underlying portfolio of fixed maturity securities is an appropriate measure of the value of the embedded derivative. The securities related to this contract are classified as “trading.” The adjustment to fair value on the embedded derivative offsets the investment income recorded on the adjustment to fair value of the related trading portfolio.

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Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs (“DPAC”) Policy acquisition costs (principally commissions, premium taxes and certain underwriting and policy issuance costs) directly related to the successful acquisition or renewal of an insurance contract are deferred. DPAC also includes capitalized costs associated with sales inducements offered to fixed annuity policyholders such as enhanced interest rates and premium and persistency bonuses.

For the property and casualty companies, DPAC is limited based upon recoverability without any consideration for anticipated investment income and is charged against income ratably over the terms of the related policies. A premium deficiency is recognized if the sum of expected claims costs, claims adjustment expenses and unamortized acquisition costs exceed the related unearned premiums. A premium deficiency is first recognized by charging any unamortized acquisition costs to expense to the extent required to eliminate the deficiency. If the premium deficiency is greater than unamortized acquisition costs, a liability is accrued for the excess deficiency and reported with unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses.

DPAC related to annuities is deferred to the extent deemed recoverable and amortized, with interest, in relation to the present value of actual and expected gross profits on the policies. Expected gross profits consist principally of estimated future investment margin (estimated future net investment income less interest credited on policyholder funds) and surrender, mortality, and other life and annuity policy charges, less death, annuitization and guaranteed withdrawal benefits in excess of account balances and estimated future policy administration expenses. To the extent that realized gains and losses result in adjustments to the amortization of DPAC related to annuities, such adjustments are reflected as components of realized gains (losses) on securities.

DPAC related to traditional life and health insurance is amortized over the expected premium paying period of the related policies, in proportion to the ratio of annual premium revenues to total anticipated premium revenues. See “ Life, Accident and Health Reserves ” below for details on the impact of loss recognition on the accounting for traditional life and health insurance contracts.

DPAC includes the present value of future profits on business in force of annuity and life, accident and health insurance companies acquired (“PVFP”). PVFP represents the portion of the costs to acquire companies that is allocated to the value of the right to receive future cash flows from insurance contracts existing at the date of acquisition. PVFP is amortized with interest in relation to expected gross profits of the acquired policies for annuities and universal life products and in relation to the premium paying period for traditional life and health insurance products.

DPAC and certain other balance sheet amounts related to annuity, long-term care and life businesses are also adjusted, net of tax, for the change in expense that would have been recorded if the unrealized gains (losses) from securities had actually been realized. These adjustments are included in unrealized gains (losses) on marketable securities, a component of AOCI in AFG’s Balance Sheet.

Managed Investment Entities A company is considered the primary beneficiary of, and therefore must consolidate, a variable interest entity (“VIE”) based primarily on its ability to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact that entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of, or receive benefits from, the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

AFG manages, and has investments in, collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”) that are VIEs (see Note H — “ Managed Investment Entities ” ). AFG has determined that it is the primary beneficiary of the CLOs because (i) its role as asset manager gives it the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the CLOs and (ii) through its investment in the CLO debt tranches, it has exposure to CLO losses (limited to the amount AFG invested) and the right to receive CLO benefits that could potentially be significant to the CLOs.

On January 1, 2016, AFG adopted ASU 2015-02, which amended certain consolidation accounting guidance, including the VIE guidance that applies to collateralized financing entities such as CLOs. The new guidance affects how fee arrangements with CLO asset managers impact the determination of the primary beneficiary of those entities. Due to the significance of AFG’s investments in the CLOs that it manages, the new guidance did not impact the consolidation of AFG’s currently outstanding CLOs. The new guidance also impacted the consolidation analysis that applies to limited partnerships and similar entities, but did not result in a change to the accounting for AFG’s existing investments in those entities.

Because AFG has no right to use the CLO assets and no obligation to pay the CLO liabilities, the assets and liabilities of the CLOs are shown separately in AFG’s Balance Sheet. AFG has elected the fair value option for reporting on the CLO assets and

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liabilities to improve the transparency of financial reporting related to the CLOs. The net gain or loss from accounting for the CLO assets and liabilities at fair value is presented separately in AFG’s Statement of Earnings.

Effective January 1, 2015, AFG adopted (on a modified retrospective basis) ASU 2014-13, which addresses the diversity in practice regarding the accounting for assets and liabilities of a consolidated collateralized financing entity (such as a CLO) when an election has been made to account for that entity’s assets and liabilities at fair value. The fair values of a CLO’s assets may differ from the separately measured fair values of its liabilities even though the CLO liabilities only have recourse to the CLO assets. Under the new guidance, AFG elected to set the carrying value of the CLO liabilities equal to the fair value of the CLO assets (which have more observable fair values) as an alternative to reporting those liabilities at a separately measured fair value. CLO earnings attributable to AFG’s shareholders continue to be measured by the change in the fair value of AFG’s investments in the CLOs and management fees earned.

Prior to the adoption of ASU 2014-13, measuring both the CLO assets and CLO liabilities at separately determined fair values resulted in a difference between the carrying value of the CLO assets and the carrying value of the CLO liabilities that was not attributable to AFG’s ownership interest in the CLOs. This difference was recorded as “appropriated retained earnings — managed investment entities” in AFG’s Balance Sheet. In accordance with the guidance adopted in 2015, the amount reported as “appropriated retained earnings — managed investment entities” at December 31, 2014 was reclassified to “liabilities of managed investment entities” on January 1, 2015 as the cumulative effect of an accounting change.

Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses The net liabilities stated for unpaid claims and for expenses of investigation and adjustment of unpaid claims represent management’s best estimate and are based upon (i) the accumulation of case estimates for losses reported prior to the close of the accounting period on direct business written; (ii) estimates received from ceding reinsurers and insurance pools and associations; (iii) estimates of unreported losses (including possible development on known claims) based on past experience; (iv) estimates based on experience of expenses for investigating and adjusting claims; and (v) the current state of the law and coverage litigation. Establishing reserves for asbestos, environmental and other mass tort claims involves considerably more judgment than other types of claims due to, among other things, inconsistent court decisions, an increase in bankruptcy filings as a result of asbestos-related liabilities, novel theories of coverage, and judicial interpretations that often expand theories of recovery and broaden the scope of coverage.

Loss reserve liabilities are subject to the impact of changes in claim amounts and frequency and other factors. Changes in estimates of the liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses are reflected in the statement of earnings in the period in which determined. Despite the variability inherent in such estimates, management believes that the liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses are adequate.

Annuity Benefits Accumulated Annuity receipts and benefit payments are recorded as increases or decreases in annuity benefits accumulated rather than as revenue and expense. Increases in this liability for interest credited are charged to expense and decreases for policy charges are credited to other income.

For certain products, annuity benefits accumulated also includes reserves for accrued persistency and premium bonuses, guaranteed withdrawals and excess benefits expected to be paid on future deaths and annuitizations (“EDAR”). The liabilities for EDAR and guaranteed withdrawals are accrued for and modified using assumptions consistent with those used in determining DPAC and DPAC amortization, except that amounts are determined in relation to the present value of total expected assessments. Total expected assessments consist principally of estimated future investment margin, surrender, mortality, and other life and annuity policy charges, and unearned revenues once they are recognized as income.

Annuity benefits accumulated also includes amounts advanced from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati.

Unearned Revenue Certain upfront policy charges on annuities are deferred as unearned revenue (included in other liabilities) and recognized in net earnings (included in other income) using the same assumptions and estimated gross profits used to amortize DPAC.

Life, Accident and Health Reserves Liabilities for future policy benefits under traditional life, accident and health policies are computed using the net level premium method. Computations are based on the original projections of investment yields, mortality, morbidity and surrenders and include provisions for unfavorable deviations unless a loss recognition event (premium deficiency) occurs. Claim reserves and liabilities established for accident and health claims are modified as necessary to reflect actual experience and developing trends.

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For long-duration contracts (such as traditional life and long-term care policies), loss recognition occurs when, based on current expectations as of the measurement date, existing contract liabilities plus the present value of future premiums (including reasonably expected rate increases) are not expected to cover the present value of future claims payments and related settlement and maintenance costs (excluding overhead) as well as unamortized acquisition costs. If a block of business is determined to be in loss recognition, a charge is recorded in earnings in an amount equal to the excess of the present value of expected future claims costs and unamortized acquisition costs over existing reserves plus the present value of expected future premiums (with no provision for adverse deviation). The charge is recorded first to reduce unamortized acquisition costs and then as an additional reserve (if unamortized acquisition costs have been reduced to zero).

In addition, reserves for traditional life and long-term care policies are subject to adjustment for loss recognition charges that would have been recorded if the unrealized gains from securities had actually been realized. This adjustment is included in unrealized gains (losses) on marketable securities, a component of AOCI in AFG’s Balance Sheet.

Debt Issuance Costs Debt issuance costs related to AFG’s outstanding debt are amortized over the life of the related debt using the effective interest method. Effective January 1, 2016, AFG adopted (on a retrospective basis) ASU 2015-03, which requires debt issuance costs to be presented in the balance sheet as a direct reduction in the carrying value of long-term debt (consistent with the treatment of debt discounts) with the periodic amortization of such costs included in interest expense. Debt issuance costs related to AFG’s revolving credit facilities will continue to be included in other assets in AFG’s Balance Sheet. Prior to AFG’s adoption of ASU 2015-03, AFG reported unamortized debt issuance costs as a deferred charge asset (included in other assets) in AFG’s Balance Sheet and the periodic amortization was included in other expenses in AFG’s Statement of Earnings. The updated guidance did not affect the overall recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs. Accordingly, the guidance did not have an overall impact on AFG’s Shareholders’ Equity or results of operations.

Variable Annuity Assets and Liabilities Separate accounts related to variable annuities represent the fair value of deposits invested in underlying investment funds on which AFG earns a fee. Investment funds are selected and may be changed only by the policyholder, who retains all investment risk.

AFG’s variable annuity contracts contain a guaranteed minimum death benefit (“GMDB”) to be paid if the policyholder dies before the annuity payout period commences. In periods of declining equity markets, the GMDB may exceed the value of the policyholder’s account. A GMDB liability is established for future excess death benefits using assumptions together with a range of reasonably possible scenarios for investment fund performance that are consistent with DPAC capitalization and amortization assumptions.

Premium Recognition Property and casualty premiums are earned generally over the terms of the policies on a pro rata basis. Unearned premiums represent that portion of premiums written which is applicable to the unexpired terms of policies in force. On reinsurance assumed from other insurance companies or written through various underwriting organizations, unearned premiums are based on information received from such companies and organizations. For traditional life, accident and health products, premiums are recognized as revenue when legally collectible from policyholders. For interest-sensitive life and universal life products, premiums are recorded in a policyholder account, which is reflected as a liability. Revenue is recognized as amounts are assessed against the policyholder account for mortality coverage and contract expenses.

Noncontrolling Interests For balance sheet purposes, noncontrolling interests represents the interests of shareholders other than AFG in consolidated entities. In the statement of earnings, net earnings and losses attributable to noncontrolling interests represents such shareholders’ interest in the earnings and losses of those entities.

Income Taxes Deferred income taxes are calculated using the liability method. Under this method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax bases and are measured using enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance is established to reduce total deferred tax assets to an amount that will more likely than not be realized.

AFG recognizes the tax benefits of uncertain tax positions only when the position is more likely than not to be sustained under examination by the appropriate taxing authority. Interest and penalties on AFG’s reserve for uncertain tax positions are recognized as a component of tax expense.

Stock-Based Compensation All share-based grants are recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over their vesting periods based on their calculated fair value at the date of grant. AFG uses the Black-Scholes pricing model to measure the fair value of employee stock options.

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Benefit Plans AFG provides retirement benefits to qualified employees of participating companies through the AFG 401(k) Retirement and Savings Plan, a defined contribution plan. AFG makes all contributions to the retirement fund portion of the plan and matches a percentage of employee contributions to the savings fund. Company contributions are expensed in the year for which they are declared. AFG and many of its subsidiaries provide health care and life insurance benefits to eligible retirees. AFG also provides postemployment benefits to former or inactive employees (primarily those on disability) who were not deemed retired under other company plans. The projected future cost of providing these benefits is expensed over the period employees earn such benefits.

Earnings Per Share Although basic earnings per share only considers shares of common stock outstanding during the period, the calculation of diluted earnings per share includes the following adjustments to weighted average common shares related to stock-based compensation plans: second quarter of 2016 and 2015 — 1.6 million and 1.8 million ; first six months of 2016 and 2015 — 1.6 million and 1.8 million , respectively.

AFG’s weighted average diluted shares outstanding excludes the following anti-dilutive potential common shares related to stock compensation plans: second quarter of 2016 and 2015 — 0.7 million and 1.5 million ; first six months of 2016 and 2015 — 0.8 million and 1.4 million , respectively. Adjustments to net earnings attributable to shareholders in the calculation of diluted earnings per share were nominal in the 2016 and 2015 periods.

Statement of Cash Flows For cash flow purposes, “investing activities” are defined as making and collecting loans and acquiring and disposing of debt or equity instruments and property and equipment. “Financing activities” include obtaining resources from owners and providing them with a return on their investments, borrowing money and repaying amounts borrowed. Annuity receipts, surrenders, benefits and withdrawals are also reflected as financing activities. All other activities are considered “operating.” Short-term investments having original maturities of three months or less when purchased are considered to be cash equivalents for purposes of the financial statements.

B . Sale of Business

On December 24, 2015, AFG completed the sale of substantially all of its run-off long-term care insurance business (which was included in the run-off long-term care and life segment) to HC2 Holdings, Inc. (“HC2”) for an initial payment of $7 million in cash and HC2 securities with a fair value of $11 million (subject to post-closing adjustments). AFG may also receive up to $13 million of additional proceeds from HC2 in the future contingent upon the release of certain statutory-basis liabilities of the legal entities sold by AFG. In connection with obtaining regulatory approval for the transaction, AFG agreed to provide up to an aggregate of $35 million of capital support for the insurance companies, on an as-needed basis to maintain specified surplus levels, subject to immediate reimbursement by HC2 through a five -year capital maintenance agreement. The legal entities involved in the transaction, United Teacher Associates Insurance Company (“UTA”) and Continental General Insurance Company (“CGIC”), contained substantially all of AFG’s long-term care insurance reserves ( 96% as measured by net statutory reserves as of November 30, 2015), as well as smaller blocks of annuity and life insurance business. Following the sale of these subsidiaries, AFG has only a small block of long-term care insurance ( 1,600 policies) with approximately $37 million of reserves at June 30, 2016. AFG had ceased new sales of long-term care insurance in January 2010, but continued to service and accept renewal premiums on its outstanding policies, which are guaranteed renewable.

In addition to the $18 million in cash and securities received at closing and the $13 million of potential additional proceeds in the future from the release of statutory liabilities, AFG received a total of $97 million in tax benefits related to the sale. AFG received substantially all of these tax benefits through reduced estimated tax payments and a tax refund resulting from the carryback of the tax-basis capital loss in the first six months of 2016. The receivables for these tax benefits were reflected in AFG’s financial statements at December 31, 2015 .

Based on the status of ongoing negotiations at the end of the first quarter of 2015, management determined that the potential sale of the run-off long-term care insurance business met the GAAP “held for sale” criteria as of March 31, 2015. Accordingly, AFG recorded a $162 million pretax loss ( $105 million loss after tax) in the first quarter of 2015 to establish a liability equal to the excess of the net carrying value of the assets and liabilities to be disposed over the estimated net sale proceeds. At the closing date, the loss was adjusted to $166 million ( $108 million loss after tax) based on the actual proceeds received and the final carrying value of the net assets disposed. In the second quarter of 2016, AFG received additional proceeds based on the final closing balance sheet and adjusted certain accrued expense estimates associated with the sale, resulting in a $2 million pretax gain. At March 31, 2015 and at the sale date, the carrying value of the assets and liabilities disposed represented approximately 4% of both AFG’s assets and liabilities.

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Revenues, costs and expenses, and earnings before income taxes for the subsidiaries sold were (in millions):



	Three months ended June 30, 2015		Six months ended June 30, 2015
Life, accident and health net earned premiums:
Long-term care	$	20	$	37
Life operations	2		5
Net investment income	19		37
Realized gains (losses) on securities and other income	—		(2		)
Total revenues	41		77
Annuity benefits	2		4
Life, accident and health benefits:
Long-term care	25		46
Life operations	2		5
Annuity and supplemental insurance acquisition expenses	3		6
Other expenses	5		9
Total costs and expenses	37		70
Earnings before income taxes	$	4	$	7

C . Segments of Operations

AFG manages its business as four segments: (i) Property and casualty insurance, (ii) Annuity, (iii) Run-off long-term care and life and (iv) Other, which includes holding company costs and the operations attributable to the noncontrolling interests of the managed investment entities.

AFG reports its property and casualty insurance business in the following Specialty sub-segments: (i) Property and transportation, which includes physical damage and liability coverage for buses, trucks and recreational vehicles, inland and ocean marine, agricultural-related products and other property coverages, (ii) Specialty casualty, which includes primarily excess and surplus, general liability, executive liability, professional liability, umbrella and excess liability, specialty coverage in targeted markets, customized programs for small to mid-sized businesses and workers’ compensation insurance, and (iii) Specialty financial, which includes risk management insurance programs for leasing and financing institutions (including collateral and lender-placed mortgage property insurance), surety and fidelity products and trade credit insurance. Premiums and underwriting profit included under Other specialty represent business assumed by AFG’s internal reinsurance program from the operations that make up AFG’s other Specialty sub-segments and amortization of deferred gains on retroactive reinsurance transactions related to the sales of businesses in prior years. AFG’s annuity business markets traditional fixed and fixed-indexed annuities in the retail, financial institutions and education markets. AFG’s reportable segments and their components were determined based primarily upon similar economic characteristics, products and services.

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The following tables (in millions) show AFG’s revenues and earnings before income taxes by segment and sub-segment.



	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
	2016			2015			2016			2015
Revenues
Property and casualty insurance:
Premiums earned:
Specialty
Property and transportation	$	365		$	327		$	704		$	640
Specialty casualty	497			503			999			993
Specialty financial	139			129			271			249
Other specialty	26			26			51			49
Total premiums earned	1,027			985			2,025			1,931
Net investment income	89			83			172			162
Other income (a)	40			53			43			59
Total property and casualty insurance	1,156			1,121			2,240			2,152
Annuity:
Net investment income	344			306			659			598
Other income	24			24			50			51
Total annuity	368			330			709			649
Run-off long-term care and life (b)	12			49			24			95
Other	59			44			115			88
Total revenues before realized gains (losses)	1,595			1,544			3,088			2,984
Realized gains (losses) on securities	(16		)	(1		)	(34		)	18
Realized gains (losses) on subsidiaries	2			—			2			(162		)
Total revenues	$	1,581		$	1,543		$	3,056		$	2,840



Earnings Before Income Taxes
Property and casualty insurance:
Underwriting:
Specialty
Property and transportation	$	15		$	(13	)	$	47		$	(6	)
Specialty casualty	23			37			52			65
Specialty financial	22			24			45			46
Other specialty	3			3			5			6
Other lines (c)	(66		)	(1		)	(65		)	(1		)
Total underwriting	(3		)	50			84			110
Investment and other income, net (a)	115			124			190			197
Total property and casualty insurance	112			174			274			307
Annuity	76			88			129			163
Run-off long-term care and life (b)	—			4			(1		)	8
Other (d)	(38		)	(39		)	(78		)	(78		)
Total earnings before realized gains (losses) and income taxes	150			227			324			400
Realized gains (losses) on securities	(16		)	(1		)	(34		)	18
Realized gains (losses) on subsidiaries	2			—			2			(162		)
Total earnings before income taxes	$	136		$	226		$	292		$	256


(a)	Includes pretax income of $32 million (before noncontrolling interest) from the sale of an apartment property in the second quarter of 2016 and $51 million (before noncontrolling interest) from the sale of the Le Pavillon Hotel in the second quarter of 2015.


(b)	AFG sold substantially all of its run-off long-term care insurance business in December 2015.


(c)	Includes a $65 million special charge related to the exit of certain lines of business within AFG’s Lloyd’s-based insurer, Neon, in the second quarter of 2016.


(d)	Includes holding company interest and expenses.

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D . Fair Value Measurements

Accounting standards for measuring fair value are based on inputs used in estimating fair value. The three levels of the hierarchy are as follows:

Level 1 — Quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets (markets in which transactions occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis). AFG’s Level 1 financial instruments consist primarily of publicly traded equity securities and highly liquid government bonds for which quoted market prices in active markets are available and short-term investments of managed investment entities.

Level 2 — Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets (markets in which there are few transactions, the prices are not current, price quotations vary substantially over time or among market makers, or in which little information is released publicly); and valuations based on other significant inputs that are observable in active markets. AFG’s Level 2 financial instruments include separate account assets, corporate and municipal fixed maturity securities, mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) and investments of managed investment entities priced using observable inputs. Level 2 inputs include benchmark yields, reported trades, corroborated broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads and benchmark securities. When non-binding broker quotes can be corroborated by comparison to similar securities priced using observable inputs, they are classified as Level 2.

Level 3 — Valuations derived from market valuation techniques generally consistent with those used to estimate the fair values of Level 2 financial instruments in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable or when the market for a security exhibits significantly less liquidity relative to markets supporting Level 2 fair value measurements. The unobservable inputs may include management’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use based on the best information available in the circumstances. AFG’s Level 3 is comprised of financial instruments whose fair value is estimated based on non-binding broker quotes or internally developed using significant inputs not based on, or corroborated by, observable market information, and prior to 2015 certain liabilities of the CLOs.

Under new guidance adopted in the first quarter of 2015, discussed in Note A — “ Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities ,” AFG has elected to set the carrying value of the CLO liabilities equal to the fair value of the CLO assets (which have more observable fair values) as an alternative to reporting those liabilities at separately measured fair values. Following the adoption of the new guidance, the CLO liabilities are categorized within the fair value hierarchy on the same basis (proportionally) as the related CLO assets. Since the portion of the CLO liabilities allocated to Level 3 is derived from the fair value of the CLO assets, these amounts are excluded from the progression of Level 3 financial instruments.

AFG’s management is responsible for the valuation process and uses data from outside sources (including nationally recognized pricing services and broker/dealers) in establishing fair value. AFG’s internal investment professionals are a group of approximately 25 analysts whose primary responsibility is to manage AFG’s investment portfolio. These professionals monitor individual investments as well as overall industries and are active in the financial markets on a daily basis. The group is led by AFG’s chief investment officer, who reports directly to one of AFG’s Co-CEOs. Valuation techniques utilized by pricing services and prices obtained from external sources are reviewed by AFG’s internal investment professionals who are familiar with the securities being priced and the markets in which they trade to ensure the fair value determination is representative of an exit price. To validate the appropriateness of the prices obtained, these investment managers consider widely published indices (as benchmarks), recent trades, changes in interest rates, general economic conditions and the credit quality of the specific issuers. In addition, the Company communicates directly with the pricing service regarding the methods and assumptions used in pricing, including verifying, on a test basis, the inputs used by the service to value specific securities.

On December 24, 2015, AFG completed the sale of substantially all of its run-off long-term care insurance business. Based on the status of ongoing negotiations at the end of the first quarter of 2015, management determined that the potential sale of the run-off long-term care insurance business met GAAP “held for sale” criteria as of March 31, 2015. Accordingly, AFG recorded a loss in the first quarter of 2015 to write down the net carrying value of the assets and liabilities to be disposed to the estimated net sale proceeds of $14 million (estimated fair value less costs to sell). The estimate of fair value used to determine that loss was derived using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3).

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Assets and liabilities measured and carried at fair value in the financial statements are summarized below (in millions):



	Level 1		Level 2			Level 3		Total
June 30, 2016
Assets:
Available for sale (“AFS”) fixed maturities:
U.S. Government and government agencies	$	103	$	227		$	8	$	338
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	—		7,048			91		7,139
Foreign government	—		143			—		143
Residential MBS	—		3,516			231		3,747
Commercial MBS	—		2,006			36		2,042
Asset-backed securities (“ABS”)	—		5,022			478		5,500
Corporate and other	38		15,002			689		15,729
Total AFS fixed maturities	141		32,964			1,533		34,638
Trading fixed maturities	12		259			—		271
Equity securities — AFS and trading	1,305		87			166		1,558
Assets of managed investment entities (“MIE”)	338		4,046			26		4,410
Variable annuity assets (separate accounts) (*)	—		595			—		595
Other investments — equity index call options	—		368			—		368
Other assets — derivatives	—		18			—		18
Total assets accounted for at fair value	$	1,796	$	38,337		$	1,725	$	41,858
Liabilities:
Liabilities of managed investment entities	$	322	$	3,846		$	24	$	4,192
Derivatives in annuity benefits accumulated	—		—			1,557		1,557
Derivatives in long-term debt	—		(9		)	—		(9		)
Other liabilities — derivatives	—		13			—		13
Total liabilities accounted for at fair value	$	322	$	3,850		$	1,581	$	5,753

December 31, 2015
Assets:
Available for sale fixed maturities:
U.S. Government and government agencies	$	100	$	192		$	15	$	307
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	—		6,767			89		6,856
Foreign government	—		154			—		154
Residential MBS	—		3,305			224		3,529
Commercial MBS	—		2,148			39		2,187
Asset-backed securities	—		4,464			470		4,934
Corporate and other	50		13,634			633		14,317
Total AFS fixed maturities	150		30,664			1,470		32,284
Trading fixed maturities	13		241			—		254
Equity securities — AFS and trading	1,362		217			140		1,719
Assets of managed investment entities	309		3,712			26		4,047
Variable annuity assets (separate accounts) (*)	—		608			—		608
Other investments — equity index call options	—		241			—		241
Other assets — derivatives	—		2			—		2
Total assets accounted for at fair value	$	1,834	$	35,685		$	1,636	$	39,155
Liabilities:
Liabilities of managed investment entities	$	289	$	3,468		$	24	$	3,781
Derivatives in annuity benefits accumulated	—		—			1,369		1,369
Derivatives in long-term debt	—		(2		)	—		(2		)
Other liabilities — derivatives	—		8			—		8
Total liabilities accounted for at fair value	$	289	$	3,474		$	1,393	$	5,156


(*)	Variable annuity liabilities equal the fair value of variable annuity assets.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED

Transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 for all periods presented were a result of increases or decreases in observable trade activity.

During the second quarter of 2016, there were five perpetual preferred stocks with an aggregate fair value of $27 million that transferred from Level 2 to Level 1 and two perpetual preferred stocks with an aggregate fair value of $6 million that transferred from Level 1 to Level 2. During the first six months of 2016 , there were six perpetual preferred stocks with a fair value of $35 million that transferred from Level 2 to Level 1 and five perpetual preferred stocks with an aggregate fair value of $12 million that transferred from Level 1 to Level 2. During the second quarter of 2015 , there were five common stocks, two perpetual preferred stocks and one mandatory redeemable preferred stock with aggregate fair values of $26 million , $14 million and $10 million , respectively, transferred from Level 2 to Level 1. During the first six months of 2015 , there were six common stocks, four perpetual preferred stocks and one mandatory redeemable preferred stock with aggregate fair values of $79 million , $19 million and $10 million , respectively, transferred from Level 2 to Level 1. There were no transfers from Level 1 to Level 2 in the second quarter and first six months of 2015.

Approximately 4% of the total assets carried at fair value on June 30, 2016 , were Level 3 assets. Approximately 77% ( $1.33 billion ) of the Level 3 assets were priced using non-binding broker quotes, for which there is a lack of transparency as to the inputs used to determine fair value. Details as to the quantitative inputs are neither provided by the brokers nor otherwise reasonably obtainable by AFG. Since internally developed Level 3 asset fair values represent less than 10% of AFG’s shareholders’ equity, any justifiable changes in unobservable inputs used to determine internally developed fair values would not have a material impact on AFG’s financial position.

The only significant Level 3 assets or liabilities carried at fair value in the financial statements that were not measured using broker quotes are the derivatives embedded in AFG’s fixed-indexed annuity liabilities, which are measured using a discounted cash flow approach and had a fair value of $1.56 billion at June 30, 2016 . The following table presents information about the unobservable inputs used by management in determining fair value of these embedded derivatives. See Note F — “ Derivatives .”



	Unobservable Input		Range
	Adjustment for insurance subsidiary’s credit risk		0.1% – 3.1% over the risk free rate
	Risk margin for uncertainty in cash flows		0.58% reduction in the discount rate
	Surrenders		3% – 21% of indexed account value
	Partial surrenders		2% – 10% of indexed account value
	Annuitizations		0.25% – 1% of indexed account value
	Deaths		1.5% – 4.0% of indexed account value
	Budgeted option costs		1.75% – 3.5% of indexed account value

The range of adjustments for insurance subsidiary’s credit risk reflects credit spread variations across the yield curve. The range of projected surrender rates reflects the specific surrender charges and other features of AFG’s individual fixed-indexed annuity products with an expected range of 5% to 10% in the majority of future calendar years ( 3% to 21% over all periods). Increasing the budgeted option cost or risk margin for uncertainty in cash flows assumptions in the table above would increase the fair value of the fixed-indexed annuity embedded derivatives, while increasing any of the other unobservable inputs in the table above would decrease the fair value of the embedded derivatives.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED

Changes in balances of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value during the second quarter and first six months of 2016 and 2015 are presented below (in millions). The transfers into and out of Level 3 were due to changes in the availability of market observable inputs. All transfers are reflected in the table at fair value as of the end of the reporting period.



				Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in
	Balance at March 31, 2016			Net income			Other comprehensive income (loss)		Purchases and issuances			Sales and settlements			Transfer into Level 3		Transfer out of Level 3			Balance at June 30, 2016
AFS fixed maturities:
U.S. government agency	$	15		$	(8	)	$	1	$	—		$	—		$	—	$	—		$	8
State and municipal	92			—			—		—			(1		)	—		—			91
Residential MBS	213			1			1		—			(6		)	22		—			231
Commercial MBS	38			(1		)	—		—			(1		)	—		—			36
Asset-backed securities	501			—			3		11			(11		)	—		(26		)	478
Corporate and other	730			2			12		8			(68		)	10		(5		)	689
Total AFS fixed maturities	1,589			(6		)	17		19			(87		)	32		(31		)	1,533
Equity securities	158			—			8		—			—			—		—			166
Assets of MIE	24			(2		)	—		4			—			—		—			26
Total Level 3 assets	$	1,771		$	(8	)	$	25	$	23		$	(87	)	$	32	$	(31	)	$	1,725

Embedded derivatives	$	(1,450	)	$	(62	)	$	—	$	(72	)	$	27		$	—	$	—		$	(1,557	)
Total Level 3 liabilities (*)	$	(1,450	)	$	(62	)	$	—	$	(72	)	$	27		$	—	$	—		$	(1,557	)



				Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in
	Balance at March 31, 2015			Net income			Other comprehensive income (loss)			Purchases and issuances			Sales and settlements			Transfer into Level 3		Transfer out of Level 3			Balance at June 30, 2015
AFS fixed maturities:
U.S. government agency	$	15		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—	$	—		$	15
State and municipal	61			—			(2		)	25			—			—		—			84
Residential MBS	306			(1		)	(2		)	—			(9		)	16		(14		)	296
Commercial MBS	44			—			—			—			—			4		—			48
Asset-backed securities	211			1			—			115			(7		)	12		—			332
Corporate and other	583			(3		)	(17		)	35			(11		)	10		—			597
Total AFS fixed maturities	1,220			(3		)	(21		)	175			(27		)	42		(14		)	1,372
Equity securities	84			(4		)	3			35			—			—		—			118
Assets of MIE	29			(4		)	—			4			—			—		—			29
Total Level 3 assets	$	1,333		$	(11	)	$	(18	)	$	214		$	(27	)	$	42	$	(14	)	$	1,519

Embedded derivatives	$	(1,243	)	$	19		$	—		$	(48	)	$	14		$	—	$	—		$	(1,258	)
Total Level 3 liabilities (*)	$	(1,243	)	$	19		$	—		$	(48	)	$	14		$	—	$	—		$	(1,258	)


(*)	As discussed previously, these tables exclude the portion of MIE liabilities allocated to Level 3, which are derived from the fair value of the MIE assets.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED



				Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in
	Balance at December 31, 2015			Net income			Other comprehensive income (loss)			Purchases and issuances			Sales and settlements			Transfer into Level 3		Transfer out of Level 3			Balance at June 30, 2016
AFS fixed maturities:
U.S. government agency	$	15		$	(8	)	$	1		$	—		$	—		$	—	$	—		$	8
State and municipal	89			—			3			—			(1		)	—		—			91
Residential MBS	224			2			1			—			(13		)	33		(16		)	231
Commercial MBS	39			(1		)	—			—			(2		)	—		—			36
Asset-backed securities	470			—			(3		)	15			(19		)	41		(26		)	478
Corporate and other	633			—			27			94			(75		)	15		(5		)	689
Total AFS fixed maturities	1,470			(7		)	29			109			(110		)	89		(47		)	1,533
Equity securities	140			(17		)	16			12			—			15		—			166
Assets of MIE	26			(4		)	—			4			—			—		—			26
Total Level 3 assets	$	1,636		$	(28	)	$	45		$	125		$	(110	)	$	104	$	(47	)	$	1,725

Embedded derivatives	$	(1,369	)	$	(79	)	$	—		$	(154	)	$	45		$	—	$	—		$	(1,557	)
Total Level 3 liabilities (a)	$	(1,369	)	$	(79	)	$	—		$	(154	)	$	45		$	—	$	—		$	(1,557	)



						Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in
	Balance at December 31, 2014			Impact of accounting change (b)		Net income			Other comprehensive income (loss)			Purchases and issuances			Sales and settlements			Transfer into Level 3		Transfer out of Level 3			Balance at June 30, 2015
AFS fixed maturities:
U.S. government agency	$	15		$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—	$	—		$	15
State and municipal	100			—		—			(2		)	25			—			—		(39		)	84
Residential MBS	300			—		(2		)	1			—			(16		)	57		(44		)	296
Commercial MBS	44			—		—			—			—			—			4		—			48
Asset-backed securities	226			—		1			—			120			(48		)	33		—			332
Corporate and other	546			—		(3		)	(11		)	79			(24		)	10		—			597
Total AFS fixed maturities	1,231			—		(4		)	(12		)	224			(88		)	104		(83		)	1,372
Equity securities	93			—		(4		)	1			45			—			—		(17		)	118
Assets of MIE	31			—		(6		)	—			4			—			—		—			29
Total Level 3 assets	$	1,355		$	—	$	(14	)	$	(11	)	$	273		$	(88	)	$	104	$	(100	)	$	1,519

Liabilities of MIE	$	(2,701	)	$	2,701	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—	$	—		$	—
Embedded derivatives	(1,160		)	—		(31		)	—			(95		)	28			—		—			(1,258		)
Total Level 3 liabilities (a)	$	(3,861	)	$	2,701	$	(31	)	$	—		$	(95	)	$	28		$	—	$	—		$	(1,258	)


(a)	As discussed previously, these tables exclude the portion of MIE liabilities allocated to Level 3, which are derived from the fair value of the MIE assets.


(b)	The impact of implementing new guidance adopted in 2015, as discussed above and in Note A — “ Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities .”

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED

Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying value and fair value of financial instruments that are not carried at fair value in the financial statements are summarized below (in millions):



	Carrying		Fair Value
	Value		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
June 30, 2016
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,548	$	1,548	$	1,548	$	—	$	—
Mortgage loans	1,159		1,173		—		—		1,173
Policy loans	195		195		—		—		195
Total financial assets not accounted for at fair value	$	2,902	$	2,916	$	1,548	$	—	$	1,368
Financial liabilities:
Annuity benefits accumulated (*)	$	28,396	$	28,459	$	—	$	—	$	28,459
Long-term debt	1,007		1,141		—		1,126		15
Total financial liabilities not accounted for at fair value	$	29,403	$	29,600	$	—	$	1,126	$	28,474

December 31, 2015
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,220	$	1,220	$	1,220	$	—	$	—
Mortgage loans	1,067		1,074		—		—		1,074
Policy loans	201		201		—		—		201
Total financial assets not accounted for at fair value	$	2,488	$	2,495	$	1,220	$	—	$	1,275
Financial liabilities:
Annuity benefits accumulated (*)	$	26,422	$	25,488	$	—	$	—	$	25,488
Long-term debt	1,000		1,120		—		1,105		15
Total financial liabilities not accounted for at fair value	$	27,422	$	26,608	$	—	$	1,105	$	25,503


(*)	Excludes $200 million of life contingent annuities in the payout phase at both June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 .

The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents approximates fair value. Fair values for mortgage loans are estimated by discounting the future contractual cash flows using the current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings. The fair value of policy loans is estimated to approximate carrying value; policy loans have no defined maturity dates and are inseparable from insurance contracts. The fair value of annuity benefits was estimated based on expected cash flows discounted using forward interest rates adjusted for the Company’s credit risk and includes the impact of maintenance expenses and capital costs. Fair values of long-term debt are based primarily on quoted market prices.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED

E . Investments

Available for sale fixed maturities and equity securities at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , consisted of the following (in millions):



	June 30, 2016											December 31, 2015
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized					Net Unrealized		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized					Net Unrealized			Fair Value
	Amortized Cost		Gains		Losses			Net Unrealized		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gains		Losses			Net Unrealized			Fair Value
Fixed maturities:
U.S. Government and government agencies	$	332	$	8	$	(2	)	$	6	$	338	$	305	$	5	$	(3	)	$	2		$	307
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	6,627		516		(4		)	512		7,139		6,642		249		(35		)	214			6,856
Foreign government	135		8		—			8		143		147		7		—			7			154
Residential MBS	3,478		290		(21		)	269		3,747		3,236		308		(15		)	293			3,529
Commercial MBS	1,949		94		(1		)	93		2,042		2,111		77		(1		)	76			2,187
Asset-backed securities	5,490		56		(46		)	10		5,500		4,961		25		(52		)	(27		)	4,934
Corporate and other	14,871		918		(60		)	858		15,729		14,163		422		(268		)	154			14,317
Total fixed maturities	$	32,882	$	1,890	$	(134	)	$	1,756	$	34,638	$	31,565	$	1,093	$	(374	)	$	719		$	32,284

Equity Securities:
Common stocks	$	962	$	115	$	(69	)	$	46	$	1,008	$	1,051	$	146	$	(79	)	$	67		$	1,118
Perpetual preferred stocks	438		31		(5		)	26		464		418		23		(6		)	17			435
Total equity securities	$	1,400	$	146	$	(74	)	$	72	$	1,472	$	1,469	$	169	$	(85	)	$	84		$	1,553

The non-credit related portion of other-than-temporary impairment charges is included in other comprehensive income. Cumulative non-credit charges taken for securities still owned at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively, were $195 million and $205 million . Gross unrealized gains on such securities at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 were $127 million and $134 million , respectively. Gross unrealized losses on such securities at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 were $6 million . These amounts represent the non-credit other-than-temporary impairment charges recorded in AOCI adjusted for subsequent changes in fair values and nearly all relate to residential MBS.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED

The following tables show gross unrealized losses (dollars in millions) on fixed maturities and equity securities by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 .



	Less Than Twelve Months							Twelve Months or More
	Unrealized Loss			Fair Value		Fair Value as % of Cost		Unrealized Loss			Fair Value		Fair Value as % of Cost
June 30, 2016
Fixed maturities:
U.S. Government and government agencies	$	—		$	2	100	%	$	(2	)	$	8	80	%
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	—			33		100	%	(4		)	50		93	%
Residential MBS	(11		)	627		98	%	(10		)	248		96	%
Commercial MBS	(1		)	58		98	%	—			18		100	%
Asset-backed securities	(32		)	1,456		98	%	(14		)	630		98	%
Corporate and other	(23		)	603		96	%	(37		)	421		92	%
Total fixed maturities	$	(67	)	$	2,779	98	%	$	(67	)	$	1,375	95	%

Equity securities:
Common stocks	$	(69	)	$	373	84	%	$	—		$	—	—	%
Perpetual preferred stocks	(3		)	90		97	%	(2		)	28		93	%
Total equity securities	$	(72	)	$	463	87	%	$	(2	)	$	28	93	%

December 31, 2015
Fixed maturities:
U.S. Government and government agencies	$	(1	)	$	112	99	%	$	(2	)	$	15	88	%
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	(33		)	1,419		98	%	(2		)	50		96	%
Residential MBS	(7		)	438		98	%	(8		)	201		96	%
Commercial MBS	—			95		100	%	(1		)	28		97	%
Asset-backed securities	(42		)	2,706		98	%	(10		)	455		98	%
Corporate and other	(229		)	4,661		95	%	(39		)	165		81	%
Total fixed maturities	$	(312	)	$	9,431	97	%	$	(62	)	$	914	94	%

Equity securities:
Common stocks	$	(79	)	$	509	87	%	$	—		$	—	—	%
Perpetual preferred stocks	(3		)	91		97	%	(3		)	22		88	%
Total equity securities	$	(82	)	$	600	88	%	$	(3	)	$	22	88	%

At June 30, 2016 , the gross unrealized losses on fixed maturities of $134 million relate to approximately 572 securities. Investment grade securities (as determined by nationally recognized rating agencies) represented approximately 55% of the gross unrealized loss and 73% of the fair value.

AFG analyzes its MBS securities for other-than-temporary impairment each quarter based upon expected future cash flows. Management estimates expected future cash flows based upon its knowledge of the MBS market, cash flow projections (which reflect loan to collateral values, subordination, vintage and geographic concentration) received from independent sources, implied cash flows inherent in security ratings and analysis of historical payment data. In the first six months of 2016 , AFG recorded $2 million in other-than-temporary impairment charges related to its residential MBS.

In the first six months of 2016 , AFG recorded approximately $33 million in other-than-temporary impairment charges related to corporate bonds and other fixed maturities.

AFG recorded $63 million in other-than-temporary impairment charges on common stocks in the first six months of 2016 . At June 30, 2016 , the gross unrealized losses on common stocks of $69 million relate to 46 securities, none of which has been in an unrealized loss position for more than 12 months.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED

AFG recorded $4 million in other-than-temporary impairment charges on preferred stocks in the first six months of 2016 . At June 30, 2016 , the gross unrealized losses on preferred stocks of $5 million relate to 20 securities. All of the preferred stocks that have been in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or more ( 4 securities), have investment grade ratings.

Management believes AFG will recover its cost basis in the securities with unrealized losses and that AFG has the ability to hold the securities until they recover in value and had no intent to sell them at June 30, 2016 .

A progression of the credit portion of other-than-temporary impairments on fixed maturity securities for which the non-credit portion of an impairment has been recognized in other comprehensive income is shown below (in millions):



	2016			2015
Balance at March 31	$	160		$	168
Additional credit impairments on:
Previously impaired securities	—			—
Securities without prior impairments	—			—
Reductions due to sales or redemptions	(3		)	(2		)
Balance at June 30	$	157		$	166

Balance at January 1	$	160		$	170
Additional credit impairments on:
Previously impaired securities	2			1
Securities without prior impairments	—			—
Reductions due to sales or redemptions	(5		)	(5		)
Balance at June 30	$	157		$	166

The table below sets forth the scheduled maturities of available for sale fixed maturities as of June 30, 2016 (dollars in millions). Securities with sinking funds are reported at average maturity. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain securities may be called or prepaid by the issuers.



	Amortized		Fair Value
	Cost		Amount		%
Maturity
One year or less	$	906	$	922	3	%
After one year through five years	5,500		5,853		17	%
After five years through ten years	11,689		12,335		35	%
After ten years	3,870		4,239		12	%
	21,965		23,349		67	%
ABS (average life of approximately 5 years)	5,490		5,500		16	%
MBS (average life of approximately 4-1/2 years)	5,427		5,789		17	%
Total	$	32,882	$	34,638	100	%

Certain risks are inherent in fixed maturity securities, including loss upon default, price volatility in reaction to changes in interest rates, and general market factors and risks associated with reinvestment of proceeds due to prepayments or redemptions in a period of declining interest rates.

There were no investments in individual issuers that exceeded 10% of shareholders’ equity at June 30, 2016 or December 31, 2015 .

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED

Net Unrealized Gain on Marketable Securities In addition to adjusting equity securities and fixed maturity securities classified as “available for sale” to fair value, GAAP requires that deferred policy acquisition costs and certain other balance sheet amounts related to annuity, long-term care and life businesses be adjusted to the extent that unrealized gains and losses from securities would result in adjustments to those balances had the unrealized gains or losses actually been realized. The following table shows (in millions) the components of the net unrealized gain on securities that is included in AOCI in AFG’s Balance Sheet.



	Pretax			Deferred Tax and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests			Net
June 30, 2016
Unrealized gain on:
Fixed maturities — annuity segment (*)	$	1,416		$	(495	)	$	921
Fixed maturities — all other	340			(129		)	211
Total fixed maturities	1,756			(624		)	1,132
Equity securities	72			(26		)	46
Total investments	1,828			(650		)	1,178
Deferred policy acquisition costs — annuity segment	(602		)	211			(391		)
Annuity benefits accumulated	(185		)	65			(120		)
Life, accident and health reserves	(2		)	1			(1		)
Unearned revenue	30			(11		)	19
Total net unrealized gain on marketable securities	$	1,069		$	(384	)	$	685

December 31, 2015
Unrealized gain on:
Fixed maturities — annuity segment (*)	$	523		$	(183	)	$	340
Fixed maturities — all other	196			(72		)	124
Total fixed maturities	719			(255		)	464
Equity securities	84			(30		)	54
Total investments	803			(285		)	518
Deferred policy acquisition costs — annuity segment	(233		)	82			(151		)
Annuity benefits accumulated	(64		)	22			(42		)
Unearned revenue	11			(4		)	7
Total net unrealized gain on marketable securities	$	517		$	(185	)	$	332


(*)	Unrealized gains on fixed maturity investments supporting AFG’s annuity benefits accumulated.

Net Investment Income The following table shows (in millions) investment income earned and investment expenses incurred.



	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
	2016			2015			2016			2015
Investment income:
Fixed maturities	$	381		$	360		$	748		$	712
Equity securities	20			17			39			34
Equity in earnings of partnerships and similar investments	4			5			15			8
Other	22			26			41			47
Gross investment income	427			408			843			801
Investment expenses	(4		)	(4		)	(9		)	(9		)
Net investment income	$	423		$	404		$	834		$	792

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Realized gains (losses) and changes in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) related to fixed maturity and equity security investments are summarized as follows (in millions):



	Three months ended June 30, 2016												Three months ended June 30, 2015
	Realized gains (losses)												Realized gains (losses)
	Before Impairments			Impairments			Total			Change in Unrealized			Before Impairments			Impairments			Total			Change in Unrealized
Fixed maturities	$	17		$	(19	)	$	(2	)	$	584		$	7		$	(10	)	$	(3	)	$	(623	)
Equity securities	9			(26		)	(17		)	11			25			(23		)	2			(21		)
Mortgage loans and other investments	—			—			—			—			(2		)	—			(2		)	—
Other (*)	(3		)	6			3			(253		)	(1		)	3			2			314
Total pretax	23			(39		)	(16		)	342			29			(30		)	(1		)	(330		)
Tax effects	(8		)	14			6			(119		)	(10		)	11			1			115
Noncontrolling interests	(1		)	1			—			(4		)	—			—			—			3
Net of tax noncontrolling interests	$	14		$	(24	)	$	(10	)	$	219		$	19		$	(19	)	$	—		$	(212	)

	Six months ended June 30, 2016												Six months ended June 30, 2015
	Realized gains (losses)												Realized gains (losses)
	Before Impairments			Impairments			Total			Change in Unrealized			Before Impairments			Impairments			Total			Change in Unrealized
Fixed maturities	$	31		$	(35	)	$	(4	)	$	1,037		$	10		$	(15	)	$	(5	)	$	(405	)
Equity securities	32			(67		)	(35		)	(12		)	46			(25		)	21			(15		)
Mortgage loans and other investments	—			—			—			—			(2		)	—			(2		)	—
Other (*)	(6		)	11			5			(473		)	(2		)	6			4			177
Total pretax	57			(91		)	(34		)	552			52			(34		)	18			(243		)
Tax effects	(20		)	33			13			(193		)	(18		)	12			(6		)	85
Noncontrolling interests	(1		)	2			1			(6		)	—			—			—			2
Net of tax noncontrolling interests	$	36		$	(56	)	$	(20	)	$	353		$	34		$	(22	)	$	12		$	(156	)


(*)	Primarily adjustments to deferred policy acquisition costs and reserves related to annuities and long-term care business.

Gross realized gains and losses (excluding impairment write-downs and mark-to-market of derivatives) on available for sale fixed maturity and equity security investment transactions included in the statement of cash flows consisted of the following (in millions):



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016			2015
Fixed maturities:
Gross gains	$	33		$	13
Gross losses	(6		)	—
Equity securities:
Gross gains	36			46
Gross losses	(3		)	—

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F . Derivatives

As discussed under “ Derivatives ” in Note A — “ Accounting Policies ” to the financial statements, AFG uses derivatives in certain areas of its operations.

Derivatives That Do Not Qualify for Hedge Accounting The following derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting under GAAP are included in AFG’s Balance Sheet at fair value (in millions):



		June 30, 2016				December 31, 2015
Derivative	Balance Sheet Line	Asset		Liability		Asset		Liability
MBS with embedded derivatives	Fixed maturities	$	127	$	—	$	130	$	—
Public company warrants	Equity securities	2		—		4		—
Fixed-indexed annuities (embedded derivative)	Annuity benefits accumulated	—		1,557		—		1,369
Equity index call options	Other investments	368		—		241		—
Reinsurance contracts (embedded derivative)	Other liabilities	—		13		—		7
		$	497	$	1,570	$	375	$	1,376

The MBS with embedded derivatives consist primarily of interest-only MBS with interest rates that float inversely with short-term rates. AFG records the entire change in the fair value of these securities in earnings. These investments are part of AFG’s overall investment strategy and represent a small component of AFG’s overall investment portfolio.

Warrants to purchase shares of publicly traded companies, which represent a small component of AFG’s overall investment portfolio, are considered to be derivatives that are required to be carried at fair value through earnings.

AFG’s fixed-indexed annuities provide policyholders with a crediting rate tied, in part, to the performance of an existing stock market index. AFG attempts to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of these products through the purchase of call options on the appropriate index. AFG receives collateral from its counterparties to support its purchased call option assets. This collateral ( $224 million at June 30, 2016 and $211 million at December 31, 2015 ) is included in other assets in AFG’s Balance Sheet with an offsetting liability to return the collateral, which is included in other liabilities. AFG’s strategy is designed so that the change in the fair value of the call option assets will generally offset the economic change in the liabilities from the index participation. Both the index-based component of the annuities and the related call options are considered derivatives. Fluctuations in interest rates and the stock market, among other factors, can cause volatility in the periodic measurement of fair value of the embedded derivative that management believes can be inconsistent with the long-term economics of these products.

As discussed under “ Reinsurance ” in Note A to the financial statements, certain reinsurance contracts are considered to contain embedded derivatives.

The following table summarizes the gain (loss) included in AFG’s Statement of Earnings for changes in the fair value of derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting for the second quarter and first six months of 2016 and 2015 (in millions):



		Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
Derivative	Statement of Earnings Line	2016			2015			2016			2015
MBS with embedded derivatives	Realized gains on securities	$	3		$	(1	)	$	4		$	(3	)
Public company warrants	Realized gains on securities	1			—			(1		)	—
Fixed-indexed annuities (embedded derivative)	Annuity benefits	(62		)	19			(79		)	(31		)
Equity index call options	Annuity benefits	16			3			(24		)	23
Reinsurance contracts (embedded derivative)	Net investment income	(3		)	3			(6		)	3
		$	(45	)	$	24		$	(106	)	$	(8	)

Derivatives Designated and Qualifying as Cash Flow Hedges As of June 30, 2016 , AFG has entered into four interest rate swaps that are designated and qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges to mitigate interest rate risk related to certain floating-rate securities included in AFG’s portfolio of fixed maturity securities. The purpose of each of these swaps is to

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effectively convert a portion of AFG’s floating-rate fixed maturity securities to fixed rates by offsetting the variability in cash flows attributable to changes in short-term LIBOR.

Under the terms of the swaps, AFG receives fixed-rate interest payments in exchange for variable interest payments based on short-term LIBOR. The notional amounts of the interest rate swaps amortize down over each swap’s respective life (the swaps expire between August 2019 and June 2030) in anticipation of the expected decline in AFG’s portfolio of fixed maturity securities with floating interest rates based on short-term LIBOR. The total outstanding notional amount of AFG’s interest rate swaps increased to $711 million at June 30, 2016 compared to $614 million at December 31, 2015 , reflecting a $163 million notional amount swap entered into in the first quarter of 2016 , partially offset by the scheduled amortization discussed above. The fair value of the effective portion of the interest rate swaps in an asset position and included in other assets was $18 million at June 30, 2016 and $2 million at December 31, 2015 . The fair value of the effective portion of the interest rate swaps in a liability position and included in other liabilities was zero at June 30, 2016 and less than $1 million at December 31, 2015 . The net unrealized gain or loss on cash flow hedges is included in AOCI, net of DPAC and tax. Amounts reclassified from AOCI to net investment income were $1 million in both of the second quarters of 2016 and 2015 and $3 million and $2 million in the first six months of 2016 and 2015 , respectively. There was no ineffectiveness recorded in net earnings during these periods.

Derivative Designated and Qualifying as a Fair Value Hedge In June 2015, AFG entered into an interest rate swap to mitigate the interest rate risk associated with its fixed-rate 9-7/8% Senior Notes due June 2019 by effectively converting the interest rate on those notes to a floating rate of three-month LIBOR plus 8.099% ( 8.7515% at June 30, 2016 ). Since the terms of the interest rate swap match the terms of the hedged debt, changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap are offset by changes in the fair value of the hedged debt attributable to changes in interest rates. The fair value of the interest rate swap (asset of $9 million and $2 million at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively) and the offsetting adjustment to the carrying value of the 9-7/8% Senior Notes are both included in long-term debt on AFG’s Balance Sheet. Accordingly, the net impact on AFG’s current period earnings is that the interest expense associated with the hedged debt is effectively recorded at the floating rate. The net reduction in interest expense from the swap was $1 million in the second quarter of 2016 , $2 million in the first six months of 2016 and less than $1 million in the first six months of 2015 .

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G . Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

A progression of deferred policy acquisition costs is presented below (in millions):



	P&C			Annuity and Run-off Long-term Care and Life
	Deferred			Deferred			Sales															Consolidated
	Costs			Costs			Inducements			PVFP			Subtotal			Unrealized			Total			Total
Balance at March 31, 2016	$	224		$	1,063		$	119		$	53		$	1,235		$	(404	)	$	831		$	1,055
Additions	139			56			2			—			58			—			58			197
Amortization:
Periodic amortization	(128		)	(32		)	(6		)	(2		)	(40		)	—			(40		)	(168		)
Included in realized gains	—			2			1			—			3			—			3			3
Foreign currency translation	(1		)	—			—			—			—			—			—			(1		)
Change in unrealized	—			—			—			—			—			(205		)	(205		)	(205		)
Balance at June 30, 2016	$	234		$	1,089		$	116		$	51		$	1,256		$	(609	)	$	647		$	881

Balance at March 31, 2015	$	217		$	942		$	128		$	71		$	1,141		$	(602	)	$	539		$	756
Additions	137			46			1			—			47			—			47			184
Amortization:
Periodic amortization	(130		)	(55		)	(7		)	(3		)	(65		)	—			(65		)	(195		)
Included in realized gains	—			1			1			—			2			—			2			2
Foreign currency translation	(1		)	—			—			—			—			—			—			(1		)
Change in unrealized	—			—			—			—			—			219			219			219
Balance at June 30, 2015	$	223		$	934		$	123		$	68		$	1,125		$	(383	)	$	742		$	965

Balance at December 31, 2015	$	226		$	1,018		$	119		$	55		$	1,192		$	(234	)	$	958		$	1,184
Additions	271			124			7			—			131			—			131			402
Amortization:
Periodic amortization	(262		)	(57		)	(11		)	(4		)	(72		)	—			(72		)	(334		)
Included in realized gains	—			4			1			—			5			—			5			5
Foreign currency translation	(1		)	—			—			—			—			—			—			(1		)
Change in unrealized	—			—			—			—			—			(375		)	(375		)	(375		)
Balance at June 30, 2016	$	234		$	1,089		$	116		$	51		$	1,256		$	(609	)	$	647		$	881

Balance at December 31, 2014	$	221		$	925		$	132		$	74		$	1,131		$	(531	)	$	600		$	821
Additions	258			90			4			—			94			—			94			352
Amortization:
Periodic amortization	(256		)	(84		)	(14		)	(6		)	(104		)	—			(104		)	(360		)
Included in realized gains	—			3			1			—			4			—			4			4
Foreign currency translation	—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Change in unrealized	—			—			—			—			—			148			148			148
Balance at June 30, 2015	$	223		$	934		$	123		$	68		$	1,125		$	(383	)	$	742		$	965

The present value of future profits (“PVFP”) amounts in the table above are net of $129 million and $125 million of accumulated amortization at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively.

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H . Managed Investment Entities

AFG is the investment manager and its subsidiaries have investments ranging from 15.0% to 60.7% of the most subordinate debt tranche of fourteen collateralized loan obligation entities or “CLOs,” which are considered variable interest entities. AFG’s subsidiaries also own portions of the senior debt tranches of certain of these CLOs. Upon formation between 2004 and 2016, these entities issued securities in various senior and subordinate classes and invested the proceeds primarily in secured bank loans, which serve as collateral for the debt securities issued by each particular CLO. None of the collateral was purchased from AFG. AFG’s investments in the subordinate debt tranches of these entities receive residual income from the CLOs only after the CLOs pay expenses (including management fees to AFG), and interest on and returns of capital to senior levels of debt securities. There are no contractual requirements for AFG to provide additional funding for these entities. AFG has not provided and does not intend to provide any financial support to these entities.

AFG’s maximum exposure to economic loss on its CLOs is limited to its investment in the CLOs, which had an aggregate fair value of $218 million (including $102 million invested in the most subordinate tranches) at June 30, 2016 , and $266 million at December 31, 2015 .

In May 2016, AFG formed a new CLO, which issued $406 million face amount of liabilities (including $36 million face amount purchased by subsidiaries of AFG). During the first six months of 2016 , AFG subsidiaries also purchased $13 million face amount of senior debt and subordinate tranches of existing CLOs for $12 million . During the first six months of 2015, AFG formed a new CLO, which issued $511 million face amount of liabilities (including $45 million face amount purchased by subsidiaries of AFG). During the first six months of 2016 and 2015 , AFG subsidiaries received $69 million and $1 million , respectively, in sale and redemption proceeds from its CLO investments.

The revenues and expenses of the CLOs are separately identified in AFG’s Statement of Earnings, after the elimination of management fees and earnings attributable to shareholders of AFG as measured by the change in the fair value of AFG’s investments in the CLOs. See Note A — “ Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities ,” for a discussion of accounting guidance adopted on January 1, 2015 that impacts the measurement of the fair value of CLO liabilities. Selected financial information related to the CLOs is shown below (in millions):



	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
	2016			2015			2016			2015
Gains (losses) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities (a):
Assets	$	48		$	(7	)	$	47		$	26
Liabilities	(37		)	5			(49		)	(31		)
Management fees paid to AFG	4			3			8			7
CLO earnings (losses) attributable to AFG shareholders (b)	19			5			12			8


(a)	Included in revenues in AFG’s Statement of Earnings.


(b)	Included in earnings before income taxes in AFG’s Statement of Earnings.

The aggregate unpaid principal balance of the CLOs’ fixed maturity investments exceeded the fair value of the investments by $157 million and $214 million at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 . The aggregate unpaid principal balance of the CLOs’ debt exceeded its carrying value by $212 million and $205 million at those dates. The CLO assets include $1 million in loans at both June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , for which the CLOs are not accruing interest because the loans are in default (aggregate unpaid principal balance of $10 million at both those dates).

I . Goodwill and Other Intangibles

There were no changes in the goodwill balance of $199 million during the first six months of 2016 . Included in other assets in AFG’s Balance Sheet is $38 million at June 30, 2016 and $41 million at December 31, 2015 in amortizable intangible assets related to property and casualty insurance acquisitions. These amounts are net of accumulated amortization of $21 million and $18 million , respectively. Amortization of intangibles was $2 million in both the second quarters of 2016 and 2015 and $4 million in both the first six months of 2016 and 2015 .

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J .

Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt consisted of the following (in millions):



	June 30, 2016							December 31, 2015
	Principal		Debt Issue Costs			Carrying Value		Principal		Debt Issue Costs			Carrying Value
Direct Senior Obligations of AFG:
9-7/8% Senior Notes due June 2019	$	350	$	(1	)	$	349	$	350	$	(1	)	$	349
6-3/8% Senior Notes due June 2042	230		(7		)	223		230		(7		)	223
5-3/4% Senior Notes due August 2042	125		(4		)	121		125		(4		)	121
Other	3		—			3		3		—			3
	708		(12		)	696		708		(12		)	696

Direct Subordinated Obligations of AFG:
6-1/4% Subordinated Debentures due September 2054	150		(5		)	145		150		(5		)	145
6% Subordinated Debentures due November 2055	150		(5		)	145		150		(5		)	145
	300		(10		)	290		300		(10		)	290

Subsidiaries:
National Interstate bank credit facility	12		—			12		12		—			12
	$	1,020	$	(22	)	$	998	$	1,020	$	(22	)	$	998

To achieve a desired balance between fixed and variable rate debt, AFG entered into an interest rate swap in June 2015, which effectively converts its 9-7/8% Senior Notes to a floating rate of three-month LIBOR plus 8.099% ( 8.7515% at June 30, 2016 and 8.6110% at December 31, 2015 ). The fair value of the interest rate swap (asset of $9 million and $2 million at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively) and the offsetting adjustment to the carrying value of the notes are both included in the carrying value of the 9-7/8% Senior Notes in the table above.

Scheduled principal payments on debt for the balance of 2016 , the subsequent five years and thereafter were as follows:

2016 — none ; 2017 — $12 million ; 2018 — none ; 2019 — $350 million ; 2020 — none ; 2021 — none and thereafter — $658 million .

As shown below (principal amount, in millions), the majority of AFG’s long-term debt is unsecured obligations of the holding company and its subsidiaries:



	June 30, 2016		December 31, 2015
Senior unsecured obligations	$	720	$	720
Subordinated unsecured obligations	300		300
	$	1,020	$	1,020

In June 2016, AFG replaced its existing credit facility with a new five -year, $500 million revolving credit facility which expires in June 2021. Amounts borrowed under this agreement bear interest at rates ranging from 1.00% to 1.875% (currently 1.375% ) over LIBOR based on AFG’s credit rating. No amounts were borrowed under this facility at June 30, 2016 or AFG’s previous credit facility at December 31, 2015 .

National Interstate can borrow up to $100 million under its unsecured credit agreement, which expires in November 2017. At June 30, 2016 , there was $12 million outstanding under this agreement, bearing interest at 1.51% ( three -month LIBOR plus 0.875% ).

K . Shareholders’ Equity

AFG is authorized to issue 12.5 million shares of Voting Preferred Stock and 12.5 million shares of Nonvoting Preferred Stock, each without par value.

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax (“AOCI”) Comprehensive income is defined as all changes in shareholders’ equity except those arising from transactions with shareholders. Comprehensive income includes net earnings and other comprehensive income, which consists primarily of changes in net unrealized gains or losses on available for sale securities.

The progression of the components of accumulated other comprehensive income follows (in millions):



				Other Comprehensive Income
	AOCI Beginning Balance			Pretax			Tax			Net of tax			Attributable to noncontrolling interests			Attributable to shareholders			AOCI Ending Balance
Quarter ended June 30, 2016
Net unrealized gains on securities:
Unrealized holding gains on securities arising during the period				$	326		$	(113	)	$	213		$	(4	)	$	209
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses included in net earnings (a)				16			(6		)	10			—			10
Total net unrealized gains on securities (b)	$	466		342			(119		)	223			(4		)	219			$	685
Net unrealized gains on cash flow hedges	4			2			(1		)	1			—			1			5
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(16		)	1			—			1			—			1			(15		)
Pension and other postretirement plans adjustments	(6		)	—			—			—			—			—			(6		)
Total	$	448		$	345		$	(120	)	$	225		$	(4	)	$	221		$	669

Quarter ended June 30, 2015
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities:
Unrealized holding losses on securities arising during the period				$	(329	)	$	115		$	(214	)	$	3		$	(211	)
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses included in net earnings (a)				(1		)	—			(1		)	—			(1		)
Total net unrealized gains (losses) on securities	$	799		(330		)	115			(215		)	3			(212		)	$	587
Net unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges	1			(1		)	—			(1		)	—			(1		)	—
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(16		)	(1		)	1			—			—			—			(16		)
Pension and other postretirement plans adjustments	(8		)	—			—			—			—			—			(8		)
Total	$	776		$	(332	)	$	116		$	(216	)	$	3		$	(213	)	$	563

Six months ended June 30, 2016
Net unrealized gains on securities:
Unrealized holding gains on securities arising during the period				$	518		$	(180	)	$	338		$	(5	)	$	333
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses included in net earnings (a)				34			(13		)	21			(1		)	20
Total net unrealized gains on securities (b)	$	332		552			(193		)	359			(6		)	353			$	685
Net unrealized gains on cash flow hedges	1			7			(3		)	4			—			4			5
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(22		)	4			3			7			—			7			(15		)
Pension and other postretirement plans adjustments	(7		)	1			—			1			—			1			(6		)
Total	$	304		$	564		$	(193	)	$	371		$	(6	)	$	365		$	669

Six months ended June 30, 2015
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities:
Unrealized holding losses on securities arising during the period				$	(223	)	$	78		$	(145	)	$	2		$	(143	)
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses included in net earnings (a)				(20		)	7			(13		)	—			(13		)
Total net unrealized gains (losses) on securities	$	743		(243		)	85			(158		)	2			(156		)	$	587
Net unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges	—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(8		)	(6		)	(2		)	(8		)	—			(8		)	(16		)
Pension and other postretirement plans adjustments	(8		)	—			—			—			—			—			(8		)
Total	$	727		$	(249	)	$	83		$	(166	)	$	2		$	(164	)	$	563

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(a)	The reclassification adjustment out of net unrealized gains on securities affected the following lines in AFG’s Statement of Earnings:



	OCI component		Affected line in the statement of earnings
	Pretax		Realized gains (losses) on securities
	Tax		Provision for income taxes
	Attributable to noncontrolling interests		Net earnings (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests


(b)	Includes net unrealized gains of $48 million at June 30, 2016 compared to $46 million at March 31, 2016 and $51 million at December 31, 2015 related to securities for which only the credit portion of an other-than-temporary impairment has been recorded in earnings.

Stock Incentive Plans Under AFG’s stock incentive plans, employees of AFG and its subsidiaries are eligible to receive equity awards in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and stock awards. In the first six months of 2016 , AFG issued 317,230 shares of restricted Common Stock (fair value of $66.97 per share) under the Stock Incentive Plan. In addition, AFG issued 40,336 shares of Common Stock (fair value of $71.05 per share) in the first quarter of 2016 under the Equity Bonus Plan. AFG did not grant any stock options in the first six months of 2016 .

Total compensation expense related to stock incentive plans of AFG and its subsidiaries was $6 million and $7 million in the second quarters of 2016 and 2015 and $14 million and $13 million in the first six months of 2016 and 2015 , respectively.

L . Income Taxes

The following is a reconciliation of income taxes at the statutory rate of 35% to the provision for income taxes as shown in AFG’s Statement of Earnings (dollars in millions):



	Three months ended June 30,										Six months ended June 30,
	2016					2015					2016					2015
	Amount			% of EBT		Amount			% of EBT		Amount			% of EBT		Amount			% of EBT
Earnings before income taxes (“EBT”)	$	136				$	226				$	292				$	256

Income taxes at statutory rate	$	47		35	%	$	80		35	%	$	102		35	%	$	90		35	%
Effect of:
Tax exempt interest	(6		)	(4	%)	(7		)	(3	%)	(13		)	(4	%)	(14		)	(5	%)
Change in valuation allowance	32			24	%	1			—	%	33			11	%	—			—	%
Subsidiaries not in AFG’s tax return	1			1	%	1			—	%	2			1	%	2			1	%
Other	(1		)	(2	%)	2			2	%	1			—	%	4			1	%
Provision for income taxes as shown in the statement of earnings	$	73		54	%	$	77		34	%	$	125		43	%	$	82		32	%

Excluding the $65 million charge related to the exit of certain lines of business within Neon, AFG’s Lloyd’s-based insurer, AFG’s effective tax rate for the second quarter and six months ended June 30, 2016, was 36% and 35% , respectively. AFG maintains a full valuation allowance against the deferred tax benefits associated with losses related to Neon.

During the first six months of 2016 , there were no material changes to AFG’s liability for uncertain tax positions.

M . Contingencies

There have been no significant changes to the matters discussed and referred to in Note M — “Contingencies” of AFG’s 2015 Form 10-K, which covers property and casualty insurance reserves for claims related to environmental exposures, asbestos and other mass tort claims and environmental and occupational injury and disease claims of former subsidiary railroad and manufacturing operations, as well as contingencies related to the sale of substantially all of AFG’s run-off long-term care insurance business.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED

N . Subsequent Event

On July 25, 2016, AFG announced that it reached an agreement with the Special Committee of the Board of Directors of National Interstate Corporation (“NATL”) to acquire all shares of NATL that it does not currently own. NATL is currently a 51% -owned subsidiary of AFG’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Great American Insurance Company (“GAI”). Shareholders of NATL, other than GAI, will receive $32.00 per share in cash in the transaction. In addition, NATL will pay a one-time special dividend to its shareholders of $0.50 per NATL share in cash immediately prior to the closing of the merger. The transaction remains subject to the approval of shareholders holding a majority of the shares of NATL not owned by AFG or its affiliates. GAI has entered into a voting agreement with certain shareholders of NATL under which the shareholders agreed, among other things, to vote all common shares of NATL owned by such shareholders, totaling approximately 10% of the outstanding NATL common shares (and representing approximately 20% of the shares not owned by GAI), in favor of the transaction. Based on a $32.00 per share purchase price plus $0.50 special dividend, the purchase price to acquire the NATL shares not currently owned by GAI will be approximately $320 million . The proposed transaction would allow NATL and its subsidiaries to become members of the AFG consolidated tax group, which would result in a tax benefit of approximately $64 million to AFG at the time the transaction is consummated, which is expected to be during the fourth quarter of 2016.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

ITEM 2

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations



INDEX TO MD&A
	Page		Page
Forward-Looking Statements	34	Results of Operations — Second Quarter	49
Overview	35	Segmented Statement of Earnings	49
Critical Accounting Policies	35	Property and Casualty Insurance	50
Liquidity and Capital Resources	36	Annuity	59
Ratios	36	Run-off Long-Term Care and Life	65
Condensed Consolidated Cash Flows	36	Holding Company, Other and Unallocated	66
Parent and Subsidiary Liquidity	37	Results of Operations — First Six Months	69
Investments	39	Segmented Statement of Earnings	69
Uncertainties	43	Property and Casualty Insurance	70
Managed Investment Entities	43	Annuity	79
Results of Operations	47	Run-off Long-Term Care and Life	84
General	47	Holding Company, Other and Unallocated	85
		Recent and Pending Accounting Standards	87

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a safe harbor for forward-looking statements. Some of the forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as “anticipates”, “believes”, “expects”, “projects”, “estimates”, “intends”, “plans”, “seeks”, “could”, “may”, “should”, “will” or the negative version of those words or other comparable terminology. Such forward-looking statements include statements relating to: expectations concerning market and other conditions and their effect on future premiums, revenues, earnings, investment activities, and the amount and timing of share repurchases; recoverability of asset values; expected losses and the adequacy of reserves for asbestos, environmental pollution and mass tort claims; rate changes; and improved loss experience.

Actual results and/or financial condition could differ materially from those contained in or implied by such forward-looking statements for a variety of reasons including but not limited to:


•	changes in financial, political and economic conditions, including changes in interest and inflation rates, currency fluctuations and extended economic recessions or expansions in the U.S. and/or abroad;


•	performance of securities markets;


•	AFG’s ability to estimate accurately the likelihood, magnitude and timing of any losses in connection with investments in the non-agency residential mortgage market;


•	new legislation or declines in credit quality or credit ratings that could have a material impact on the valuation of securities in AFG’s investment portfolio;


•	the availability of capital;


•	the possibility that the proposal to acquire all shares of National Interstate Corporation that are not currently owned by AFG’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Great American Insurance Company is not consummated;


•	regulatory actions (including changes in statutory accounting rules);


•	changes in the legal environment affecting AFG or its customers;


•	tax law and accounting changes;


•	levels of natural catastrophes and severe weather, terrorist activities (including any nuclear, biological, chemical or radiological events), incidents of war or losses resulting from civil unrest and other major losses;


•	development of insurance loss reserves and establishment of other reserves, particularly with respect to amounts associated with asbestos and environmental claims;


•	availability of reinsurance and ability of reinsurers to pay their obligations;


•	trends in persistency, mortality and morbidity;


•	competitive pressures;


•	the ability to obtain adequate rates and policy terms;


•	changes in AFG’s credit ratings or the financial strength ratings assigned by major ratings agencies to AFG’s operating subsidiaries; and

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued


•	the impact of the conditions in the international financial markets and the global economy (including those associated with the United Kingdom’s expected withdrawal from the European Union, or “Brexit”) relating to AFG’s international operations.

The forward-looking statements herein are made only as of the date of this report. The Company assumes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements.

OVERVIEW

Financial Condition

AFG is organized as a holding company with almost all of its operations being conducted by subsidiaries. AFG, however, has continuing cash needs for administrative expenses, the payment of principal and interest on borrowings, shareholder dividends, and taxes. Therefore, certain analyses are most meaningfully presented on a parent only basis while others are best done on a total enterprise basis. In addition, because most of its businesses are financial in nature, AFG does not prepare its consolidated financial statements using a current-noncurrent format. Consequently, certain traditional ratios and financial analysis tests are not meaningful.

Results of Operations

Through the operations of its subsidiaries, AFG is engaged primarily in property and casualty insurance, focusing on specialized commercial products for businesses and in the sale of fixed and fixed-indexed annuities in the retail, financial institutions and education markets.

Net earnings attributable to AFG’s shareholders for the second quarter and first six months of 2016 were $54 million ( $0.62 per share, diluted) and $155 million ( $1.76 per share, diluted), respectively, compared to $141 million ( $1.57 per share, diluted) and $160 million ( $1.79 per share, diluted) reported in the same periods of 2015 , reflecting:


•	lower underwriting profit in the property and casualty insurance segment, reflecting a second quarter 2016 charge related to the exit of certain lines of business within Neon Underwriting Ltd. (“Neon”), AFG’s Lloyd’s-based insurer (formerly known as Marketform),


•	lower operating earnings in the annuity segment due primarily to the impact of fair value accounting for fixed-indexed annuities and the run-off of higher yielding investments,


•	realized losses on securities in the second quarter and first six months of 2016 compared to realized losses on securities of less than $1 million in the second quarter of 2015 and realized gains on securities in the first six months of 2015 ,


•	the second quarter 2016 gain on the sale of an apartment property, which was less than the second quarter 2015 gain on the sale of Le Pavillon Hotel, and


•	the first quarter 2015 estimated loss on the sale of substantially all of AFG’s run-off long-term care insurance business, which was completed in December 2015.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Significant accounting policies are summarized in Note A — “ Accounting Policies ” to the financial statements. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that can have a significant effect on amounts reported in the financial statements. As more information becomes known, these estimates and assumptions change and, thus, impact amounts reported in the future. The areas where management believes the degree of judgment required to determine amounts recorded in the financial statements is most significant are as follows:


•	the establishment of insurance reserves, especially asbestos and environmental-related reserves,


•	the recoverability of reinsurance,


•	the recoverability of deferred acquisition costs,


•	the establishment of asbestos and environmental reserves of former railroad and manufacturing operations, and


•	the valuation of investments, including the determination of other-than-temporary impairments.

For a discussion of these policies, see Management’s Discussion and Analysis — “Critical Accounting Policies” in AFG’s 2015 Form 10-K.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Ratios AFG’s debt to total capital ratio on a consolidated basis is shown below (dollars in millions):



	June 30, 2016			December 31,
	June 30, 2016			2015			2014
Principal amount of long-term debt	$	1,020		$	1,020		$	1,061
Total capital	5,574			5,512			5,513
Ratio of debt to total capital:
Including subordinated debt and debt secured by real estate	18.3		%	18.5		%	19.2		%
Excluding subordinated debt and debt secured by real estate	12.9		%	13.1		%	15.6		%

The ratio of debt to total capital is a non-GAAP measure that management believes is useful for investors, analysts and independent ratings agencies to evaluate AFG’s financial strength and liquidity and to provide insight into how AFG finances its operations. In addition, maintaining a ratio of debt, excluding subordinated debt and debt secured by real estate, to total capital of 35% or lower is a financial covenant in AFG’s bank credit facility. The ratio is calculated by dividing the principal amount of AFG’s long-term debt by its total capital, which includes long-term debt, noncontrolling interests and shareholders’ equity (excluding unrealized gains (losses) related to fixed maturity investments and appropriated retained earnings related to managed investment entities).

AFG’s ratio of earnings to fixed charges, including annuity benefits as a fixed charge, was 1.57 for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 1.66 for the year ended December 31, 2015 . Excluding annuity benefits, this ratio was 6.78 and 6.58 , respectively. Although the ratio excluding annuity benefits is not required or encouraged to be disclosed under Securities and Exchange Commission rules, it is presented because interest credited to annuity policyholder accounts is not always considered a borrowing cost for an insurance company.

Condensed Consolidated Cash Flows AFG’s principal sources of cash include insurance premiums, income from its investment portfolio and proceeds from the maturities, redemptions and sales of investments. Insurance premiums in excess of acquisition expenses and operating costs are invested until they are needed to meet policyholder obligations or made available to the parent company through dividends to cover debt obligations and corporate expenses, and to provide returns to shareholders through share repurchases and dividends. Cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities as detailed in AFG’s Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows are shown below (in millions):



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016			2015
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	426		$	576
Net cash used in investing activities	(1,747		)	(2,114		)
Net cash provided by financing activities	1,649			1,411
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	$	328		$	(127	)

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations typically produce positive net operating cash flows as premiums collected and investment income exceed policy acquisition costs, claims payments and operating expenses. AFG’s net cash provided by operating activities is impacted by the level and timing of property and casualty premiums, claim and expense payments and recoveries from reinsurers. AFG’s annuity operations typically produce positive net operating cash flows as investment income exceeds acquisition costs and operating expenses. Interest credited on annuity policyholder funds is a non-cash increase in AFG’s annuity benefits accumulated liability and annuity premiums, benefits and withdrawals are considered financing activities due to the deposit-type nature of annuities. Net cash provided by operating activities was $426 million for the first six months of 2016 compared to $576 million in the first six months of 2015 , a decrease of $150 million .

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities AFG’s investing activities consist primarily of the investment of funds provided by its property and casualty and annuity products. Net cash used in investing activities was $1.75 billion for the first six months of 2016 compared to $2.11 billion in the first six months of 2015 , a decrease of $367 million . The $337 million increase in net cash flows from annuity policyholders in the first six months of 2016 as compared to the 2015 period (discussed below under net cash provided by financing activities) increased the amount of cash available for investment in the first six months of 2016

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

compared to the 2015 period. However, cash on hand in the annuity and run-off long-term care and life segments increased by $158 million during the first six months of 2016 as the net cash flows received from annuity policyholders outpaced the investment of the funds during that period compared to an $84 million decrease in cash on hand in these segments during the first six months of 2015 as the investment of funds outpaced the net cash flows received from annuity policyholders. In addition to the investment of funds provided by the insurance operations, investing activities also include the purchase and disposal of managed investment entity investments (collateralized loan obligations), which are presented separately in AFG’s Balance Sheet. Net investment activity in the managed investment entities was a $98 million use of cash in the first six months of 2016 compared to a $369 million use of cash in the 2015 period, accounting for a $271 million decrease in net cash used in investing activities in the first six months of 2016 compared to the 2015 period. See Note A — “ Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities ” and Note H — “ Managed Investment Entities ” to the financial statements.

Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities AFG’s financing activities consist primarily of transactions with annuity policyholders, issuances and retirements of long-term debt, repurchases of common stock and dividend payments. Net cash provided by financing activities was $1.65 billion for the first six months of 2016 compared to $1.41 billion in the first six months of 2015 , an increase of $238 million . Annuity receipts exceeded annuity surrenders, benefits, withdrawals and transfers by $1.43 billion in the first six months of 2016 compared to $1.10 billion in the first six months of 2015 , resulting in a $337 million increase in net cash provided by financing activities in the 2016 period compared to the 2015 period. During the first six months of 2016 , AFG repurchased $98 million of its Common Stock compared to $78 million repurchased in the first six months of 2015 , which accounted for a $20 million decrease in net cash provided by financing activities in the 2016 period compared to the 2015 period. Financing activities also include issuances and retirements of managed investment entity liabilities, which are nonrecourse to AFG and presented separately in AFG’s Balance Sheet. Issuances of managed investment entity liabilities exceeded retirements by $346 million in the first six months of 2016 compared to $447 million in the first six months of 2015 , accounting for a $101 million decrease in net cash provided by financing activities in the 2016 period compared to the 2015 period. See Note A — “ Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities ” and Note H — “ Managed Investment Entities ” to the financial statements.

Parent and Subsidiary Liquidity

Parent Holding Company Liquidity Management believes AFG has sufficient resources to meet its liquidity requirements. If funds generated from operations, including dividends, tax payments and borrowings from subsidiaries, are insufficient to meet fixed charges in any period, AFG would be required to utilize parent company cash and marketable securities or to generate cash through borrowings, sales of other assets, or similar transactions.

On July 25, 2016, AFG announced that it had reached an agreement with the Special Committee of the Board of Directors of National Interstate Corporation (“NATL”) to acquire all shares of NATL that it does not currently own. NATL is a 51%-owned property and casualty insurance subsidiary of AFG’s wholly-owned property and casualty insurance subsidiary, Great American Insurance Company (“GAI”). Shareholders of NATL, other than GAI, will receive $32.00 per share in cash in the transaction. In addition, NATL will pay a one-time special dividend to its shareholders of $0.50 per NATL share in cash immediately prior to the closing of the merger. The transaction remains subject to the approval of shareholders holding a majority of the shares of NATL not owned by AFG or its affiliates. Based on the $32.00 per share purchase price plus $0.50 special dividend, the purchase price to acquire the NATL shares not currently owned by GAI will be approximately $320 million.

In June 2016, AFG replaced its bank credit facility with a five-year, $500 million revolving credit line. Amounts borrowed under this agreement bear interest at rates ranging from 1.00% to 1.875% (currently 1.375%) over LIBOR based on AFG’s credit rating. There were no borrowings under this agreement, or under any other parent company short-term borrowing arrangements, during 2015 or the first six months of 2016 .

During the first six months of 2016 , AFG repurchased 1.4 million shares of its Common Stock for $98 million. During 2015 , AFG repurchased 2.0 million shares of its Common Stock for $126 million.

Under a tax allocation agreement with AFG, its 80%-owned U.S. subsidiaries generally pay taxes to (or recover taxes from) AFG based on each subsidiary’s contribution to amounts due under AFG’s consolidated tax return.

Subsidiary Liquidity Great American Life Insurance Company (“GALIC”), a wholly-owned annuity subsidiary, is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati (“FHLB”). The FHLB makes advances and provides other banking services to member institutions, which provides the annuity operations with a substantial additional source of liquidity. These advances further the FHLB’s mission of improving access to housing by increasing liquidity in the residential mortgage-backed securities

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

market. At June 30, 2016 , GALIC had $935 million in outstanding advances from the FHLB (included in annuity benefits accumulated), bearing interest at rates ranging from 0.02% to 0.49% over LIBOR (average rate of 0.78% at June 30, 2016 ). While these advances must be repaid between 2016 and 2021 ($200 million in 2016, $285 million in 2018, $300 million in 2020 and $150 million in 2021), GALIC has the option to prepay all or a portion of the advances. GALIC has invested the proceeds from the advances in fixed maturity securities with similar expected lives as the advances for the purpose of earning a spread over the interest payments due to the FHLB. At June 30, 2016 , GALIC estimated that it had additional borrowing capacity of approximately $600 million from the FHLB.

NATL can borrow up to $100 million under its unsecured credit agreement, which expires in November 2017. There was $12 million borrowed under this agreement at June 30, 2016 , bearing interest at 1.51% (three-month LIBOR plus 0.875%). Amounts borrowed under the NATL credit agreement will be repaid and this credit agreement will be terminated immediately prior to the consummation of the proposed transaction under which AFG would acquire all of the NATL shares that it does not currently own, which is expected to occur in the fourth quarter of 2016.

The liquidity requirements of AFG’s insurance subsidiaries relate primarily to the liabilities associated with their products as well as operating costs and expenses, payments of dividends and taxes to AFG and contributions of capital to their subsidiaries. Historically, cash flows from premiums and investment income have generally provided more than sufficient funds to meet these requirements. Funds received in excess of cash requirements are generally invested in additional marketable securities. In addition, the insurance subsidiaries generally hold a significant amount of highly liquid, short-term investments.

The excess cash flow of AFG’s property and casualty group allows it to extend the duration of its investment portfolio somewhat beyond that of its claim reserves.

In the annuity business, where profitability is largely dependent on earning a spread between invested assets and annuity liabilities, the duration of investments is generally maintained close to that of liabilities. In a rising interest rate environment, significant protection from withdrawals exists in the form of temporary and permanent surrender charges on AFG’s annuity products. With declining rates, AFG receives some protection (from spread compression) due to the ability to lower crediting rates, subject to contractually guaranteed minimum interest rates (“GMIRs”). AFG began selling policies with GMIRs below 2% in 2003; almost all new business since late 2010 has been issued with a 1% GMIR. At June 30, 2016 , AFG could reduce the average crediting rate on approximately $21 billion of traditional fixed and fixed-indexed deferred annuities without guaranteed withdrawal benefits by approximately 75 basis points (on a weighted average basis). Annuity policies are subject to GMIRs at policy issuance. The table below shows the breakdown of annuity reserves by GMIR. The current interest crediting rates on substantially all of AFG’s annuities with a GMIR of 3% or higher are at their minimum.



	% of Reserves
	at June 30,
GMIR	2016	2015
1 — 1.99%	69%	63%
2 — 2.99%	7%	8%
3 — 3.99%	13%	16%
4.00% and above	11%	13%

Annuity benefits accumulated (in millions)	$28,596	$25,203

At the beginning of 2016, AFG’s cost of funds (interest credited plus the cost of options) for newly-issued traditional fixed and fixed-indexed annuities was 2.50% (after adjusting for the timing of option purchases, and the cost of upfront bonuses and certain policy features). As a result of the decline in market investment yields, AFG took several actions that reduced the weekly cost of funds on new business to 2.16% as of July 6, 2016. Further actions have been taken that are expected to reduce the cost of funds to 1.96% by early September 2016. In addition to lowering the cost of funds, AFG also reduced certain commission rates and rider benefits for contracts issued during 2016. The year-to-date 2016 weighted average cost of funds for newly issued traditional fixed and fixed-indexed annuities through July 6, 2016 was 2.32%.

AFG believes its insurance subsidiaries maintain sufficient liquidity to pay claims and benefits and operating expenses. In addition, these subsidiaries have sufficient capital to meet commitments in the event of unforeseen events such as reserve deficiencies, inadequate premium rates or reinsurer insolvencies. Nonetheless, changes in statutory accounting rules, significant

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

declines in the fair value of the insurance subsidiaries’ investment portfolios or significant ratings downgrades on these investments, could create a need for additional capital.

Investments AFG’s investment portfolio at June 30, 2016 , contained $34.64 billion in fixed maturity securities and $1.47 billion in equity securities classified as available for sale and carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in a separate component of shareholders’ equity on an after-tax basis. In addition, $271 million in fixed maturities and $86 million in equity securities were classified as trading with changes in unrealized holding gains or losses included in net investment income.

Fair values for AFG’s portfolio are determined by AFG’s internal investment professionals using data from nationally recognized pricing services as well as non-binding broker quotes. Fair values of equity securities are generally based on published closing prices. For mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”), which comprise approximately 17% of AFG’s fixed maturities, prices for each security are generally obtained from both pricing services and broker quotes. For the remainder of AFG’s fixed maturity portfolio, approximately 80% are priced using pricing services and the balance is priced primarily by using non-binding broker quotes. When prices obtained for the same security vary, AFG’s internal investment professionals select the price they believe is most indicative of an exit price.

The pricing services use a variety of observable inputs to estimate fair value of fixed maturities that do not trade on a daily basis. Based upon information provided by the pricing services, these inputs include, but are not limited to, recent reported trades, benchmark yields, issuer spreads, bids or offers, reference data, and measures of volatility. Included in the pricing of MBS are estimates of the rate of future prepayments and defaults of principal over the remaining life of the underlying collateral. Due to the lack of transparency in the process that brokers use to develop prices, valuations that are based on brokers’ prices are classified as Level 3 in the GAAP hierarchy unless the price can be corroborated, for example, by comparison to similar securities priced using observable inputs.

Valuation techniques utilized by pricing services and prices obtained from external sources are reviewed by AFG’s internal investment professionals who are familiar with the securities being priced and the markets in which they trade to ensure the fair value determination is representative of an exit price. To validate the appropriateness of the prices obtained, these investment managers consider widely published indices (as benchmarks), recent trades, changes in interest rates, general economic conditions and the credit quality of the specific issuers. In addition, AFG communicates directly with pricing services regarding the methods and assumptions used in pricing, including verifying, on a test basis, the inputs used by the services to value specific securities.

In general, the fair value of AFG’s fixed maturity investments is inversely correlated to changes in interest rates. The following table demonstrates the sensitivity of such fair values to reasonably likely changes in interest rates by illustrating the estimated effect on AFG’s fixed maturity portfolio and accumulated other comprehensive income that an immediate increase of 100 basis points in the interest rate yield curve would have at June 30, 2016 (dollars in millions). Effects of increases or decreases from the 100 basis points illustrated would be approximately proportional.



Fair value of fixed maturity portfolio	$	34,909
Percentage impact on fair value of 100 bps increase in interest rates	(5.0		%)
Pretax impact on fair value of fixed maturity portfolio	$	(1,745	)
Offsetting adjustments to deferred policy acquisition costs and other balance sheet amounts	750
Estimated pretax impact on accumulated other comprehensive income	(995		)
Deferred income tax	348
Noncontrolling interests	13
Estimated after-tax impact on accumulated other comprehensive income	$	(634	)

Approximately 89% of the fixed maturities held by AFG at June 30, 2016 , were rated “investment grade” (credit rating of AAA to BBB) by nationally recognized rating agencies. Investment grade securities generally bear lower yields and lower degrees of risk than those that are unrated and non-investment grade. Management believes that the high quality investment portfolio should generate a stable and predictable investment return.

MBS are subject to significant prepayment risk due to the fact that, in periods of declining interest rates, mortgages may be repaid more rapidly than scheduled as borrowers refinance higher rate mortgages to take advantage of lower rates. Although

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

interest rates have been low in recent years, tighter lending standards have resulted in fewer buyers being able to refinance the mortgages underlying much of AFG’s non-agency residential MBS portfolio.

Summarized information for AFG’s MBS (including those classified as trading) at June 30, 2016 , is shown in the table below (dollars in millions). Agency-backed securities are those issued by a U.S. government-backed agency; Alt-A mortgages are those with risk profiles between prime and subprime. The average life of the residential and commercial MBS is approximately 5 years and 3 years, respectively.



	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Fair Value as % of Cost		Unrealized Gain (Loss)		% Rated Investment Grade
Collateral type
Residential:
Agency-backed	$	194	$	200	103	%	$	6	100	%
Non-agency prime	1,490		1,649		111	%	159		33	%
Alt-A	1,080		1,149		106	%	69		11	%
Subprime	718		753		105	%	35		23	%
Commercial	1,949		2,042		105	%	93		97	%
	$	5,431	$	5,793	107	%	$	362	52	%

The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) assigns creditworthiness designations on a scale of 1 to 6 with 1 being the highest quality and 6 being the lowest quality. The NAIC retains third-party investment management firms to assist in the determination of appropriate NAIC designations for mortgage-backed securities based not only on the probability of loss (which is the primary basis of ratings by the major ratings firms), but also on the severity of loss and statutory carrying value. At June 30, 2016 , 96% (based on statutory carrying value of $5.36 billion) of AFG’s MBS securities had a NAIC designation of 1.

Municipal bonds represented approximately 20% of AFG’s fixed maturity portfolio at June 30, 2016 . AFG’s municipal bond portfolio is high quality, with 98% of the securities rated investment grade at that date. The portfolio is well diversified across the states of issuance and individual issuers. At June 30, 2016 , approximately 75% of the municipal bond portfolio was held in revenue bonds, with the remaining 25% held in general obligation bonds. General obligation securities of California, Illinois, Michigan, New Jersey, New York and Puerto Rico collectively represented approximately 1% of this portfolio.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Summarized information for the unrealized gains and losses recorded in AFG’s Balance Sheet at June 30, 2016 , is shown in the following table (dollars in millions). Approximately $432 million of available for sale fixed maturity securities and $75 million of available for sale equity securities had no unrealized gains or losses at June 30, 2016 .



	Securities With Unrealized Gains			Securities With Unrealized Losses
Available for Sale Fixed Maturities
Fair value of securities	$	30,052		$	4,154
Amortized cost of securities	$	28,162		$	4,288
Gross unrealized gain (loss)	$	1,890		$	(134	)
Fair value as % of amortized cost	107		%	97		%
Number of security positions	4,563			572
Number individually exceeding $2 million gain or loss	130			10
Concentration of gains (losses) by type or industry (exceeding 5% of unrealized):
States and municipalities	$	516		$	(4	)
Mortgage-backed securities	384			(22		)
Manufacturing	197			(16		)
Banks, savings and credit institutions	178			(7		)
Gas and electric services	97			(7		)
Asset-backed securities	56			(46		)
Oil and gas extraction	28			(15		)
Percentage rated investment grade	91		%	73		%

Available for Sale Equity Securities
Fair value of securities	$	906		$	491
Cost of securities	$	760		$	565
Gross unrealized gain (loss)	$	146		$	(74	)
Fair value as % of cost	119		%	87		%
Number of security positions	160			66
Number individually exceeding $2 million gain or loss	21			11

The table below sets forth the scheduled maturities of AFG’s available for sale fixed maturity securities at June 30, 2016 , based on their fair values. Securities with sinking funds are reported at average maturity. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain securities may be called or prepaid by the issuers.



	Securities With Unrealized Gains		Securities With Unrealized Losses
Maturity
One year or less	3	%	1	%
After one year through five years	18	%	7	%
After five years through ten years	38	%	18	%
After ten years	14	%	1	%
	73	%	27	%
Asset-backed securities (average life of approximately 5 years)	11	%	50	%
Mortgage-backed securities (average life of approximately 4-1/2 years)	16	%	23	%
	100	%	100	%

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

The table below (dollars in millions) summarizes the unrealized gains and losses on fixed maturity securities by dollar amount:



	Aggregate Fair Value		Aggregate Unrealized Gain (Loss)			Fair Value as % of Cost Basis
Fixed Maturities at June 30, 2016
Securities with unrealized gains:
Exceeding $500,000 (1,196 securities)	$	15,710	$	1,363		110	%
$500,000 or less (3,367 securities)	14,342		527			104	%
	$	30,052	$	1,890		107	%
Securities with unrealized losses:
Exceeding $500,000 (64 securities)	$	933	$	(81	)	92	%
$500,000 or less (508 securities)	3,221		(53		)	98	%
	$	4,154	$	(134	)	97	%

The following table (dollars in millions) summarizes the unrealized losses for all securities with unrealized losses by issuer quality and the length of time those securities have been in an unrealized loss position:



	Aggregate Fair Value		Aggregate Unrealized Loss			Fair Value as % of Cost Basis
Securities with Unrealized Losses at June 30, 2016
Investment grade fixed maturities with losses for:
Less than one year (214 securities)	$	2,028	$	(45	)	98	%
One year or longer (154 securities)	1,007		(29		)	97	%
	$	3,035	$	(74	)	98	%
Non-investment grade fixed maturities with losses for:
Less than one year (121 securities)	$	751	$	(22	)	97	%
One year or longer (83 securities)	368		(38		)	91	%
	$	1,119	$	(60	)	95	%
Common stocks with losses for:
Less than one year (46 securities)	$	373	$	(69	)	84	%
One year or longer (none)	—		—			—	%
	$	373	$	(69	)	84	%
Perpetual preferred stocks with losses for:
Less than one year (16 securities)	$	90	$	(3	)	97	%
One year or longer (4 securities)	28		(2		)	93	%
	$	118	$	(5	)	96	%

When a decline in the value of a specific investment is considered to be other-than-temporary, a provision for impairment is charged to earnings (accounted for as a realized loss) and the cost basis of that investment is reduced by the amount of the charge. The determination of whether unrealized losses are other-than-temporary requires judgment based on subjective as well as objective factors as detailed in AFG’s 2015 Form 10-K under Management’s Discussion and Analysis — “Investments.”

Based on its analysis, management believes AFG will recover its cost basis in the securities with unrealized losses and that AFG has the ability to hold the securities until they recover in value and had no intent to sell them at June 30, 2016 . Although AFG has the ability to continue holding its investments with unrealized losses, its intent to hold them may change due to deterioration in the issuers’ creditworthiness, decisions to lessen exposure to a particular issuer or industry, asset/liability management decisions, market movements, changes in views about appropriate asset allocation or the desire to offset taxable realized gains. Should AFG’s ability or intent change with regard to a particular security, a charge for impairment would likely be required. While it is not possible to accurately predict if or when a specific security will become impaired, charges for other-than-temporary impairment could be material to results of operations in future periods. Significant declines in the fair value of

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

AFG’s investment portfolio could have a significant adverse effect on AFG’s liquidity. For information on AFG’s realized gains (losses) on securities, including charges for other-than-temporary impairment, see “Results of Operations — Consolidated Realized Gains (Losses) on Securities.”

Uncertainties Management believes that the areas posing the greatest risk of material loss are the adequacy of its insurance reserves and contingencies arising out of its former railroad and manufacturing operations. See Management’s Discussion and Analysis — “Uncertainties” in AFG’s 2015 Form 10-K. AFG has periodically conducted comprehensive external studies of its asbestos and environmental insurance reserves and other liabilities with the aid of specialty actuarial, engineering and consulting firms and outside counsel, generally every two years, with an in-depth internal review during the intervening years. AFG has scheduled its 2016 internal review of these liabilities to be completed in the third quarter of 2016.

MANAGED INVESTMENT ENTITIES

Accounting standards require AFG to consolidate its investments in collateralized loan obligation (“CLO”) entities that it manages and owns an interest in (in the form of debt). See Note A — “ Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities ” and Note H — “ Managed Investment Entities ” to the financial statements. The effect of consolidating these entities is shown in the tables below (in millions). The “Before CLO Consolidation” columns include AFG’s investment and earnings in the CLOs on an unconsolidated basis.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEET



	Before CLO Consolidation		Managed Investment Entities		Consol. Entries				Consolidated As Reported
June 30, 2016
Assets:
Cash and investments	$	40,856	$	—	$	(217	)	(a)	$	40,639
Assets of managed investment entities	—		4,410		—				4,410
Other assets	7,685		—		(1		)	(a)	7,684
Total assets	$	48,541	$	4,410	$	(218	)		$	52,733
Liabilities:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and unearned premiums	$	10,312	$	—	$	—			$	10,312
Annuity, life, accident and health benefits and reserves	29,298		—		—				29,298
Liabilities of managed investment entities	—		4,410		(218		)	(a)	4,192
Long-term debt and other liabilities	3,738		—		—				3,738
Total liabilities	43,348		4,410		(218		)		47,540
Shareholders’ equity:
Common Stock and Capital surplus	1,315		—		—				1,315
Retained earnings	3,016		—		—				3,016
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax	669		—		—				669
Total shareholders’ equity	5,000		—		—				5,000
Noncontrolling interests	193		—		—				193
Total equity	5,193		—		—				5,193
Total liabilities and equity	$	48,541	$	4,410	$	(218	)		$	52,733

December 31, 2015
Assets:
Cash and investments	$	38,001	$	—	$	(265	)	(a)	$	37,736
Assets of managed investment entities	—		4,047		—				4,047
Other assets	8,055		—		(1		)	(a)	8,054
Total assets	$	46,056	$	4,047	$	(266	)		$	49,837
Liabilities:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and unearned premiums	$	10,187	$	—	$	—			$	10,187
Annuity, life, accident and health benefits and reserves	27,327		—		—				27,327
Liabilities of managed investment entities	—		4,027		(246		)	(a)	3,781
Long-term debt and other liabilities	3,772		—		—				3,772
Total liabilities	41,286		4,027		(246		)		45,067
Shareholders’ equity:
Common Stock and Capital surplus	1,301		20		(20		)		1,301
Retained earnings	2,987		—		—				2,987
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax	304		—		—				304
Total shareholders’ equity	4,592		20		(20		)		4,592
Noncontrolling interests	178		—		—				178
Total equity	4,770		20		(20		)		4,770
Total liabilities and equity	$	46,056	$	4,047	$	(266	)		$	49,837


(a)	Elimination of the fair value of AFG’s investment in CLOs and related accrued interest.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF EARNINGS



	Before CLO Consolidation (a)			Managed Investment Entities		Consol. Entries				Consolidated As Reported
Three months ended June 30, 2016
Revenues:
Insurance net earned premiums	$	1,033		$	—	$	—			$	1,033
Net investment income	442			—		(19		)	(b)	423
Realized gains (losses) on:
Securities	(16		)	—		—				(16		)
Subsidiaries	2			—		—				2
Income (loss) of managed investment entities:
Investment income	—			48		—				48
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities	—			1		10			(b)	11
Other income	84			—		(4		)	(c)	80
Total revenues	1,545			49		(13		)		1,581
Costs and Expenses:
Insurance benefits and expenses	1,309			—		—				1,309
Expenses of managed investment entities	—			48		(12		)	(b)(c)	36
Interest charges on borrowed money and other expenses	100			—		—				100
Total costs and expenses	1,409			48		(12		)		1,445
Earnings before income taxes	136			1		(1		)		136
Provision for income taxes	73			—		—				73
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests	63			1		(1		)		63
Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests	9			—		—				9
Net earnings attributable to shareholders	$	54		$	1	$	(1	)		$	54

Three months ended June 30, 2015
Revenues:
Insurance net earned premiums	$	1,012		$	—	$	—			$	1,012
Net investment income	409			—		(5		)	(b)	404
Realized losses on securities	(1		)	—		—				(1		)
Income (loss) of managed investment entities:
Investment income	—			38		—				38
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities	—			3		(5		)	(b)	(2		)
Other income	95			—		(3		)	(c)	92
Total revenues	1,515			41		(13		)		1,543
Costs and Expenses:
Insurance benefits and expenses	1,189			—		—				1,189
Expenses of managed investment entities	—			39		(11		)	(b)(c)	28
Interest charges on borrowed money and other expenses	100			—		—				100
Total costs and expenses	1,289			39		(11		)		1,317
Earnings before income taxes	226			2		(2		)		226
Provision for income taxes	77			—		—				77
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests	149			2		(2		)		149
Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests	8			—		—				8
Net earnings attributable to shareholders	$	141		$	2	$	(2	)		$	141


(a)	Includes $19 million and $5 million in the second quarter of 2016 and 2015 , respectively, representing the change in fair value of AFG’s CLO investments plus $4 million and $3 million in the second quarter of 2016 and 2015 , respectively, in CLO management fees earned.


(b)	Elimination of the change in fair value of AFG’s investments in the CLOs, including $8 million in both the second quarter of 2016 and 2015 in distributions recorded as interest expense by the CLOs.


(c)	Elimination of management fees earned by AFG.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF EARNINGS



	Before CLO Consolidation (a)			Managed Investment Entities		Consol. Entries				Consolidated As Reported
Six months ended June 30, 2016
Revenues:
Insurance net earned premiums	$	2,037		$	—	$	—			$	2,037
Net investment income	846			—		(12		)	(b)	834
Realized gains (losses) on:
Securities	(34		)	—		—				(34		)
Subsidiaries	2			—		—				2
Income (loss) of managed investment entities:
Investment income	—			93		—				93
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities	—			2		(4		)	(b)	(2		)
Other income	134			—		(8		)	(c)	126
Total revenues	2,985			95		(24		)		3,056
Costs and Expenses:
Insurance benefits and expenses	2,496			—		—				2,496
Expenses of managed investment entities	—			94		(23		)	(b)(c)	71
Interest charges on borrowed money and other expenses	197			—		—				197
Total costs and expenses	2,693			94		(23		)		2,764
Earnings before income taxes	292			1		(1		)		292
Provision for income taxes	125			—		—				125
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests	167			1		(1		)		167
Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests	12			—		—				12
Net earnings attributable to shareholders	$	155		$	1	$	(1	)		$	155

Six months ended June 30, 2015
Revenues:
Insurance net earned premiums	$	1,983		$	—	$	—			$	1,983
Net investment income	800			—		(8		)	(b)	792
Realized gains (losses) on:
Securities	18			—		—				18
Subsidiaries	(162		)	—		—				(162		)
Income (loss) of managed investment entities:
Investment income	—			72		—				72
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities	—			3		(8		)	(b)	(5		)
Other income	149			—		(7		)	(c)	142
Total revenues	2,788			75		(23		)		2,840
Costs and Expenses:
Insurance benefits and expenses	2,335			—		—				2,335
Expenses of managed investment entities	—			73		(21		)	(b)(c)	52
Interest charges on borrowed money and other expenses	197			—		—				197
Total costs and expenses	2,532			73		(21		)		2,584
Earnings before income taxes	256			2		(2		)		256
Provision for income taxes	82			—		—				82
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests	174			2		(2		)		174
Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests	14			—		—				14
Net earnings attributable to shareholders	$	160		$	2	$	(2	)		$	160


(a)	Includes $12 million and $8 million in the first six months of 2016 and 2015 , respectively, representing the change in fair value of AFG’s CLO investments plus $8 million and $7 million in the first six months of 2016 and 2015, respectively, in CLO management fees earned.


(b)	Elimination of the change in fair value of AFG’s investments in the CLOs, including $15 million and $14 million in the first six months of 2016 and 2015 , respectively, in distributions recorded as interest expense by the CLOs.


(c)	Elimination of management fees earned by AFG.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

General AFG’s net earnings attributable to shareholders, determined in accordance with GAAP, include certain items that may not be indicative of its ongoing core operations. For example, core net operating earnings excludes realized gains (losses) on securities because such gains and losses are influenced significantly by financial markets, interest rates and the timing of sales. Similarly, significant gains and losses from the sale of real estate are excluded from core earnings as they are influenced by the timing of sales and realized gains (losses) on subsidiaries are excluded because such gains and losses are largely the result of the changing business strategy and market opportunities. In addition, special charges related to coverage that AFG no longer writes, such as the Neon exited lines and for asbestos and environmental exposures are excluded from core earnings. The following table (in millions, except per share amounts) identifies non-core items and reconciles net earnings attributable to shareholders to core net operating earnings, a non-GAAP financial measure. AFG believes core net operating earnings is a useful tool for investors and analysts in analyzing ongoing operating trends and for management to evaluate financial performance against historical results because it believes this provides a more comparable measure of its continuing business.



	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
	2016			2015			2016			2015
Components of net earnings attributable to shareholders:
Core operating earnings before income taxes	$	183		$	176		$	357		$	349
Pretax non-core items:
Realized gains (losses) on securities	(16		)	(1		)	(34		)	18
Realized gain (loss) on subsidiaries	2			—			2			(162		)
Gain on sale of apartment property and hotel	32			51			32			51
Neon exited lines charge	(65		)	—			(65		)	—
Earnings before income taxes	136			226			292			256
Provision (credit) for income taxes:
Core operating earnings	64			59			123			114
Non-core items	9			18			2			(32		)
Total provision (credit) for income taxes	73			77			125			82
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests	63			149			167			174
Less net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests:
Core operating earnings	6			2			10			8
Non-core items	3			6			2			6
Total net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests	9			8			12			14
Net earnings attributable to shareholders	$	54		$	141		$	155		$	160

Net earnings:
Core net operating earnings	$	113		$	115		$	224		$	227
Non-core items	(59		)	26			(69		)	(67		)
Net earnings attributable to shareholders	$	54		$	141		$	155		$	160

Diluted per share amounts:
Core net operating earnings	$	1.28		$	1.28		$	2.53		$	2.54
Realized gains (losses) on securities	(0.11		)	—			(0.22		)	0.14
Realized gain (loss) on subsidiaries	0.01			—			0.01			(1.18		)
Gain on sale of apartment property and hotel	0.17			0.29			0.17			0.29
Neon exited lines charge	(0.73		)	—			(0.73		)	—
Net earnings attributable to shareholders	$	0.62		$	1.57		$	1.76		$	1.79

Net earnings attributable to shareholders decreased $87 million in the second quarter of 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 due primarily to a charge related to the exit of certain lines of business within Neon, AFG’s Lloyd’s-based insurer, higher

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

net realized losses on securities in the second quarter of 2016 compared to the second quarter of 2015 and lower gains on the sale of real estate in the 2016 period compared to the 2015 period. Core net operating earnings decreased $2 million in the second quarter of 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 reflecting higher underwriting profit and net investment income in the ongoing property and casualty insurance operations, more than offset by lower operating earnings in the annuity segment due primarily to the impact of fair value accounting for fixed-indexed annuities and the run-off of higher yielding investments and lower profitability in the run-off long-term care and life segment.

Net earnings attributable to shareholders decreased $5 million in the first six months of 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 due primarily to a charge related to the exit of certain lines of business within Neon, net realized losses on securities in the 2016 period compared to net realized gains on securities in the 2015 period and lower gains on the sale of real estate in the 2016 period compared to the 2015 period, partially offset by the estimated loss on the sale of the subsidiaries containing substantially all of AFG’s run-off long-term care insurance business that was recorded in the first quarter of 2015 . Core net operating earnings decreased $3 million in the first six months of 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 as higher underwriting profit and net investment income in the ongoing property and casualty insurance operations was more than offset by lower operating earnings in the annuity segment due primarily to the impact of fair value accounting for fixed-indexed annuities and the run-off of higher yielding investments, and lower profitability in the run-off long-term care and life segment.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — QUARTERS ENDED JUNE 30, 2016 AND 2015

Segmented Statement of Earnings AFG reports its business as four segments: (i) Property and casualty insurance (“P&C”), (ii) Annuity, (iii) Run-off long-term care and life and (iv) Other, which includes holding company costs and income and expenses related to the managed investment entities (“MIEs”).

AFG’s net earnings attributable to shareholders, determined in accordance with GAAP, include certain items that may not be indicative of its ongoing core operations. The following tables for the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 identify such items by segment and reconcile net earnings attributable to shareholders to core net operating earnings, a non-GAAP financial measure that AFG believes is a useful tool for investors and analysts in analyzing ongoing operating trends (in millions):



								Other
	P&C			Annuity		Run-off long-term care and life		Consol. MIEs			Holding Co., other and unallocated			Total			Non-core reclass			GAAP Total
Quarter ended June 30, 2016
Revenues:
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums	$	1,027		$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	1,027		$	—		$	1,027
Life, accident and health net earned premiums	—			—		6		—			—			6			—			6
Net investment income	89			344		5		(19		)	4			423			—			423
Realized gains (losses) on:
Securities	—			—		—		—			—			—			(16		)	(16		)
Subsidiaries	—			—		—		—			—			—			2			2
Income (loss) of MIEs:
Investment income	—			—		—		48			—			48			—			48
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities	—			—		—		11			—			11			—			11
Other income	8			24		1		(4		)	19			48			32			80
Total revenues	1,124			368		12		36			23			1,563			18			1,581

Costs and Expenses:
Property and casualty insurance:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	630			—		—		—			—			630			57			687
Commissions and other underwriting expenses	335			—		—		—			5			340			8			348
Annuity benefits	—			223		—		—			—			223			—			223
Life, accident and health benefits	—			—		9		—			—			9			—			9
Annuity and supplemental insurance acquisition expenses	—			40		2		—			—			42			—			42
Interest charges on borrowed money	—			—		—		—			19			19			—			19
Expenses of MIEs	—			—		—		36			—			36			—			36
Other expenses	14			29		1		—			37			81			—			81
Total costs and expenses	979			292		12		36			61			1,380			65			1,445
Earnings before income taxes	145			76		—		—			(38		)	183			(47		)	136
Provision for income taxes	51			26		—		—			(13		)	64			9			73
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests	94			50		—		—			(25		)	119			(56		)	63
Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests	6			—		—		—			—			6			3			9
Core Net Operating Earnings	88			50		—		—			(25		)	113
Non-core earnings attributable to shareholders (a):
Realized losses on securities, net of tax and noncontrolling interests	—			—		—		—			(10		)	(10		)	10			—
Realized gain on subsidiaries, net of tax	—			—		1		—			—			1			(1		)	—
Gain on sale of apartment property, net of tax and noncontrolling interests	15			—		—		—			—			15			(15		)	—
Neon exited lines charge	(65		)	—		—		—			—			(65		)	65			—
Net Earnings Attributable to Shareholders	$	38		$	50	$	1	$	—		$	(35	)	$	54		$	—		$	54

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued



							Other
	P&C		Annuity		Run-off long-term care and life		Consol. MIEs			Holding Co., other and unallocated			Total			Non-core reclass			GAAP Total
Quarter ended June 30, 2015
Revenues:
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums	$	985	$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	985		$	—		$	985
Life, accident and health net earned premiums	—		—		27		—			—			27			—			27
Net investment income	83		306		21		(5		)	(1		)	404			—			404
Realized losses on securities	—		—		—		—			—			—			(1		)	(1		)
Income (loss) of MIEs:
Investment income	—		—		—		38			—			38			—			38
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities	—		—		—		(2		)	—			(2		)	—			(2		)
Other income	2		24		1		(3		)	17			41			51			92
Total revenues	1,070		330		49		28			16			1,493			50			1,543

Costs and Expenses:
Property and casualty insurance:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	601		—		—		—			—			601			—			601
Commissions and other underwriting expenses	334		—		—		—			4			338			—			338
Annuity benefits	—		151		—		—			—			151			—			151
Life, accident and health benefits	—		—		33		—			—			33			—			33
Annuity and supplemental insurance acquisition expenses	—		62		4		—			—			66			—			66
Interest charges on borrowed money	—		—		—		—			20			20			—			20
Expenses of MIEs	—		—		—		28			—			28			—			28
Other expenses	12		29		8		—			31			80			—			80
Total costs and expenses	947		242		45		28			55			1,317			—			1,317
Earnings before income taxes	123		88		4		—			(39		)	176			50			226
Provision for income taxes	39		31		2		—			(13		)	59			18			77
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests	84		57		2		—			(26		)	117			32			149
Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests	2		—		—		—			—			2			6			8
Core Net Operating Earnings	82		57		2		—			(26		)	115
Non-core earnings attributable to shareholders (a):
Gain on sale of Le Pavillon Hotel, net of tax and noncontrolling interests	26		—		—		—			—			26			(26		)	—
Net Earnings Attributable to Shareholders	$	108	$	57	$	2	$	—		$	(26	)	$	141		$	—		$	141


(a)	See the reconciliation of core earnings to GAAP net earnings under “Results of Operations — General ” for details on the tax and noncontrolling interest impacts of these reconciling items.

Property and Casualty Insurance Segment — Results of Operations Performance measures such as underwriting profit or loss and related combined ratios are often used by property and casualty insurers to help users of their financial statements better understand the company’s performance. Underwriting profitability is measured by the combined ratio, which is a sum of the ratios of losses and loss adjustment expenses, and commissions and other underwriting expenses to premiums. A combined ratio under 100% indicates an underwriting profit. The combined ratio does not reflect net investment income, other income, other expenses or federal income taxes.

AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations contributed $112 million in GAAP pretax earnings in the second quarter of 2016 compared to $174 million in the second quarter of 2015 , a decrease of $62 million ( 36% ). Property and casualty core pretax earnings were $145 million in the second quarter of 2016 compared to $123 million in the second quarter of 2015, an increase of $22 million ( 18% ). The decrease in GAAP pretax earnings reflects a pretax non-core charge of $65 million in the second quarter of 2016 related to the exit of certain lines of business within Neon, AFG’s Lloyd’s-based insurer and a $32 million pretax non-core gain on the sale of an apartment property in the second quarter of 2016 compared to a $51 million pretax non-core gain on the sale of Le Pavillon Hotel in the second quarter of 2015. Both properties were owned and managed

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

by an 80%-owned subsidiary of GAI. GAAP and core pretax earnings include improved underwriting results in the Property and transportation group and higher net investment income, partially offset by lower underwriting profit in the Specialty casualty group.

The following table details AFG’s GAAP and core earnings before income taxes from its property and casualty insurance operations for the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 (dollars in millions):



	Three months ended June 30,
	2016			2015			% Change
Gross written premiums	$	1,398		$	1,318		6	%
Reinsurance premiums ceded	(342		)	(292		)	17	%
Net written premiums	1,056			1,026			3	%
Change in unearned premiums	(29		)	(41		)	(29	%)
Net earned premiums	1,027			985			4	%
Loss and loss adjustment expenses (a)	630			601			5	%
Commissions and other underwriting expenses (b)	335			334			—	%
Core underwriting gain	62			50			24	%

Net investment income	89			83			7	%
Other income and expenses, net (c)	(6		)	(10		)	(40	%)
Core earnings before income taxes	145			123			18	%
Pretax non-core Neon exited lines charge	(65		)	—			—	%
Pretax non-core gain on sale of apartment property and hotel	32			51			(37	%)
GAAP earnings before income taxes	$	112		$	174		(36	%)

(a) Excludes a non-core charge of $57 million related to the exit of certain lines of business within Neon in the second quarter of 2016.
(b) Excludes a non-core charge of $8 million related to the exit of certain lines of business within Neon in the second quarter of 2016.
(c) Excludes pretax non-core gains of $32 million on the sale of an apartment property in the second quarter of 2016 and $51 million on the sale of Le Pavillon Hotel in the second quarter of 2015.

Combined Ratios:
Specialty lines							Change
Loss and LAE ratio	61.2		%	61.0		%	0.2	%
Underwriting expense ratio	32.7		%	33.9		%	(1.2	%)
Combined ratio	93.9		%	94.9		%	(1.0	%)

Aggregate — including exited lines
Loss and LAE ratio	66.8		%	61.0		%	5.8	%
Underwriting expense ratio	33.5		%	33.9		%	(0.4	%)
Combined ratio	100.3		%	94.9		%	5.4	%

AFG reports the underwriting performance of its Specialty property and casualty insurance business in the following sub-segments: (i) Property and transportation, (ii) Specialty casualty and (iii) Specialty financial.

To understand the overall profitability of particular lines, the timing of claims payments and the related impact of investment income must be considered. Certain “short-tail” lines of business (primarily property coverages) generally have quick loss payouts, which reduce the time funds are held, thereby limiting investment income earned thereon. In contrast, “long-tail” lines of business (primarily liability coverages and workers’ compensation) generally have payouts that are either structured over many years or take many years to settle, thereby significantly increasing investment income earned on related premiums received.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Gross Written Premiums

Gross written premiums (“GWP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $1.40 billion for the second quarter of 2016 compared to $1.32 billion for the second quarter of 2015 , an increase of $80 million ( 6% ). Detail of AFG’s property and casualty gross written premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):



	Three months ended June 30,
	2016				2015
	GWP		%		GWP		%		% Change
Property and transportation	$	538	38	%	$	500	38	%	8	%
Specialty casualty	688		49	%	661		50	%	4	%
Specialty financial	172		13	%	157		12	%	10	%
	$	1,398	100	%	$	1,318	100	%	6	%

Reinsurance Premiums Ceded

Reinsurance premiums ceded (“Ceded”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were 24% of gross written premiums for the second quarter of 2016 compared to 22% for the second quarter of 2015 , an increase of 2 percentage points. Detail of AFG’s property and casualty reinsurance premiums ceded is shown below (dollars in millions):



	Three months ended June 30,
	2016					2015					Change in
	Ceded			% of GWP		Ceded			% of GWP		% of GWP
Property and transportation	$	(156	)	29	%	$	(138	)	28	%	1	%
Specialty casualty	(185		)	27	%	(158		)	24	%	3	%
Specialty financial	(28		)	16	%	(21		)	13	%	3	%
Other specialty	27					25
	$	(342	)	24	%	$	(292	)	22	%	2	%

Net Written Premiums

Net written premiums (“NWP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $1.06 billion for the second quarter of 2016 compared to $1.03 billion for the second quarter of 2015 , an increase of $30 million ( 3% ). Detail of AFG’s property and casualty net written premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):



	Three months ended June 30,
	2016				2015
	NWP		%		NWP		%		% Change
Property and transportation	$	382	36	%	$	362	35	%	6	%
Specialty casualty	503		48	%	503		49	%	—	%
Specialty financial	144		14	%	136		13	%	6	%
Other specialty	27		2	%	25		3	%	8	%
	$	1,056	100	%	$	1,026	100	%	3	%

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Net Earned Premiums

Net earned premiums (“NEP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $1.03 billion for the second quarter of 2016 compared to $985 million for the second quarter of 2015 , an increase of $42 million ( 4% ). Detail of AFG’s property and casualty net earned premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):



	Three months ended June 30,
	2016				2015
	NEP		%		NEP		%		% Change
Property and transportation	$	365	36	%	$	327	33	%	12	%
Specialty casualty	497		48	%	503		51	%	(1	%)
Specialty financial	139		14	%	129		13	%	8	%
Other specialty	26		2	%	26		3	%	—	%
	$	1,027	100	%	$	985	100	%	4	%

The $80 million ( 6% ) increase in gross written premiums for the second quarter of 2016 compared to the second quarter of 2015 reflects growth in each of the Specialty property and casualty sub-segments. Overall average renewal rates were flat in the second quarter of 2016 .

Property and transportation Gross written premiums increased $38 million ( 8% ) in the second quarter of 2016 compared to the second quarter of 2015 . This increase was due primarily to new gross written premiums from the Singapore branch, which opened for business in June 2015 and higher premiums in the agricultural businesses, primarily the result of timing differences in the recording of crop premiums. Excluding crop, gross written premiums increased 3% over the comparable prior year period. Average renewal rates increased approximately 3% for this group in the second quarter of 2016 , including a 4% increase in National Interstate’s renewal rates. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums increased 1 percentage point for the second quarter of 2016 compared to the second quarter of 2015 , reflecting the impact of a change in the mix of business.

Specialty casualty Gross written premiums increased $27 million ( 4% ) in the second quarter of 2016 compared to the second quarter of 2015 . Higher premiums in the workers’ compensation and targeted markets businesses were partially offset by lower premiums in the excess and surplus and general liability businesses. Average renewal rates decreased approximately 2% for this group in the second quarter of 2016 , including a decrease of approximately 4% in the workers’ compensation businesses. Excluding the workers’ compensation business, average renewal rates for this group were flat during the quarter. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums increased 3 percentage points for the second quarter of 2016 compared to the second quarter of 2015 , reflecting the cession of Neon’s UK medical malpractice business as part of the strategic review of Neon (formerly known as Marketform) completed in the second quarter of 2016.

Specialty financial Gross written premiums increased $15 million ( 10% ) in the second quarter of 2016 compared to the second quarter of 2015 due primarily to growth in the financial institutions business. Average renewal rates for this group were flat in the second quarter of 2016 . Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums increased 3 percentage points for the second quarter of 2016 compared to the second quarter of 2015 , reflecting higher cessions in the financial institutions business.

Other specialty The amounts shown as reinsurance premiums ceded represent business assumed by AFG’s internal reinsurance program from the operations that make up AFG’s other Specialty property and casualty insurance sub-segments.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Combined Ratio

The table below (dollars in millions) details the components of the combined ratio for AFG’s property and casualty segment:



	Three months ended June 30,						Three months ended June 30,
	2016		2015		Change		2016			2015
Property and transportation
Loss and LAE ratio	67.0	%	73.2	%	(6.2	%)
Underwriting expense ratio	28.9	%	30.8	%	(1.9	%)
Combined ratio	95.9	%	104.0	%	(8.1	%)
Underwriting profit (loss)							$	15		$	(13	)

Specialty casualty
Loss and LAE ratio	66.1	%	61.9	%	4.2	%
Underwriting expense ratio	29.2	%	30.8	%	(1.6	%)
Combined ratio	95.3	%	92.7	%	2.6	%
Underwriting profit							$	23		$	37

Specialty financial
Loss and LAE ratio	30.1	%	27.7	%	2.4	%
Underwriting expense ratio	54.3	%	53.3	%	1.0	%
Combined ratio	84.4	%	81.0	%	3.4	%
Underwriting profit							$	22		$	24

Total Specialty
Loss and LAE ratio	61.2	%	61.0	%	0.2	%
Underwriting expense ratio	32.7	%	33.9	%	(1.2	%)
Combined ratio	93.9	%	94.9	%	(1.0	%)
Underwriting profit							$	63		$	51

Aggregate — including exited lines
Loss and LAE ratio	66.8	%	61.0	%	5.8	%
Underwriting expense ratio	33.5	%	33.9	%	(0.4	%)
Combined ratio	100.3	%	94.9	%	5.4	%
Underwriting profit (loss)							$	(3	)	$	50

The Specialty property and casualty insurance operations generated an underwriting profit of $63 million in the second quarter of 2016 compared to $51 million in the second quarter of 2015 , an increase of $12 million ( 24% ). The higher underwriting profit in the second quarter of 2016 reflects primarily improved underwriting results in the Property and transportation sub-segment, partially offset by lower underwriting profits in the Specialty casualty sub-segment.

Property and transportation Underwriting profit for this group was $15 million for the second quarter of 2016 compared to an underwriting loss of $13 million in the second quarter of 2015 , an improvement of $28 million ( 215% ). Higher underwriting profits in the property and inland marine and transportation businesses, due primarily to favorable prior year reserve development, contributed to these improved results.

Specialty casualty Underwriting profit for this group was $23 million for the second quarter of 2016 compared to $37 million in the second quarter of 2015 , a decrease of $14 million ( 38% ). Higher underwriting profitability in the workers’ compensation and executive liability businesses, due primarily to higher favorable prior year reserve development, was more than offset by higher adverse prior year reserve development in the excess and surplus businesses and current accident year trade credit losses in Neon’s political risk and trade credit business.

Specialty financial Underwriting profit for this group was $22 million for the second quarter of 2016 compared to $24 million in the second quarter of 2015 , a decrease of $2 million ( 8% ). Higher underwriting profit in the fidelity and crime business, primarily the result of higher favorable prior year reserve development, was more than offset by lower underwriting profitability in the trade credit business, resulting primarily from lower favorable prior year reserve development.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Other specialty Underwriting profit for this group was $3 million for both the second quarter of 2016 and the second quarter of 2015 .

Aggregate As discussed below in more detail under “ Net prior year reserve development ,” AFG recorded a non-core charge of $65 million in the second quarter of 2016 related to the exit of certain lines of business within Neon, AFG’s Lloyd’s-based insurer (formerly known as Marketform).

Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

AFG’s overall loss and LAE ratio was 66.8% for the second quarter of 2016 compared to 61.0% for the second quarter of 2015 , an increase of 5.8 percentage points. The components of AFG’s property and casualty losses and LAE amounts and ratio are detailed below (dollars in millions):



	Three months ended June 30,
	Amount						Ratio				Change in
	2016			2015			2016		2015		Ratio
Property and transportation
Current year, excluding catastrophe losses	$	245		$	227		66.9	%	69.4	%	(2.5	%)
Prior accident years development	(12		)	6			(3.2	%)	1.7	%	(4.9	%)
Current year catastrophe losses	12			7			3.3	%	2.1	%	1.2	%
Property and transportation losses and LAE and ratio	$	245		$	240		67.0	%	73.2	%	(6.2	%)

Specialty casualty
Current year, excluding catastrophe losses	$	336		$	317		67.4	%	63.2	%	4.2	%
Prior accident years development	(10		)	(7		)	(2.0	%)	(1.4	%)	(0.6	%)
Current year catastrophe losses	3			1			0.7	%	0.1	%	0.6	%
Specialty casualty losses and LAE and ratio	$	329		$	311		66.1	%	61.9	%	4.2	%

Specialty financial
Current year, excluding catastrophe losses	$	46		$	42		32.7	%	31.9	%	0.8	%
Prior accident years development	(7		)	(8		)	(4.6	%)	(6.2	%)	1.6	%
Current year catastrophe losses	3			2			2.0	%	2.0	%	—	%
Specialty financial losses and LAE and ratio	$	42		$	36		30.1	%	27.7	%	2.4	%

Total Specialty
Current year, excluding catastrophe losses	$	638		$	601		62.1	%	61.1	%	1.0	%
Prior accident years development	(30		)	(11		)	(2.9	%)	(1.1	%)	(1.8	%)
Current year catastrophe losses	21			10			2.0	%	1.0	%	1.0	%
Total Specialty losses and LAE and ratio	$	629		$	600		61.2	%	61.0	%	0.2	%

Aggregate — including exited lines
Current year, excluding catastrophe losses	$	638		$	601		62.1	%	61.1	%	1.0	%
Prior accident years development	28			(10		)	2.7	%	(1.1	%)	3.8	%
Current year catastrophe losses	21			10			2.0	%	1.0	%	1.0	%
Aggregate losses and LAE and ratio	$	687		$	601		66.8	%	61.0	%	5.8	%

Current accident year losses and LAE, excluding catastrophe losses

The current accident year loss and LAE ratio, excluding catastrophe losses for AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations was 62.1% for the second quarter of 2016 compared to 61.1% for the second quarter of 2015 , an increase of 1.0% .

Property and transportation The 2.5 percentage point decrease in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding catastrophe losses reflects a decrease in the loss and LAE ratios of the transportation, property and inland marine and agricultural businesses in the second quarter of 2016 compared to the second quarter of 2015 .

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Specialty casualty The 4.2 percentage point increase in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding catastrophe losses reflects an increase in current accident year trade credit losses in Neon’s political risk and trade credit business.

Specialty financial The 0.8 percentage point increase in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding catastrophe losses reflects an increase in the loss and LAE ratio of the financial institutions business, partially offset by a decrease in the loss and LAE ratio of the surety business.

Net prior year reserve development

AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations recorded net favorable reserve development related to prior accident years of $30 million in the second quarter of 2016 compared to $11 million in the second quarter of 2015 , an increase of $19 million .

Property and transportation Net favorable reserve development of $12 million in the second quarter of 2016 reflects lower than expected claim severity in the property and inland marine business, lower than expected losses in the crop operations and lower than expected claim severity in the trucking business. Net adverse reserve development of $6 million in the second quarter of 2015 reflects higher than expected claim severity in the trucking business and higher than anticipated claim frequency in the ocean marine and property and inland marine businesses, partially offset by lower than expected claim severity in the agricultural operations.

Specialty casualty Net favorable reserve development of $10 million in the second quarter of 2016 reflects lower than anticipated claim severity and frequency in the workers’ compensation business and lower than anticipated claim severity in directors and officers liability insurance, partially offset by higher than anticipated severity in New York contractor claims and higher than anticipated claim severity in general liability insurance. Net favorable reserve development of $7 million in the second quarter of 2015 includes lower than anticipated claim severity in workers’ compensation business, lower than anticipated claim severity and frequency in excess liability insurance and lower than anticipated claim severity in directors and officers liability insurance, partially offset by higher than anticipated claim severity and frequency in contractor claims and adverse reserve development at Neon.

Specialty financial Net favorable reserve development of $7 million in the second quarter of 2016 reflects lower than anticipated claim severity in the fidelity and crime business and lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the surety business. Net favorable reserve development of $8 million in the second quarter of 2015 reflects lower than anticipated claim frequency and severity in the trade credit business, lower than anticipated claim severity in the fidelity business and lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the surety business.

Other specialty In addition to the development discussed above, total Specialty prior year reserve development includes net favorable reserve development of $1 million in the second quarter of 2016 and $2 million in the second quarter of 2015 reflecting amortization of the deferred gain on the retroactive insurance transaction entered into in connection with the sale of businesses in 1998 and 2001 and reserve development associated with AFG’s internal reinsurance program.

Neon exited lines charge During the second quarter of 2016, AFG’s specialist Lloyd’s market insurer completed a strategic review of its business under a new leadership team and re-launched as Neon Underwriting Ltd. (“Neon”). As part of its strategic review, Neon sold and/or exited certain historical lines of business including its UK and international medical malpractice and general liability classes. As a result of Neon’s claims review of its exited lines of business, AFG recorded a charge of approximately $65 million including $57 million to increase loss reserves primarily related to its medical malpractice and general liability lines. Consistent with the treatment of other items that are not indicative of AFG’s ongoing operations (both favorable and unfavorable), this charge is being treated as non-core because it resulted from a special strategic review of lines of business that Neon no longer writes.

Aggregate Aggregate net prior accident years reserve development for AFG’s property and casualty segment includes the Neon exited lines charge mentioned above and adverse reserve development of $1 million in both the second quarter of 2016 and 2015 related to business outside of the Specialty group that AFG no longer writes.

Catastrophe losses

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

is expected to be less than 3.5% of AFG’s shareholders’ equity. Catastrophe losses of $21 million in the second quarter of 2016 resulted primarily from April storms in Texas. Catastrophe losses of $10 million in the second quarter of 2015 resulted primarily from multiple storms in the midwestern and central United States.

Commissions and Other Underwriting Expenses

AFG’s property and casualty commissions and other underwriting expenses (“U/W Exp”) were $343 million in the second quarter of 2016 compared to $334 million for the second quarter of 2015 , an increase of $9 million ( 3% ). AFG’s underwriting expense ratio, calculated as commissions and other underwriting expenses divided by net premiums earned, was 33.5% for the second quarter of 2016 compared to 33.9% for the second quarter of 2015 , a decrease of 0.4 percentage points. Detail of AFG’s property and casualty commissions and other underwriting expenses and underwriting expense ratios is shown below (dollars in millions):



	Three months ended June 30,
	2016				2015				Change in
	U/W Exp		% of NEP		U/W Exp		% of NEP		% of NEP
Property and transportation	$	105	28.9	%	$	100	30.8	%	(1.9	%)
Specialty casualty	145		29.2	%	155		30.8	%	(1.6	%)
Specialty financial	75		54.3	%	69		53.3	%	1.0	%
Other specialty	10		36.7	%	10		35.6	%	1.1	%
Total Specialty	335		32.7	%	334		33.9	%	(1.2	%)
Neon exited lines charge	8				—
Total Aggregate	$	343	33.5	%	$	334	33.9	%	(0.4	%)

AFG’s overall expense ratio decreased 0.4% in the second quarter of 2016 as compared to the second quarter of 2015 .

Property and transportation Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums decreased 1.9 percentage points in the second quarter of 2016 compared to the second quarter of 2015 reflecting the impact of higher premiums on the ratio and a change in the mix of business.

Specialty casualty Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums decreased 1.6 percentage points in the second quarter of 2016 compared to the second quarter of 2015 reflecting the impact of a charge in the second quarter of 2015 to write off certain previously capitalized project costs.

Specialty financial Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums increased 1.0 percentage points in the second quarter of 2016 compared to the second quarter of 2015 reflecting a change in the mix of business.

Aggregate Aggregate commissions and other underwriting expenses for AFG’s property and casualty segment includes $8 million related to restructuring charges at Neon recorded as part of the $65 million Neon exited lines charge in the second quarter of 2016 discussed above under “Net prior year reserve development.”

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Property and Casualty Net Investment Income

Net investment income in AFG’s property and casualty operations was $89 million in the second quarter of 2016 compared to $83 million in the second quarter of 2015 , an increase of $6 million ( 7% ). In recent years, yields available in the financial markets on fixed maturity securities have generally declined, placing downward pressure on AFG’s investment portfolio yield. The average invested assets and overall yield earned on investments held by AFG’s property and casualty operations are provided below (dollars in millions):



	Three months ended June 30,
	2016			2015			Change			% Change
Net investment income	$	89		$	83		$	6		7	%

Average invested assets (at amortized cost)	$	9,465		$	8,956		$	509		6	%

Yield (net investment income as a % of average invested assets)	3.76		%	3.71		%	0.05		%

Tax equivalent yield (*)	4.26		%	4.26		%	—		%

(*) Adjusts the yield on equity securities and tax-exempt bonds to the fully taxable equivalent yield.

The increase in average invested assets and net investment income in the property and casualty segment for the second quarter of 2016 as compared to the second quarter of 2015 is due primarily to growth in the property and casualty segment. The property and casualty segment’s overall yield on investments (net investment income as a percentage of average invested assets) was 3.76% for the second quarter of 2016 compared to 3.71% for the second quarter of 2015 , an increase of 0.05 percentage points, reflecting higher income from certain investments that are required to be carried at fair value through earnings, partially offset by lower yields available in the financial markets.

Property and Casualty Other Income and Expenses, Net

GAAP other income and expenses, net for AFG’s property and casualty operations was net income of $26 million for the second quarter of 2016 compared to $41 million for the second quarter of 2015 . Core other income and expenses, net for AFG’s property and casualty operations was a net expense of $6 million for the second quarter of 2016 compared to $10 million in the second quarter of 2015 , a decrease of $4 million ( 40% ). The table below details the items included in GAAP and core other income and expenses, net for AFG’s property and casualty operations (in millions):



	Three months ended June 30,
	2016			2015
Other income
Income from the sale of real estate (*)	$	—		$	—
Other	8			2
Total other income	8			2
Other expenses
Amortization of intangibles	2			2
Other	12			10
Total other expenses	14			12
Core other income and expenses, net	(6		)	(10		)
Pretax non-core gain on sale of apartment property and hotel	32			51
GAAP other income and expenses, net	$	26		$	41


(*)	Excludes pretax non-core gains of $32 million on the sale of an apartment property in the second quarter of 2016 and$51 million on the sale of Le Pavillon Hotel in the second quarter of 2015.

Other income for AFG’s property and casualty operations includes a $4 million death benefit on a life insurance policy received in the second quarter of 2016.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Annuity Segment — Results of Operations

AFG’s annuity operations contributed $76 million in pretax earnings in the second quarter of 2016 compared to $88 million in the second quarter of 2015 , a decrease of $12 million ( 14% ). AFG’s annuity segment results for the second quarter of 2016 as compared to the second quarter of 2015 benefited from higher investment income from certain investments that are required to be carried at fair value through earnings, as well as a 13% increase in average annuity investments (at amortized cost). The benefit of this higher investment income and growth in the business was more than offset by the significant negative impact of lower than anticipated interest rates on the fair value accounting for fixed-indexed annuities (“FIAs”) in the second quarter of 2016 compared to a positive impact of higher than anticipated interest rates on the fair value accounting for FIAs in the second quarter of 2015 period and the impact of lower investment yields due to the run-off of higher yielding investments.

The following table details AFG’s earnings before income taxes from its annuity operations for the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 (dollars in millions):



	Three months ended June 30,
	2016		2015		% Change
Revenues:
Net investment income	$	344	$	306	12	%
Other income:
Guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees	13		10		30	%
Policy charges and other miscellaneous income	11		14		(21	%)
Total revenues	368		330		12	%

Costs and Expenses:
Annuity benefits (*)	223		151		48	%
Acquisition expenses	40		62		(35	%)
Other expenses	29		29		—	%
Total costs and expenses	292		242		21	%
Earnings before income taxes	$	76	$	88	(14	%)

Detail of annuity earnings before income taxes (dollars in millions):



	Three months ended June 30,
	2016			2015		% Change
Earnings before income taxes — before the impact of derivatives related to FIAs	$	102		$	77	32	%
Impact of derivatives related to FIAs	(26		)	11		(336	%)
Earnings before income taxes	$	76		$	88	(14	%)

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued


(*)	Annuity benefits consisted of the following (dollars in millions):



	Three months ended June 30,
	2016			2015			% Change
Interest credited — fixed	$	142		$	131		8	%
Interest credited — fixed component of variable annuities	2			2			—	%
Other annuity benefits:
Change in expected death and annuitization reserve	4			5			(20	%)
Amortization of sales inducements	6			7			(14	%)
Change in guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserve	15			16			(6	%)
Change in other benefit reserves	8			12			(33	%)
Total other annuity benefits	33			40			(18	%)
Total before impact of derivatives related to FIAs	177			173			2	%
Derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities:
Embedded derivative mark-to-market	62			(19		)	(426	%)
Equity option mark-to-market	(16		)	(3		)	433	%
Impact of derivatives related to FIAs	46			(22		)	(309	%)
Total annuity benefits	$	223		$	151		48	%

The profitability of a fixed annuity business is largely dependent on the ability of a company to earn income on the assets supporting the business in excess of the amounts credited to policyholder accounts plus expenses incurred (earning a “spread”). Performance measures such as net interest spread and net spread earned are often presented by annuity businesses to help users of their financial statements better understand the company’s performance.

Net Spread on Fixed Annuities (excludes variable annuity earnings)

The table below (dollars in millions) details the components of these spreads for AFG’s fixed annuity operations (including fixed-indexed annuities):



	Three months ended June 30,
	2016			2015			% Change
Average fixed annuity investments (at amortized cost)	$	27,964		$	24,711		13	%
Average fixed annuity benefits accumulated	27,861			24,474			14	%

As % of fixed annuity benefits accumulated (except as noted):
Net investment income (as % of fixed annuity investments)	4.88		%	4.91		%
Interest credited — fixed	(2.04		%)	(2.14		%)
Net interest spread	2.84		%	2.77		%

Policy charges and other miscellaneous income	0.13		%	0.17		%
Other annuity benefit expenses, net of guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees	(0.30		%)	(0.49		%)
Acquisition expenses	(0.55		%)	(0.98		%)
Other expenses	(0.38		%)	(0.43		%)
Change in fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities	(0.66		%)	0.35		%
Net spread earned on fixed annuities	1.08		%	1.39		%

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

The table below illustrates the impact of fair value accounting for derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities on the annuity segment’s net spread earned on fixed annuities:



	Three months ended June 30,
	2016		2015
Net spread earned on fixed annuities — before impact of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities	1.45	%	1.21	%
Impact of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities (*)	(0.37	%)	0.18	%
Net spread earned on fixed annuities	1.08	%	1.39	%


(*)	Change in fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities offset by an estimate of the related acceleration/deceleration of amortization of deferred sales inducements and deferred policy acquisition costs.

Annuity Net Investment Income

Net investment income for the second quarter of 2016 was $344 million compared to $306 million for the second quarter of 2015 , an increase of $38 million ( 12% ). This increase reflects primarily the growth in AFG’s annuity business and higher income from certain investments that are required to be carried at fair value through earnings, partially offset by the impact of lower investment yields. The overall yield earned on investments in AFG’s annuity operations, calculated as net investment income divided by average investment balances (at amortized cost), decreased by 0.03 percentage points to 4.88% from 4.91% in the second quarter of 2016 compared to the second quarter of 2015 . This decline in net investment yield reflects (i) the investment of new premium dollars at lower yields as compared to the existing investment portfolio and (ii) the impact of the reinvestment of proceeds from maturity and redemption of higher yielding investments at the lower yields available in the financial markets, partially offset by the higher income from certain investments that are required to be carried at fair value through earnings.

Annuity Interest Credited — Fixed

Interest credited — fixed for the second quarter of 2016 was $142 million compared to $131 million for the second quarter of 2015 , an increase of $11 million ( 8% ). The impact of growth in the annuity business was partially offset by lower interest crediting rates on new premiums as compared to the crediting rates on policyholder funds surrendered or withdrawn. The average interest rate credited to policyholders, calculated as interest credited divided by average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, decreased 0.10 percentage points to 2.04% from 2.14% in the second quarter of 2016 compared to the second quarter of 2015 .

Annuity Net Interest Spread

AFG’s net interest spread increased 0.07 percentage points to 2.84% from 2.77% in the second quarter of 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 due primarily to the impact of lower crediting rates and higher income from certain investments that are required to be carried at fair value through earnings, partially offset by lower investment yields. In addition, features included in current annuity product offerings allow AFG to achieve its desired profitability at a lower net interest spread than historical product offerings. As a result of these two items, AFG expects its net interest spread to narrow in the future.

Annuity Policy Charges and Other Miscellaneous Income

Annuity policy charges and other miscellaneous income, which consist primarily of surrender charges, amortization of deferred upfront policy charges (unearned revenue) and income from sales of real estate, were $11 million for the second quarter of 2016 compared to $14 million for the second quarter of 2015 , a decrease of $3 million ( 21% ). Other miscellaneous income includes $1 million in income from the sale of real estate in the second quarter of 2015 . As a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, annuity policy charges and other miscellaneous income decreased 0.04 percentage points to 0.13% from 0.17% in the second quarter of 2016 compared to the second quarter of 2015 .

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Other Annuity Benefits, Net of Guaranteed Withdrawal Benefit Fees

Other annuity benefits, net of guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees, for the second quarter of 2016 were $20 million compared to $30 million for the second quarter of 2015 , a decrease of $10 million ( 33% ). As a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, these net expenses decreased 0.19 percentage points to 0.30% from 0.49% in the second quarter of 2016 compared to the second quarter of 2015 . In addition to interest credited to policyholders’ accounts and the change in fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities, annuity benefits expense also includes the following expenses (in millions, net of guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees):



	Three months ended June 30,
	2016			2015
Change in expected death and annuitization reserve	$	4		$	5
Amortization of sales inducements	6			7
Change in guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserve	15			16
Change in other benefit reserves	8			12
Other annuity benefits	33			40
Offset guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees	(13		)	(10		)
Other annuity benefits, net	$	20		$	30

As discussed under “Annuity Benefits Accumulated” in Note A — “ Accounting Policies ” , guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserves are accrued for and modified using assumptions similar to those used in establishing and amortizing deferred policy acquisition costs. The $10 million decrease in other annuity benefits, net of guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees for the second quarter of 2016 compared to the second quarter of 2015 reflects the impact of lower interest rates on the accrual of guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserves on a growing block of business with those policy features.

The guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserve related to FIAs can be inversely impacted by the calculated FIA embedded derivative reserve as the value to policyholders of the guaranteed withdrawal benefits increases when the benefit of stock market participation decreases.

Annuity Acquisition Expenses

AFG’s amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs (“DPAC”) and commission expenses as a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated was 0.55% for the second quarter of 2016 compared to 0.98% for the second quarter 2015 and has generally ranged between 0.75% and 0.85% . Variances from the general range relate primarily to the impact of (i) material changes in interest rates or the stock market on AFG’s fixed-indexed annuity business, and (ii) differences in actual experience from actuarially projected estimates and assumptions. For example, the negative impact of significantly lower than anticipated interest rates during the second quarter of 2016 on the fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities (discussed below) resulted in a partially offsetting deceleration in the amortization of DPAC. Conversely, the positive impact of higher than anticipated interest rates during the second quarter of 2015 on the fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities resulted in a partially offsetting acceleration in the amortization of DPAC.

The table below illustrates the estimated impact of fair value accounting for derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities on annuity acquisition expenses as a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated:



	Three months ended June 30,
	2016		2015
Before the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities on the amortization of DPAC	0.83	%	0.82	%
Impact of changes in fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities on amortization of DPAC (*)	(0.28	%)	0.16	%
Annuity acquisition expenses as a % of fixed annuity benefits accumulated	0.55	%	0.98	%


(*)	An estimate of the acceleration/deceleration in the amortization of deferred sales inducement and deferred policy acquisition costs resulting from fair value accounting for derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities.

Annuity Other Expenses

Annuity other expenses were $29 million for both the second quarter of 2016 and the second quarter of 2015 . Annuity other expenses represent primarily general and administrative expenses, as well as selling and issuance expenses that are not deferred.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

The impact of higher annuity other expenses from growth in the business and an increase in the number of sales personnel focused on new initiatives and increased market share within existing financial institutions in the second quarter of 2016 was offset by the impact of higher expenses related to professional services and employee compensation plans in the second quarter of 2015 . As a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, these expenses decreased 0.05 percentage points to 0.38% from 0.43% for the second quarter of 2016 as compared to the second quarter of 2015 .

Change in Fair Value of Derivatives Related to Fixed-Indexed Annuities

AFG’s fixed-indexed annuities provide policyholders with a crediting rate tied, in part, to the performance of an existing stock market index. AFG attempts to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of these products through the purchase of call options on the appropriate index. AFG’s strategy is designed so that the change in the fair value of the call option assets will generally offset the economic change in the liabilities from the index participation. Both the index-based component of the annuities and the related call options are considered derivatives that must be adjusted for changes in fair value through earnings each period. The fair values of these derivatives are impacted by actual and expected stock market performance and interest rates as well as other factors. For a list of other factors impacting the fair value of the index-based component of AFG’s annuity benefits accumulated, see Note D — “ Fair Value Measurements ” to the financial statements. The net change in fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities increased annuity benefits by $46 million in the second quarter of 2016 compared to decreasing annuity benefits by $22 million in the second quarter of 2015 as a result of significantly lower than expected interest rates in the 2016 period compared to higher than expected interest rates in the 2015 period. As a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, this net expense increased 1.01 percentage points to 0.66% in the second quarter of 2016 from ( 0.35% ) in the second quarter of 2015 .

Fluctuations in interest rates and the stock market, among other factors, can cause volatility in the periodic measurement of fair value of the embedded derivative that management believes can be inconsistent with the long-term economics of these products. The table below illustrates the impact of fair value accounting for derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities on the annuity segment’s earnings before income taxes (dollars in millions):



	Three months ended June 30,
	2016			2015			% Change
Earnings before income taxes — before change in fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities	$	102		$	77		32	%
Change in fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities	(46		)	22			(309	%)
Related impact on amortization of DPAC (*)	20			(11		)	(282	%)
Earnings before income taxes	$	76		$	88		(14	%)


(*)	An estimate of the related acceleration/deceleration of amortization of deferred sales inducements and deferred policy acquisition costs.

As illustrated in the table above, the change in fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities, including the related impact on amortization of DPAC decreased the annuity segment’s earnings before income taxes by $26 million in the second quarter of 2016 and increased the annuity segment’s earnings before income taxes by $11 million in the second quarter of 2015 .

Annuity Net Spread Earned on Fixed Annuities

AFG’s net spread earned on fixed annuities decreased 0.31 percentage points to 1.08% from 1.39% in the second quarter of 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 due primarily to the net impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives and related DPAC amortization offset discussed above, partially offset by the 0.07 percentage points increase in AFG’s net interest spread.

Annuity Benefits Accumulated

Annuity premiums received and benefit payments are recorded as increases or decreases in annuity benefits accumulated rather than as revenue and expense. Increases in this liability for interest credited and other benefits are charged to expense and decreases for surrender and other policy charges are credited to other income.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

For certain products, annuity benefits accumulated also includes reserves for accrued persistency and premium bonuses, excess benefits expected to be paid on future deaths and annuitizations (“EDAR”) and guaranteed withdrawal benefits. Annuity benefits accumulated also includes amounts advanced from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati. The following table is a progression of AFG’s annuity benefits accumulated liability for the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 (in millions):



	Three months ended June 30,
	2016			2015
Beginning fixed annuity reserves	$	27,499		$	24,042
Fixed annuity premiums (receipts)	1,087			888
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	—			300
Surrenders, benefits and other withdrawals	(596		)	(471		)
Interest and other annuity benefit expenses:
Interest credited	142			131
Embedded derivative mark-to-market	62			(19		)
Change in other benefit reserves	28			35
Ending fixed annuity reserves	$	28,222		$	24,906

Reconciliation to annuity benefits accumulated per balance sheet:
Ending fixed annuity reserves (from above)	$	28,222		$	24,906
Impact of unrealized investment gains	188			107
Fixed component of variable annuities	186			190
Annuity benefits accumulated per balance sheet	$	28,596		$	25,203

Statutory Annuity Premiums

AFG’s annuity operations generated statutory premiums of $1.10 billion in the second quarter of 2016 compared to $899 million in the second quarter of 2015 , an increase of $199 million ( 22% ). The following table summarizes AFG’s annuity sales (dollars in millions):



	Three months ended June 30,
	2016		2015		% Change
Financial institutions single premium annuities — indexed	$	507	$	369	37	%
Financial institutions single premium annuities — fixed	100		48		108	%
Retail single premium annuities — indexed	413		404		2	%
Retail single premium annuities — fixed	22		18		22	%
Education market — fixed and indexed annuities	45		49		(8	%)
Total fixed annuity premiums	1,087		888		22	%
Variable annuities	11		11		—	%
Total annuity premiums	$	1,098	$	899	22	%

Management believes the 22% increase in annuity premiums in the second quarter of 2016 as compared to the second quarter of 2015 is consistent with overall growth in the annuity industry, as sales of traditional fixed and fixed-indexed annuities have increased while sales of variable annuities have decreased. In addition, the increase reflects new products, additional staffing, and increased market share within existing financial institutions. Furthermore, AFG has reduced the crediting rates on its new annuity sales several times in 2016 due to the decline in interest rates; these reductions, once announced, often lead to a short-term spike in sales in advance of the effective date of the rate decreases.

On April 6, 2016, the Department of Labor (“DOL”) issued the final version of its fiduciary rule that will impose additional requirements on the sale of certain annuities for inclusion in retirement accounts, including individual retirement accounts. It is expected that all carriers will experience some impact when the rule takes effect in 2017, including temporary sales disruption during a transition period. Based on management’s analysis of the rule and discussions with distribution partners, AFG is planning for certain changes to its business model, including new products and compensation arrangements. Management believes these changes should allow most of the current distribution partners to continue to sell AFG’s traditional fixed and FIA

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

annuities. Based on its analysis, management does not believe the implementation of the final DOL rule will have a material impact on AFG’s results of operations.

Annuity Earnings before Income Taxes Reconciliation

The following table reconciles the net spread earned on AFG’s fixed annuities to overall annuity pretax earnings for the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 (in millions):



	Three months ended June 30,
	2016		2015
Earnings on fixed annuity benefits accumulated	$	75	$	85
Earnings on investments in excess of fixed annuity benefits accumulated (*)	1		3
Variable annuity earnings	—		—
Earnings before income taxes	$	76	$	88


(*)	Net investment income (as a % of investments) of 4.88% and 4.91% for the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 , respectively, multiplied by the difference between average fixed annuity investments (at amortized cost) and average fixed annuity benefits accumulated in each period.

Run-off Long-Term Care and Life Segment — Results of Operations The following table details AFG’s GAAP and core earnings before income taxes from its run-off long-term care and life operations for the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 (dollars in millions):



	Three months ended June 30,
	2016		2015		% Change
Revenues:
Net earned premiums:
Long-term care	$	1	$	20	(95	%)
Life operations	5		7		(29	%)
Net investment income	5		21		(76	%)
Other income	1		1		—	%
Total revenues	12		49		(76	%)

Costs and Expenses:
Life, accident and health benefits:
Long-term care	2		25		(92	%)
Life operations	7		8		(13	%)
Acquisition expenses	2		4		(50	%)
Other expenses	1		8		(88	%)
Total costs and expenses	12		45		(73	%)
Core earnings before income taxes	—		4		(100	%)
Pretax non-core realized gain on subsidiaries	2		—		—	%
GAAP earnings before income taxes	$	2	$	4	(50	%)

The decrease in long-term care net earned premiums and benefit expense in the second quarter of 2016 compared to the second quarter of 2015 is due to the sale of subsidiaries containing substantially all of AFG’s run-off long-term care insurance business in December of 2015.

Substantially all of the core earnings before income taxes in AFG’s run-off long-term care and life segment in the second quarter of 2015 represent earnings from AFG’s long-term care business and reflect the impact of rate increases and lower persistency, as well as strong net investment income.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Holding Company, Other and Unallocated — Results of Operations AFG’s net pretax loss outside of its insurance operations (excluding realized gains and losses) totaled $38 million for the second quarter of 2016 compared to $39 million for the second quarter of 2015 .

The following table details AFG’s loss before income taxes from operations outside of its insurance operations for the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 (dollars in millions):



	Three months ended June 30,
	2016			2015			% Change
Revenues:
Net investment income	$	4		$	(1	)	(500	%)
Other income — P&C fees	16			13			23	%
Other income	3			4			(25	%)
Total revenues	23			16			44	%

Costs and Expenses:
Property and casualty insurance — commissions and other underwriting expenses	5			4			25	%
Interest charges on borrowed money	19			20			(5	%)
Other expense — expenses associated with P&C fees	11			9			22	%
Other expenses	26			22			18	%
Total costs and expenses	61			55			11	%
Loss before income taxes, excluding realized gains and losses	$	(38	)	$	(39	)	(3	%)

Holding Company and Other — Net Investment Income

AFG recorded net investment income on investments held outside of its insurance operations of $4 million in the second quarter of 2016 compared to a net loss of $1 million in the second quarter of 2015 . The parent company holds a small portfolio of securities that are classified as “trading” and carried at fair value through net investment income. These trading securities increased in value by approximately $2 million in the second quarter of 2016 compared to a decline in value by approximately $1 million in the second quarter of 2015.

Holding Company and Other — P&C Fees and Related Expenses

Summit, the workers’ compensation insurance business that AFG acquired in April 2014, collects fees from a small group of unaffiliated insurers for providing underwriting, policy administration and claims services. In addition, certain of AFG’s property and casualty businesses collect fees from customers for ancillary services such as workplace safety programs and premium financing. In the second quarter of 2016 , AFG collected $16 million in fees for these services compared to $13 million in the second quarter of 2015 . Management views this fee income, net of the $11 million in the second quarter of 2016 and $9 million in the second quarter of 2015 , in expenses incurred to generate such fees, as a reduction in the cost of underwriting its property and casualty insurance policies. Consistent with internal management reporting, these fees and the related expenses are netted and recorded as a reduction of commissions and other underwriting expenses in AFG’s segmented results.

Holding Company and Other — Other Income

Other income in the table above includes $4 million and $3 million in the second quarter of 2016 and 2015 , respectively, in management fees paid to AFG by the AFG-managed CLOs (AFG’s consolidated managed investment entities). The management fees are eliminated in consolidation — see the other income line in the Consolidate MIEs column under “Results of Operations — Segmented Statement of Earnings .”

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Holding Company and Other — Interest Charges on Borrowed Money

AFG’s holding companies and other operations outside of its insurance operations recorded interest expense of $19 million in the second quarter of 2016 compared to $20 million in the second quarter of 2015 , a decrease of $1 million (5%). The following table details the principal amount of AFG’s long-term debt balances as of June 30, 2016 compared to June 30, 2015 (dollars in millions):



	June 30, 2016			June 30, 2015
Direct obligations of AFG:
9-7/8% Senior Notes due June 2019	$	350		$	350
6-3/8% Senior Notes due June 2042	230			230
5-3/4% Senior Notes due August 2042	125			125
7% Senior Notes due September 2050	—			132
6-1/4% Subordinated Debentures due September 2054	150			150
6% Subordinated Debentures due November 2055	150			—
Other	3			3
Total principal amount of Holding Company Debt	$	1,008		$	990

Weighted Average Interest Rate	7.4		%	7.6		%

AFG redeemed its $132 million in outstanding 7% Senior Notes due September 2050 at par value on September 30, 2015. AFG issued $150 million of 6% Subordinated Debentures in November 2015. The impact of higher average indebtedness during the second quarter of 2016 as compared to the second quarter of 2015 was more than offset by a lower weighted average interest rate and the favorable impact of the interest rate swap on the 9-7/8% Senior Notes due June 2019 that was entered into in June 2015.

Holding Company and Other — Other Expenses

AFG’s holding companies and other operations outside of its insurance operations recorded other expenses of $26 million in the second quarter of 2016 compared to $22 million in the second quarter of 2015 , an increase of $4 million ( 18% ).

Consolidated Realized Gains (Losses) on Securities AFG’s consolidated realized gains (losses) on securities, which are not allocated to segments, were losses of $16 million in the second quarter of 2016 compared to losses of $1 million in the second quarter of 2015 , an increase of $15 million ( 1,500% ). Realized gains (losses) on securities consisted of the following (in millions):



	Three months ended June 30,
	2016			2015
Realized gains (losses) before impairments:
Disposals	$	22		$	31
Change in the fair value of derivatives	4			(1		)
Adjustments to annuity deferred policy acquisition costs and related items	(3		)	(1		)
	23			29
Impairment charges:
Securities	(45		)	(33		)
Adjustments to annuity deferred policy acquisition costs and related items	6			3
	(39		)	(30		)
Realized gains (losses) on securities	$	(16	)	$	(1	)

AFG’s impairment charges on securities for the second quarter of 2016 consist of $26 million on equity securities and $19 million on fixed maturities compared to $23 million on equity securities and $10 million on fixed maturities in the second quarter of 2015. Approximately $24 million in impairment charges in the second quarter of 2016 are related to financial institutions and $3 million are on energy related investments. Approximately $8 million of the charges recorded in the second quarter of 2015 are attributable to energy related investments and $5 million are for real estate related investments.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Consolidated Realized Gain on Subsidiaries In the second quarter of 2016, AFG received additional proceeds based on the final closing balance sheet and adjusted certain accrued expense estimates, resulting in a $2 million favorable adjustment to the sale of subsidiaries containing substantially all of AFG’s run-off long-term care insurance business that was recorded in 2015.

Consolidated Income Taxes AFG’s consolidated provision for income taxes was $73 million for the second quarter of 2016 compared to $77 million for the second quarter of 2015 , a decrease of $4 million ( 5% ). See Note L — “ Income Taxes ” to the financial statements for an analysis of items affecting AFG’s effective tax rate.

Consolidated Noncontrolling Interests AFG’s consolidated net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests was $9 million for the second quarter of 2016 compared to $8 million for the second quarter of 2015 . The following table details net earnings in consolidated subsidiaries attributable to holders other than AFG (dollars in millions):



	Three months ended June 30,
	2016		2015		% Change
National Interstate	$	5	$	3	67	%
Other	4		5		(20	%)
Earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests	$	9	$	8	13	%

Other noncontrolling interests includes $4 million related to the gain on the sale of an apartment property in the second quarter of 2016 and $6 million related to the gain on the sale of Le Pavillon Hotel in the second quarter of 2015. Both properties were owned by an 80%-owned subsidiary of Great American Insurance Company.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2016 AND 2015

AFG’s net earnings attributable to shareholders, determined in accordance with GAAP, include certain items that may not be indicative of its ongoing core operations. The following tables for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 identify such items by segment and reconcile net earnings attributable to shareholders to core net operating earnings, a non-GAAP financial measure that AFG believes is a useful tool for investors and analysts in analyzing ongoing operating trends (in millions):



									Other
	P&C			Annuity		Run-off long-term care and life			Consol. MIEs			Holding Co., other and unallocated			Total			Non-core reclass			GAAP Total
Six months ended June 30, 2016
Revenues:
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums	$	2,025		$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	2,025		$	—		$	2,025
Life, accident and health net earned premiums				—		12			—			—			12			—			12
Net investment income	172			659		10			(12		)	5			834			—			834
Realized gains (losses) on:
Securities	—			—		—			—			—			—			(34		)	(34		)
Subsidiaries	—			—		—			—			—			—			2			2
Income (loss) of MIEs:
Investment income	—			—		—			93			—			93			—			93
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities	—			—		—			(2		)	—			(2		)	—			(2		)
Other income	11			50		2			(8		)	39			94			32			126
Total revenues	2,208			709		24			71			44			3,056			—			3,056

Costs and Expenses:
Property and casualty insurance:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	1,211			—		—			—			—			1,211			57			1,268
Commissions and other underwriting expenses	665			—		—			—			9			674			8			682
Annuity benefits	—			451		—			—			—			451			—			451
Life, accident and health benefits	—			—		18			—			—			18			—			18
Annuity and supplemental insurance acquisition expenses	—			74		3			—			—			77			—			77
Interest charges on borrowed money	—			—		—			—			37			37			—			37
Expenses of MIEs	—			—		—			71			—			71			—			71
Other expenses	25			55		4			—			76			160			—			160
Total costs and expenses	1,901			580		25			71			122			2,699			65			2,764
Earnings before income taxes	307			129		(1		)	—			(78		)	357			(65		)	292
Provision for income taxes	105			45		—			—			(27		)	123			2			125
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests	202			84		(1		)	—			(51		)	234			(67		)	167
Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests	10			—		—			—			—			10			2			12
Core Net Operating Earnings	192			84		(1		)	—			(51		)	224
Non-core earnings attributable to shareholders (a):
Realized losses on securities, net of tax and noncontrolling interests	—			—		—			—			(20		)	(20		)	20			—
Realized gain on subsidiaries, net of tax	—			—		1			—			—			1			(1		)	—
Gain on sale of apartment property, net of tax and noncontrolling interests	15			—		—			—			—			15			(15		)	—
Neon exited lines charge	(65		)	—		—			—			—			(65		)	65			—
Net Earnings Attributable to Shareholders	$	142		$	84	$	—		$	—		$	(71	)	$	155		$	—		$	155

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued



								Other
	P&C		Annuity		Run-off long-term care and life			Consol. MIEs			Holding Co., other and unallocated			Total			Non-core reclass			GAAP Total
Six months ended June 30, 2015
Revenues:
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums	$	1,931	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	1,931		$	—		$	1,931
Life, accident and health net earned premiums	—		—		52			—			—			52			—			52
Net investment income	162		598		41			(8		)	(1		)	792			—			792
Realized gains (losses) on:
Securities	—		—		—			—			—			—			18			18
Subsidiaries	—		—		—			—			—			—			(162		)	(162		)
Income (loss) of MIEs:
Investment income	—		—		—			72			—			72			—			72
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities	—		—		—			(5		)	—			(5		)	—			(5		)
Other income	8		51		2			(7		)	37			91			51			142
Total revenues	2,101		649		95			52			36			2,933			(93		)	2,840

Costs and Expenses:
Property and casualty insurance:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	1,177		—		—			—			—			1,177			—			1,177
Commissions and other underwriting expenses	644		—		—			—			7			651			—			651
Annuity benefits	—		335		—			—			—			335			—			335
Life, accident and health benefits	—		—		65			—			—			65			—			65
Annuity and supplemental insurance acquisition expenses	—		99		8			—			—			107			—			107
Interest charges on borrowed money	1		—		—			—			39			40			—			40
Expenses of MIEs	—		—		—			52			—			52			—			52
Other expenses	23		52		14			—			68			157			—			157
Total costs and expenses	1,845		486		87			52			114			2,584			—			2,584
Earnings before income taxes	256		163		8			—			(78		)	349			(93		)	256
Provision for income taxes	81		57		3			—			(27		)	114			(32		)	82
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests	175		106		5			—			(51		)	235			(61		)	174
Less: Net earnings (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	6		—		—			—			2			8			6			14
Core Net Operating Earnings	169		106		5			—			(53		)	227
Non-core earnings attributable to shareholders (a):
Realized gains on securities, net of tax and noncontrolling interests	—		—		—			—			12			12			(12		)	—
Realized loss on subsidiaries, net of tax	—		—		(105		)	—			—			(105		)	105			—
Gain on sale of Le Pavillon Hotel, net of tax and non-controlling interests	26		—		—			—			—			26			(26		)	—
Net Earnings Attributable to Shareholders	$	195	$	106	$	(100	)	$	—		$	(41	)	$	160		$	—		$	160


(a)	See the reconciliation of core earnings to GAAP net earnings under “Results of Operations — General ” for details on the tax and noncontrolling interest impacts of these reconciling items.

Property and Casualty Insurance Segment — Results of Operations AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations contributed $274 million in GAAP pretax earnings in the first six months of 2016 compared to $307 million in the first six months of 2015 , a decrease of $33 million ( 11% ). Property and casualty core pretax earnings were $307 million in the first six months of 2016 compared to $256 million in the first six months of 2015 , an increase of $51 million ( 20% ). The decrease in GAAP pretax earnings reflects a pretax non-core charge of $65 million in the second quarter of 2016 related to the exit of certain lines of business within Neon, and a $32 million pretax non-core gain on the sale of an apartment property in the second quarter of 2016 compared to a $51 million pretax non-core gain on the sale of Le Pavillon Hotel in the second quarter of 2015. GAAP and core pretax earnings reflect improved underwriting results in the Property and transportation group and higher net investment income, partially offset by lower underwriting profit in the Specialty casualty group.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

The following table details AFG’s GAAP and core earnings before income taxes from its property and casualty insurance operations for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 (dollars in millions):



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016			2015			% Change
Gross written premiums	$	2,641		$	2,514		5	%
Reinsurance premiums ceded	(606		)	(562		)	8	%
Net written premiums	2,035			1,952			4	%
Change in unearned premiums	(10		)	(21		)	(52	%)
Net earned premiums	2,025			1,931			5	%
Loss and loss adjustment expenses (a)	1,211			1,177			3	%
Commissions and other underwriting expenses (b)	665			644			3	%
Core underwriting gain	149			110			35	%

Net investment income	172			162			6	%
Other income and expenses, net (c)	(14		)	(16		)	(13	%)
Core earnings before income taxes	307			256			20	%
Pretax non-core Neon exited lines charge	(65		)	—			—	%
Pretax non-core gain on sale of apartment property and hotel	32			51			(37	%)
GAAP earnings before income taxes	$	274		$	307		(11	%)

(a) Excludes a non-core charge of $57 million related to the exit of certain lines of business within Neon in the second quarter of 2016.
(b) Excludes a non-core charge of $8 million related to the exit of certain lines of business within Neon in the second quarter of 2016.
(c) Excludes pretax non-core gains of $32 million on the sale of an apartment property in the second quarter of 2016 and$51 million on the sale of Le Pavillon Hotel in the second quarter of 2015.

Combined Ratios:
Specialty lines							Change
Loss and LAE ratio	59.8		%	60.9		%	(1.1	%)
Underwriting expense ratio	32.9		%	33.3		%	(0.4	%)
Combined ratio	92.7		%	94.2		%	(1.5	%)

Aggregate — including exited lines
Loss and LAE ratio	62.7		%	60.9		%	1.8	%
Underwriting expense ratio	33.2		%	33.3		%	(0.1	%)
Combined ratio	95.9		%	94.2		%	1.7	%

Gross Written Premiums

Gross written premiums (“GWP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $2.64 billion for the first six months of 2016 compared to $2.51 billion for the first six months of 2015 , an increase of $127 million ( 5% ). Detail of AFG’s property and casualty gross written premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016				2015
	GWP		%		GWP		%		% Change
Property and transportation	$	936	35	%	$	876	35	%	7	%
Specialty casualty	1,386		52	%	1,344		53	%	3	%
Specialty financial	319		13	%	294		12	%	9	%
	$	2,641	100	%	$	2,514	100	%	5	%

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Reinsurance Premiums Ceded

Reinsurance premiums ceded (“Ceded”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were 23% of gross written premiums for the first six months of 2016 compared to 22% for the first six months of 2015 , an increase of 1 percentage point. Detail of AFG’s property and casualty reinsurance premiums ceded is shown below (dollars in millions):



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016					2015					Change in
	Ceded			% of GWP		Ceded			% of GWP		% of GWP
Property and transportation	$	(243	)	26	%	$	(226	)	26	%	—	%
Specialty casualty	(364		)	26	%	(340		)	25	%	1	%
Specialty financial	(50		)	16	%	(43		)	15	%	1	%
Other specialty	51					47
	$	(606	)	23	%	$	(562	)	22	%	1	%

Net Written Premiums

Net written premiums (“NWP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $2.04 billion for the first six months of 2016 compared to $1.95 billion for the first six months of 2015 , an increase of $83 million ( 4% ). Detail of AFG’s property and casualty net written premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016				2015
	NWP		%		NWP		%		% Change
Property and transportation	$	693	34	%	$	650	33	%	7	%
Specialty casualty	1,022		50	%	1,004		51	%	2	%
Specialty financial	269		13	%	251		13	%	7	%
Other specialty	51		3	%	47		3	%	9	%
	$	2,035	100	%	$	1,952	100	%	4	%

Net Earned Premiums

Net earned premiums (“NEP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $2.03 billion for the first six months of 2016 compared to $1.93 billion for the first six months of 2015 , an increase of $94 million ( 5% ). Detail of AFG’s property and casualty net earned premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016				2015
	NEP		%		NEP		%		% Change
Property and transportation	$	704	35	%	$	640	33	%	10	%
Specialty casualty	999		49	%	993		51	%	1	%
Specialty financial	271		13	%	249		13	%	9	%
Other specialty	51		3	%	49		3	%	4	%
	$	2,025	100	%	$	1,931	100	%	5	%

The $127 million ( 5% ) increase in gross written premiums for the first six months of 2016 compared to the first six months of 2015 reflects growth in each of the Specialty property and casualty sub-segments. Overall average renewal rates were flat in the first six months of 2016 .

Property and transportation Gross written premiums increased $60 million ( 7% ) in the first six months of 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 . This increase was due primarily to growth in the transportation businesses, new gross written premiums from the Singapore branch, which opened for business in June 2015 and higher premiums in the agricultural businesses, primarily the result of timing differences in the recording of crop premiums. Excluding crop, gross written premiums increased 6% over the comparable prior year period. Average renewal rates increased approximately 3% for this group in the first six months of 2016 , including a 5% increase in National Interstate’s renewal rates. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums were comparable for the first six months of 2016 and the first six months of 2015 .

Table of Contents

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Specialty casualty Gross written premiums increased $42 million ( 3% ) in the first six months of 2016 compared to the first six months of 2015 . Higher premiums in the excess and surplus, targeted markets and workers’ compensation businesses were partially offset by lower premiums in the general liability businesses. Lower premiums in the general liability business were primarily the result of competitive market conditions, re-underwriting efforts within the Florida homebuilders market and the slowdown within the energy sector. Average renewal rates decreased approximately 1% for this group in the first six months of 2016 , including a decrease of approximately 4% in the workers’ compensation businesses. Excluding the workers’ compensation business, average renewal rates for this group were flat during the first six months of 2016 . Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums increased 1 percentage point for the first six months of 2016 compared to the first six months of 2015 , reflecting the cession of Neon’s UK medical malpractice business as part of the strategic review of Neon (formerly known as Marketform) completed in the second quarter of 2016.

Specialty financial Gross written premiums increased $25 million ( 9% ) in the first six months of 2016 compared to the first six months of 2015 due primarily to growth in the financial institutions and surety businesses. Average renewal rates for this group were flat in the first six months of 2016 . Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums increased 1 percentage point for the first six months of 2016 compared to the first six months of 2015 , reflecting higher cessions in the financial institutions business, partially offset by a decline in auto dealer business, which is heavily reinsured.

Combined Ratio

The table below (dollars in millions) details the components of the combined ratio for AFG’s property and casualty segment:



	Six months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
	2016		2015		Change		2016		2015
Property and transportation
Loss and LAE ratio	64.7	%	70.5	%	(5.8	%)
Underwriting expense ratio	28.7	%	30.5	%	(1.8	%)
Combined ratio	93.4	%	101.0	%	(7.6	%)
Underwriting profit (loss)							$	47	$	(6	)

Specialty casualty
Loss and LAE ratio	64.2	%	63.1	%	1.1	%
Underwriting expense ratio	30.6	%	30.3	%	0.3	%
Combined ratio	94.8	%	93.4	%	1.4	%
Underwriting profit							$	52	$	65

Specialty financial
Loss and LAE ratio	32.0	%	29.0	%	3.0	%
Underwriting expense ratio	51.5	%	52.4	%	(0.9	%)
Combined ratio	83.5	%	81.4	%	2.1	%
Underwriting profit							$	45	$	46

Total Specialty
Loss and LAE ratio	59.8	%	60.9	%	(1.1	%)
Underwriting expense ratio	32.9	%	33.3	%	(0.4	%)
Combined ratio	92.7	%	94.2	%	(1.5	%)
Underwriting profit							$	149	$	111

Aggregate — including exited lines
Loss and LAE ratio	62.7	%	60.9	%	1.8	%
Underwriting expense ratio	33.2	%	33.3	%	(0.1	%)
Combined ratio	95.9	%	94.2	%	1.7	%
Underwriting profit							$	84	$	110

The Specialty property and casualty insurance operations generated an underwriting profit of $149 million in the first six months of 2016 compared to $111 million in the first six months of 2015 , an increase of $38 million ( 34% ). The higher underwriting profit in the first six months of 2016 reflects primarily improved underwriting results in the Property and transportation sub-segment.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Property and transportation Underwriting profit for this group was $47 million for the first six months of 2016 compared to an underwriting loss of $6 million for the first six months of 2015 , an improvement of $53 million . This improvement reflects higher profitability in the crop insurance business and higher underwriting profit in the property and inland marine and transportation businesses, due primarily to favorable prior year reserve development.

Specialty casualty Underwriting profit for this group was $52 million for the first six months of 2016 compared to $65 million for the first six months of 2015 , a decrease of $13 million ( 20% ). Higher underwriting profitability in the workers’ compensation and executive liability businesses, due primarily to higher favorable prior year reserve development, was more than offset by higher adverse prior year reserve development in the excess and surplus businesses and current accident year trade credit losses in Neon’s political risk and trade credit business.

Specialty financial Underwriting profit for this group was $45 million for the first six months of 2016 compared to $46 million for the first six months of 2015 , a decrease of $1 million ( 2% ). Higher underwriting profit in the fidelity and crime business, primarily the result of higher favorable prior year reserve development, was more than offset by lower underwriting profitability in the trade credit business, resulting primarily from lower favorable prior year reserve development.

Other specialty Underwriting profit for this group was $5 million for the first six months of 2016 compared to $6 million in the first six months of 2015 , a decrease of $1 million (17%) .

Aggregate See “ Net prior year reserve development ” under “ Property and Casualty Insurance Segment — Results of Operations ” for the quarters ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 for a discussion of the $65 million non-core charge related to the exit of certain lines of business within Neon, AFG’s Lloyd’s-based insurer (formerly known as Marketform) recorded in the second quarter of 2016.

Table of Contents

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

AFG’s overall loss and LAE ratio was 62.7% for the first six months of 2016 compared to 60.9% for the first six months of 2015 , an increase of 1.8 percentage points. The components of AFG’s property and casualty losses and LAE amounts and ratio are detailed below (dollars in millions):



	Six months ended June 30,
	Amount						Ratio				Change in
	2016			2015			2016		2015		Ratio
Property and transportation
Current year, excluding catastrophe losses	$	467		$	431		66.3	%	67.4	%	(1.1	%)
Prior accident years development	(29		)	9			(4.1	%)	1.4	%	(5.5	%)
Current year catastrophe losses	18			11			2.5	%	1.7	%	0.8	%
Property and transportation losses and LAE and ratio	$	456		$	451		64.7	%	70.5	%	(5.8	%)

Specialty casualty
Current year, excluding catastrophe losses	$	652		$	632		65.2	%	63.7	%	1.5	%
Prior accident years development	(14		)	(7		)	(1.4	%)	(0.8	%)	(0.6	%)
Current year catastrophe losses	4			2			0.4	%	0.2	%	0.2	%
Specialty casualty losses and LAE and ratio	$	642		$	627		64.2	%	63.1	%	1.1	%

Specialty financial
Current year, excluding catastrophe losses	$	94		$	86		34.4	%	34.4	%	—	%
Prior accident years development	(11		)	(17		)	(4.0	%)	(6.7	%)	2.7	%
Current year catastrophe losses	4			3			1.6	%	1.3	%	0.3	%
Specialty financial losses and LAE and ratio	$	87		$	72		32.0	%	29.0	%	3.0	%

Total Specialty
Current year, excluding catastrophe losses	$	1,239		$	1,178		61.2	%	61.1	%	0.1	%
Prior accident years development	(57		)	(18		)	(2.8	%)	(1.0	%)	(1.8	%)
Current year catastrophe losses	29			16			1.4	%	0.8	%	0.6	%
Total Specialty losses and LAE and ratio	$	1,211		$	1,176		59.8	%	60.9	%	(1.1	%)

Aggregate — including exited lines
Current year, excluding catastrophe losses	$	1,239		$	1,178		61.2	%	61.1	%	0.1	%
Prior accident years development	—			(17		)	0.1	%	(1.0	%)	1.1	%
Current year catastrophe losses	29			16			1.4	%	0.8	%	0.6	%
Aggregate losses and LAE and ratio	$	1,268		$	1,177		62.7	%	60.9	%	1.8	%

Current accident year losses and LAE, excluding catastrophe losses

The current accident year loss and LAE ratio, excluding catastrophe losses for AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations was 61.2% for the first six months of 2016 compared to 61.1% for the first six months of 2015 , an increase of 0.1% .

Property and transportation The 1.1 percentage point decrease in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding catastrophe losses reflects a decrease in the loss and LAE ratio of the property and inland marine and transportation businesses, as well as the non-crop businesses within the agricultural operations, partially offset by an increase in the loss and LAE ratio of the crop operations.

Specialty casualty The 1.5 percentage point increase in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding catastrophe losses reflects an increase in current accident year trade credit losses in Neon’s political risk and trade credit business.

Specialty financial The loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding catastrophe losses are comparable between periods.

Net prior year reserve development

AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations recorded net favorable reserve development related to prior accident years of $57 million in the first six months of 2016 compared to $18 million in the first six months of 2015 , an increase of $39 million ( 217% ).

Table of Contents

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Property and transportation Net favorable reserve development of $29 million in the first six months of 2016 reflects lower than expected losses in the crop operations and lower than expected claim severity in the property and inland marine and trucking businesses. Net adverse reserve development of $9 million in the first six months of 2015 reflects higher than expected claim severity and frequency in the transportation businesses and higher than anticipated claim frequency in the ocean marine business, partially offset by lower than expected losses in the crop business.

Specialty casualty Net favorable reserve development of $14 million in the first six months of 2016 reflects lower than anticipated claim severity in workers’ compensation business and in directors and officers liability insurance, partially offset by adverse reserve development at Neon, higher than anticipated severity in New York contractor claims and higher than anticipated claim severity in general liability insurance. Net favorable reserve development of $7 million in the first six months of 2015 includes lower than anticipated claim severity in workers’ compensation business and lower than anticipated claim severity and frequency in excess liability insurance, partially offset by higher than anticipated severity and frequency in contractor claims and adverse reserve development at Neon.

Specialty financial Net favorable reserve development of $11 million in the first six months of 2016 reflects lower than anticipated claim severity in the fidelity and crime business and lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the surety business, partially offset by higher than anticipated claim frequency in the financial institutions business. Net favorable reserve development of $17 million in the first six months of 2015 reflects lower than anticipated claim frequency and severity in the trade credit business, lower than anticipated claim severity in the fidelity business, lower than anticipated claim frequency and severity in the surety business and lower than expected claim frequency and severity in products for financial institutions.

Other specialty In addition to the development discussed above, total Specialty prior year reserve development includes net favorable reserve development of $3 million in both the first six months of 2016 and 2015 , reflecting amortization of the deferred gain on the retroactive insurance transaction entered into in connection with the sale of businesses in 1998 and 2001 and reserve development associated with AFG’s internal reinsurance program.

Neon exited lines charge See “ Net prior year reserve development ” under “ Property and Casualty Insurance Segment — Results of Operations ” for the quarters ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 for a discussion of the $57 million in adverse reserve development recorded as part of a $65 million non-core charge related to the exit of certain lines of business within Neon, AFG’s Lloyd’s-based insurer (formerly known as Marketform) recorded in the second quarter of 2016.

Aggregate Aggregate net prior accident years reserve development for AFG’s property and casualty segment includes the Neon exited lines charge mentioned above and adverse reserve development of $1 million in the first six months of 2015 related to business outside of the Specialty group that AFG no longer writes.

Catastrophe losses

AFG generally seeks to reduce its exposure to catastrophes through individual risk selection, including minimizing coastal and known fault-line exposures, and the purchase of reinsurance. Based on data available at December 31, 2015, AFG’s exposure to a catastrophic earthquake or windstorm that industry models indicate could occur once in every 500 years (a “500-year event”) is expected to be less than 3.5% of AFG’s shareholders’ equity. Catastrophe losses of $29 million in the first six months of 2016 resulted primarily from winter storms in the first quarter of 2016 and from April storms in Texas in the second quarter of 2016. Catastrophe losses of $16 million in the first six months of 2015 resulted primarily from winter storms in the first quarter of 2015 and multiple storms in the midwestern and central United States in the second quarter of 2015.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Commissions and Other Underwriting Expenses

AFG’s property and casualty commissions and other underwriting expenses (“U/W Exp”) were $673 million in the first six months of 2016 compared to $644 million for the first six months of 2015 , an increase of $29 million ( 5% ). AFG’s underwriting expense ratio was 33.2% for the first six months of 2016 compared to 33.3% for the first six months of 2015 , a decrease of 0.1 percentage points. Detail of AFG’s property and casualty commissions and other underwriting expenses and underwriting expense ratios is shown below (dollars in millions):



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016				2015				Change in
	U/W Exp		% of NEP		U/W Exp		% of NEP		% of NEP
Property and transportation	$	201	28.7	%	$	195	30.5	%	(1.8	%)
Specialty casualty	305		30.6	%	301		30.3	%	0.3	%
Specialty financial	139		51.5	%	131		52.4	%	(0.9	%)
Other specialty	20		37.1	%	17		35.2	%	1.9	%
Total Specialty	665		32.9	%	644		33.3	%	(0.4	%)
Neon exited lines charge	8				—
Total Aggregate	$	673	33.2	%	$	644	33.3	%	(0.1	%)

AFG’s overall expense ratio decreased 0.1% in the first six months of 2016 compared to the first six months of 2015 .

Property and transportation Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums decreased 1.8 percentage points in the first six months of 2016 compared to the first six months of 2015 reflecting higher profitability-based ceding commissions received from reinsurers in the crop business.

Specialty casualty Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums increased 0.3 percentage points in the first six months of 2016 compared to the first six months of 2015 due primarily to higher expenses at Neon, partially offset by the impact of a charge in the second quarter of 2015 to write off certain previously capitalized project costs.

Specialty financial Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums decreased 0.9 percentage points in the first six months of 2016 compared to the first six months of 2015 reflecting lower profitability-based commissions paid to agents and brokers in the financial institutions business.

Aggregate Aggregate commissions and other underwriting expenses for AFG’s property and casualty segment includes $8 million of restructuring charges recorded as part of the $65 million non-core charge related to the exit of certain lines of business within Neon, AFG’s Lloyd’s-based insurer (formerly known as Marketform) recorded in the second quarter of 2016. See “Net prior year reserve development” under “ Property and Casualty Insurance Segment — Results of Operations ” for the quarters ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 .

Property and Casualty Net Investment Income

Net investment income in AFG’s property and casualty operations was $172 million in the first six months of 2016 compared to $162 million in the first six months of 2015 , an increase of $10 million ( 6% ). In recent years, yields available in the financial markets on fixed maturity securities have generally declined, placing downward pressure on AFG’s investment portfolio yield. The average invested assets and overall yield earned on investments held by AFG’s property and casualty operations are provided below (dollars in millions):



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016			2015			Change			% Change
Net investment income	$	172		$	162		$	10		6	%

Average invested assets (at amortized cost)	$	9,397		$	8,851		$	546		6	%

Yield (net investment income as a % of average invested assets)	3.66		%	3.66		%	—		%

Tax equivalent yield (*)	4.18		%	4.22		%	(0.04		%)


( *)	Adjusts the yield on equity securities and tax-exempt bonds to the fully taxable equivalent yield.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

The increase in average invested assets and net investment income in the property and casualty segment for the first six months of 2016 as compared to the first six months of 2015 is due primarily to growth in the property and casualty segment. The property and casualty segment’s overall yield on investments (net investment income as a percentage of average invested assets) was 3.66% for both the first six months of 2016 and 2015 , reflecting lower yields available in the financial markets, offset by the impact of higher income from certain investments that are required to be carried at fair value through earnings and higher equity in the earnings of limited partnerships and similar investments.

Property and Casualty Other Income and Expenses, Net

GAAP other income and expenses, net for AFG’s property and casualty operations was net income of $18 million for the first six months of 2016 compared to $35 million for the first six months of 2015 . Core other income and expenses, net for AFG’s property and casualty operations was a net expense of $14 million for the first six months of 2016 compared to $16 million for the first six months of 2015 . The table below details the items included in GAAP and core other income and expenses, net for AFG’s property and casualty operations (in millions):



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016			2015
Other income
Income from the sale of real estate (*)	$	—		$	3
Other	11			5
Total other income	11			8
Other expenses
Amortization of intangibles	4			4
Other	21			19
Total other expense	25			23
Interest expense	—			1
Core other income and expenses, net	(14		)	(16		)
Pretax non-core gain on sale of apartment property and hotel	32			51
GAAP other income and expenses, net	$	18		$	35


(*)	Excludes pretax non-core gains of $32 million on the sale of an apartment property in the second quarter of 2016 and $51 million on the sale of Le Pavillon Hotel in the second quarter of 2015.

Interest expense for AFG’s property and casualty operations includes interest charges on long-term debt within the property and casualty operations.

Other income for AFG’s property and casualty operations includes a $4 million death benefit on a life insurance policy received in the second quarter of 2016.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Annuity Segment — Results of Operations

AFG’s annuity operations contributed $129 million in pretax earnings in the first six months of 2016 compared to $163 million in the first six months of 2015 , a decrease of $34 million ( 21% ). While AFG’s average annuity investments (at amortized cost) were 13% higher for the first six months of 2016 as compared to the first six months of 2015 , the benefit of this growth was more than offset by the significant negative impact of lower than anticipated interest rates on the fair value accounting for FIAs in the 2016 period and lower investment yields from the run-off of higher yielding investments.

The following table details AFG’s earnings before income taxes from its annuity operations for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 (dollars in millions).



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016		2015		% Change
Revenues:
Net investment income	$	659	$	598	10	%
Other income:
Guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees	25		20		25	%
Policy charges and other miscellaneous income	25		31		(19	%)
Total revenues	709		649		9	%

Costs and Expenses:
Annuity benefits (*)	451		335		35	%
Acquisition expenses	74		99		(25	%)
Other expenses	55		52		6	%
Total costs and expenses	580		486		19	%
Earnings before income taxes	$	129	$	163	(21	%)

Detail of annuity earnings before income taxes (dollars in millions):



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016			2015			% Change
Earnings before income taxes — before the impact of derivatives related to FIAs	$	186		$	169		10	%
Impact of derivatives related to FIAs	(57		)	(6		)	850	%
Earnings before income taxes	$	129		$	163		(21	%)


(*)	Annuity benefits consisted of the following (dollars in millions):



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016		2015			% Change
Interest credited — fixed	$	281	$	259		8	%
Interest credited — fixed component of variable annuities	3		3			—	%
Other annuity benefits:
Change in expected death and annuitization reserve	9		9			—	%
Amortization of sales inducements	11		14			(21	%)
Change in guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserve	31		28			11	%
Change in other benefit reserves	13		14			(7	%)
Total other annuity benefits	64		65			(2	%)
Total before impact of derivatives related to FIAs	348		327			6	%
Derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities:
Embedded derivative mark-to-market	79		31			155	%
Equity option mark-to-market	24		(23		)	(204	%)
Impact of derivatives related to FIAs	103		8			1,188	%
Total annuity benefits	$	451	$	335		35	%

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Net Spread on Fixed Annuities (excludes variable annuity earnings)

The table below (dollars in millions) details the components of these spreads for AFG’s fixed annuity operations (including fixed-indexed annuities):



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016			2015			% Change
Average fixed annuity investments (at amortized cost)	$	27,575		$	24,327		13	%
Average fixed annuity benefits accumulated	27,398			24,113			14	%

As % of fixed annuity benefits accumulated (except as noted):
Net investment income (as % of fixed annuity investments)	4.74		%	4.87		%
Interest credited — fixed	(2.05		%)	(2.15		%)
Net interest spread	2.69		%	2.72		%

Policy charges and other miscellaneous income	0.15		%	0.20		%
Other annuity benefit expenses, net of guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees	(0.28		%)	(0.37		%)
Acquisition expenses	(0.51		%)	(0.79		%)
Other expenses	(0.38		%)	(0.39		%)
Change in fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities	(0.76		%)	(0.07		%)
Net spread earned on fixed annuities	0.91		%	1.30		%

The table below illustrates the impact of fair value accounting for derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities on the annuity segment’s net spread earned on fixed annuities:



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016		2015
Net spread earned on fixed annuities — before impact of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities	1.33	%	1.35	%
Impact of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities (*)	(0.42	%)	(0.05	%)
Net spread earned on fixed annuities	0.91	%	1.30	%


(*)	Change in fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities offset by an estimate of the related deceleration of amortization of deferred sales inducements and deferred policy acquisition costs.

Annuity Net Investment Income

Net investment income for the first six months of 2016 was $659 million compared to $598 million for the first six months of 2015 , an increase of $61 million ( 10% ). This increase reflects primarily the growth in AFG’s annuity business, partially offset by the impact of lower investment yields. The overall yield earned on investments in AFG’s annuity operations, calculated as net investment income divided by average investment balances (at amortized cost), declined by 0.13 percentage points to 4.74% from 4.87% for the first six months of 2016 compared to the first six months of 2015 . This decline in net investment yield reflects (i) the investment of new premium dollars at lower yields as compared to the existing investment portfolio and (ii) the impact of the reinvestment of proceeds from maturity and redemption of higher yielding investments at the lower yields available in the financial markets.

Annuity Interest Credited — Fixed

Interest credited — fixed for the first six months of 2016 was $281 million compared to $259 million for the first six months of 2015 , an increase of $22 million ( 8% ). The impact of growth in the annuity business was partially offset by lower interest crediting rates on new premiums as compared to the crediting rates on policyholder funds surrendered or withdrawn. The average interest rate credited to policyholders, calculated as interest credited divided by average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, decreased 0.10 percentage points to 2.05% from 2.15% in the first six months of 2016 compared to the first six months of 2015 .

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Annuity Net Interest Spread

AFG’s net interest spread decreased 0.03 percentage points to 2.69% from 2.72% in the first six months of 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 due primarily to the impact of lower investment yields, partially offset by lower crediting rates. In addition, features included in current annuity product offerings allow AFG to achieve its desired profitability at a lower net interest spread than historical product offerings. As a result of these two items, AFG expects its net interest spread to narrow in the future.

Annuity Policy Charges and Other Miscellaneous Income

Annuity policy charges and other miscellaneous income, which consist primarily of surrender charges, amortization of deferred upfront policy charges (unearned revenue) and income from sales of real estate, were $25 million for the first six months of 2016 compared to $31 million for the first six months of 2015 , a decrease of $6 million ( 19% ). Other miscellaneous income includes $2 million in income from the sale of real estate in the first six months of 2016 compared to $6 million in the first six months of 2015 . As a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, annuity policy charges and other miscellaneous income decreased 0.05 percentage points to 0.15% from 0.20% in the first six months of 2016 compared to the first six months of 2015 .

Other Annuity Benefits, Net of Guaranteed Withdrawal Benefit Fees

Other annuity benefits, net of guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees, for the first six months of 2016 were $39 million compared to $45 million for the first six months of 2015 , a decrease of $6 million ( 13% ). As a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, these net expenses decreased 0.09 percentage points to 0.28% from 0.37% in the first six months of 2016 compared to the first six months of 2015 . In addition to interest credited to policyholders’ accounts and the change in fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities, annuity benefits expense also includes the following expenses (in millions, net of guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees):



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016			2015
Change in expected death and annuitization reserve	$	9		$	9
Amortization of sales inducements	11			14
Change in guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserve	31			28
Change in other benefit reserves	13			14
Other annuity benefits	64			65
Offset guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees	(25		)	(20		)
Other annuity benefits, net	$	39		$	45

As discussed under “Annuity Benefits Accumulated” in Note A — “ Accounting Policies ” , guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserves are accrued for and modified using assumptions similar to those used in establishing and amortizing deferred policy acquisition costs. The $6 million decrease in other annuity benefits, net of guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees for the first six months of 2016 compared to the first six months of 2015 reflects the impact of lower interest rates on the accrual of guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserves on a growing block of business with those policy features.

The guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserve related to FIAs is inversely impacted by the calculated FIA embedded derivative reserve as the value to policyholders of the guaranteed withdrawal benefits increases when the benefit of stock market participation decreases.

Annuity Acquisition Expenses

AFG’s amortization of DPAC and commission expenses as a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated was 0.51% for the first six months of 2016 compared to 0.79% for the first six months of 2015 and has generally ranged between 0.75% and 0.85% . Variances from the general range relate primarily to the impact of (i) material changes in interest rates or the stock market on AFG’s fixed-indexed annuity business, and (ii) differences in actual experience from actuarially projected estimates and assumptions. For example, the negative impact of significantly lower than anticipated interest rates during the first six months of 2016 on the fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities (discussed below) resulted in a partially offsetting deceleration in the amortization of DPAC. Conversely, the positive impact of slightly higher interest rates during the first six months of 2015 on the fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities resulted in a partially offsetting acceleration in the amortization of DPAC.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016		2015
Before the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities on the amortization of DPAC	0.83	%	0.82	%
Impact of changes in fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities on amortization of DPAC (*)	(0.32	%)	(0.03	%)
Annuity acquisition expenses as a % of fixed annuity benefits accumulated	0.51	%	0.79	%


(*)	An estimate of the deceleration in the amortization of deferred sales inducement and deferred policy acquisition costs resulting from fair value accounting for derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities.

Annuity Other Expenses

Annuity other expenses for the first six months of 2016 were $55 million compared to $52 million for the first six months of 2015 , an increase of $3 million ( 6% ). Annuity other expenses represent primarily general and administrative expenses, as well as selling and issuance expenses that are not deferred. The increase in annuity other expenses primarily reflects growth in the business as well as an increase in the number of sales personnel focused on new initiatives and increased market share within existing financial institutions, partially offset by higher expenses related to professional services and employee compensation plans in the 2015 period. As a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, these expenses decreased 0.01 percentage points to 0.38% from 0.39% for the first six months of 2016 as compared to the first six months of 2015 .

Change in Fair Value of Derivatives Related to Fixed-Indexed Annuities

AFG’s fixed-indexed annuities provide policyholders with a crediting rate tied, in part, to the performance of an existing stock market index. AFG attempts to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of these products through the purchase of call options on the appropriate index. AFG’s strategy is designed so that the change in the fair value of the call option assets will generally offset the economic change in the liabilities from the index participation. Both the index-based component of the annuities and the related call options are considered derivatives that must be adjusted for changes in fair value through earnings each period. The fair values of these derivatives are impacted by actual and expected stock market performance and interest rates as well as other factors. For a list of other factors impacting the fair value of the index-based component of AFG’s annuity benefits accumulated, see Note D — “ Fair Value Measurements ” to the financial statements. The net change in fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities increased annuity benefits by $103 million in the first six months of 2016 compared to $8 million in the first six months of 2015 . The increase in the first six months of 2016 is due primarily to significantly lower than expected interest rates. As a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, this net expense increased 0.69 percentage points to 0.76% from 0.07% for the first six months of 2016 compared to the first six months of 2015 .



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016			2015			% Change
Earnings before income taxes — before change in fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities	$	186		$	169		10	%
Change in fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities	(103		)	(8		)	1,188	%
Related impact on amortization of DPAC (*)	46			2			2,200	%
Earnings before income taxes	$	129		$	163		(21	%)


(*)	An estimate of the related deceleration of amortization of deferred sales inducements and deferred policy acquisition costs.

As illustrated in the table above, the change in fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities, including the related impact on amortization of DPAC decreased the annuity segment’s earnings before income taxes by $57 million in the first six months of 2016 and $6 million in the first six months of 2015 .

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Annuity Net Spread Earned on Fixed Annuities

AFG’s net spread earned on fixed annuities decreased 0.39 percentage points to 0.91% from 1.30% in the first six months of 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 due primarily to the net impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives and related DPAC amortization offset discussed above and the 0.03 percentage points decrease in AFG’s net interest spread.

Annuity Benefits Accumulated

For certain products, annuity benefits accumulated also includes reserves for accrued persistency and premium bonuses, excess benefits expected to be paid on future deaths and annuitizations (“EDAR”) and guaranteed withdrawal benefits. Annuity benefits accumulated also includes amounts advanced from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati. The following table is a progression of AFG’s annuity benefits accumulated liability for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 (in millions):



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016			2015
Beginning fixed annuity reserves	$	26,371		$	23,462
Fixed annuity premiums (receipts)	2,363			1,690
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	150			300
Surrenders, benefits and other withdrawals	(1,079		)	(891		)
Interest and other annuity benefit expenses:
Interest credited	281			259
Embedded derivative mark-to-market	79			31
Change in other benefit reserves	57			55
Ending fixed annuity reserves	$	28,222		$	24,906

Reconciliation to annuity benefits accumulated per balance sheet:
Ending fixed annuity reserves (from above)	$	28,222		$	24,906
Impact of unrealized investment gains	188			107
Fixed component of variable annuities	186			190
Annuity benefits accumulated per balance sheet	$	28,596		$	25,203

Statutory Annuity Premiums

AFG’s annuity operations generated statutory premiums of $2.38 billion in the first six months of 2016 compared to $1.71 billion in the first six months of 2015 , an increase of $671 million ( 39% ). The following table summarizes AFG’s annuity sales (dollars in millions):



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016		2015		% Change
Financial institutions single premium annuities — indexed	$	1,041	$	725	44	%
Financial institutions single premium annuities — fixed	219		86		155	%
Retail single premium annuities — indexed	959		753		27	%
Retail single premium annuities — fixed	42		30		40	%
Education market — fixed and indexed annuities	102		96		6	%
Total fixed annuity premiums	2,363		1,690		40	%
Variable annuities	20		22		(9	%)
Total annuity premiums	$	2,383	$	1,712	39	%

Management believes the 39% increase in annuity premiums in the first six months of 2016 as compared to the first six months of 2015 is consistent with overall growth in the annuity industry, as sales of traditional fixed and fixed-indexed annuities have increased while sales of variable annuities have decreased. In addition, the increase reflects new products, additional staffing, and increased market share within existing financial institutions. Furthermore, AFG has reduced the crediting rates on its new annuity sales several times in the first six months of 2016 due to the decline in interest rates; these reductions, once announced, often lead to a short-term spike in sales in advance of the effective date of the rate decreases.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Annuity Earnings before Income Taxes Reconciliation

The following table reconciles the net spread earned on AFG’s fixed annuities to overall annuity pretax earnings for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 (in millions):



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016		2015
Earnings on fixed annuity benefits accumulated	$	125	$	157
Earnings on investments in excess of fixed annuity benefits accumulated (*)	4		5
Variable annuity earnings	—		1
Earnings before income taxes	$	129	$	163


(*)	Net investment income (as a % of investments) of 4.74% and 4.87% for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 , respectively, multiplied by the difference between average fixed annuity investments (at amortized cost) and average fixed annuity benefits accumulated in each period.

Run-off Long-Term Care and Life Segment — Results of Operations AFG’s run-off long-term care and life segment reported GAAP pretax earnings of $1 million for the first six months of 2016 compared to a loss of $154 million for the first six months of 2015 . Results for the 2015 period include a $162 million estimated pretax non-core realized loss on the sale of subsidiaries containing substantially all of AFG’s run-off long-term care insurance business, which closed in the fourth quarter of 2015. See Note B — “ Sale of Business ” to the financial statements. The following table details AFG’s GAAP and core earnings (loss) before income taxes from its run-off long-term care and life operations for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 (dollars in millions):



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016			2015			% Change
Revenues:
Net earned premiums:
Long-term care	$	2		$	37		(95	%)
Life operations	10			15			(33	%)
Net investment income	10			41			(76	%)
Other income	2			2			—	%
Total revenues	24			95			(75	%)

Costs and Expenses:
Life, accident and health benefits:
Long-term care	3			46			(93	%)
Life operations	15			19			(21	%)
Acquisition expenses	3			8			(63	%)
Other expenses	4			14			(71	%)
Total costs and expenses	25			87			(71	%)
Core earnings (loss) before income taxes	(1		)	8			(113	%)
Pretax non-core realized gain (loss) on subsidiaries	2			(162		)	(101	%)
GAAP earnings (loss) before income taxes	$	1		$	(154	)	(101	%)

The decrease in long-term care net earned premiums and benefit expense in the first six months of 2016 compared to the first six months of 2015 is due to the sale of subsidiaries containing substantially all of AFG’s run-off long-term care insurance business in December of 2015.

Substantially all of the core earnings before income taxes in AFG’s run-off long-term care and life segment in the first six months of 2015 represent earnings from AFG’s long-term care business and reflect the impact of improved claims experience, rate increases and lower persistency, as well as strong investment income.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Holding Company, Other and Unallocated — Results of Operations AFG’s net pretax loss outside of its insurance operations (excluding realized gains and losses) totaled $78 million for both the first six months of 2016 and 2015 .

The following table details AFG’s loss before income taxes from operations outside of its insurance operations for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 (dollars in millions):



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016			2015			% Change
Revenues:
Net investment income	$	5		$	(1	)	(600	%)
Other income — P&C fees	29			25			16	%
Other income	10			12			(17	%)
Total revenues	44			36			22	%

Costs and Expenses:
Property and casualty insurance — commissions and other underwriting expenses	9			7			29	%
Interest charges on borrowed money	37			39			(5	%)
Other expense — expenses associated with P&C fees	20			18			11	%
Other expenses	56			50			12	%
Total costs and expenses	122			114			7	%
Loss before income taxes, excluding realized gains and losses	$	(78	)	$	(78	)	—	%

Holding Company and Other — Net Investment Income

AFG recorded net investment income on investments held outside of its insurance operations of $5 million in the first six months of 2016 compared to a net loss of $1 million in the first six months of 2015 . The parent company holds a small portfolio of securities that are classified as “trading” and carried at fair value through net investment income. These trading securities increased in value by approximately $3 million in the first six months of 2016 compared to a decline in value by approximately $1 million in the first six months of 2015.

Holding Company and Other — P&C Fees and Related Expenses

Summit, the workers’ compensation insurance business that AFG acquired in April 2014, collects fees from a small group of unaffiliated insurers for providing underwriting, policy administration and claims services. In addition, certain of AFG’s property and casualty businesses collect fees from customers for ancillary services such as workplace safety programs and premium financing. In the first six months of 2016 , AFG collected $29 million in fees for these services compared to $25 million in the first six months of 2015 . Management views this fee income, net of the $20 million in the first six months of 2016 and $18 million in the first six months of 2015 , in expenses incurred to generate such fees, as a reduction in the cost of underwriting its property and casualty insurance policies. Consistent with internal management reporting, these fees and the related expenses are netted and recorded as a reduction of commissions and other underwriting expenses in AFG’s segmented results.

Holding Company and Other — Other Income

Other income in the table above includes $8 million and $7 million in the first six months of 2016 and 2015 , respectively, in management fees paid to AFG by the AFG-managed CLOs (AFG’s consolidated managed investment entities). The management fees are eliminated in consolidation — see the other income line in the Consolidate MIEs column under “Results of Operations — Segmented Statement of Earnings .” Excluding amounts eliminated in consolidation, AFG recorded other income outside of its insurance operations of $2 million in the first six months of 2016 and $5 million in the first six months of 2015 .

Holding Company and Other — Interest Charges on Borrowed Money

AFG’s holding companies and other operations outside of its insurance operations recorded interest expense of $37 million in the first six months of 2016 compared to $39 million in the first six months of 2015 , a decrease of $2 million ( 5% ). AFG redeemed its $132 million in outstanding 7% Senior Notes due September 2050 at par value on September 30, 2015. AFG issued $150 million of 6% Subordinated Debentures in November 2015. The impact of higher average indebtedness during the first six months of 2016 as compared to the first six months of 2015 was more than offset by a lower weighted average interest rate and the favorable impact of the interest rate swap on the 9-7/8% Senior Notes due June 2019 that was entered into in June 2015.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Holding Company and Other — Other Expenses

AFG’s holding companies and other operations outside of its insurance operations recorded other expenses of $56 million in the first six months of 2016 compared to $50 million in the first six months of 2015 , an increase of $6 million ( 12% ).

Consolidated Realized Gains (Losses) on Securities AFG’s consolidated realized gains (losses) on securities, which are not allocated to segments, were losses of $34 million in the first six months of 2016 compared to gains of $18 million in the first six months of 2015 , a decrease of $52 million ( 289% ). Realized gains (losses) on securities consisted of the following (in millions):



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016			2015
Realized gains (losses) before impairments:
Disposals	$	60		$	57
Change in the fair value of derivatives	3			(3		)
Adjustments to annuity deferred policy acquisition costs and related items	(6		)	(2		)
	57			52
Impairment charges:
Securities	(102		)	(40		)
Adjustments to annuity deferred policy acquisition costs and related items	11			6
	(91		)	(34		)
Realized gains (losses) on securities	$	(34	)	$	18

AFG’s impairment charges on securities for the first six months of 2016 consist of $67 million on equity securities and $35 million on fixed maturities compared to $25 million on equity securities and $15 million on fixed maturities in the first six months of 2015. Approximately $57 million in impairment charges in the first six months of 2016 are related to financial institutions and $19 million are on energy related investments. Approximately $13 million of the charges recorded in the first six months of 2015 are for energy related investments and $6 million are for real estate related investments.

Consolidated Realized Gain (Loss) on Subsidiaries In the first six months of 2015, AFG recorded an estimated pretax loss of $162 million on the sale of subsidiaries containing substantially all of AFG’s run-off long-term care insurance business. In the second quarter of 2016, AFG received additional proceeds based on the final closing balance sheet and adjusted certain accrued expense estimates associated with the sale, resulting in a $2 million favorable adjustment to the loss recorded in 2015. See Note B — “ Sale of Business ” to the financial statements.

Consolidated Income Taxes AFG’s consolidated provision for income taxes was $125 million for the first six months of 2016 compared to $82 million for the first six months of 2015 , an increase of $43 million ( 52% ). See Note L — “ Income Taxes ” to the financial statements for an analysis of items affecting AFG’s effective tax rate.

Consolidated Noncontrolling Interests AFG’s consolidated net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests was $12 million for the first six months of 2016 compared to $14 million for the first six months of 2015 . The following table details net earnings in consolidated subsidiaries attributable to holders other than AFG (dollars in millions):



	Six months ended June 30,
	2016		2015		% Change
National Interstate	$	8	$	7	14	%
Other	4		7		(43	%)
Earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests	$	12	$	14	(14	%)

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

RECENTLY ADOPTED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

See Note A — “ Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities ” to the financial statements for a discussion of accounting guidance adopted on January 1, 2016, which impacts the consolidation of collateralized financing entities such as CLOs, as well as limited partnerships and similar investments.

See Note A — “ Accounting Policies — Debt Issuance Costs ” to the financial statements for a discussion of accounting guidance adopted on January 1, 2016, which impacted the presentation of debt issuance costs.

ACCOUNTING STANDARDS TO BE ADOPTED

In May 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2015-09, Financial Services – Insurance: Disclosures about Short-Duration Contracts , which requires additional disclosures about the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (including accident year information). AFG will be required to adopt the updated guidance for annual reporting beginning in 2016 and interim reporting beginning with the first quarter of 2017. Because the new guidance does not affect the existing recognition or measurement guidance, the adoption will have no effect on AFG’s financial condition or results of operations.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities which, among other things, requires equity investments that are not accounted for under the equity method of accounting to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income, clarifies that the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to available for sale securities should be evaluated with other deferred tax assets and modifies disclosure requirements for financial instruments. AFG will be required to adopt the updated guidance effective January 1, 2018 (early adoption is not permitted). Although recording changes in the fair value of investments in equity securities in net income will result in more volatility in AFG’s Statement of Earnings, it is not expected to have a material effect on the carrying value of AFG’s investments or on overall shareholders’ equity as AFG’s investments in equity securities are currently carried at fair value through accumulated other comprehensive income.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases , which requires entities that lease assets for terms longer than one year to recognize the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases on the balance sheet based on the present value of cash flows. Qualitative and quantitative disclosures of the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases will also be required. Although the guidance allows for early adoption, AFG expects to adopt the updated guidance effective January 1, 2019 (when it is required). The guidance will require that the earliest comparative period presented to include the measurement and recognition of existing leases with an adjustment to shareholders’ equity as if the updated guidance had always been applied. Although the guidance will result in higher assets and higher liabilities from the recognition of assets and liabilities related to operating leases, it does not change the manner in which lease expense is recognized in the statement of earnings. Although management is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance, AFG does not expect it to have a material effect on its results of operations or financial position.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Compensation – Stock Compensation: Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting , which simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities and classification on the statement of cash flows. AFG will be required to adopt the updated guidance effective January 1, 2017. Management does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material effect on its results of operations or financial position.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments which provides a new credit loss model for determining credit-related impairments for financial instruments measured at amortized cost (e.g. mortgage loans or reinsurance recoverables) and requires an entity to estimate the credit losses expected over the life of an exposure or pool of exposures. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical information, current information, as well as reasonable and supportable forecasts, including estimates of prepayments. The expected credit losses, and subsequent increases or decreases in such losses, will be recorded immediately through realized gains (losses) as an allowance that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial asset, with the net carrying value of the financial asset presented on the balance sheet at the amount expected to be collected. The updated guidance also amends the current other-than-temporary impairment model for available for sale debt securities by requiring the recognition of impairments relating to credit losses through an allowance account and limits the amount of credit loss to the difference between a security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value. Subsequent increases or decreases in expected credit losses will be

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

recorded immediately in the income statement through realized gains (losses). AFG will be required to adopt this guidance effective January 1, 2020. AFG cannot estimate the impact that the updated guidance will have on its results of operations, financial position or liquidity until the updated guidance is adopted.

ITEM 3

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk

As of June 30, 2016 , there were no material changes to the information provided in

Item 7A — Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk of AFG’s 2015 Form 10-K.

ITEM 4

Controls and Procedures

AFG’s management, with participation of its Co-Chief Executive Officers and its Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated AFG’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, AFG’s Co-CEOs and CFO concluded that the controls and procedures are effective. There have been no changes in AFG’s internal control over financial reporting during the second fiscal quarter of 2016 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, AFG’s internal control over financial reporting.

In the ordinary course of business, AFG and its subsidiaries routinely enhance their information systems by either upgrading current systems or implementing new systems. There has been no change in AFG’s business processes and procedures during the second fiscal quarter of 2016 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, AFG’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II

OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1A

Risk Factors

Other than the risk factor discussed below, there have been no material changes with regard to the risk factors previously disclosed in AFG’s 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Recent developments relating to the United Kingdom’s referendum vote in favor of leaving the European Union could adversely affect AFG’s London-based property and casualty insurance operations.

The United Kingdom (“UK”) held a referendum on June 23, 2016 in which a majority of voters voted for the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union (“Brexit”). As a result of this vote, the terms of the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union (“EU”) and relationship between the UK and EU going forward will have to be negotiated, including the terms of trade between the UK and the EU. The ultimate impact of Brexit is uncertain and will depend on any agreements that the UK makes to retain access to EU markets. Brexit could also lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations as the UK determines which EU laws to replace or replicate. These or other adverse consequences from Brexit could adversely affect the operations and business opportunities of Neon, AFG’s London-based Lloyd’s syndicate.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

ITEM 2

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities AFG repurchased shares of its Common Stock during the first six months of 2016 as follows:



	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (a)
First Quarter	1,128,128	$	67.78	1,128,128	4,916,686
Second Quarter:
April	295,014	68.24		295,014	4,621,672
May	15,000	69.73		15,000	4,606,672
June	—	—		—	4,606,672
Total	1,438,142	$	67.90	1,438,142


(a)	Represents the remaining shares that may be repurchased under the Plan authorized by AFG’s Board of Directors in December 2014 and February 2016.

In addition, AFG acquired 27,551 shares of its Common Stock (at an average of $66.89 per share) in the first quarter of 2016, 374 shares (at an average of $70.71 per share) in April 2016, 113 shares (at an average of $70.66 per share) in May 2016 and 6 shares (at $70.13 per share) in June 2016 in connection with its stock incentive plans.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

ITEM 6

Exhibits



Number	Exhibit Description
2	Agreement and Plan of Merger dated July 25, 2016 by and among Great American Insurance Company and National Interstate Corporation, filed as Exhibit 2.1 to AFG’s Form 8-K on July 25, 2016.	(*)
12	Computation of ratios of earnings to fixed charges.
31(a)	Certification of Co-Chief Executive Officer pursuant to section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31(b)	Certification of Co-Chief Executive Officer pursuant to section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31(c)	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32	Certification of Co-Chief Executive Officers and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101	The following financial information from American Financial Group’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2016, formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language):
	(i) Consolidated Balance Sheet
	(ii) Consolidated Statement of Earnings
	(iii) Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income
	(iv) Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity
	(v) Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows
	(vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements


(*) Incorporated herein by reference.

Signature

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.



	American Financial Group, Inc.

August 5, 2016	By:	/s/ Joseph E. (Jeff) Consolino
		Joseph E. (Jeff) Consolino
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part Iprint Item I Financial Statementsprint Item 7A Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Riskprint Part IIprint

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AFG 10-Q Quarter ended June 30, 2016