AVTR 10-Q Quarterly Report March 31, 2021 | Alphaminr
ALPHAMINR

AVTR 10-Q Quarter ended March 31, 2021

Balance Sheet
Cash Flow
Income Statement
Debt
avtr-20210331
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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
━━━━━━━━━
FORM 10-Q
━━━━━━━━━
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2021
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from __________ to __________
Commission file number: 001-38912
____________________________
avtr-20210331_g1.jpg
Avantor, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
___________________________________
Delaware 82-2758923
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
Radnor Corporate Center, Building One, Suite 200
100 Matsonford Road
Radnor , Pennsylvania 19087
(Address of principal executive offices) (zip code)
( 610 ) 386-1700
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, $0.01 par value AVTR New York Stock Exchange
6.250% Series A Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value AVTR PRA New York Stock Exchange



Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. ☒ Large Accelerated Filer ☐ Accelerated Filer ☐ Non-accelerated Filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No
On April 21, 2021, 582,138,223 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, were outstanding.


Avantor, Inc. and subsidiaries
Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2021
Table of contents
Page

i
Glossary
Description
we, us, our Avantor, Inc. and its subsidiaries
2019 Plan the Avantor, Inc. 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, a stock-based compensation plan
Adjusted EBITDA our earnings or loss before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization and certain other adjustments
Annual Report our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020
AMEA Asia, Middle-East and Africa
AOCI accumulated other comprehensive income or loss
CARES the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
cGMP Current Good Manufacturing Practice
COVID-19 Coronavirus disease of 2019
double-digit greater than 10%
EURIBOR the basic rate of interest used in lending between banks on the European Union interbank market
FASB the Financial Accounting Standards Board of the United States
GAAP United States generally accepted accounting principles
high single-digit 7 - 9%
LIBOR the basic rate of interest used in lending between banks on the London interbank market
low single-digit 1 - 3%
MCPS 6.250% Series A Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock
mid single-digit 4 - 6%
PPE personal protective equipment
RSU restricted stock unit
SEC the United States Securities and Exchange Commission
SG&A expenses selling, general and administrative expenses
Specialty procurement product sales related to customer procurement services
VWR VWR Corporation and its subsidiaries, a company we acquired in November 2017

ii
Cautionary factors regarding forward-looking statements
This report contains forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact included in this report are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements discuss our current expectations and projections relating to our financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, future performance and business. These statements may be preceded by, followed by or include the words “aim,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “intend,” “likely,” “outlook,” “plan,” “potential,” “project,” “projection,” “seek,” “can,” “could,” “may,” “should,” “would,” “will,” the negatives thereof and other words and terms of similar meaning.
Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions; they are not guarantees of performance. You should not place undue reliance on these statements. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events. Although we believe that our assumptions made in connection with the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot assure you that the assumptions and expectations will prove to be correct.
You should understand that the following important factors, in addition to those discussed under “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report, as such risk factors may be updated from time to time in our periodic filings with the SEC and in this report, could affect our future results and could cause those results or other outcomes to differ materially from those expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements:
• disruptions to our operations;
• competition from other industry providers;
• our ability to implement our growth strategy;
• our ability to anticipate and respond to changing industry trends;
• adverse trends in consumer, business, and government spending;
• our dependence on sole or limited sources for some essential materials and components;
• our ability to successfully value and integrate acquired businesses;
• our products’ satisfaction of applicable quality criteria, specifications and performance standards;
• our ability to maintain our relationships with key customers;
• our ability to maintain our relationships with distributors;
• our ability to maintain consistent purchase volumes under purchase orders;
• our ability to maintain and develop relationships with drug manufacturers and contract manufacturing organizations;
• the impact of new laws, regulations, or other industry standards;
• changes in the interest rate environment that increase interest on our borrowings;
iii
• adverse impacts from currency exchange rates or currency controls imposed by any government in major areas where we operate or otherwise;
• our ability to implement and improve processing systems and prevent a compromise of our information systems;
• our ability to protect our intellectual property and avoid third-party infringement claims;
• exposure to product liability and other claims in the ordinary course of business;
• our ability to develop new products responsive to the markets we serve;
• the availability of raw materials;
• our ability to avoid negative outcomes related to the use of chemicals;
• our ability to maintain highly skilled employees;
• adverse impact of impairment charges on our goodwill and other intangible assets;
• fluctuations and uncertainties related to doing business outside the United States;
• our ability to obtain and maintain required regulatory clearances or approvals may constrain the commercialization of submitted products;
• our ability to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, or the impact of any liability or obligation imposed under such laws or regulations;
• our indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition and prevent us from fulfilling our debt or contractual obligations;
• our ability to generate sufficient cash flows or access sufficient additional capital to meet our debt obligations or to fund our other liquidity needs; and
• our ability to maintain an adequate system of internal control over financial reporting.
All forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the foregoing cautionary statements. In addition, all forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. We undertake no obligations to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise other than as required under the federal securities laws.
iv
PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.    Financial statements
Avantor, Inc. and subsidiaries
Index to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
Page

1
Avantor, Inc. and subsidiaries
Unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets
(in millions)
March 31, 2021
December 31, 2020
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 172.5 $ 286.6
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $ 25.6 and $ 26.2
1,201.5 1,113.3
Inventory 777.7 739.6
Other current assets 80.3 91.4
Total current assets 2,232.0 2,230.9
Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $ 400.5 and $ 388.3
537.4 549.9
Other intangible assets, net (see note 7)
3,932.2 4,048.8
Goodwill 2,820.1 2,860.2
Other assets 217.1 216.7
Total assets $ 9,738.8 $ 9,906.5
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Current portion of debt $ 26.5 $ 26.4
Accounts payable 706.4 678.9
Employee-related liabilities 140.8 179.3
Accrued interest 26.8 44.5
Other current liabilities 340.2 313.6
Total current liabilities 1,240.7 1,242.7
Debt, net of current portion 4,606.3 4,867.5
Deferred income tax liabilities 713.0 723.9
Other liabilities 372.7 398.1
Total liabilities 6,932.7 7,232.2
Commitments and contingencies (see note 8)
Stockholders’ equity:
MCPS including paid-in capital, 20.7 shares outstanding
1,003.7 1,003.7
Common stock including paid-in capital, 581.8 and 580.1 shares outstanding
1,743.2 1,737.6
Accumulated earnings (deficit)
75.3 ( 88.7 )
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income
( 16.1 ) 21.7
Total stockholders’ equity 2,806.1 2,674.3
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 9,738.8 $ 9,906.5

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
2
Avantor, Inc. and subsidiaries
Unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations
(in millions, except per share data)
Three months ended March 31,
2021
2020
Net sales $ 1,785.6 $ 1,519.0
Cost of sales 1,172.8 1,017.1
Gross profit 612.8 501.9
Selling, general and administrative expenses 346.5 343.5
Operating income
266.3 158.4
Interest expense ( 51.5 ) ( 94.5 )
Loss on extinguishment of debt ( 5.2 ) —
Other income, net
1.8 0.8
Income before income taxes
211.4 64.7
Income tax expense
( 47.4 ) ( 17.7 )
Net income
164.0 47.0
Accumulation of yield on preferred stock ( 16.1 ) ( 16.1 )
Net income available to common stockholders
$ 147.9 $ 30.9
Earnings per share:
Basic $ 0.25 $ 0.05
Diluted $ 0.25 $ 0.05
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic 581.1 573.7
Diluted 589.1 581.3

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
3
Avantor, Inc. and subsidiaries
Unaudited condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income or loss
(in millions)
Three months ended March 31,
2021
2020
Net income
$ 164.0 $ 47.0
Other comprehensive loss:
Foreign currency translation — unrealized loss
( 33.5 ) ( 68.8 )
Derivative instruments:
Unrealized (loss) gain
( 0.9 ) 1.6
Reclassification of loss (gain) into earnings
0.7 ( 0.1 )
Defined benefit plans:
Unrealized gain
0.6 0.4
Reclassification of gain into earnings
— ( 0.1 )
Other comprehensive loss before income taxes
( 33.1 ) ( 67.0 )
Income tax effect ( 4.7 ) ( 0.4 )
Other comprehensive loss
( 37.8 ) ( 67.4 )
Comprehensive income (loss)
$ 126.2 $ ( 20.4 )

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
4
Avantor, Inc. and subsidiaries
Unaudited condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity
(in millions)
Stockholders’ equity
MCPS including paid-in capital Common stock including paid-in capital Accumulated earnings (deficit) AOCI Total
Shares Amount Shares Amount
Balance at December 31, 2020
20.7 $ 1,003.7 580.1 $ 1,737.6 $ ( 88.7 ) $ 21.7 $ 2,674.3
Comprehensive income (loss)
— — — — 164.0 ( 37.8 ) 126.2
Stock-based compensation expense — — — 10.8 — — 10.8
Accumulation of yield on preferred stock — — — ( 16.1 ) — — ( 16.1 )
Stock option exercises and other common stock transactions — — 1.7 10.9 — — 10.9
Balance at March 31, 2021
20.7 $ 1,003.7 581.8 $ 1,743.2 $ 75.3 $ ( 16.1 ) $ 2,806.1
Balance at December 31, 2019
20.7 $ 1,003.7 572.8 $ 1,748.1 $ ( 203.7 ) $ ( 85.9 ) $ 2,462.2
Impact of new accounting standard — — — — ( 1.6 ) — ( 1.6 )
Comprehensive income (loss)
— — — — 47.0 ( 67.4 ) ( 20.4 )
Stock-based compensation expense — — — 9.2 — — 9.2
Accumulation of yield on preferred stock — — — ( 16.1 ) — — ( 16.1 )
Stock option exercises and other common stock transactions — — 2.1 6.8 — — 6.8
Balance at March 31, 2020
20.7 $ 1,003.7 574.9 $ 1,748.0 $ ( 158.3 ) $ ( 153.3 ) $ 2,440.1

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
5
Avantor, Inc. and subsidiaries
Unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows
(in millions)
Three months ended March 31,
2021
2020
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income
$ 164.0 $ 47.0
Reconciling adjustments:
Depreciation and amortization 89.0 96.5
Stock-based compensation expense
11.4 8.4
Provision for accounts receivable and inventory 7.9 16.6
Deferred income tax benefit
( 5.3 ) ( 4.2 )
Amortization of deferred financing costs 3.9 6.9
Loss on extinguishment of debt 5.2 —
Foreign currency remeasurement loss
2.7 6.7
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable ( 106.8 ) ( 80.1 )
Inventory ( 54.3 ) 2.3
Accounts payable 30.3 67.0
Accrued interest ( 17.7 ) 60.8
Other assets and liabilities ( 5.9 ) 24.5
Other, net 2.5 0.7
Net cash provided by operating activities
126.9 253.1
Cash flows from investing activities:
Capital expenditures ( 15.1 ) ( 12.6 )
Other 0.5 0.7
Net cash used in investing activities
( 14.6 ) ( 11.9 )
Cash flows from financing activities:
Debt repayments ( 208.6 ) ( 63.8 )
Payments of dividends on preferred stock ( 16.1 ) ( 16.1 )
Proceeds received from exercise of stock options 19.9 6.8
Shares repurchased to satisfy employee tax obligations for vested stock-based awards ( 16.2 ) —
Net cash used in financing activities
( 221.0 ) ( 73.1 )
Effect of currency rate changes on cash ( 5.4 ) ( 8.5 )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents ( 114.1 ) 159.6
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period 289.2 189.3
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period $ 175.1 $ 348.9

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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Avantor, Inc. and subsidiaries
Notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
1.    Nature of operations and presentation of financial statements
We are a global manufacturer and distributor that provides products and services to customers in the biopharmaceutical, healthcare, education & government and advanced technologies & applied materials industries.
Basis of presentation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to SEC regulations whereby certain information normally included in GAAP financial statements has been condensed or omitted. The financial information presented herein reflects all adjustments (consisting only of normal, recurring adjustments) that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods presented. The results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.
We believe that the disclosures included herein are adequate to make the information presented not misleading in any material respect when read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report. Those audited consolidated financial statements include a summary of our significant accounting policies.
Principles of consolidation
All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated from the financial statements.
Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported throughout the financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Correction of immaterial classification error
We identified and corrected an immaterial classification error between certain product sales in our previously reported net sales by product lines financial table disclosed in our segment financial information footnote included in our previously reported unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The correction of this error allows for a more accurate presentation of net sales of our product lines and had no impact on the Company’s previously reported unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2020 other than those previously mentioned. The following table presents the impact of this correction for the three months ended March 31, 2020.
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(in millions) Three months ended March 31, 2020
Previously reported Adjustment As adjusted
Proprietary materials & consumables $ 533.1 $ ( 54.6 ) $ 478.5
Third party materials & consumables 604.6 45.8 650.4
Services & specialty procurement 178.0 13.1 191.1
Equipment & instrumentation 203.3 ( 4.3 ) 199.0
Total $ 1,519.0 $ — $ 1,519.0
Correction of previously reported consolidated statement of cash flows
We identified and corrected an immaterial classification error in our previously reported unaudited condensed consolidated statement of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The correction of this error within the net cash provided by operating activities resulted in an increase in the line-item referred to as Provision for accounts receivable and inventory and a decrease in the line-item referred to as Inventory by $ 3.0 million, respectively, from the previously reported amounts of $ 13.6 million to $ 16.6 million and $ 5.3 million to $ 2.3 million, respectively. The correction of this error had no effect on our previously reported net cash provided by operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2020, or on any other previously reported amounts in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2020 other than those previously mentioned.
Entry into a definitive agreement
On April 12, 2021, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to acquire privately held Ritter GmbH and its affiliates in an all-cash transaction with an upfront equity purchase price of approximately € 890.0 million subject to final adjustments at closing and additional payments based on achieving future business performance milestones. The acquisition is expected to close in 2021 and is subject to customary conditions, including receipt of applicable regulatory approvals.
2.    New accounting standards
New tax standard
On January 1, 2021, we implemented the FASB’s new standard to simplify the accounting for income taxes, which was issued in December 2019. The provisions of this new standard did not result in our having to record an impact upon adoption.
Other
There were no other new accounting standards that we expect to have a material impact to our financial position or results of operations upon adoption.
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3.    Earnings or loss per share
The following table presents the reconciliation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2021:
(in millions, except per share data)
Three months ended March 31, 2021
Earnings /(loss) (numerator) Weighted average shares outstanding (denominator) Earnings / (loss) per share
Basic $ 147.9 581.1 $ 0.25
Dilutive effect of stock-based awards — 8.0
Diluted $ 147.9 589.1 $ 0.25
For the three months ended March 31, 2021, diluted earnings per share included accumulated yield on preferred stock of $ 16.1 million and excluded 62.9 million of common stock equivalents under the MCPS because they were anti-dilutive to the calculation.
The following table presents the reconciliation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2020:
(in millions, except per share data)
Three months ended March 31, 2020
Earnings /(loss) (numerator) Weighted average shares outstanding (denominator) Earnings / (loss) per share
Basic $ 30.9 573.7 $ 0.05
Dilutive effect of stock-based awards — 7.6
Diluted $ 30.9 581.3 $ 0.05
For the three months ended March 31, 2020, diluted earnings per share included accumulated yield on preferred stock of $ 16.1 million and excluded 73.9 million of common stock equivalents under the MCPS because they were anti-dilutive to the calculation.
4.    Segment financial information
We report three geographic segments based on customer location: Americas, Europe and AMEA. Each segment manufactures and distributes solutions for the biopharmaceutical, healthcare, education & government and advanced technologies & applied materials industries. Corporate costs are managed on a standalone basis and not allocated to segments.
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The following table presents information by reportable segment:
(in millions)
Three months ended March 31,
2021
2020
Net sales:
Americas $ 1,035.2 $ 899.1
Europe 650.4 544.0
AMEA 100.0 75.9
Total $ 1,785.6 $ 1,519.0
Adjusted EBITDA:
Americas $ 252.0 $ 190.0
Europe 131.1 91.7
AMEA 22.6 13.4
Corporate ( 42.6 ) ( 32.3 )
Total $ 363.1 $ 262.8
The amounts above exclude inter-segment activity because it is not material. All of the net sales for each segment are from external customers.
The following table presents the reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA from net income or loss, the nearest measurement under GAAP:
(in millions)
Three months ended March 31,
2021
2020
Net income
$ 164.0 $ 47.0
Interest expense 51.5 94.5
Income tax expense
47.4 17.7
Depreciation and amortization 89.0 96.5
Loss on extinguishment of debt 5.2 —
Net foreign currency loss from financing activities
0.8 1.6
Other stock-based compensation expense (benefit) 0.6 ( 1.1 )
Restructuring and severance charges 1.6 1.2
Transaction related expenses and other 3.0 1.8
Integration and planning expenses — 3.6
Adjusted EBITDA $ 363.1 $ 262.8
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The following table presents net sales by product line:
(in millions)
Three months ended March 31,
2021
2020
(1)
Proprietary materials & consumables $ 565.2 $ 478.5
Third party materials & consumables 758.4 650.4
Services & specialty procurement 219.8 191.1
Equipment & instrumentation 242.2 199.0
Total $ 1,785.6 $ 1,519.0
━━━━━━━━━
1. As adjusted, see note 1.
5.    Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information
The following tables present supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
(in millions)
March 31, 2021
December 31, 2020
Cash and cash equivalents $ 172.5 $ 286.6
Restricted cash classified as other assets 2.6 2.6
Total $ 175.1 $ 289.2

(in millions)
Three months ended March 31,
2021
2020
Cash flows from operating activities:
Cash paid for income taxes, net $ 12.6 $ 12.2
Cash paid for interest 64.0 27.2
Cash paid under operating leases 10.7 10.0
Cash paid under finance leases 1.3 1.3
Cash flows from financing activities:
Cash paid under finance leases 1.1 1.1

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6.    Inventory
The following table presents the components of inventory:
(in millions)
March 31, 2021
December 31, 2020
Merchandise inventory $ 480.4 $ 463.0
Finished goods 112.6 115.9
Raw materials 142.8 123.2
Work in process 41.9 37.5
Total $ 777.7 $ 739.6

7.    Other intangible assets
The following table presents the components of other intangible assets:
(in millions)
March 31, 2021
December 31, 2020
Gross value Accumulated amortization Carrying value Gross value Accumulated amortization Carrying value
Customer relationships $ 4,644.9 $ 944.2 $ 3,700.7 $ 4,701.6 $ 894.9 $ 3,806.7
VWR trade name 271.5 184.8 86.7 275.7 184.3 91.4
Other 184.6 132.1 52.5 185.4 127.0 58.4
Total finite-lived $ 5,101.0 $ 1,261.1 3,839.9 $ 5,162.7 $ 1,206.2 3,956.5
Indefinite-lived 92.3 92.3
Total $ 3,932.2 $ 4,048.8

8.    Commitments and contingencies
Our business is subject to contingencies related to compliance with environmental laws and regulations, the manufacture and sale of products and litigation. The ultimate resolution of contingencies is subject to significant uncertainty, and it is reasonably possible that we will experience adverse outcomes related to these matters.
Environmental laws and regulations
Our environmental liabilities are subject to changing governmental policy and regulations, discovery of unknown conditions, judicial proceedings, method and extent of remediation, existence of other potentially responsible parties and future changes in technology. We believe that known and unknown environmental matters, if not resolved favorably, could have a material effect on our financial position, liquidity and profitability.
Mallinckrodt indemnification
In 2010, New Mountain Capital acquired us from Covidien plc in accordance with a stock purchase agreement dated May 25, 2010. At that time, we were organized as Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. or MBI. Pursuant to the terms of that agreement, we are entitled to various levels of indemnification with respect
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to environmental liabilities involving the former MBI operations. In 2013, in connection with the Covidien plc divestiture of Mallinckrodt Group S.a.r.l and Mallinckrodt LLC, together “Mallinckrodt,” and by a second amendment to the stock purchase agreement dated June 6, 2013, but effective upon the consummation of the divestiture, Covidien plc assigned its obligations as described herein to Mallinckrodt, and Mallinckrodt assumed those obligations from Covidien plc. As a result of the stock purchase agreement and assignment, Mallinckrodt is contractually obligated to indemnify and defend us for all off-site environmental liabilities (for example, Superfund or CERCLA liabilities) arising from the pre-closing disposal of chemicals or wastes by former MBI operations.
In connection with environmental liabilities arising from pre-closing noncompliance with environmental laws, Mallinckrodt is contractually obligated to reimburse us for a percentage of the total liability, with such reimbursements made through disbursements from a $ 30.0 million environmental escrow established at the time of the closing. Specifically, Mallinckrodt will be responsible for reimbursement of 80 % of the total costs up to $ 40.0 million of such environmental liabilities. Mallinckrodt will then be responsible for reimbursement of 50 % of the next $ 40.0 million of such environmental liabilities. If such environmental liabilities exceed $80.0 million in the aggregate, Mallinckrodt will be responsible for reimbursement of 100 % of such liabilities up to the next $ 30.0 million in the aggregate. Currently, reimbursements are 80% of the amounts spent by us, with reimbursements and settlements to date exceeding $ 12.0 million. In addition, in connection with operation and maintenance activities required pursuant to administrative consent orders and subsequently issued remedial action permits involving our Phillipsburg, New Jersey facility, amounts in excess of a small annual threshold are also subject to reimbursement, currently at the 80 % level.
Other noteworthy matters
The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection has ordered us to remediate groundwater conditions near our plant in Phillipsburg, New Jersey. This matter is covered by the indemnification arrangement previously described. At March 31, 2021, our accrued obligation under this order is $ 3.5 million, which is calculated based on expected cash payments discounted at rates ranging from 0.0 % in 2021 to 2.4 % in 2045. The undiscounted amount of that obligation is $ 4.3 million.
In 2016, we assessed the environmental condition of our chemical manufacturing site in Gliwice, Poland. Our assessment revealed specific types of soil and groundwater contamination throughout the site. We are also monitoring the condition of a closed landfill on that site. These matters are not covered by our indemnification arrangement because they relate to an operation we subsequently acquired. At March 31, 2021, our balance sheet includes a liability of $ 3.2 million for remediation and monitoring costs. That liability is estimated primarily on expected remediation payments discounted through 2023 and is not materially different than its undiscounted amount.
Manufacture and sale of products
Our business involves risk of product liability, patent infringement and other claims in the ordinary course of business arising from the products that we produce ourselves or obtain from our suppliers, as well as from the services we provide. Our exposure to such claims may increase to the extent that we expand our manufacturing operations or service offerings.
We maintain insurance policies to protect us against these risks, including product liability insurance. In many cases the suppliers of products we distribute have indemnified us against such claims. Our insurance coverage or indemnification agreements with suppliers may not be adequate in all pending or
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any future cases brought against us. Furthermore, our ability to recover under any insurance or indemnification arrangements is subject to the financial viability of our insurers, our suppliers and our suppliers’ insurers, as well as legal enforcement under the local laws governing the arrangements.
We have entered into indemnification agreements with customers of our self-manufactured products to protect them from liabilities and losses arising from our negligence, willful misconduct or sale of defective products. To date, we have not incurred material costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification provisions.
Litigation
At March 31, 2021, there was no outstanding litigation that we believe would result in material losses if decided against us, and we do not believe that there are any unasserted matters that are reasonably possible to result in a material loss.
9.    Debt
The following table presents information about our debt:
(dollars in millions)
March 31, 2021
December 31, 2020
Interest terms Rate Amount
Receivables facility
LIBOR plus 0.90 %
1.01 %
$ — $ —
Senior secured credit facilities:
Euro term loans
EURIBOR plus 2.50 %
2.50 %
254.7 344.8
U.S. dollar term loans
LIBOR plus 2.25 %
3.25 %
420.7 546.7
U.S. dollar term loans
LIBOR plus 2.25 %
3.25 %
1,172.1 1,175.0
2.625% secured notes fixed rate
2.625 %
763.2 795.0
3.875% unsecured notes fixed rate
3.875 %
469.6 489.2
4.625 % unsecured notes fixed rate
4.625 %
1,550.0 1,550.0
Finance lease liabilities 71.7 71.5
Total debt, gross 4,702.0 4,972.2
Less: unamortized deferred financing costs ( 69.2 ) ( 78.3 )
Total debt $ 4,632.8 $ 4,893.9
Classification on balance sheets:
Current portion of debt $ 26.5 $ 26.4
Debt, net of current portion 4,606.3 4,867.5
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Credit facilities
The following table presents availability under our credit facilities:
(in millions)
March 31, 2021
Receivables facility Revolving credit facility Total
Capacity $ 300.0 $ 515.0 $ 815.0
Undrawn letters of credit outstanding ( 9.9 ) ( 1.6 ) ( 11.5 )
Outstanding borrowings — — —
Unused availability $ 290.1 $ 513.4 $ 803.5
Maximum availability $ 300.0 $ 515.0 $ 815.0
Capacity under the receivables facility depends upon maintaining a sufficient borrowing base of eligible accounts receivable. At March 31, 2021, $ 514.3 million of accounts receivable were available as collateral under the facility.
Senior secured credit facilities
On March 31, 2021, we made prepayments of $ 124.5 million on our U.S. dollar term loans and $ 77.6 million on our Euro term loans. In connection with these prepayments, we expensed $ 5.2 million of previously unamortized deferred financing costs as a loss on extinguishment of debt.
Debt covenants
Our debt agreements include representations and covenants that we consider usual and customary, and our receivables facility and senior secured credit facilities include a financial covenant that becomes applicable for periods in which we have drawn more than 35% of our revolving credit facility under the senior secured credit facilities. When applicable, we may not have combined borrowings on our senior secured credit facilities and secured notes in excess of a pro forma net leverage ratio, as defined. As we had not drawn more than 35% of our revolving credit facility in this period, this covenant was not applicable at March 31, 2021.
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10.    Accumulated other comprehensive income or loss
The following table presents changes in the components of AOCI:
(in millions)
Foreign currency translation Derivative instruments Defined benefit plans Total
Balance at December 31, 2020
$ 51.8 $ ( 1.0 ) $ ( 29.1 ) $ 21.7
Unrealized (loss) gain
( 33.5 ) ( 0.9 ) 0.6 ( 33.8 )
Reclassification of loss into earnings
— 0.7 — 0.7
Income tax effect ( 4.7 ) — — ( 4.7 )
Balance at March 31, 2021
$ 13.6 $ ( 1.2 ) $ ( 28.5 ) $ ( 16.1 )
Balance at December 31, 2019
$ ( 62.3 ) $ ( 0.5 ) $ ( 23.1 ) $ ( 85.9 )
Unrealized (loss) gain
( 68.8 ) 1.6 0.4 ( 66.8 )
Reclassification of gain into earnings
— ( 0.1 ) ( 0.1 ) ( 0.2 )
Income tax effect — ( 0.4 ) — ( 0.4 )
Balance at March 31, 2020
$ ( 131.1 ) $ 0.6 $ ( 22.8 ) $ ( 153.3 )
The reclassifications and income tax effects shown above were immaterial to the financial statements. The reclassifications were made to either cost of sales or SG&A expenses depending upon the nature of the underlying transaction. The income tax effects in the three months ended March 31, 2021 on foreign currency translation were due to our net investment hedge discussed in note 14.
11.    Stock-based compensation
The following table presents the components of stock-based compensation expense:
(in millions)
Classification
Three months ended March 31,
2021
2020
Stock options Equity $ 4.6 $ 3.9
RSUs Equity 5.7 4.9
Optionholder awards Liability — 0.3
Other Both 1.1 ( 0.7 )
Total $ 11.4 $ 8.4
Balance sheet classification:
Equity $ 10.8 $ 9.2
Liability 0.6 ( 0.8 )
At March 31, 2021, unvested awards under our plans have remaining stock-based compensation expense of $ 114.8 million to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.9 years.
At March 31, 2021, 9.8 million shares were available for future issuance under the 2019 Plan.
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Stock options
The following table presents information about outstanding stock options:
(options and intrinsic value in millions)
Number of options Weighted average exercise price per option Aggregate intrinsic value Weighted average remaining term
Balance at December 31, 2020
20.0 $ 18.80
Granted 1.5 27.70
Exercised ( 1.0 ) 21.40
Forfeited ( 0.1 ) 15.88
Balance at March 31, 2021
20.4 19.32 $ 197.0 7.5 years
Expected to vest 9.0 19.80 83.2 8.6 years
Vested 11.4 18.93 113.7 6.6 years
During the three months ended March 31, 2021, we granted stock options that have a contractual life of ten years and will vest annually over four years , subject to the recipient continuously providing service to us through each such date.
RSUs
The following table presents information about unvested RSUs:
(awards in millions)
Number of awards Weighted average grant date fair value per award
Balance at December 31, 2020
4.9 $ 15.31
Granted 1.1 29.17
Vested ( 0.7 ) 15.38
Forfeited — 18.51
Balance at March 31, 2021
5.3 18.73
During the three months ended March 31, 2021, we granted RSUs that will vest annually over four years , subject to the recipient continuously providing service to us through each such date. Additionally, we granted certain employees RSUs that cliff vest over three years and contain performance and market conditions that impact the number of shares that will ultimately vest, subject to the recipient continuously providing service to us through each such date. The expense recorded related to the RSUs with performance and market conditions was not material.
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12.    Other income or expense, net
The following table presents the components of other income or expense, net:
(in millions)
Three months ended March 31,
2021
2020
Net foreign currency loss from financing activities
$ ( 0.8 ) $ ( 1.6 )
Income related to defined benefit plans 2.4 2.3
Other 0.2 0.1
Other income, net
$ 1.8 $ 0.8

13.    Income taxes
The following table presents the relationship between income tax expense or benefit and income or loss before income taxes:
(in millions)
Three months ended March 31,
2021
2020
Income before income taxes
$ 211.4 $ 64.7
Income tax expense
( 47.4 ) ( 17.7 )
Effective income tax rate 22.4 % 27.4 %
Income tax expense or benefit in the quarter is based upon the estimated income or loss for the full year. The composition of the income or loss in different countries and adjustments, if any, in the applicable quarterly periods influences our expense or benefit.
The relationship between pre-tax income or loss and income tax expense or benefit is greatly affected by the impact of losses for which we cannot claim a tax benefit, non-deductible expenses, and other items that increase tax expense without a relationship to income, such as withholding taxes and changes with respect to uncertain tax positions. The decrease in the effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2021 when compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020, is primarily related to the change in geographical distribution of our pre-tax earnings along with an increase in the tax benefit for stock-based compensation exercises recorded discretely during the period.
14.    Derivative and hedging activities
We engage in hedging activities to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange rates. Our hedging activities are designed to manage specific risks according to our strategies, as summarized below, which may change from time to time. Our hedging activities consist of the following:
• Economic hedges — We are exposed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates on certain of our euro-denominated term loans and notes that move inversely from our portfolio of euro-denominated intercompany loans. The currency effects for these non-derivative instruments are recorded through earnings in the period of change and substantially offset one another;
• Other hedging activities — Certain of our subsidiaries hedge short-term foreign currency denominated business transactions, external debt and intercompany financing transactions using
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foreign currency forward contracts. These activities were not material to our consolidated financial statements; and
• Net investment hedge — We have designated € 400.0 million of our 3.875 % senior unsecured notes as a hedge of our net investment in certain European operations to manage our exposure to currency and exchange rate movements from these operations.
Net Investment Hedge
We designated all of our outstanding € 400.0 million 3.875 % senior unsecured notes, issued on July 17, 2020, and maturing on July 15, 2028, as a hedge of our net investment in certain of our European operations. For instruments that are designated and qualify as net investment hedges, the foreign currency transactional gains or losses are reported as a component of AOCI. The gains or losses would be reclassified into earnings upon a liquidation event or deconsolidation of a hedged foreign subsidiary.
Net investment hedge effectiveness is assessed based upon the change in the spot rate of the foreign currency denominated debt. The critical terms of the foreign currency notes match the portion of the net investments designated as being hedged. At March 31, 2021, the net investment hedge was equal to the designated portion of the European operations and were considered to be perfectly effective.
Non-derivative financial instruments which are designated as hedging instruments:
The accumulated loss related to the foreign currency denominated debt designated as net investment hedges classified in the foreign currency translation adjustment component of AOCI was $ 18.0 million and $ 37.6 million as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
The amount of gain related to the foreign currency denominated debt designated as net investment hedges classified in the foreign currency translation adjustment component of other comprehensive income is presented below:
(in millions)
Three months ended March 31,
2021 2020
Net investment hedges $ 19.6 $ —

15.    Financial instruments and fair value measurements
Our financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and debt.
Assets and liabilities for which fair value is only disclosed
The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents was the same as its fair value and is a Level 1 measurement. The carrying amounts for trade accounts receivable and accounts payable approximated fair value due to their short-term nature and are Level 2 measurements.
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The following table presents the carrying values, which exclude unamortized deferred financing costs, and the fair values of debt instruments:
(in millions)
March 31, 2021
December 31, 2020
Carrying value Fair value Carrying value Fair value
Receivables facility $ — $ — $ — $ —
Senior secured credit facilities:
Euro term loans 254.7 255.7 344.8 346.5
U.S. dollar term loans 420.7 421.0 546.7 548.1
U.S. dollar term loans 1,172.1 1,174.3 1,175.0 1,178.7
2.625% secured notes 763.2 783.1 795.0 815.7
3.875% unsecured notes 469.6 496.7 489.2 515.0
4.625 % unsecured notes 1,550.0 1,617.2 1,550.0 1,648.7
Finance lease liabilities 71.7 71.7 71.5 71.5
Total $ 4,702.0 $ 4,819.7 $ 4,972.2 $ 5,124.2
The fair values of debt instruments are based on standard pricing models that take into account the present value of future cash flows, and in some cases private trading data, which are level 2 measurements.
Item 2.    Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations
In addition to historical financial information, this discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements. You should carefully read “Cautionary factors regarding forward-looking statements” for additional information.
Basis of presentation
This discussion should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes. Pursuant to SEC rules for reports covering interim periods, we have prepared this discussion and analysis to enable you to assess material changes in our financial condition and results of operations since December 31, 2020, the date of our Annual Report. Therefore, we encourage you to read this discussion and analysis in conjunction with the Annual Report.
Overview
We are a leading global provider of mission critical products and services to customers in the biopharmaceutical, healthcare, education & government and advanced technologies & applied materials industries. We have global operations and an extensive product portfolio. We strive to enable customer success through innovation, cGMP manufacturing and comprehensive service offerings. The depth and breadth of our portfolio provides our customers a comprehensive range of products and services and allows us to create customized and integrated solutions for our customers.
In the first quarter of 2021, we recorded net sales of $1,785.6 million, net income of $164.0 million and Adjusted EBITDA of $363.1 million. Net sales increased by 17.5%, which included 13.5% organic growth compared to the same period in 2020. See “Reconciliations of non-GAAP measures” for a
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reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA and “Results of operations” for a reconciliation of net sales growth to organic net sales growth.
Factors and current trends affecting our business and results of operations
The following updates the factors and current trends disclosed in the Annual Report. These updates could affect our performance and financial condition in future periods.
Our results continue to be impacted by the ongoing global coronavirus outbreak
The COVID-19 pandemic had an overall favorable impact on the first quarter results of our three regions, as described further in the “Results of operations” section below.
For a discussion of the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated economic disruptions, and the actual operational and financial impacts that we experienced through December 31, 2020, see “Part II—Item 7—Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in the Annual Report. For additional discussion of the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated economic disruptions to the Company, see “The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted, and continues to pose risks to, our business, operating results, cash flows and/or financial condition, the nature and extent of which could be material.” included in “Part I—Item 1A—Risk Factors” in the Annual Report.
Key indicators of performance and financial condition
To evaluate our performance, we monitor a number of key indicators including certain non-GAAP financial measurements that we believe are useful to investors, creditors and others in assessing our performance. These measurements should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for reported GAAP results because they may include or exclude certain items as compared to similar GAAP-based measurements, and such measurements may not be comparable to similarly-titled measurements reported by other companies. Rather, these measurements should be considered as an additional way of viewing aspects of our operations that provide a more complete understanding of our business.
The key indicators that we monitor are as follows:
• Net sales, gross margin, operating income and net income or loss . These measures are discussed in the section entitled “Results of operations;”
• Organic net sales growth , which is a non-GAAP measure discussed in the section entitled “Results of operations.” Organic net sales growth eliminates from our reported net sales the impacts of earnings from any acquired or disposed businesses and changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We believe that this measurement is useful to investors as a way to measure and evaluate our underlying commercial operating performance consistently across our segments and the periods presented. This measurement is used by our management for the same reason. Reconciliations to the change in reported net sales, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, are included in the section entitled “Results of operations;”
• Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin , which are non-GAAP measures discussed in the section entitled “Results of operations.” Adjusted EBITDA is used by investors to measure and evaluate our operating performance exclusive of interest expense, income tax expense, depreciation, amortization and certain other adjustments. Adjusted EBITDA margin is Adjusted
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EBITDA divided by net sales as determined under GAAP. We believe that these measurements are useful to investors as a way to analyze the underlying trends in our core business consistently across the periods presented. This measurement is used by our management for the same reason. A reconciliation of net income or loss, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, to Adjusted EBITDA is included in the section entitled “Reconciliations of non-GAAP measures;”
• Cash flows from operating activities , which we discuss in the section entitled “Liquidity and capital resources—historical cash flows.”
• Free cash flow , which is equal to our cash flow from operating activities, less capital expenditures. We believe that this measurement is useful to investors as it provides a view on the Company’s ability to generate cash for use in financing or investment activities. This measurement is used by management for the same reason.
Results of operations
We present results of operations in the same way that we manage our business, evaluate our performance and allocate our resources. We also provide discussion of net sales and Adjusted EBITDA by geographic segment based on customer location: Americas, Europe and AMEA. Corporate costs are managed on a standalone basis and not allocated to segments.
Executive summary
(dollars in millions)
Three months ended March 31, Change
2021 2020
Net sales $ 1,785.6 $ 1,519.0 $ 266.6
Gross margin 34.3 % 33.0 % 130 bps
Operating income $ 266.3 $ 158.4 $ 107.9
Net income 164.0 47.0 117.0
Adjusted EBITDA 363.1 262.8 100.3
Adjusted EBITDA margin 20.3 % 17.3 % 300 bps
First quarter revenue growth reflects strong double-digit growth in the biopharma, healthcare and education & government end markets. Our core business continues to show a strong recovery as the global economy reopens following COVID-19 lockdowns. This growth was augmented by our COVID-19 related sales of PPE and solutions to support diagnostic testing and vaccine production. Double-digit growth of our proprietary materials and consumables product group, commercial excellence, productivity and cost containment contributed to gross margin and Adjusted EBITDA margin expansion.
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Net sales
Three months ended
(in millions)
Three months ended March 31,
Reconciliation of net sales growth to organic net sales growth
Net sales growth Foreign currency impact Organic net sales growth
2021
2020
Americas $ 1,035.2 $ 899.1 $ 136.1 $ 4.9 $ 131.2
Europe 650.4 544.0 106.4 51.1 55.3
AMEA 100.0 75.9 24.1 3.6 20.5
Total $ 1,785.6 $ 1,519.0 $ 266.6 $ 59.6 $ 207.0
Net sales increased $266.6 million or 17.5%, which included $59.6 million or 4.0% of favorable foreign currency impact. Organic growth in net sales was $207.0 million or 13.5% and was due to both growth in our core business as well as COVID-19 related sales.
In the Americas, net sales increased $136.1 million or 15.1%, which included $4.9 million or 0.5% of favorable foreign currency impact. Organic growth in net sales was $131.2 million or 14.6%. Additional information by end market is as follows:
• Biopharma — Sales grew double-digits primarily driven by double-digit growth in biopharma production from our COVID-19 vaccine-related offerings. Improving dynamics in research & development laboratories led to strong growth in the core business.
• Healthcare — Sales increased double-digits driven by demand for chemicals and consumables in our medical/clinical reference lab business, COVID-19 diagnostic testing offerings and increased demand for elective procedures.
• Education and government — Sales increased double-digits primarily from government demand of COVID-19 diagnostic testing offerings. Education grew high single-digits primarily driven by increased demand in university research labs.
• Advanced technologies & applied materials — Sales declined low single-digits as we continue to see general softness in our industrial sector partially offset by demand for electronic materials.
In Europe, net sales increased $106.4 million or 19.5%, which included $51.1 million or 9.4% of favorable foreign currency impact. Organic growth in net sales was $55.3 million or 10.1%. Additional information by end market is as follows:
• Biopharma — Sales grew in the double-digits driven by proprietary biopharma production chemicals, single-use solutions, consumables and PPE to support our core business, as well as solutions to support COVID-19 detection and testing.
• Healthcare — Sales grew in the double-digits due to sales of COVID-19 testing content and an increased demand for elective procedures.
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• Education & government — Sales grew in the double-digits driven by our government customers’ demand for COVID-19 testing offerings and mid single-digit growth in educational research labs.
• Advanced technologies & applied materials — Sales declined low single-digits due to continued general softness in the end market.
In AMEA, net sales increased $24.1 million or 32.0%, which included $3.6 million or 4.8% of favorable foreign currency impact. Organic growth in net sales was $20.5 million or 27.2%. Additional information by end market is as follows:
• Biopharma — Sales grew in the double-digits driven by strong growth in proprietary biopharma production chemicals and single-use offerings.
• Advanced technologies & applied materials — Sales grew mid single-digits primarily driven by growth from our core diagnostics business in India.
Gross margin
Three months ended March 31,
Change
2021
2020
Gross margin 34.3 % 33.0 % 130 bps
Three months ended
Gross margin increased 130 basis points resulting primarily from 150 basis points of favorable product mix due to strong sales of our proprietary product offerings and commercial excellence. This was offset by 20 basis points of lower vendor rebates and inventory manufacturing variances.
Operating income
(in millions)
Three months ended March 31,
Change
2021
2020
Gross profit $ 612.8 $ 501.9 $ 110.9
Operating expenses 346.5 343.5 3.0
Operating income
$ 266.3 $ 158.4 $ 107.9
Three months ended
Gross profit increased $110.9 million due to the reasons described above. The slight increase in operating expenses primarily relates to foreign currency exchange losses and inflation offset by continued cost containment due to COVID-19 related measures such as discretionary cost controls around travel and expenses.
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Net income or loss
(in millions)
Three months ended March 31,
Change
2021
2020
Operating income
$ 266.3 $ 158.4 $ 107.9
Interest expense (51.5) (94.5) 43.0
Loss on extinguishment of debt (5.2) — (5.2)
Other income, net
1.8 0.8 1.0
Income tax expense
(47.4) (17.7) (29.7)
Net income
$ 164.0 $ 47.0 $ 117.0
Three months ended
Net income for the three months ended March 31, 2021 increased by $117.0 million primarily driven by the operating income growth detailed above and lower interest expense from the repricings and refinancings of our debt for more favorable interest rates in the second half of 2020 and lower debt. This was partially offset by higher income tax expense as a result of our higher income and the non-cash loss on extinguishment of debt.
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin
For a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to Net income or loss, the most directly comparable measure under GAAP, see “Reconciliations of non-GAAP financial measures.”
(in millions)
Three months ended March 31,
Change
2021 2020
Adjusted EBITDA:
Americas $ 252.0 $ 190.0 $ 62.0
Europe 131.1 91.7 39.4
AMEA 22.6 13.4 9.2
Corporate (42.6) (32.3) (10.3)
Total $ 363.1 $ 262.8 $ 100.3
Adjusted EBITDA margin 20.3 % 17.3 % 3.0 %
Three months ended
Adjusted EBITDA increased $100.3 million or 38.2%, which included a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $10.9 million or 4.1%. The reasons for the remaining growth of $89.4 million or 34.1%, are discussed below:
In the Americas, Adjusted EBITDA grew $62.0 million or 32.6%, or 32.1% when adjusted for favorable foreign currency translation impact. Gross margin expansion from commercial excellence, favorable volume and product mix along with continued savings from SG&A cost containment initiatives in response to COVID-19 drove significant Adjusted EBITDA rate expansion.
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In Europe, Adjusted EBITDA grew $39.4 million or 42.9%, or 33.2% when adjusted for favorable foreign currency translation impact, due to strong volume and commercial excellence along with savings from SG&A cost containment initiatives in response to COVID-19.
In AMEA, Adjusted EBITDA grew $9.2 million or 68.7%, or 61.5% when adjusted for unfavorable foreign currency translation. In addition to the favorable sales volume, lower inventory provisions and lower bad debt expense contributed to Adjusted EBITDA growth.
In Corporate, Adjusted EBITDA declined $10.3 million or 31.8% reflecting increased stock-based compensation expense and higher incentive compensation expense as a result of our strong first quarter performance.
Reconciliations of non-GAAP financial measures
The following table presents the reconciliation of net income or loss to Adjusted EBITDA:
(in millions)
Three months ended March 31,
2021
2020
Net income
$ 164.0 $ 47.0
Interest expense 51.5 94.5
Income tax expense
47.4 17.7
Depreciation and amortization 89.0 96.5
Loss on extinguishment of debt 5.2 —
Net foreign currency loss from financing activities
0.8 1.6
Other stock-based compensation expense (benefit) 0.6 (1.1)
Restructuring and severance charges 1
1.6 1.2
Transaction related expenses and other 2
3.0 1.8
Integration and planning expenses 3
— 3.6
Adjusted EBITDA $ 363.1 $ 262.8

━━━━━━━━━
1. Reflects the incremental expenses incurred in the period related to initiatives to increase profitability and productivity. Typical costs included in this caption are employee severance, site-related exit costs, and contract termination costs.
2. Reflects the costs incurred with external advisors and professional services related to potential and consummated acquisitions and divestitures.
3. Reflects the non-recurring direct costs incurred to integrate acquired businesses. These costs are captured over a defined integration period, primarily for significant acquisitions.
Liquidity and capital resources
We fund short-term cash requirements primarily from operating cash flows. Most of our long-term financing is from indebtedness. We generated $126.9 million of cash from operating activities and ended the quarter with $172.5 million of cash and cash equivalents and our availability under credit facilities
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was $803.5 million. We have no debt repayments due in the next twelve months other than required term loan payments of $22.7 million.
Liquidity
The following table presents our primary sources of liquidity:
(in millions)
March 31, 2021
Receivables facility Revolving credit facility Total
Unused availability under credit facilities:
Capacity $ 300.0 $ 515.0 $ 815.0
Undrawn letters of credit outstanding (9.9) (1.6) (11.5)
Outstanding borrowings — — —
Unused availability $ 290.1 $ 513.4 $ 803.5
Cash and cash equivalents 172.5
Total liquidity $ 976.0
We fund short-term cash requirements primarily from operating cash flows. Some of our credit line availability depends upon maintaining a sufficient borrowing base of eligible accounts receivable. We believe that we have sufficient capital resources to meet our liquidity needs. As of March 31, 2021, we were in compliance with our debt covenants.
At March 31, 2021, $158.7 million or 92.0% of our $172.5 million in cash and cash equivalents was held by our non-U.S. subsidiaries and may be subject to certain taxes upon repatriation, primarily where foreign withholding taxes apply.
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Historical cash flows
The following table presents a summary of cash provided by (used in) various activities:
(in millions)
Three months ended March 31,
Change
2021 2020
Operating activities:
Net income $ 164.0 $ 47.0 117.0
Non-cash items 114.8 130.9 (16.1)
Working capital changes 1,2
(130.5) (4.3) (126.2)
All other (21.4) 79.5 (100.9)
Total $ 126.9 $ 253.1 $ (126.2)
Investing activities $ (14.6) $ (11.9) $ (2.7)
Financing activities (221.0) (73.1) (147.9)
Capital expenditures (15.1) (12.6) (2.5)
━━━━━━━━━
1. The amount previously reported as working capital changes for three months ended March 31, 2020 has been revised in the above table to give effect to the correction of an immaterial classification error disclosed in note 1 to our unaudited interim financial statements beginning on page F-1 of this report.
2. Includes changes to our accounts receivable, inventory, contract assets and accounts payable.
Cash flows from operating activities provided $126.2 million less cash in 2021 primarily due to increased working capital requirements, payouts under our incentive compensation plan and the timing of interest paid as a result of debt refinancings, partially offset by a significant increase in net income.
Investing activities used $2.7 million more cash in 2021, reflecting an increase in capital spending.
Financing activities used $147.9 million more cash in 2021 primarily due to optional prepayments that we made on our term loans.
Free cash flow
(in millions)
Three months ended March 31, Change
2021 2020
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 126.9 $ 253.1 $ (126.2)
Capital expenditures (15.1) (12.6) (2.5)
Free cash flow $ 111.8 $ 240.5 $ (128.7)
Free cash flow was $128.7 million lower in 2021 due to the changes in cash flows from operating activities noted above as well as an increase in capital spending.
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Indebtedness
For information about our indebtedness, refer to the section entitled “Liquidity” and note 9 to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 — “Financial statements.”
New accounting standards
For information about new accounting standards, see note 2 to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 — “Financial statements.”
Item 3.    Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk
There have been no significant changes to the disclosures about market risk included in our Annual Report.
Item 4.    Controls and procedures
Management’s evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of March 31, 2021, the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to accomplish their objectives at the reasonable assurance level.
Changes in internal control over financial reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) during the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2021 that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.    Legal proceedings
In April 2018 the EPA notified us of potential liabilities under the Toxic Substances Control Act and the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act that were identified in March 2017 and June 2017 inspections of our Phillipsburg, New Jersey facility. The alleged violations relate to our failure to timely file reports regarding the Phillipsburg facility. We have also become aware of additional potential liabilities under the Toxic Substances Control Act relating to failure to timely file reports regarding the Paris, Kentucky facility, and relating to export shipments of elemental mercury, which we have voluntarily disclosed to the EPA. We have taken steps to correct these errors and have filed amended reports. Through our cooperation with the EPA, we believe that we will settle the matter for less th an $1 million.
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For additional information regarding legal proceedings and matters, see note 8 to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 — “Financial Statements,” which information is incorporated into this item by reference.
Item 1A.    Risk factors
For information regarding factors that could affect the Company's results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, see the risk factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report. There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in Part I—Item 1A of the Annual Report.
Item 2.    Unregistered sales of equity securities and use of proceeds
None.
Item 3.    Defaults upon senior securities
None.
Item 4.    Mine safety disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5.    Other information
None.
Item 6.    Exhibits
Exhibit no. Exhibit description Method of filing
Filed herewith
Filed herewith
Filed herewith
Furnished herewith
Furnished herewith
101 XBRL exhibits Filed herewith
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) Filed herewith

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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
Avantor, Inc.
Date: April 28, 2021 By: /s/ Steven Eck
Name: Steven Eck
Title: Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)

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