CINF 10-Q Quarterly Report June 30, 2020 | Alphaminr
CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORP

CINF 10-Q Quarter ended June 30, 2020

CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORP
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PROXIES
DEF 14A
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DEF 14A
Filed on March 24, 2022
DEF 14A
Filed on March 24, 2021
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Filed on March 18, 2020
DEF 14A
Filed on March 13, 2019
DEF 14A
Filed on March 21, 2018
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Filed on March 22, 2017
DEF 14A
Filed on March 16, 2016
DEF 14A
Filed on March 18, 2015
DEF 14A
Filed on March 7, 2014
DEF 14A
Filed on March 15, 2013
DEF 14A
Filed on March 16, 2012
DEF 14A
Filed on March 18, 2011
DEF 14A
Filed on March 18, 2010
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark one)
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2020 .
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.
For the transition period from _____________________ to _____________________.
Commission file number 0-4604
CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Ohio 31-0746871
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
6200 S. Gilmore Road, Fairfield, Ohio 45014-5141
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)
Registrant's telephone number, including area code: ( 513 ) 870-2000
N/A
(Former name or former address, if changed since last report.)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock CINF Nasdaq Global Select Market
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a nonaccelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definition of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer Accelerated filer Nonaccelerated filer Smaller reporting company
Emerging growth company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act):
Yes No
As of July 23, 2020, there were 160,853,505 shares of common stock outstanding.



CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTER ENDED June 30, 2020
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2020 10-Q
Page 2


Part I – Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)
Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Dollars in millions, except per share data) June 30, December 31,
2020 2019
Assets
Investments
Fixed maturities, at fair value (amortized cost: 2020—$ 11,139 ; 2019—$ 11,108 )
$ 11,911 $ 11,698
Equity securities, at fair value (cost: 2020—$ 3,752 ; 2019—$ 3,581 )
7,317 7,752
Other invested assets 259 296
Total investments 19,487 19,746
Cash and cash equivalents 706 767
Investment income receivable 131 133
Finance receivable 86 77
Premiums receivable 2,051 1,777
Reinsurance recoverable 528 610
Prepaid reinsurance premiums 91 54
Deferred policy acquisition costs 834 774
Land, building and equipment, net, for company use (accumulated depreciation:
2020—$ 280 ; 2019—$ 276 )
209 207
Other assets 416 381
Separate accounts 911 882
Total assets $ 25,450 $ 25,408
Liabilities
Insurance reserves
Loss and loss expense reserves $ 6,463 $ 6,147
Life policy and investment contract reserves 2,881 2,835
Unearned premiums 3,107 2,788
Other liabilities 884 928
Deferred income tax 979 1,079
Note payable 122 39
Long-term debt and lease obligations 845 846
Separate accounts 911 882
Total liabilities 16,192 15,544
Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 12)
Shareholders' Equity
Common stock, par value—$ 2 per share; (authorized: 2020 and 2019— 500 million
shares; issued: 2020 and 2019— 198.3 million shares)
397 397
Paid-in capital 1,309 1,306
Retained earnings 8,745 9,257
Accumulated other comprehensive income 597 448
Treasury stock at cost (2020— 37.5 million shares and 2019— 35.4 million shares)
( 1,790 ) ( 1,544 )
Total shareholders' equity 9,258 9,864
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $ 25,450 $ 25,408
Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2020 10-Q
Page 3


Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income
(Dollars in millions, except per share data) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Revenues
Earned premiums $ 1,482 $ 1,384 $ 2,938 $ 2,717
Investment income, net of expenses 166 160 331 317
Investment gains and losses, net 1,060 364 ( 665 ) 1,027
Fee revenues 3 3 6 7
Other revenues 3 2 5 4
Total revenues 2,714 1,913 2,615 4,072
Benefits and Expenses
Insurance losses and contract holders' benefits 1,086 936 2,089 1,796
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses 464 430 920 841
Interest expense 14 13 27 26
Other operating expenses 5 4 10 12
Total benefits and expenses 1,569 1,383 3,046 2,675
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes 1,145 530 ( 431 ) 1,397
Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes
Current 23 28 26 56
Deferred 213 74 ( 140 ) 218
Total provision (benefit) for income taxes 236 102 ( 114 ) 274
Net Income (Loss) $ 909 $ 428 $ ( 317 ) $ 1,123
Per Common Share
Net income (loss)—basic $ 5.65 $ 2.62 $ ( 1.96 ) $ 6.89
Net income (loss)—diluted 5.63 2.59 ( 1.96 ) 6.81
Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2020 10-Q
Page 4


Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Net Income (Loss) $ 909 $ 428 $ ( 317 ) $ 1,123
Other Comprehensive Income
Change in unrealized gains on investments, net of tax of $ 107 , $ 43 , $ 39 and $ 93 , respectively
399 157 143 349
Amortization of pension actuarial loss and prior service cost, net of tax of $ 0 , $ 0 , $ 0 and $ 0 , respectively
1 1 2 1
Change in life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other, net of tax (benefit) of $( 2 ), $( 1 ), $ 1 and $( 2 ), respectively
( 7 ) ( 4 ) 4 ( 8 )
Other comprehensive income 393 154 149 342
Comprehensive Income (Loss) $ 1,302 $ 582 $ ( 168 ) $ 1,465
Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2020 10-Q
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Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Common Stock
Beginning of year $ 397 $ 397 $ 397 $ 397
Share-based awards
End of period 397 397 397 397
Paid-In Capital
Beginning of year 1,300 1,277 1,306 1,281
Share-based awards 1 ( 16 ) ( 13 )
Share-based compensation 7 7 16 16
Other 2 1 3 2
End of period 1,309 1,286 1,309 1,286
Retained Earnings
Beginning of year 7,932 8,229 9,257 7,625
Cumulative effect of change in accounting for credit losses as of January 1, 2020 ( 2 )
Adjusted beginning of year 7,932 8,229 9,255 7,625
Net income (loss) 909 428 ( 317 ) 1,123
Dividends declared ( 96 ) ( 91 ) ( 193 ) ( 182 )
End of period 8,745 8,566 8,745 8,566
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Beginning of year 204 210 448 22
Other comprehensive income 393 154 149 342
End of period 597 364 597 364
Treasury Stock
Beginning of year ( 1,791 ) ( 1,483 ) ( 1,544 ) ( 1,492 )
Share-based awards 1 3 12 16
Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization ( 256 )
Shares acquired - share-based compensation plans ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 7 )
Other 1 1
End of period ( 1,790 ) ( 1,482 ) ( 1,790 ) ( 1,482 )
Total Shareholders' Equity $ 9,258 $ 9,131 $ 9,258 $ 9,131
(In millions, except per common share)
Common Stock - Shares Outstanding
Beginning of year 160.8 163.2 162.9 162.8
Share-based awards 0.1 0.4 0.5
Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization ( 2.5 )
End of period 160.8 163.3 160.8 163.3
Dividends declared per common share $ 0.60 $ 0.56 $ 1.20 $ 1.12
Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2020 10-Q
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Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Dollars in millions) Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Net income $ ( 317 ) $ 1,123
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization 42 36
Investment gains and losses, net 669 ( 1,022 )
Share-based compensation 16 16
Interest credited to contract holders' 23 21
Deferred income tax expense ( 140 ) 218
Changes in:
Investment income receivable 2 2
Premiums and reinsurance receivable ( 232 ) ( 231 )
Deferred policy acquisition costs ( 59 ) ( 68 )
Other assets ( 25 ) ( 47 )
Loss and loss expense reserves 316 25
Life policy and investment contract reserves 65 52
Unearned premiums 319 292
Other liabilities ( 51 ) ( 8 )
Current income tax receivable/payable ( 14 ) 67
Net cash provided by operating activities 614 476
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Sale of fixed maturities 87 52
Call or maturity of fixed maturities 563 625
Sale of equity securities 222 142
Purchase of fixed maturities ( 757 ) ( 765 )
Purchase of equity securities ( 371 ) ( 212 )
Investment in finance receivables ( 23 ) ( 17 )
Collection of finance receivables 15 13
Investment in building and equipment ( 10 ) ( 13 )
Change in other invested assets, net 32 ( 41 )
Net cash used in investing activities ( 242 ) ( 216 )
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Payment of cash dividends to shareholders ( 185 ) ( 175 )
Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization ( 256 )
Changes in note payable
83 5
Proceeds from stock options exercised 4 7
Contract holders' funds deposited 44 44
Contract holders' funds withdrawn ( 83 ) ( 93 )
Other ( 40 ) ( 29 )
Net cash used in financing activities ( 433 ) ( 241 )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents ( 61 ) 19
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 767 784
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 706 $ 803
Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information:
Interest paid $ 27 $ 27
Income taxes paid 31 13
Noncash Activities
Equipment acquired under finance lease obligations $ 9 $ 7
Cashless exercise of stock options 3 7
Other assets and other liabilities 48 28
Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2020 10-Q
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
NOTE 1 — Accounting Policies
The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Cincinnati Financial Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, each of which is wholly owned. These statements are presented in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Our actual results could differ from those estimates. Certain financial information that is normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP, but that is not required for interim reporting purposes, has been condensed or omitted.
Our June 30, 2020, condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited. We believe that we have made all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring accruals, that are necessary for fair presentation. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements included in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results of operations for interim periods do not necessarily indicate results to be expected for the full year.

The World Health Organization declared the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19) outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on January 30, 2020, and a pandemic on March 11, 2020. The pandemic outbreak has caused an economic downturn on a global scale, including continued temporary closures of some businesses and uncertainty surrounding future government and private company restrictions as many businesses attempt to resume operations. The pandemic, and unprecedented actions taken to contain the virus, has also continued to cause significant market disruption and volatility. Through the first six months of 2020, the company estimated that pandemic-related incurred losses and expenses totaled $ 71 million. The company continues to monitor the impact of the pandemic as it unfolds. The company cannot predict the impact the pandemic will have on its future consolidated financial position, cash flows or results of operations, however the impact could be material.

Adopted Accounting Updates
ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments
In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, as well as additional implementation related ASU's in 2018, 2019 and 2020. These ASU’s amend previous guidance on the impairment of financial instruments by adding an impairment model that allows an entity to recognize expected credit losses as an allowance rather than impairing as they are incurred. The new guidance is intended to reduce complexity of credit impairment models and result in a more timely recognition of expected credit losses. The standards require the company to consider all relevant information at the time of estimating the expected credit loss, including past events, the current environment, and reasonable and supportable forecasts over the life of the asset.

These ASU's also eliminated the other-than-temporary impairment model for available for sale fixed-maturity securities by requiring that credit related impairments be recognized through an allowance account. Changes in the allowance account are recorded in the period of change as a credit loss expense or reversal of credit loss expense. The measurement of credit losses is not impacted, except that credit losses recognized are limited to the amount by which fair value is below amortized cost and that the length of time that a security has been below amortized cost cannot be considered. These ASU's retain the guidance requiring that impaired securities intended to be sold have their amortized cost basis written down to fair value through net income.

The company adopted these ASU's on January 1, 2020, and applied them on a modified retrospective basis. As a result of this adoption, an after-tax cumulative effect decrease of $ 2 million was made to retained earnings representing an increase to the overall valuation allowances for financial instruments measured at amortized cost. These ASU's will be applied to available for sale fixed-maturity securities prospectively with no adjustments to the amortized cost basis of securities for which an other-than-temporary impairment had been previously recognized. The company has elected not to measure expected credit losses for accrued interest receivables related to its finance receivables and fixed-maturity securities.
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Pending Accounting Updates
ASU 2018-12, Financial Services - Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-12, Financial Services - Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts . ASU 2018-12 is intended to improve the timeliness of recognizing changes in the liability for future policy benefits and modify the rate used to discount future cash flows. The ASU will simplify and improve the accounting for certain market-based options or guarantees associated with deposit or account balance contracts, simplify amortization of deferred acquisition costs while improving and expanding required disclosures. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-09, Financial Services - Insurance (Topic 944): Effective Date . ASU 2019-09 delayed the effective date of ASU 2018-12 by one year to interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2021. In July 2020, the FASB issued a proposed ASU that would further delay the effective date of ASU 2018-12 by an additional year to interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022. These ASU's have not yet been adopted. Management is currently evaluating the impact on our company's consolidated financial position, cash flows and results of operations.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2020 10-Q
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NOTE 2 – Investments
The following table provides amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses and fair value for our fixed-maturity securities:
(Dollars in millions) Amortized
cost
Gross unrealized Fair value
At June 30, 2020 gains losses
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate $ 6,231 $ 465 $ 47 $ 6,649
States, municipalities and political subdivisions 4,487 346 3 4,830
Commercial mortgage-backed 272 8 3 277
United States government 108 6 114
Foreign government 22 22
Government-sponsored enterprises 19 19
Total $ 11,139 $ 825 $ 53 $ 11,911
At December 31, 2019
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate $ 6,074 $ 332 $ 5 $ 6,401
States, municipalities and political subdivisions 4,477 252 1 4,728
Commercial mortgage-backed 290 11 301
United States government 102 2 104
Foreign government 28 28
Government-sponsored enterprises 137 1 136
Total $ 11,108 $ 597 $ 7 $ 11,698
The net unrealized investment gains in our fixed-maturity portfolio at June 30, 2020, are primarily the result of the continued low interest rate environment that increased the fair value of our fixed-maturity portfolio. Our commercial mortgage-backed securities had an average rating of Aa1/AA at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

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The table below provides fair values and gross unrealized losses by investment category and by the duration of the securities' continuous unrealized loss positions:
(Dollars in millions) Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total
At June 30, 2020 Fair
value
Unrealized
losses
Fair
value
Unrealized
losses
Fair
value
Unrealized
losses
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate $ 782 $ 46 $ 33 $ 1 $ 815 $ 47
States, municipalities and political subdivisions 54 2 3 1 57 3
Commercial mortgage-backed 47 3 47 3
United States government 6 6
Foreign government 14 14
Government-sponsored enterprises
Total $ 903 $ 51 $ 36 $ 2 $ 939 $ 53
At December 31, 2019
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate $ 199 $ 2 $ 118 $ 3 $ 317 $ 5
States, municipalities and political subdivisions 98 1 10 108 1
Commercial mortgage-backed 6 6
United States government 4 4
Foreign government 11 11
Government-sponsored enterprises 26 1 51 77 1
Total $ 340 $ 4 $ 183 $ 3 $ 523 $ 7

Contractual maturity dates for fixed-maturities investments were:
(Dollars in millions) Amortized
cost
Fair
value
% of fair
value
At June 30, 2020
Maturity dates:
Due in one year or less $ 566 $ 574 4.8 %
Due after one year through five years 3,187 3,354 28.2
Due after five years through ten years 3,811 4,081 34.3
Due after ten years 3,575 3,902 32.7
Total $ 11,139 $ 11,911 100.0 %

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities when there is a right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2020 10-Q
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The following table provides investment income and investment gains and losses, net:
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Investment income:
Interest $ 114 $ 111 $ 226 $ 222
Dividends 53 50 106 96
Other 2 2 5 5
Total 169 163 337 323
Less investment expenses 3 3 6 6
Total $ 166 $ 160 $ 331 $ 317
Investment gains and losses, net:
Equity securities:
Investment gains and losses on securities sold, net $ 24 $ 11 $ 17 $ 23
Unrealized gains and losses on securities still held, net 1,044 355 ( 602 ) 999
Subtotal 1,068 366 ( 585 ) 1,022
Fixed maturities:
Gross realized gains 3 1 5 3
Gross realized losses ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 2 )
Write-down of impaired securities ( 77 )
Subtotal ( 1 ) ( 75 ) 1
Other ( 8 ) ( 1 ) ( 5 ) 4
Total $ 1,060 $ 364 $ ( 665 ) $ 1,027
The fair value of our common equities portfolio was $ 7.082 billion and $ 7.518 billion at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The financials, energy, industrials and consumer discretionary sectors experienced the most significant declines in fair value as our common equity portfolio has a similar sector distribution as the S&P 500 industry weightings. At June 30, 2020, Apple Inc. (Nasdaq:AAPL) was our largest single equity holding with a fair value of $ 514 million, which was 7.3 % of our publicly traded common equities portfolio and 2.7 % of the total investment portfolio.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, there were no fixed-maturity securities with an allowance for credit losses. During the three months ended June 30, 2020, there were no fixed-maturity securities intended to be sold and written down to fair value and during the six months ended June 30, 2020, there were 12 fixed-maturity securities from the energy, real estate, consumer goods and technology & electronics sectors which are intended to be sold and were written down to fair value. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, there were no fixed-maturity securities other-than-temporarily impaired.

At June 30, 2020, 242 fixed-maturity securities with a total unrealized loss of $ 53 million were in an unrealized loss position. Of that total, 5 fixed-maturity securities from the leisure, retail, municipal, energy and transportation sectors had a fair value below 70 % of amortized cost. At December 31, 2019, 38 fixed-maturity securities with a total unrealized loss of $ 3 million had been in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or more. Of that total, no fixed-maturity securities had fair values below 70 % of amortized cost.

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NOTE 3 – Fair Value Measurements
In accordance with accounting guidance for fair value measurements and disclosures, we categorized our financial instruments, based on the priority of the observable and market-based data for the valuation technique used, into a three-level fair value hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices with readily available independent data in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable market inputs (Level 3). When various inputs for measurement fall within different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the lowest observable input that has a significant impact on fair value measurement is used. Our valuation techniques have not changed from those used at December 31, 2019, and ultimately management determines fair value. See our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 3, Fair Value Measurements, Page 144, for information on characteristics and valuation techniques used in determining fair value.

Fair Value Disclosures for Assets
The following tables illustrate the fair value hierarchy for those assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. We do not have any liabilities carried at fair value.
(Dollars in millions) Quoted prices in
active markets for
identical assets
(Level 1)
Significant other
observable inputs (Level 2)
Significant
unobservable
inputs
(Level 3)
Total
At June 30, 2020
Fixed maturities, available for sale:
Corporate $ $ 6,649 $ $ 6,649
States, municipalities and political subdivisions 4,830 4,830
Commercial mortgage-backed 277 277
United States government 114 114
Foreign government 22 22
Government-sponsored enterprises 19 19
Subtotal 114 11,797 11,911
Common equities 7,082 7,082
Nonredeemable preferred equities 235 235
Separate accounts taxable fixed maturities 889 889
Top Hat savings plan mutual funds and common
equity (included in Other assets)
40 40
Total $ 7,236 $ 12,921 $ $ 20,157
At December 31, 2019
Fixed maturities, available for sale:
Corporate $ $ 6,401 $ $ 6,401
States, municipalities and political subdivisions 4,728 4,728
Commercial mortgage-backed 301 301
United States government 104 104
Foreign government 28 28
Government-sponsored enterprises 136 136
Subtotal 104 11,594 11,698
Common equities 7,518 7,518
Nonredeemable preferred equities 234 234
Separate accounts taxable fixed maturities 855 855
Top Hat savings plan mutual funds and common
equity (included in Other assets)
45 45
Total $ 7,667 $ 12,683 $ $ 20,350
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2020 10-Q
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We also held Level 1 cash and cash equivalents of $ 706 million and $ 767 million at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Level 3 assets reported at fair value in our condensed consolidated financial statements are not material, and therefore no further disclosures are provided.

Fair Value Disclosures for Assets and Liabilities Not Carried at Fair Value
The disclosures below are presented to provide information about the effects of current market conditions on financial instruments that are not reported at fair value in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
This table summarizes the book value and principal amounts of our long-term debt:
(Dollars in millions) Book value Principal amount
Interest
rate
Year of
issue
June 30, December 31, June 30, December 31,
2020 2019 2020 2019
6.900 % 1998 Senior debentures, due 2028 $ 27 $ 27 $ 28 $ 28
6.920 % 2005 Senior debentures, due 2028 391 391 391 391
6.125 % 2004 Senior notes, due 2034 370 370 374 374
Total $ 788 $ 788 $ 793 $ 793
The following table shows fair values of our note payable and long-term debt:
(Dollars in millions) Quoted prices in
active markets for
identical assets
(Level 1)
Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) Significant
unobservable
inputs
(Level 3)
Total
At June 30, 2020
Note payable $ $ 122 $ $ 122
6.900 % senior debentures, due 2028
35 35
6.920 % senior debentures, due 2028
513 513
6.125 % senior notes, due 2034
524 524
Total $ $ 1,194 $ $ 1,194
At December 31, 2019
Note payable $ $ 39 $ $ 39
6.900 % senior debentures, due 2028
34 34
6.920 % senior debentures, due 2028
506 506
6.125 % senior notes, due 2034
512 512
Total $ $ 1,091 $ $ 1,091
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The following table shows the fair value of our life policy loans included in other invested assets and the fair values of our deferred annuities and structured settlements included in life policy and investment contract reserves:
(Dollars in millions) Quoted prices in
active markets for
identical assets
(Level 1)
Significant other
observable inputs (Level 2)
Significant
unobservable
inputs
(Level 3)
Total
At June 30, 2020
Life policy loans $ $ $ 51 $ 51
Deferred annuities 805 805
Structured settlements 223 223
Total $ $ 223 $ 805 $ 1,028
At December 31, 2019
Life policy loans $ $ $ 44 $ 44
Deferred annuities 770 770
Structured settlements 212 212
Total $ $ 212 $ 770 $ 982
Outstanding principal and interest for these life policy loans totaled $ 33 million and $ 32 million at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
Recorded reserves for the deferred annuities were $ 759 million and $ 760 million at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Recorded reserves for the structured settlements were $ 149 million and
$ 151 million at June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, respectively.


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NOTE 4 – Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expenses
This table summarizes activity for our consolidated property casualty loss and loss expense reserves:
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Gross loss and loss expense reserves, beginning of
period
$ 6,153 $ 5,886 $ 6,088 $ 5,646
Less reinsurance recoverable 294 266 342 238
Net loss and loss expense reserves, beginning of
period
5,859 5,620 5,746 5,408
Net loss and loss expense reserves related to
acquisition of Cincinnati Global at February 28,
2019
246
Net incurred loss and loss expenses related to:
Current accident year 1,054 947 2,017 1,804
Prior accident years ( 47 ) ( 84 ) ( 80 ) ( 151 )
Total incurred 1,007 863 1,937 1,653
Net paid loss and loss expenses related to:
Current accident year 369 361 555 538
Prior accident years 382 437 1,013 1,084
Total paid 751 798 1,568 1,622
Net loss and loss expense reserves, end of period 6,115 5,685 6,115 5,685
Plus reinsurance recoverable 294 269 294 269
Gross loss and loss expense reserves, end of period $ 6,409 $ 5,954 $ 6,409 $ 5,954
We use actuarial methods, models and judgment to estimate, as of a financial statement date, the property casualty loss and loss expense reserves required to pay for and settle all outstanding insured claims, including incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims, as of that date. The actuarial estimate is subject to review and adjustment by an inter-departmental committee that includes actuarial, claims, underwriting, loss prevention and accounting management. This committee is familiar with relevant company and industry business, claims and underwriting trends, as well as general economic and legal trends that could affect future loss and loss expense payments. The amount we will actually have to pay for claims can be highly uncertain. This uncertainty, together with the size of our reserves, makes the loss and loss expense reserves our most significant estimate. The reserve for loss and loss expenses in the condensed consolidated balance sheets also included $ 54 million at June 30, 2020 and 
$ 55 million at June 30, 2019, for certain life and health loss and loss expense reserves.

For the three months ended June 30, 2020, we experienced $ 47 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $ 45 million of favorable development in commercial lines and $ 8 million of unfavorable development in excess and surplus lines. We had no net development in personal lines for the three months ended June 30, 2020. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $ 21 million for the commercial casualty line and $ 19 million for the workers' compensation line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. Within personal lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $ 7 million in personal auto and unfavorable reserve development of $ 7 million for the homeowner line of business.

For the six months ended June 30, 2020, we experienced $ 80 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $ 51 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $ 28 million of favorable development in personal lines and $ 9 million of unfavorable development in excess and surplus lines. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $ 26 million for both the workers' compensation line and the commercial casualty line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. This was partially offset by unfavorable reserve development of $ 3 million for the commercial auto line. Within personal lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $ 20 million in personal auto and $ 11 million for the homeowner line of business.
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For the three months ended June 30, 2019, we experienced $ 84 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $ 58 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $ 14 million of favorable development in personal lines and $ 5 million of favorable development in excess and surplus lines. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $ 27 million for the workers' compensation line, $ 25 million for the commercial casualty line and $ 6 million for the commercial property line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. Within personal lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $ 15 million in personal auto.

For the six months ended June 30, 2019, we experienced $ 151 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $ 120 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $ 11 million of favorable development in personal lines and $ 7 million of favorable development in excess and surplus lines. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $ 56 million for the commercial casualty line, $ 42 million for the workers' compensation line, $ 9 million for the commercial auto line and $ 8 million for the commercial property line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. Within personal lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $ 20 million in personal auto. We recognized unfavorable reserve development of $ 15 million for the homeowner line of business due primarily to higher-than-anticipated loss development on known claims.

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NOTE 5 – Life Policy and Investment Contract Reserves
We establish the reserves for traditional life insurance policies based on expected expenses, mortality, morbidity, withdrawal rates, timing of claim presentation and investment yields, including a provision for uncertainty. Once these assumptions are established, they generally are maintained throughout the lives of the contracts. We use both our own experience and industry experience, adjusted for historical trends, in arriving at our assumptions for expected mortality, morbidity and withdrawal rates as well as for expected expenses. We base our assumptions for expected investment income on our own experience adjusted for current and future economic conditions.
We establish reserves for the company's deferred annuity, universal life and structured settlement policies equal to the cumulative account balances, which include premium deposits plus credited interest less charges and withdrawals. Some of our universal life policies contain no-lapse guarantee provisions. For these policies, we establish a reserve in addition to the account balance, based on expected no-lapse guarantee benefits and expected policy assessments.

This table summarizes our life policy and investment contract reserves:
(Dollars in millions) June 30,
2020
December 31,
2019
Life policy reserves:
Ordinary/traditional life $ 1,268 $ 1,226
Other 51 50
Subtotal 1,319 1,276
Investment contract reserves:
Deferred annuities 759 760
Universal life 646 640
Structured settlements 149 151
Other 8 8
Subtotal 1,562 1,559
Total life policy and investment contract reserves $ 2,881 $ 2,835

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NOTE 6 – Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs
Expenses directly related to successfully acquired insurance policies – primarily commissions, premium taxes and underwriting costs – are deferred and amortized over the terms of the policies. We update our acquisition cost assumptions periodically to reflect actual experience, and we evaluate the costs for recoverability. The table below shows the deferred policy acquisition costs and asset reconciliation.
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Property casualty:
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, beginning of period $ 536 $ 485 $ 512 $ 464
Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs 292 280 572 534
Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs ( 261 ) ( 239 ) ( 517 ) ( 472 )
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, end of period $ 567 $ 526 $ 567 $ 526
Life:
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, beginning of period $ 291 $ 266 $ 262 $ 274
Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs 14 15 29 31
Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs ( 15 ) ( 12 ) ( 24 ) ( 25 )
Shadow deferred policy acquisition costs ( 23 ) ( 9 ) ( 20 )
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, end of period $ 267 $ 260 $ 267 $ 260
Consolidated:
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, beginning of period $ 827 $ 751 $ 774 $ 738
Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs 306 295 601 565
Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs ( 276 ) ( 251 ) ( 541 ) ( 497 )
Shadow deferred policy acquisition costs ( 23 ) ( 9 ) ( 20 )
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, end of period $ 834 $ 786 $ 834 $ 786

No premium deficiencies were recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of income, as the sum of the anticipated loss and loss expenses, policyholder dividends and unamortized deferred acquisition expenses did not exceed the related unearned premiums and anticipated investment income.
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NOTE 7 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) includes changes in unrealized gains and losses on investments, changes in pension obligations and changes in life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other as follows:
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30,
2020 2019
Before tax Income tax Net Before tax Income tax Net
Investments:
AOCI, beginning of period $ 266 $ 55 $ 211 $ 288 $ 59 $ 229
OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income 506 107 399 199 43 156
Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income 1 1
OCI 506 107 399 200 43 157
AOCI, end of period $ 772 $ 162 $ 610 $ 488 $ 102 $ 386
Pension obligations:
AOCI, beginning of period $ ( 8 ) $ $ ( 8 ) $ ( 16 ) $ ( 2 ) $ ( 14 )
OCI excluding amortization recognized in net income
Amortization recognized in net income 1 1 1 1
OCI 1 1 1 1
AOCI, end of period $ ( 7 ) $ $ ( 7 ) $ ( 15 ) $ ( 2 ) $ ( 13 )
Life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other:
AOCI, beginning of period $ 1 $ $ 1 $ ( 6 ) $ ( 1 ) $ ( 5 )
OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income ( 9 ) ( 2 ) ( 7 ) ( 6 ) ( 1 ) ( 5 )
Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income 1 1
OCI ( 9 ) ( 2 ) ( 7 ) ( 5 ) ( 1 ) ( 4 )
AOCI, end of period $ ( 8 ) $ ( 2 ) $ ( 6 ) $ ( 11 ) $ ( 2 ) $ ( 9 )
Summary of AOCI:
AOCI, beginning of period $ 259 $ 55 $ 204 $ 266 $ 56 $ 210
Investments OCI 506 107 399 200 43 157
Pension obligations OCI 1 1 1 1
Life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other OCI ( 9 ) ( 2 ) ( 7 ) ( 5 ) ( 1 ) ( 4 )
Total OCI 498 105 393 196 42 154
AOCI, end of period $ 757 $ 160 $ 597 $ 462 $ 98 $ 364
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(Dollars in millions) Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019
Before tax Income tax Net Before tax Income tax Net
Investments:
AOCI, beginning of period $ 590 $ 123 $ 467 $ 46 $ 9 $ 37
OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income 107 23 84 443 93 350
Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income 75 16 59 ( 1 ) ( 1 )
OCI 182 39 143 442 93 349
AOCI, end of period $ 772 $ 162 $ 610 $ 488 $ 102 $ 386
Pension obligations:
AOCI, beginning of period $ ( 9 ) $ $ ( 9 ) $ ( 16 ) $ ( 2 ) $ ( 14 )
OCI excluding amortization recognized in net income
Amortization recognized in net income 2 2 1 1
OCI 2 2 1 1
AOCI, end of period $ ( 7 ) $ $ ( 7 ) $ ( 15 ) $ ( 2 ) $ ( 13 )
Life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other:
AOCI, beginning of period $ ( 13 ) $ ( 3 ) $ ( 10 ) $ ( 1 ) $ $ ( 1 )
OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income 5 1 4 ( 6 ) ( 1 ) ( 5 )
Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income ( 4 ) ( 1 ) ( 3 )
OCI 5 1 4 ( 10 ) ( 2 ) ( 8 )
AOCI, end of period $ ( 8 ) $ ( 2 ) $ ( 6 ) $ ( 11 ) $ ( 2 ) $ ( 9 )
Summary of AOCI:
AOCI, beginning of period $ 568 $ 120 $ 448 $ 29 $ 7 $ 22
Investments OCI 182 39 143 442 93 349
Pension obligations OCI 2 2 1 1
Life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other OCI 5 1 4 ( 10 ) ( 2 ) ( 8 )
Total OCI 189 40 149 433 91 342
AOCI, end of period $ 757 $ 160 $ 597 $ 462 $ 98 $ 364

Investment gains and losses, net, and life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other investment gains and losses, net, are recorded in the investment gains and losses, net, line item in the condensed consolidated statements of income. Amortization on pension obligations is recorded in the insurance losses and contract holders' benefits and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses line items in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

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NOTE 8 – Reinsurance
Primary components of our property casualty reinsurance assumed operations include involuntary and voluntary assumed risks as well as contracts from Cincinnati Re ® , our reinsurance assumed operations. Primary components of our ceded reinsurance include a property per risk treaty, property excess treaty, casualty per occurrence treaty, casualty excess treaty, property catastrophe treaty and retrocessions on our reinsurance assumed operations. Management's decisions about the appropriate level of risk retention are affected by various factors, including changes in our underwriting practices, capacity to retain risks and reinsurance market conditions.

The table below summarizes our consolidated property casualty insurance net written premiums, earned premiums and incurred loss and loss expenses:
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Direct written premiums $ 1,539 $ 1,472 $ 2,997 $ 2,807
Assumed written premiums 101 75 212 162
Ceded written premiums ( 81 ) ( 71 ) ( 132 ) ( 112 )
Net written premiums $ 1,559 $ 1,476 $ 3,077 $ 2,857
Direct earned premiums $ 1,388 $ 1,319 $ 2,759 $ 2,585
Assumed earned premiums 63 50 129 93
Ceded earned premiums ( 48 ) ( 52 ) ( 96 ) ( 94 )
Earned premiums $ 1,403 $ 1,317 $ 2,792 $ 2,584
Direct incurred loss and loss expenses $ 976 $ 866 $ 1,876 $ 1,653
Assumed incurred loss and loss expenses 45 25 79 50
Ceded incurred loss and loss expenses ( 14 ) ( 28 ) ( 18 ) ( 50 )
Incurred loss and loss expenses $ 1,007 $ 863 $ 1,937 $ 1,653

Our life insurance company purchases reinsurance for protection of a portion of the risks that are written. Primary components of our life reinsurance program include individual mortality coverage, aggregate catastrophe and accidental death coverage in excess of certain deductibles.

The table below summarizes our consolidated life insurance earned premiums and contract holders' benefits incurred:
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Direct earned premiums $ 98 $ 86 $ 183 $ 169
Ceded earned premiums ( 19 ) ( 19 ) ( 37 ) ( 36 )
Earned premiums $ 79 $ 67 $ 146 $ 133
Direct contract holders' benefits incurred 100 87 185 172
Ceded contract holders' benefits incurred ( 21 ) ( 14 ) ( 33 ) ( 29 )
Contract holders' benefits incurred $ 79 $ 73 $ 152 $ 143
The ceded benefits incurred can vary depending on the type of life insurance policy held and the year the policy was issued.

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NOTE 9 – Income Taxes
The differences between the 21 % statutory federal income tax rate and our effective income tax rate were as follows:
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Tax at statutory rate: $ 240 21.0 % $ 111 21.0 % $ ( 91 ) 21.0 % $ 293 21.0 %
Increase (decrease) resulting from:
Tax-exempt income from municipal bonds ( 5 ) ( 0.4 ) ( 4 ) ( 0.8 ) ( 10 ) 2.3 ( 9 ) ( 0.6 )
Dividend received exclusion ( 4 ) ( 0.3 ) ( 4 ) ( 0.8 ) ( 8 ) 1.9 ( 8 ) ( 0.6 )
Other 5 0.3 ( 1 ) ( 0.2 ) ( 5 ) 1.3 ( 2 ) ( 0.2 )
Provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 236 20.6 % $ 102 19.2 % $ ( 114 ) 26.5 % $ 274 19.6 %
The provision for federal income taxes is based upon filing a consolidated income tax return for the company and its domestic subsidiaries.

We continue to believe that after considering all positive and negative evidence of taxable income in the carryback and carryforward periods as permitted by law, it is more likely than not that all of the deferred tax assets on our U.S. domestic operations will be realized. As a result, we have no valuation allowance for our U.S. domestic operations as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. As more fully discussed below, we do carry a valuation allowance on the deferred tax assets related to Cincinnati Global.

During the first quarter of 2020, the IRS notified us they would be expanding their audit of tax year 2017 to include the tax year ended December 31, 2018.

In response to the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19), as more fully discussed in Note 1, Accounting Policies, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) was signed into law on March 27, 2020. We have evaluated the CARES Act and believe any impact to our financial statements will be immaterial.

Unrecognized Tax Benefits
As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had a gross unrecognized tax benefit of $ 34 million. There were no changes to this amount during the first half of 2020. It is reasonably possible that within the next 12 months, our unrecognized tax benefit could change when the IRS completes its examination of the tax year ended December 31, 2018.

Cincinnati Global
As a result of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, Cincinnati Global had a $ 4 million increase and $ 2 million decrease to their net deferred tax assets with an offsetting $ 4 million increase and $ 2 million decrease to their valuation allowance. As of June 30, 2020, Cincinnati Global had a net deferred tax asset of 
$ 39 million and an offsetting valuation allowance of $ 39 million.

Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when management believes it is more likely than not that some, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. After considering all positive and negative evidence related to the Cincinnati Global operations, we continue to believe it is appropriate to carry a valuation allowance as of June 30, 2020.

As of June 30, 2020, Cincinnati Global had operating loss carryforwards of $ 140 million in the United Kingdom. These Cincinnati Global losses can only be utilized within Cincinnati Global in the United Kingdom and cannot offset the income of our domestic operations in the United States. Other than the Cincinnati Global loss carryforwards, we had no other operating or capital loss carryforwards as of June 30, 2020.

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NOTE 10 – Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share
Basic earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common and dilutive potential common shares outstanding using the treasury stock method. The table shows calculations for basic and diluted earnings per share:
(In millions, except per share data) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Numerator:
Net income (loss)—basic and diluted $ 909 $ 428 $ ( 317 ) $ 1,123
Denominator:
Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding 160.8 163.3 161.5 163.1
Effect of share-based awards:
Stock options 0.3 1.2 1.1
Nonvested shares 0.4 0.7 0.7
Diluted weighted-average shares 161.5 165.2 161.5 164.9
Earnings (loss) per share:
Basic $ 5.65 $ 2.62 $ ( 1.96 ) $ 6.89
Diluted $ 5.63 $ 2.59 $ ( 1.96 ) $ 6.81
Number of anti-dilutive share-based awards 2.7 0.4 2.6 0.7

See our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 17, Share-Based Associate Compensation Plans, Page 176, for information about share-based awards. The above table shows the number of anti-dilutive share-based awards for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. These share-based awards were not included in the computation of net income (loss) per common share (diluted) because their exercise would have anti-dilutive effects. As a result of the net loss for the six months ended June 30, 2020, the assumed exercise of share-based awards were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share for that period.

NOTE 11 – Employee Retirement Benefits
The following summarizes the components of net periodic benefit cost for our qualified and supplemental pension plans:
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Service cost $ 3 $ 2 $ 5 $ 4
Non-service costs (benefit):
Interest cost 3 3 6 6
Expected return on plan assets ( 6 ) ( 5 ) ( 11 ) ( 10 )
Amortization of actuarial loss and prior service cost 1 1 2 1
Other 1
Total non-service benefit ( 2 ) ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 2 )
Net periodic benefit cost $ 1 $ 1 $ 2 $ 2

See our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 13, Employee Retirement Benefits, Page 170, for information on our retirement benefits. Service costs and non-service costs (benefit) are allocated in the same proportion primarily to the underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses line item with the remainder allocated to the insurance losses and contract holders' benefits line item on the condensed consolidated statements of income for both 2020 and 2019.
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We made matching contributions totaling $ 4 million to our 401(k) and Top Hat savings plans during both the second quarters of 2020 and 2019 and contributions of $ 12 million and $ 9 million for the first half of 2020 and 2019, respectively.

We made no contributions to our qualified pension plan during the first six months of 2020.

NOTE 12 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
In the ordinary course of conducting business, the company and its subsidiaries are named as defendants in various legal proceedings. Most of these proceedings are claims litigation involving the company's insurance subsidiaries in which the company is either defending or providing indemnity for third-party claims brought against insureds or litigating first-party coverage claims. The company accounts for such activity through the establishment of unpaid loss and loss expense reserves. We believe that the ultimate liability, if any, with respect to such ordinary-course claims litigation, after consideration of provisions made for potential losses and costs of defense, is immaterial to our consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Future court decisions and interpretations, as well as future changes, if any, in legislation could create uncertainties and additional liabilities may arise for amounts in excess of the company's current insurance reserves.
The company and its subsidiaries also are occasionally involved in other legal and regulatory proceedings, some of which assert claims for substantial amounts. These actions include, among others, putative class actions seeking certification of a state or national class. Such proceedings have alleged, for example, breach of an alleged duty to search national databases to ascertain unreported deaths of insureds under life insurance policies. The company's insurance subsidiaries also are occasionally parties to individual actions in which extra-contractual damages, punitive damages or penalties are sought, such as claims alleging bad faith handling of insurance claims or writing unauthorized coverage or claims alleging discrimination by former or current associates.
On a quarterly basis, we review these outstanding matters. Under current accounting guidance, we establish accruals when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and we can reasonably estimate its potential exposure. The company accounts for such probable and estimable losses, if any, through the establishment of legal expense reserves. Based on our quarterly review, we believe that our accruals for probable and estimable losses are reasonable and that the amounts accrued do not have a material effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations. However, if any one or more of these matters results in a judgment against us or settlement for an amount that is significantly greater than the amount accrued, the resulting liability could have a material effect on the company's consolidated results of operations or cash flows. Based on our most recent review, our estimate for any other matters for which the risk of loss is not probable, but more than remote, is immaterial.

NOTE 13 – Segment Information
We operate primarily in two industries, property casualty insurance and life insurance. Our chief operating decision maker regularly reviews our reporting segments to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance. Our reporting segments are:
Commercial lines insurance
Personal lines insurance
Excess and surplus lines insurance
Life insurance
Investments

We report as Other the noninvestment operations of the parent company and its noninsurer subsidiary, CFC Investment Company. We also report as Other the underwriting results of Cincinnati Re, our reinsurance assumed operation, and Cincinnati Global, our London-based global specialty underwriter. See our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 18, Segment Information, Page 179, for a description of revenue, income or loss before income taxes and identifiable assets for each of the five segments.

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Segment information is summarized in the following table:
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Revenues:
Commercial lines insurance
Commercial casualty $ 289 $ 277 $ 577 $ 545
Commercial property 254 234 504 468
Commercial auto 189 175 374 345
Workers' compensation 68 74 143 151
Other commercial 70 63 135 124
Commercial lines insurance premiums 870 823 1,733 1,633
Fee revenues 1 1 2 2
Total commercial lines insurance 871 824 1,735 1,635
Personal lines insurance
Personal auto 154 155 308 310
Homeowner 163 149 322 296
Other personal 47 44 93 86
Personal lines insurance premiums 364 348 723 692
Fee revenues 1 1 2 2
Total personal lines insurance 365 349 725 694
Excess and surplus lines insurance 78 67 156 130
Fee revenues 1 1
Total excess and surplus lines insurance 78 67 157 131
Life insurance premiums 79 67 146 133
Fee revenues 1 1 1 2
Total life insurance 80 68 147 135
Investments
Investment income, net of expenses 166 160 331 317
Investment gains and losses, net 1,060 364 ( 665 ) 1,027
Total investment revenue 1,226 524 ( 334 ) 1,344
Other
Premiums 91 79 180 129
Other 3 2 5 4
Total other revenues 94 81 185 133
Total revenues $ 2,714 $ 1,913 $ 2,615 $ 4,072
Income (loss) before income taxes:
Insurance underwriting results
Commercial lines insurance $ 8 $ 12 $ ( 12 ) $ 88
Personal lines insurance ( 43 ) 5 ( 22 ) 1
Excess and surplus lines insurance ( 1 ) 17 8 28
Life insurance 1 ( 2 ) 3 ( 3 )
Investments 1,201 499 ( 385 ) 1,295
Other ( 21 ) ( 1 ) ( 23 ) ( 12 )
Total income (loss) before income taxes $ 1,145 $ 530 $ ( 431 ) $ 1,397
Identifiable assets: June 30,
2020
December 31,
2019
Property casualty insurance $ 3,751 $ 3,437
Life insurance 1,570 1,516
Investments 19,375 19,583
Other 754 872
Total $ 25,450 $ 25,408
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
Results of Operations
The following discussion highlights significant factors influencing the condensed consolidated results of operations and financial position of Cincinnati Financial Corporation. It should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Unless otherwise noted, the industry data is prepared by A.M. Best Co., a leading insurance industry statistical, analytical and financial strength rating organization. Information from A.M. Best is presented on a statutory basis for insurance company regulation in the United States of America. When we provide our results on a comparable statutory basis, we label it as such; all other company data is presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP).
We present per share data on a diluted basis unless otherwise noted, adjusting those amounts for all stock splits and dividends. Dollar amounts are rounded to millions; calculations of percent changes are based on dollar amounts rounded to the nearest million. Certain percentage changes are identified as not meaningful (nm).
SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT
This is our “Safe Harbor” statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Our business is subject to certain risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by the forward-looking statements in this report. Some of those risks and uncertainties are discussed in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1A, Risk Factors, Page 35.
Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to:
Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic that could affect results for reasons such as:
Securities market disruption or volatility and related effects such as decreased economic activity that affect the company’s investment portfolio and book value
An unusually high level of claims in our insurance or reinsurance operations that increase litigation-related expenses
An unusually high level of insurance losses, including risk of legislation or court decisions extending business interruption insurance to require coverage when there was no direct physical damage or loss to property
Decreased premium revenue and cash flow from disruption to our distribution channel of independent agents, consumer self-isolation, travel limitations, business restrictions and decreased economic activity
Inability of our workforce, agencies or vendors to perform necessary business functions
Unusually high levels of catastrophe losses due to risk concentrations, changes in weather patterns, environmental events, terrorism incidents or other causes
Increased frequency and/or severity of claims or development of claims that are unforeseen at the time of policy issuance
Inadequate estimates, assumptions or reliance on third-party data used for critical accounting estimates
Declines in overall stock market values negatively affecting the company’s equity portfolio and book value
Prolonged low interest rate environment or other factors that limit the company’s ability to generate growth in investment income or interest rate fluctuations that result in declining values of fixed-maturity investments, including declines in accounts in which we hold bank-owned life insurance contract assets
Domestic and global events resulting in capital market or credit market uncertainty, followed by prolonged periods of economic instability or recession, that lead to:
Significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of a particular security or group of securities and impairment of the asset(s)
Significant decline in investment income due to reduced or eliminated dividend payouts from a particular security or group of securities
Significant rise in losses from surety and director and officer policies written for financial institutions or other insured entities
Our inability to integrate Cincinnati Global and its subsidiaries into our on-going operations, or disruptions to our on-going operations due to such integration
Recession or other economic conditions resulting in lower demand for insurance products or increased payment delinquencies
Difficulties with technology or data security breaches, including cyberattacks, that could negatively affect our ability to conduct business; disrupt our relationships with agents, policyholders and others; cause
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reputational damage, mitigation expenses and data loss and expose us to liability under federal and state laws
Disruption of the insurance market caused by technology innovations such as driverless cars that could decrease consumer demand for insurance products
Delays, inadequate data developed internally or from third parties, or performance inadequacies from ongoing development and implementation of underwriting and pricing methods, including telematics and other usage-based insurance methods, or technology projects and enhancements expected to increase our pricing accuracy, underwriting profit and competitiveness
Increased competition that could result in a significant reduction in the company’s premium volume
Changing consumer insurance-buying habits and consolidation of independent insurance agencies that could alter our competitive advantages
Inability to obtain adequate ceded reinsurance on acceptable terms, amount of reinsurance coverage purchased, financial strength of reinsurers and the potential for nonpayment or delay in payment by reinsurers
Inability to defer policy acquisition costs for any business segment if pricing and loss trends would lead management to conclude that segment could not achieve sustainable profitability
Inability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends consistent with current or past levels
Events or conditions that could weaken or harm the company’s relationships with its independent agencies and hamper opportunities to add new agencies, resulting in limitations on the company’s opportunities for growth, such as:
Downgrades of the company’s financial strength ratings
Concerns that doing business with the company is too difficult
Perceptions that the company’s level of service, particularly claims service, is no longer a distinguishing characteristic in the marketplace
Inability or unwillingness to nimbly develop and introduce coverage product updates and innovations that our competitors offer and consumers expect to find in the marketplace
Actions of insurance departments, state attorneys general or other regulatory agencies, including a change to a federal system of regulation from a state-based system, that:
Impose new obligations on us that increase our expenses or change the assumptions underlying our critical accounting estimates
Place the insurance industry under greater regulatory scrutiny or result in new statutes, rules and regulations
Restrict our ability to exit or reduce writings of unprofitable coverages or lines of business
Add assessments for guaranty funds, other insurance-related assessments or mandatory reinsurance arrangements; or that impair our ability to recover such assessments through future surcharges or other rate changes
Increase our provision for federal income taxes due to changes in tax law
Increase our other expenses
Limit our ability to set fair, adequate and reasonable rates
Place us at a disadvantage in the marketplace
Restrict our ability to execute our business model, including the way we compensate agents
Adverse outcomes from litigation or administrative proceedings
Events or actions, including unauthorized intentional circumvention of controls, that reduce the company’s future ability to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Unforeseen departure of certain executive officers or other key employees due to retirement, health or other causes that could interrupt progress toward important strategic goals or diminish the effectiveness of certain longstanding relationships with insurance agents and others
Events, such as an epidemic, natural catastrophe or terrorism, that could hamper our ability to assemble our workforce at our headquarters location
Further, the company’s insurance businesses are subject to the effects of changing social, global, economic and regulatory environments. Public and regulatory initiatives have included efforts to adversely influence and restrict premium rates, restrict the ability to cancel policies, impose underwriting standards and expand overall regulation. The company also is subject to public and regulatory initiatives that can affect the market value for its common stock, such as measures affecting corporate financial reporting and governance. The ultimate changes and eventual effects, if any, of these initiatives are uncertain.

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CORPORATE FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
Net Income and Comprehensive Income Data
(Dollars in millions, except per share data) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 % Change 2020 2019 % Change
Earned premiums $ 1,482 $ 1,384 7 $ 2,938 $ 2,717 8
Investment income, net of expenses (pretax) 166 160 4 331 317 4
Investment gains and losses, net (pretax) 1,060 364 191 (665) 1,027 nm
Total revenues 2,714 1,913 42 2,615 4,072 (36)
Net income (loss) 909 428 112 (317) 1,123 nm
Comprehensive income (loss) 1,302 582 124 (168) 1,465 nm
Net income (loss) per share—diluted 5.63 2.59 117 (1.96) 6.81 nm
Cash dividends declared per share 0.60 0.56 7 1.20 1.12 7
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding 161.5 165.2 (2) 161.5 164.9 (2)

Total revenues rose 42% for the second quarter of 2020, compared with the same period of 2019, primarily due to increases in net investment gains and earned premiums. For the first six months of 2020, compared with the first six months of 2019, total revenues decreased $1.457 billion, as higher earned premiums were offset by net investment losses. Premium and investment revenue trends are discussed further in the respective sections of Financial Results.

Investment gains and losses are recognized on the sales of investments, on certain changes in fair values of securities even though we continue to hold the securities or as otherwise required by GAAP. We have substantial discretion in the timing of investment sales, and that timing generally is independent of the insurance underwriting process. The change in fair value of securities is also generally independent of the insurance underwriting process.

Net income for the second quarter of 2020, compared with second-quarter 2019, increased $481 million, including increases of $550 million in after-tax net investment gains and $6 million in after-tax investment income, partially offset by a $70 million decrease in after-tax property casualty underwriting income. Second-quarter 2020 catastrophe losses, mostly weather related, were $79 million higher after taxes and unfavorably affected both net income and property casualty underwriting income. Life insurance segment results on a pretax basis improved $3 million compared with second-quarter 2019.

For the first six months of 2020, net income decreased $1.440 billion, compared with the same period of 2019, including decreases of $1.336 billion in after-tax investment gains and losses and $123 million in after-tax property casualty underwriting income, partially offset by a $12 million improvement in after-tax investment income. The property casualty underwriting income decrease included an unfavorable $120 million after-tax effect from higher catastrophe losses. Life insurance segment results improved by $6 million on a pretax basis.

During much of the first six months of 2020, the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19), recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization, caused significant economic effects where we operate, including temporary closures of many businesses and reduced consumer spending due to shelter-in-place, stay-at-home and other governmental actions. Those orders and the uncertainty surrounding COVID-19 had broad financial market effects and caused significant market disruption and volatility. The stock market volatility was a major contributor to the six-month revenue decrease and net loss effects discussed above, and below in this quarterly report Item 2, Investments Results, that resulted from a reduction in net investment gains for our investment portfolio.

The health and safety of our associates, agents and policyholders is at the top of company priorities. As stay-at-home actions were enacted, we promptly and effectively transitioned most of our headquarters associates to working from home. We provided the technology necessary to keep the business running, as associates continued writing and collecting insurance premiums, processing claims and performing other operational functions. They joined our field associates that already worked from home, providing agents and policyholders with outstanding service. At the end of the second quarter of 2020, nearly all of our associates continued to work from home.

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The COVID-19 pandemic slowed the growth of our premium revenues for the second quarter and first six months of 2020, including new business written premiums. Premium growth by segment is discussed below in Financial Results. For future periods, renewal premium or new business premium amounts could further decline if the basis for policy premiums, such as sales and payrolls of businesses we insure, decrease as a result of the pandemic and a weakened economy. In addition, the ultimate effects of recent or future government-ordered moratoriums or deferral of premium payments related to our insurance policies are uncertain and may further adversely affect premium growth. We are not able to determine premium effects for future periods.

During the second quarter of 2020, our estimates for incurred losses and expenses included approximately $65 million related to the pandemic. The total included $19 million for legal expenses in defense of business interruption claims, $15 million for Cincinnati Re ® losses, $9 million for Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd. SM (Cincinnati Global) losses, $6 million for credit losses related to uncollectible premiums and $16 million for the previously announced Stay-at-Home policyholder credit for personal auto policies.

Approximately half of the losses for Cincinnati Re represent its estimated share from reinsurance treaties with companies that provided affirmative coverage for pandemic-related business interruption, and most of the remainder is an estimated share of treaties covering professional liability. Most of the losses for Cincinnati Global represent its share of potential losses from business interruption coverage for large risks with customized policy terms and conditions.

Loss experience for our insurance operations is influenced by many factors, as discussed in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 56. Because of various factors that affect exposure to certain insurance losses, such as less miles driven for vehicles or reduced sales and payrolls for businesses, there could be a reduction in future losses, and in some cases a generally corresponding reduction in premiums. Also, there could be losses or legal expenses that increase or otherwise occur independently of changes in sales or payrolls of businesses we insure. We are not able to determine loss effects for future periods.

Performance by segment is discussed below in Financial Results. As discussed in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Factors Influencing Our Future Performance, Page 55, there are several reasons why our performance during 2020 may be below our long-term targets.
The board of directors is committed to rewarding shareholders directly through cash dividends and through share repurchase authorizations. Through 2019, the company had increased the annual cash dividend rate for 59 consecutive years, a record we believe is matched by only seven other publicly traded companies. In January 2020, the board of directors increased the regular quarterly dividend to 60 cents per share, setting the stage for our 60 th consecutive year of increasing cash dividends. During the first six months of 2020, cash dividends declared by the company increased 7% compared with the same period of 2019. Our board regularly evaluates relevant factors in decisions related to dividends and share repurchases. The 2020 dividend increase reflected our strong earnings performance and signaled management's and the board's positive outlook and confidence in our outstanding capital, liquidity and financial flexibility.

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Balance Sheet Data and Performance Measures
(Dollars in millions, except share data) At June 30, At December 31,
2020 2019
Total investments $ 19,487 $ 19,746
Total assets 25,450 25,408
Short-term debt 122 39
Long-term debt 788 788
Shareholders' equity 9,258 9,864
Book value per share 57.56 60.55
Debt-to-total-capital ratio 8.9 % 7.7 %
Total assets at June 30, 2020, increased by less than 1% compared with year-end 2019, and included a 1% decrease in total investments that reflected lower fair values for many securities in our portfolio. Shareholders' equity decreased 6% and book value per share decreased 5% during the first six months of 2020. Our debt-to-total-capital ratio (capital is the sum of debt plus shareholders' equity) increased compared with year-end 2019.

Our value creation ratio is our primary performance metric. That ratio was negative 3.0% for the first six months of 2020, and was significantly lower than the same period in 2019, primarily due to a reduction of overall net gains from our investment portfolio. The $2.99 decrease in book value per share during the first six months of 2020 contributed negative 5.0 percentage points to the value creation ratio, while dividends declared at $1.20 per share contributed positive 2.0 points. Value creation ratios by major components and in total, along with calculations from per-share amounts, are shown in the tables below.
Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Value creation ratio major components:
Net income before investment gains 0.9 % 1.6 % 2.1 % 4.0 %
Change in fixed-maturity securities, realized and unrealized gains 5.0 1.8 0.8 4.4
Change in equity securities, investment gains 10.5 3.4 (4.7) 10.3
Other (0.1) 0.0 (1.2) (0.1)
Value creation ratio 16.3 % 6.8 % (3.0) % 18.6 %
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2020 10-Q
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(Dollars are per share) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Value creation ratio:
End of period book value* $ 57.56 $ 55.92 $ 57.56 $ 55.92
Less beginning of period book value 50.02 52.88 60.55 48.10
Change in book value 7.54 3.04 (2.99) 7.82
Dividend declared to shareholders 0.60 0.56 1.20 1.12
Total value creation $ 8.14 $ 3.60 $ (1.79) $ 8.94
Value creation ratio from change in book value** 15.1 % 5.7 % (5.0) % 16.3 %
Value creation ratio from dividends declared to shareholders*** 1.2 1.1 2.0 2.3
Value creation ratio 16.3 % 6.8 % (3.0) % 18.6 %
* Book value per share is calculated by dividing end of period total shareholders' equity by end of period shares outstanding
** Change in book value divided by the beginning of period book value
*** Dividend declared to shareholders divided by beginning of period book value

DRIVERS OF LONG-TERM VALUE CREATION
Operating through The Cincinnati Insurance Company, Cincinnati Financial Corporation is one of the 25 largest property casualty insurers in the nation, based on 2019 net written premiums for approximately 2,000 U.S. stock and mutual insurer groups. We market our insurance products through a select group of independent insurance agencies as discussed in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Our Business and Our Strategy, Page 5. At June 30, 2020, we actively marketed through agencies located in 45 states. We maintain a long-term perspective that guides us in addressing immediate challenges or opportunities while focusing on the major decisions that best position our company for success through all market cycles.

To measure our long-term progress in creating shareholder value, our value creation ratio is our primary financial performance target. As discussed in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Executive Summary, Page 51, management believes this measure is a meaningful indicator of our long-term progress in creating shareholder value and has three primary performance drivers:

Premium growth – We believe our agency relationships and initiatives can lead to a property casualty written premium growth rate over any five-year period that exceeds the industry average. For the first six months of 2020, our consolidated property casualty net written premium year-over-year growth was 8%. As of March 2020, A.M. Best projected the industry's full-year 2020 written premium growth at approximately 4%. For the five-year period 2015 through 2019, our growth rate exceeded that of the industry. The industry's growth rate excludes its mortgage and financial guaranty lines of business.
Combined ratio – We believe our underwriting philosophy and initiatives can generate a GAAP combined ratio over any five-year period that is consistently within the range of 95% to 100%. For the first six months of 2020, our GAAP combined ratio was 100.8%, including 13.2 percentage points of current accident year catastrophe losses partially offset by 2.8 percentage points of favorable loss reserve development on prior accident years. Our statutory combined ratio was 98.7% for the first six months of 2020. As of March 2020, A.M. Best projected the industry's full-year 2020 statutory combined ratio at approximately 99%, including approximately 5 percentage points of catastrophe losses and a favorable effect of approximately 1 percentage point of loss reserve development on prior accident years. The industry's ratio again excludes its mortgage and financial guaranty lines of business.
Investment contribution – We believe our investment philosophy and initiatives can drive investment income growth and lead to a total return on our equity investment portfolio over a five-year period that exceeds the five-year return of the Standard & Poor's 500 Index. For the first six months of 2020, pretax investment income was $331 million, up 4% compared with the same period in 2019. We believe our investment portfolio mix provides an appropriate balance of income stability and growth with capital appreciation potential.

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Highlights of Our Strategy and Supporting Initiatives
Management has worked to identify a strategy that can lead to long-term success, with concurrence by the board of directors. Our strategy is intended to position us to compete successfully in the markets we have targeted while appropriately managing risk. Further description of our long-term, proven strategy can be found in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Our Business and Our Strategy, Page 5. We believe successful implementation of initiatives that support our strategy will help us better serve our agent customers and reduce volatility in our financial results while we also grow earnings and book value over the long term, successfully navigating challenging economic, market or industry pricing cycles.

Manage insurance profitability – Implementation of these initiatives is intended to enhance underwriting expertise and knowledge, thereby increasing our ability to manage our business while also gaining efficiency. Better profit margins can arise from additional information and more focused action on underperforming product lines, plus pricing capabilities we are expanding through the use of technology and analytics. In addition to enhancing company efficiency, improving internal processes also supports the ability of the independent agencies that represent us to grow profitably by allowing them to serve clients faster and to more efficiently manage agency expenses.
We continue to enhance our property casualty underwriting expertise and to effectively and efficiently underwrite individual policies and process transactions. Ongoing initiatives supporting this work include expanding our pricing and segmentation capabilities through experience and use of predictive analytics and additional data. Our segmentation efforts emphasize identification and retention of insurance policies we believe have relatively stronger pricing, while seeking more aggressive renewal terms and conditions on policies we believe have relatively weaker pricing. In 2020, we are continuing to improve underwriting and rate adequacy for our commercial auto and homeowner lines of business. Our commercial auto policies that renewed during the first six months of 2020 experienced an estimated average price increase at percentages in the high-single-digit range, and our homeowner policies that renewed during that period averaged an estimated price increase at percentages in the mid-single-digit range.
Drive premium growth – Implementation of these initiatives is intended to further penetrate each market we serve through our independent agencies. Strategies aimed at specific market opportunities, along with service enhancements, can help our agents grow and increase our share of their business. Premium growth initiatives also include expansion of Cincinnati Re, our reinsurance assumed operation, and successful integration of Cincinnati Global, our London-based global specialty underwriter for Lloyd's Syndicate 318. Diversified growth also may reduce variability of losses from weather-related catastrophes.
We continue to appoint new agencies to develop additional points of distribution. In 2020, we are planning approximately 125 appointments of independent agencies that offer most or all of our property casualty insurance products. During the first six months of 2020, we appointed 72 new agencies that meet that criteria.
We also plan to appoint additional agencies that focus on high net worth personal lines clients. In 2020, we are targeting the appointment of approximately 35 agencies that market only personal lines products for us. During the first six months of 2020, we appointed 23 new agencies that meet that criteria.
As of June 30, 2020, a total of 1,831 agency relationships market our property casualty insurance products from 2,530 reporting locations. The totals do not include Lloyd's brokers or coverholders that source business for Cincinnati Global.
We also continue to grow premiums through the disciplined expansion of Cincinnati Re and the acquisition of Cincinnati Global. During the first six months of 2020, Cincinnati Re contributed $32 million of growth in consolidated property casualty insurance net written premiums while Cincinnati Global contributed $25 million. We also believe that over time Cincinnati Global will provide opportunities to support business produced by our independent agencies in new geographies and lines of business.
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Financial Strength
An important part of our long-term strategy is financial strength, which is described in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Our Business and Our Strategy, Financial Strength, Page 8. One aspect of our financial strength is prudent use of reinsurance ceded to help manage financial performance variability due to catastrophe loss experience. A description of how we use reinsurance ceded is included in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Liquidity and Capital Resources, 2020 Reinsurance Ceded Programs, Page 109. Another aspect of our financial strength is our investment portfolio, which remains well-diversified as discussed in this quarterly report in Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Our strong parent-company liquidity and financial strength increase our flexibility to maintain a cash dividend through all periods and to continue to invest in and expand our insurance operations.

At June 30, 2020, we held $3.171 billion of our cash and invested assets at the parent-company level, of which $2.981 billion, or 94.0%, was invested in common stocks, and $35 million, or 1.1%, was cash or cash equivalents. Our debt-to-total-capital ratio was 8.9% at June 30, 2020. Another important indicator of financial strength is our ratio of property casualty net written premiums to statutory surplus, which was 1.1-to-1 for the 12 months ended June 30, 2020, compared with 1.0-to-1 at year-end 2019.

Financial strength ratings assigned to us by independent rating firms also are important. In addition to rating our parent company's senior debt, four firms award insurer financial strength ratings to one or more of our insurance subsidiary companies based on their quantitative and qualitative analyses. These ratings primarily assess an insurer's ability to meet financial obligations to policyholders and do not necessarily address all of the matters that may be important to investors. Ratings are under continuous review and subject to change or withdrawal at any time by the rating agency. Each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating; please see each rating agency's website for its most recent report on our ratings.

At July 24, 2020, our insurance subsidiaries continued to be highly rated.
Insurer Financial Strength Ratings
Rating
agency
Standard market property casualty insurance subsidiaries Life insurance
subsidiary
Excess and surplus lines insurance subsidiary Outlook
Rating
tier
Rating
tier
Rating
tier
A.M. Best Co.
ambest.com
A+ Superior 2 of 16 A+ Superior 2 of 16 A+ Superior 2 of 16 Stable
Fitch Ratings
fitchratings.com
A+ Strong 5 of 21 A+ Strong 5 of 21 - - - Stable
Moody's Investors  Service
moodys.com
A1 Good 5 of 21 - - - - - - Stable
S&P Global  Ratings
spratings.com
A+ Strong 5 of 21 A+ Strong 5 of 21 - - - Stable
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CONSOLIDATED PROPERTY CASUALTY INSURANCE HIGHLIGHTS
Consolidated property casualty insurance results include premiums and expenses for our standard market insurance segments (commercial lines and personal lines), our excess and surplus lines segment, Cincinnati Re and our London-based global specialty underwriter Cincinnati Global.
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 % Change 2020 2019 % Change
Earned premiums $ 1,403 $ 1,317 7 $ 2,792 $ 2,584 8
Fee revenues 2 2 0 5 5 0
Total revenues 1,405 1,319 7 2,797 2,589 8
Loss and loss expenses from:
Current accident year before catastrophe losses 817 802 2 1,649 1,588 4
Current accident year catastrophe losses 237 145 63 368 216 70
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses (41) (69) 41 (69) (139) 50
Prior accident years catastrophe losses (6) (15) 60 (11) (12) 8
Loss and loss expenses 1,007 863 17 1,937 1,653 17
Underwriting expenses 439 408 8 877 797 10
Underwriting profit (loss) $ (41) $ 48 nm $ (17) $ 139 nm
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Pt. Change Pt. Change
Current accident year before catastrophe losses 58.2 % 60.9 % (2.7) 59.0 % 61.5 % (2.5)
Current accident year catastrophe losses 16.9 11.1 5.8 13.2 8.4 4.8
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses (2.9) (5.3) 2.4 (2.4) (5.4) 3.0
Prior accident years catastrophe losses (0.4) (1.1) 0.7 (0.4) (0.5) 0.1
Loss and loss expenses 71.8 65.6 6.2 69.4 64.0 5.4
Underwriting expenses 31.3 30.9 0.4 31.4 30.8 0.6
Combined ratio 103.1 % 96.5 % 6.6 100.8 % 94.8 % 6.0
Combined ratio 103.1 % 96.5 % 6.6 100.8 % 94.8 % 6.0
Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior
years reserve development
13.6 4.7 8.9 10.4 2.5 7.9
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and
prior years reserve development
89.5 % 91.8 % (2.3) 90.4 % 92.3 % (1.9)
The COVID-19 pandemic slowed the rate of our premium growth for the second quarter and first six months of 2020. Consolidated property casualty net written premiums grew 6% during second-quarter 2020, following growth of 10% for both the first quarter of 2020 and full-year 2019. For the first six months of 2020, net written premiums grew 8%, compared with 10% for the first half of 2019. New business written premiums for the second quarter of 2020 decreased compared with the same period a year ago, and was largely responsible for the slowed growth in net written premiums.

New business written premiums decreased 1% for second-quarter 2020, compared with second-quarter 2019, reflecting a reduction in submissions from agents for us to quote premiums for policies during the first half of the quarter. During the second half of the quarter, as government restrictions eased and businesses reopened, submission counts were higher than the same period in 2019. For policies that renewed during the second quarter of 2020, higher average pricing offset some of the decrease in new business written premiums and reduced insured exposure levels that affected some lines of business. Regardless of future policy submission volume and pricing changes, new business and renewal premium amounts could decline if the exposure basis for policy premiums, such as sales and payrolls of businesses we insure, decrease as a result of a weakened economy. We are not able to determine other effects of the pandemic on future periods.

Loss experience for our insurance operations is influenced by many factors as discussed in further detail in Financial Results by property casualty insurance segment. Consolidated property casualty paid losses before catastrophe effects for the second quarter of 2020, as a ratio to earned premiums, were 11.0 percentage points
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lower than the same period a year ago, in part due to reduced business activity and fewer vehicles on the road that reflected pandemic effects. Case incurred losses before catastrophe effects were 12.7 points lower but were mostly offset by reserves for incurred but not reported (IBNR) losses that increased by 11.1 points. For the first six months of 2020, compared with a year ago, ratios before catastrophe effects included: 8.3 percentage points lower for paid losses, 7.2 points lower for case incurred losses and 6.5 points higher for IBNR losses. For future periods, factors that reduce exposure to certain insurance losses, such as fewer vehicular miles driven or reduced sales and payrolls for businesses, could cause a reduction in future losses that generally correspond to reduced premiums. However, there could be losses or legal expenses that occur independent of changes in mileage, sales or payrolls of businesses we insure. We are not able to determine premium or loss effects for future periods.

Our consolidated property casualty insurance operations generated an underwriting loss of $41 million for the second quarter of 2020 and $17 million for the first six months of 2020. The decreases of $89 million and $156 million, respectively, compared with the same periods of 2019, included unfavorable increases of $101 million and $153 million in losses from catastrophes, mostly caused by severe weather. We believe future property casualty underwriting results will continue to benefit from price increases and our ongoing initiatives to improve pricing precision and loss experience related to claims and loss control practices.
For all property casualty lines of business in aggregate, net loss and loss expense reserves at June 30, 2020, were $369 million higher, or 6%, than at year-end 2019, including an increase of $310 million for the IBNR portion.

We measure and analyze property casualty underwriting results primarily by the combined ratio and its component ratios. The GAAP-basis combined ratio is the percentage of incurred losses plus all expenses per each earned premium dollar – the lower the ratio, the better the performance. An underwriting profit results when the combined ratio is below 100%. A combined ratio above 100% indicates that an insurance company's losses and expenses exceeded premiums.

Our consolidated property casualty combined ratio for the second quarter of 2020 increased by 6.6 percentage points, compared with the same period of 2019, including an increase of 6.5 points from higher catastrophe losses and loss expenses. For the first six months of 2020, compared with the 2019 six-month period, our combined ratio increased by 6.0 percentage points, including an increase of 4.9 points from higher catastrophe losses and loss expenses.
The combined ratio can be affected significantly by natural catastrophe losses and other large losses as discussed in detail below. The combined ratio can also be affected by updated estimates of loss and loss expense reserves established for claims that occurred in prior periods, referred to as prior accident years. Net favorable development on prior accident year reserves, including reserves for catastrophe losses, benefited the combined ratio by 2.8 percentage points in the first six months of 2020, compared with 5.9 percentage points in the same period of 2019. Net favorable development is discussed in further detail in Financial Results by property casualty insurance segment.
The ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses improved in the first six months of 2020. That 59.0% ratio was 2.5 percentage points lower, compared with the 61.5% accident year 2019 ratio measured as of June 30, 2019, including an increase of 0.4 points in the ratio for large losses of $1 million or more per claim, discussed below.
The underwriting expense ratio increased for the second quarter and first six months of 2020, compared with the same periods a year ago. The increase was primarily due to a Stay-at-Home policyholder credit for personal auto policies and higher credit losses due to uncollectible premiums, and offset ongoing expense management efforts and higher earned premiums.
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Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Premiums
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 % Change 2020 2019 % Change
Agency renewal written premiums $ 1,244 $ 1,186 5 $ 2,442 $ 2,316 5
Agency new business written premiums 210 212 (1) 425 393 8
Other written premiums 105 78 35 210 148 42
Net written premiums 1,559 1,476 6 3,077 2,857 8
Unearned premium change (156) (159) 2 (285) (273) (4)
Earned premiums $ 1,403 $ 1,317 7 $ 2,792 $ 2,584 8
The trends in net written premiums and earned premiums summarized in the table above include the effects of price increases. Price change trends that heavily influence renewal written premium increases or decreases, along with other premium growth drivers for 2020, are discussed in more detail by segment below in Financial Results.
Consolidated property casualty net written premiums for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, grew $83 million and $220 million compared with the same periods of 2019, with growth in each segment in addition to Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global. Our premium growth initiatives from prior years have provided an ongoing favorable effect on growth during the current year, particularly as newer agency relationships mature over time.

Consolidated property casualty agency new business written premiums decreased by $2 million for the second quarter of 2020 but grew $32 million for the first six months of the year, compared with the same periods of 2019. The six-month increase was driven by our commercial lines insurance segment. New agency appointments during 2019 and 2020 produced a $35 million increase in standard lines new business for the first six months of 2020 compared with the same period of 2019. As we appoint new agencies that choose to move accounts to us, we report these accounts as new business. While this business is new to us, in many cases it is not new to the agent. We believe these seasoned accounts tend to be priced more accurately than business that may be less familiar to our agent upon obtaining it from a competing agent.

Net written premiums for Cincinnati Re, included in other written premiums, increased by $11 million and $32 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with the same periods of 2019, to $84 million and $189 million, respectively. Cincinnati Re assumes risks through reinsurance treaties and in some cases cedes part of the risk and related premiums to one or more unaffiliated reinsurance companies through transactions known as retrocessions. Cincinnati Re earned premiums were $119 million for the first six months of 2020, compared with $86 million for the same period a year ago.
Cincinnati Global also contributed to the increase in other written premiums, following our acquisition of it on February 28, 2019. Net written premiums increased by $9 million and $25 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with the second quarter and four-month periods in 2019, to $53 million and $90 million, respectively. Cincinnati Global earned premiums were $61 million for the first six months of 2020, compared with $43 million for the four-month period a year ago.
Other written premiums also include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. A decrease in ceded premiums increased net written premiums by $6 million and $4 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2020, compared with the same periods of 2019.

Catastrophe losses and loss expenses typically have a material effect on property casualty results and can vary significantly from period to period. Losses from catastrophes contributed 16.5 and 12.8 percentage points to the combined ratio in the second quarter and first six months of 2020, compared with 10.0 and 7.9 percentage points in the same periods of 2019.

Effective June 1, 2020, we restructured and renewed our combined property catastrophe occurrence excess of loss treaty for a period of one year, commuting the expiring treaty one month in advance of its expiration date. The treaty provides coverage for various combinations of occurrences, has an aggregate limit of $50 million in excess of $150 million per loss and applies to business written on a direct basis and by Cincinnati Re. Cincinnati Global
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catastrophe losses are not applicable to the treaty. Ceded premiums for the one-year renewal period of coverage from this treaty are estimated to be approximately $11 million. Cincinnati Re purchases additional reinsurance coverages with various triggers and unique features. As of June 1, 2020, Cincinnati Re had separate property catastrophe excess of loss coverage with a total available aggregate limit of $30 million.

The following table shows consolidated property casualty insurance catastrophe losses and loss expenses incurred, net of reinsurance, as well as the effect of loss development on prior period catastrophe events. We individually list declared catastrophe events for which our incurred losses reached or exceeded $10 million.

Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Catastrophe Losses and Loss Expenses Incurred
(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
Comm. Pers. E&S Comm. Pers. E&S
Dates Region lines lines lines Other Total lines lines lines Other Total
2020
Jan. 10-12 Midwest, Northeast, South $ $ $ $ $ $ 6 $ 5 $ $ $ 11
Feb. 5-8 Northeast, South (1) (1) (2) 10 5 15
Mar. 2-4 Midwest, South 1 (2) 5 4 64 8 6 78
Mar. 17-20 Midwest, South 1 5 6 2 10 12
Mar. 27-30 Midwest, Northeast, South 18 (3) 15 24 13 37
Apr. 7-9 Midwest, Northeast, South 26 25 51 26 25 51
Apr. 10-14 Midwest, Northeast, South 22 27 49 22 27 49
May 4-5 Midwest, South 22 5 27 22 5 27
May 26 - Jun. 8 Midwest, Northeast, South, West 20 1 8 29 20 1 8 29
All other 2020 catastrophes 18 36 2 2 58 19 37 2 1 59
Development on 2019 and prior catastrophes (6) (6) (9) (5) 3 (11)
Calendar year incurred total $ 121 $ 92 $ 3 $ 15 $ 231 $ 206 $ 130 $ 3 $ 18 $ 357
2019
Jan. 29-Feb. 1 Midwest, Northeast $ (3) $ (1) $ $ 1 $ (3) $ 11 $ 10 $ $ 1 $ 22
Feb. 23-26 Midwest, Northeast, South (2) (2) 11 10 21
Mar. 12-17 Midwest, Northeast, West, South 1 (1) 2 2 5 6 2 13
May 16-17 Midwest 6 6 12 6 6 12
May 26-28 Midwest, Northeast, West, South 78 24 102 78 24 102
All other 2019 catastrophes 22 12 34 26 20 46
Development on 2018 and prior catastrophes (8) (3) (4) (15) (14) 5 (3) (12)
Calendar year incurred total $ 96 $ 35 $ $ (1) $ 130 $ 123 $ 81 $ $ $ 204
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The following table includes data for losses incurred of $1 million or more per claim, net of reinsurance.
Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Losses Incurred by Size
(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 % Change 2020 2019 % Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million $ 19 $ 14 36 $ 19 $ 14 36
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million 53 53 103 90 14
Large loss prior accident year reserve development 7 5 40 33 21 57
Total large losses incurred 79 72 10 155 125 24
Losses incurred but not reported 134 (14) nm 213 33 nm
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses 409 547 (25) 905 1,039 (13)
Catastrophe losses 226 128 77 349 198 76
Total losses incurred $ 848 $ 733 16 $ 1,622 $ 1,395 16
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Pt. Change Pt. Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million 1.4 % 1.1 % 0.3 0.7 % 0.5 % 0.2
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million 3.7 4.0 (0.3) 3.7 3.5 0.2
Large loss prior accident year reserve development 0.5 0.4 0.1 1.2 0.8 0.4
Total large loss ratio 5.6 5.5 0.1 5.6 4.8 0.8
Losses incurred but not reported 9.6 (1.1) 10.7 7.6 1.3 6.3
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses 29.2 41.6 (12.4) 32.4 40.2 (7.8)
Catastrophe losses 16.1 9.7 6.4 12.5 7.7 4.8
Total loss ratio 60.5 % 55.7 % 4.8 58.1 % 54.0 % 4.1
We believe the inherent variability of aggregate loss experience for our portfolio of larger policies is greater than that of our portfolio of smaller policies, and we continue to monitor the variability in addition to general inflationary trends in loss costs. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. The second-quarter 2020 property casualty total large losses incurred of $79 million, net of reinsurance, were slightly lower than the $80 million quarterly average during full-year 2019 but higher than the $72 million experienced for the second quarter of 2019. The ratio for these large losses was 0.1 percentage points higher compared with last year's second quarter. The second-quarter 2020 amount of total large losses incurred contributed to the increase in the six-month 2020 total large loss ratio, compared with 2019, in addition to a first-quarter 2020 ratio that was 1.4 points higher than the first quarter of 2019. We believe results for the three- and six-month periods largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $1 million. Losses by size are discussed in further detail in results of operations by property casualty insurance segment.
FINANCIAL RESULTS
Consolidated results reflect the operating results of each of our five segments along with the parent company, Cincinnati Re, Cincinnati Global and other activities reported as "Other." The five segments are:
Commercial lines insurance
Personal lines insurance
Excess and surplus lines insurance
Life insurance
Investments

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COMMERCIAL LINES INSURANCE RESULTS
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 % Change 2020 2019 % Change
Earned premiums $ 870 $ 823 6 $ 1,733 $ 1,633 6
Fee revenues 1 1 0 2 2 0
Total revenues 871 824 6 1,735 1,635 6
Loss and loss expenses from:
Current accident year before catastrophe losses 514 504 2 1,040 1,014 3
Current accident year catastrophe losses 127 104 22 215 137 57
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses (39) (50) 22 (42) (106) 60
Prior accident years catastrophe losses (6) (8) 25 (9) (14) 36
Loss and loss expenses 596 550 8 1,204 1,031 17
Underwriting expenses 267 262 2 543 516 5
Underwriting profit (loss) $ 8 $ 12 (33) $ (12) $ 88 nm
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Pt. Change Pt. Change
Current accident year before catastrophe losses 58.9 % 61.2 % (2.3) 60.0 % 62.1 % (2.1)
Current accident year catastrophe losses 14.6 12.7 1.9 12.4 8.4 4.0
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses (4.5) (6.1) 1.6 (2.4) (6.5) 4.1
Prior accident years catastrophe losses (0.6) (1.0) 0.4 (0.5) (0.9) 0.4
Loss and loss expenses 68.4 66.8 1.6 69.5 63.1 6.4
Underwriting expenses 30.7 31.8 (1.1) 31.3 31.6 (0.3)
Combined ratio 99.1 % 98.6 % 0.5 100.8 % 94.7 % 6.1
Combined ratio 99.1 % 98.6 % 0.5 100.8 % 94.7 % 6.1
Contribution from catastrophe losses and
prior years reserve development
9.5 5.6 3.9 9.5 1.0 8.5
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and
prior years reserve development
89.6 % 93.0 % (3.4) 91.3 % 93.7 % (2.4)
Overview
While earned premiums increased 6% for both the second quarter and first six months of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic slowed the pace of net written premium growth for our commercial lines insurance segment. Net written premiums grew 3% during second-quarter 2020 and 6% on a six-month basis, compared with the same periods a year ago. The rate of growth for each major line of business was less for the second quarter, compared with the first quarter of 2020, including commercial property down slightly while commercial casualty, commercial auto and workers' compensation each slowed by 6 percentage points or more. New business and renewal premium growth could continue to slow if the basis for policy premiums, such as sales and payrolls of businesses we insure, decrease as a result of a weakened economy. We are not able to determine other effects of the pandemic on future periods.

Loss experience for our insurance operations is influenced by many factors, and reinsurance such as our property catastrophe reinsurance treaty helps protect against catastrophic events. Reinsurance is discussed in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Liquidity and Capital Resources, 2020 Reinsurance Ceded Programs, Page 109. Aggregation of losses into one event, sometimes referred to as an hours clause, varies by peril. For example, the general provision in our property catastrophe treaty is 168 hours, but it is 120 hours for a wind event and 96 hours for a riot or civil commotion event.

The ratio for accident year 2020 loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses for our commercial lines insurance segment, measured as of June 30, improved by 2.1 percentage points in the first six months of 2020. The improvement was driven by our commercial casualty and commercial auto lines of business, while commercial property improved by less than 1 point and workers' compensation increased by 3.0 points. During the second quarter of 2020, we incurred approximately $19 million for legal expenses in defense of business interruption claims
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for our commercial property line of business, related to the pandemic. The unfavorable change for workers' compensation reflected average percentage price changes that have decreased in the mid-single-digit range for several quarters. For future periods, factors that reduce exposure to certain insurance losses, such as fewer vehicular miles driven or reduced sales and payrolls for businesses, could cause a reduction in future losses that generally correspond to reduced premiums. However, there could be losses or legal expenses that occur independent of changes in mileage, sales or payrolls of businesses we insure. We are not able to determine premium or loss effects for future periods.

Performance highlights for the commercial lines segment include:
Premiums – Earned premiums and net written premiums for the commercial lines segment rose during the second quarter and first six months of 2020, compared with the same periods a year ago, primarily due to renewal written premium growth that continued to include higher average pricing. The table below analyzes the primary components of premiums. We continue to use predictive analytics tools to improve pricing precision and segmentation while leveraging our local relationships with agents through the efforts of our teams that work closely with them. We seek to maintain appropriate pricing discipline for both new and renewal business as our agents and underwriters assess account quality to make careful decisions on a case-by-case basis whether to write or renew a policy.
Agency renewal written premiums increased by 4% during both the second quarter and first six months of 2020, compared with the same periods of 2019. During the second quarter of 2020, our overall standard commercial lines policies averaged estimated renewal price increases at percentages near the low end of the mid-single-digit range. We continue to segment commercial lines policies, emphasizing identification and retention of policies we believe have relatively stronger pricing. Conversely, we have been seeking stricter renewal terms and conditions on policies we believe have relatively weaker pricing, thus retaining fewer of those policies. We measure average changes in commercial lines renewal pricing as the percentage rate of change in renewal premium for the new policy period compared with the premium for the expiring policy period, assuming no change in the level of insured exposures or policy coverage between those periods for the respective policies.
Our average overall commercial lines renewal pricing change includes the impact of flat pricing for certain coverages within package policies written for a three-year term that were in force but did not expire during the period being measured. Therefore, our reported change in average commercial lines renewal pricing reflects a blend of three-year policies that did not expire and other policies that did expire during the measurement period. For commercial lines policies that did expire and were then renewed during the second quarter of 2020, we estimate that our average percentage price increase for commercial auto was near the low end of the high-single-digit range. The estimated average percentage price change for our commercial property line of business was an increase in the mid-single-digit range and for commercial casualty it was also an increase in the mid-single-digit range, improved compared with 2019. The estimated average percentage price change for workers' compensation was a decrease in the mid-single-digit range.
Renewal premiums for certain policies, primarily our commercial casualty and workers' compensation lines of business, include the results of policy audits that adjust initial premium amounts based on differences between estimated and actual sales or payroll related to a specific policy. Audits completed during the first six months of 2020 contributed $32 million to net written premiums.
New business written premiums for commercial lines decreased by $3 million for the second quarter, but increased $31 million during the first six months of 2020, compared with the same periods of 2019. The six-month increase reflected a higher level of submissions from our agents requesting our quote for prospective policyholders. During the first half of the second quarter, submission volume was less than a year ago, but during the quarter's second half it was more than last year, as government restrictions eased and businesses reopened. Trend analysis for year-over-year comparisons of individual quarters is more difficult to assess for commercial lines new business written premiums, due to inherent variability. That variability is often driven by larger policies with annual premiums greater than $100,000.
Other written premiums include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. For our commercial lines insurance segment, decreased ceded premiums increased net written premiums by $3 million and $2 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2020, compared with the same periods of 2019.

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Commercial Lines Insurance Premiums
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 % Change 2020 2019 % Change
Agency renewal written premiums $ 794 $ 767 4 $ 1,636 $ 1,566 4
Agency new business written premiums 134 137 (2) 288 257 12
Other written premiums (20) (25) 20 (44) (48) 8
Net written premiums 908 879 3 1,880 1,775 6
Unearned premium change (38) (56) 32 (147) (142) (4)
Earned premiums $ 870 $ 823 6 $ 1,733 $ 1,633 6
Combined ratio – The commercial lines second-quarter 2020 combined ratio increased by 0.5 percentage points, compared with the same period a year ago, including an increase of 2.3 points in losses from catastrophes. For the first six months of 2020, the combined ratio increased by 6.1 percentage points, compared with the same period a year ago, in part due to an increase of 4.4 points in losses from catastrophes. Underwriting results for both periods included better loss experience for the current accident year but a lower level of favorable reserve development on prior accident years.
The current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses ratio for commercial lines improved in the first six months of 2020. That 60.0% ratio was 2.1 percentage points lower, compared with the 62.1% accident year 2019 ratio measured as of June 30, 2019, including an increase of 0.7 percentage points in the ratio for large losses of $1 million or more per claim, discussed below.
Catastrophe losses and loss expenses accounted for 14.0 and 11.9 percentage points of the combined ratio for the second quarter and first six months of 2020, compared with 11.7 and 7.5 percentage points for the same periods a year ago. Through 2019, the 10-year annual average for that catastrophe measure for the commercial lines segment was 5.2 percentage points, and the five-year annual average was 5.5 percentage points.
The net effect of reserve development on prior accident years during the second quarter and first six months of 2020 was favorable for commercial lines overall by $45 million and $51 million, compared with $58 million and $120 million for the same periods in 2019. For the first six months of 2020, our commercial casualty and workers' compensation lines of business accounted for nearly all of the commercial lines net favorable reserve development on prior accident years, each representing approximately half of the total. The net favorable reserve development recognized during the first six months of 2020 for our commercial lines insurance segment was primarily for accident years 2019 and 2018 and was primarily due to lower-than-anticipated loss emergence on known claims. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 56.
The commercial lines underwriting expense ratio decreased for the second quarter and first six months of 2020, compared with the same period a year ago, largely due to ongoing expense management efforts and higher earned premiums.

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Commercial Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size
(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 % Change 2020 2019 % Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million $ 19 $ 14 36 $ 19 $ 14 36
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million 45 41 10 81 68 19
Large loss prior accident year reserve development 5 3 67 27 16 69
Total large losses incurred 69 58 19 127 98 30
Losses incurred but not reported 72 (7) nm 130 36 261
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses 233 320 (27) 531 605 (12)
Catastrophe losses 119 94 27 201 119 69
Total losses incurred $ 493 $ 465 6 $ 989 $ 858 15
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Pt. Change Pt. Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million 2.2 % 1.7 % 0.5 1.1 % 0.9 % 0.2
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million 5.1 5.0 0.1 4.6 4.1 0.5
Large loss prior accident year reserve development 0.6 0.4 0.2 1.6 1.0 0.6
Total large loss ratio 7.9 7.1 0.8 7.3 6.0 1.3
Losses incurred but not reported 8.3 (0.9) 9.2 7.5 2.2 5.3
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses 26.8 38.9 (12.1) 30.7 37.0 (6.3)
Catastrophe losses 13.6 11.4 2.2 11.6 7.3 4.3
Total loss ratio 56.6 % 56.5 % 0.1 57.1 % 52.5 % 4.6

We continue to monitor new losses and case reserve increases greater than $1 million for trends in factors such as initial reserve levels, loss cost inflation and claim settlement expenses. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of these large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. The second-quarter 2020 commercial lines total large losses incurred of $69 million, net of reinsurance, were higher than the quarterly average of $65 million during full-year 2019 and higher than the $58 million of total large losses incurred for the second quarter of 2019. The increase in commercial lines large losses for the first six months of 2020 was primarily due to our commercial property and commercial casualty lines of business. The second-quarter 2020 ratio for commercial lines total large losses was 0.8 percentage points higher than last year's second-quarter ratio. The second-quarter 2020 amount of total large losses incurred contributed to the increase in the six-month 2020 total large loss ratio, compared with 2019, in addition to a first-quarter 2020 ratio that was 1.8 points higher than the first quarter of 2019. We believe results for the three- and six-month periods largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $1 million.

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PERSONAL LINES INSURANCE RESULTS
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 % Change 2020 2019 % Change
Earned premiums $ 364 $ 348 5 $ 723 $ 692 4
Fee revenues 1 1 0 2 2 0
Total revenues 365 349 5 725 694 4
Loss and loss expenses from:
Current accident year before catastrophe losses 194 216 (10) 410 425 (4)
Current accident year catastrophe losses 92 38 142 135 76 78
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses (11) nm (23) (16) (44)
Prior accident years catastrophe losses (3) nm (5) 5 nm
Loss and loss expenses 286 240 19 517 490 6
Underwriting expenses 122 104 17 230 203 13
Underwriting profit (loss) $ (43) $ 5 nm $ (22) $ 1 nm
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Pt. Change Pt. Change
Current accident year before catastrophe losses 53.8 % 62.1 % (8.3) 56.9 % 61.4 % (4.5)
Current accident year catastrophe losses 25.3 11.0 14.3 18.7 10.9 7.8
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses 0.0 (3.2) 3.2 (3.2) (2.3) (0.9)
Prior accident years catastrophe losses (0.2) (1.0) 0.8 (0.8) 0.7 (1.5)
Loss and loss expenses 78.9 68.9 10.0 71.6 70.7 0.9
Underwriting expenses 33.4 30.0 3.4 31.8 29.4 2.4
Combined ratio 112.3 % 98.9 % 13.4 103.4 % 100.1 % 3.3
Combined ratio 112.3 % 98.9 % 13.4 103.4 % 100.1 % 3.3
Contribution from catastrophe losses and
prior years reserve development
25.1 6.8 18.3 14.7 9.3 5.4
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and
prior years reserve development
87.2 % 92.1 % (4.9) 88.7 % 90.8 % (2.1)

Overview
The COVID-19 pandemic did not have a significant effect on our personal lines insurance segment premiums for the second quarter or first six months of 2020. Net written premiums grew 5% during second-quarter 2020, following growth of 3% for the first quarter of 2020 and 4% for full-year 2019. For the first six months of 2020, net written premiums grew 4%, compared with 5% for the first half of 2019. New business written premiums are largely driven by submissions from agents for us to quote premiums for policies. During the first half of the second quarter, submission volume was less than a year ago, but during the quarter's second half it was more than last year, as stay-at-home restrictions eased. Early in the second quarter of 2020, we announced a 15% policyholder credit applied to each personal auto policy for the months of April and May, resulting in approximately $16 million of underwriting expense that added 4.2 percentage points to the second-quarter personal lines underwriting expense ratio. We are not able to determine other effects of the pandemic on future periods.

Loss experience for our insurance operations is influenced by many factors. During the second quarter of 2020, loss experience for our personal auto line of business improved, largely due to a reduction in personal auto reported claims as a result of reduced driving related to the pandemic. Because of factors that reduce exposure to certain insurance losses, there could be a reduction in future losses that generally corresponds to reduced premiums. However, there could be losses or legal expenses that occur independent of changes in miles driven for autos we insure. We are not able to determine premium or loss effects for future periods.

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Performance highlights for the personal lines segment include:
Premiums – Personal lines earned premiums and net written premiums continued to grow during the second quarter and first six months of 2020, driven by increases in agency renewal written premiums reflecting higher average pricing. Personal lines net written premiums from high net worth policies totaled approximately $144 million and $246 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2020, compared with $116 million and $193 million for the same periods of 2019. The table below analyzes the primary components of premiums.
Agency renewal written premiums increased 6% for the second quarter of 2020, and 5% for the first six months of the year, largely due to rate increases in select states. We estimate that premium rates for our personal auto line of business increased at average percentages in the mid-single-digit range during the first six months of 2020. For our homeowner line of business, we estimate that premium rates for the first six months of 2020 increased at average percentages in the mid-single-digit range, higher than in 2019. For both our personal auto and homeowner lines of business, some individual policies experienced lower or higher rate changes based on each risk's specific characteristics and enhanced pricing precision enabled by predictive models.
Personal lines new business written premiums decreased 6% during the second quarter and 5% during the first six months of 2020, compared with the same periods of 2019. In addition to effects of underwriting and pricing discipline in recent quarters, particularly in select states, the volume of new business submissions from agents for us to quote premiums for policies slowed further during the first half of the second quarter. In the second half of the second quarter, volume increased compared with the same period a year ago.
Other written premiums include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. For our personal lines insurance segment, a decrease in ceded premiums increased net written premiums by $2 million and $1 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2020, compared with the same periods of 2019.
We continue to implement strategies discussed in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Strategic Initiatives, Page 15, to enhance our responsiveness to marketplace changes and to help achieve our long-term objectives for personal lines growth and profitability. These strategies include initiatives to more profitably underwrite homeowner policies.
Personal Lines Insurance Premiums
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 % Change 2020 2019 % Change
Agency renewal written premiums $ 387 $ 365 6 $ 681 $ 647 5
Agency new business written premiums 44 47 (6) 78 82 (5)
Other written premiums (8) (10) 20 (17) (18) 6
Net written premiums 423 402 5 742 711 4
Unearned premium change (59) (54) (9) (19) (19) 0
Earned premiums $ 364 $ 348 5 $ 723 $ 692 4
Combined ratio – Our personal lines combined ratio increased by 13.4 percentage points for the second quarter of 2020, and 3.3 points for the six-month period, compared with the same periods a year ago. Offsetting improved experience in the ratios for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses, the catastrophe loss ratio rose by 15.1 percentage points for the second quarter and 6.3 points for the first half of 2020.
The current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses ratio for personal lines improved in the first six months of 2020. That 56.9% ratio was 4.5 percentage points lower, compared with the 61.4% accident year 2019 ratio measured as of June 30, 2019, including an increase of 0.1 percentage points in the ratio for large losses of $1 million or more per claim, discussed below.
Catastrophe losses and loss expenses accounted for 25.1 and 17.9 percentage points of the combined ratio for the second quarter and first six months of 2020, compared with 10.0 and 11.6 percentage points for the same periods of last year. The 10-year annual average catastrophe loss ratio for the personal lines segment through 2019 was 10.4 percentage points, and the five-year annual average was 9.3 percentage points.
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In addition to the average rate increases discussed above, we continue to refine our pricing to better match premiums to the risk of loss on individual policies. Improved pricing precision and broad-based rate increases are expected to help position the combined ratio at a profitable level over the long term. In addition, greater geographic diversification is expected to reduce the volatility of homeowner loss ratios attributable to weather-related catastrophe losses over time.
The net effect of reserve development on prior accident years during the second quarter and first six months of 2020 was favorable for personal lines overall by less than $1 million and $28 million, respectively, compared with $14 million and $11 million for the same periods of 2019. Our personal auto and homeowner lines of business were the largest contributors to the personal lines net favorable reserve development on prior accident years for the first six months of 2020. The net favorable reserve development was primarily due to lower-than-anticipated loss emergence on known claims. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 56.
The underwriting expense ratio increased for the second quarter and first six months of 2020, compared with the same periods a year ago, largely due to the 15% policyholder credit applied to each personal auto policy for the months of April and May 2020. The ratio also reflects ongoing expense management efforts and higher earned premiums.
Personal Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size
(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 % Change 2020 2019 % Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million $ $ nm $ $ nm
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million 8 10 (20) 20 19 5
Large loss prior accident year reserve development 2 1 100 7 3 133
Total large losses incurred 10 11 (9) 27 22 23
Losses incurred but not reported 41 (4) nm 65 nm
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses 105 167 (37) 232 330 (30)
Catastrophe losses 89 34 162 127 79 61
Total losses incurred $ 245 $ 208 18 $ 451 $ 431 5
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Pt. Change Pt. Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million % % 0.0 % % 0.0
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million 2.3 2.8 (0.5) 2.9 2.8 0.1
Large loss prior accident year reserve development 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.9 0.4 0.5
Total large loss ratio 2.8 3.1 (0.3) 3.8 3.2 0.6
Losses incurred but not reported 11.3 (1.1) 12.4 8.9 (0.1) 9.0
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses 28.8 48.0 (19.2) 32.2 47.8 (15.6)
Catastrophe losses 24.6 9.7 14.9 17.5 11.4 6.1
Total loss ratio 67.5 % 59.7 % 7.8 62.4 % 62.3 % 0.1

We continue to monitor new losses and case reserve increases greater than $1 million for trends in factors such as initial reserve levels, loss cost inflation and claim settlement expenses. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of these large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. In the second quarter of 2020, the personal lines total large loss ratio, net of reinsurance, was 0.3 percentage points lower than last year's second quarter. The increase in personal lines large losses for the first six months of 2020 occurred primarily for umbrella coverage in our other personal line of business. The second-quarter 2020 amount of total large losses incurred favorably contributed to the increase in the six-month 2020 total large loss ratio, compared with 2019, as it partially offset a first-quarter 2020 ratio that was 1.4 points higher than the first quarter of 2019. We believe results for the three- and six-month periods largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $1 million.

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EXCESS AND SURPLUS LINES INSURANCE RESULTS
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 % Change 2020 2019 % Change
Earned premiums $ 78 $ 67 16 $ 156 $ 130 20
Fee revenues 0 1 1 0
Total revenues 78 67 16 157 131 20
Loss and loss expenses from:
Current accident year before catastrophe losses 46 34 35 90 69 30
Current accident year catastrophe losses 3 nm 3 nm
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses 8 (5) nm 9 (7) nm
Prior accident years catastrophe losses 0 0
Loss and loss expenses 57 29 97 102 62 65
Underwriting expenses 22 21 5 47 41 15
Underwriting profit (loss) $ (1) $ 17 nm $ 8 $ 28 (71)
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Pt. Change Pt. Change
Current accident year before catastrophe losses 59.0 % 50.8 % 8.2 57.4 % 53.1 % 4.3
Current accident year catastrophe losses 3.6 0.7 2.9 2.0 0.5 1.5
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses 11.2 (6.2) 17.4 5.9 (5.2) 11.1
Prior accident years catastrophe losses (0.2) (0.2) 0.0 0.2 (0.1) 0.3
Loss and loss expenses 73.6 45.1 28.5 65.5 48.3 17.2
Underwriting expenses 28.4 31.0 (2.6) 30.0 31.4 (1.4)
Combined ratio 102.0 % 76.1 % 25.9 95.5 % 79.7 % 15.8
Combined ratio 102.0 % 76.1 % 25.9 95.5 % 79.7 % 15.8
Contribution from catastrophe losses and
prior years reserve development
14.6 (5.7) 20.3 8.1 (4.8) 12.9
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and
prior years reserve development
87.4 % 81.8 % 5.6 87.4 % 84.5 % 2.9
Overview
The COVID-19 pandemic did not have a significant effect on our excess and surplus lines insurance segment premiums during the second quarter or first six months of 2020. For most of the six-month period, we experienced a higher level of submissions from our agents requesting our quote for prospective policyholders, compared with the same period of 2019. During the first half of the second quarter, submission volume was less than a year ago, but during the quarter's second half it was more than last year, as government restrictions eased and businesses reopened. We are not able to determine other effects of the pandemic on future periods.

Loss experience for our insurance operations is influenced by many factors. We have not determined any material effect on our loss experience for the second quarter or first six months of 2020 as a result of the pandemic. Because of factors that reduce exposure to certain insurance losses, such as reduced sales for businesses, there could be a reduction in future losses that generally corresponds to reduced premiums. However, there could be losses or legal expenses that occur independent of changes in sales of businesses we insure. We are not able to determine premium or loss effects for future periods.

Performance highlights for the excess and surplus lines segment include:
Premiums – Excess and surplus lines net written premiums continued to grow during the second quarter and first six months of 2020, compared with the same periods a year ago, primarily due to an increase in agency renewal written premiums. Renewal written premiums rose 21% for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with the same period of 2019, reflecting the opportunity to renew many accounts for the first time, as well as higher renewal pricing. For the first six months of 2020, excess and surplus lines policy renewals experienced estimated average price increases at percentages in the mid-single-digit range. We measure
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average changes in excess and surplus lines renewal pricing as the percentage rate of change in renewal premium for the new policy period compared with the premium for the expiring policy period, assuming no change in the level of insured exposures or policy coverage between those periods for respective policies.
New business written premiums produced by agencies increased by $4 million and $5 million for the second quarter and first six months 2020, compared with the same periods of 2019, as we continued to carefully underwrite each policy in a highly competitive market. Some of what we report as new business came from accounts that were not new to our agents. We believe our agents' seasoned accounts tend to be priced more accurately than business that may be less familiar to them.
Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Premiums
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 % Change 2020 2019 % Change
Agency renewal written premiums $ 63 $ 54 17 $ 125 $ 103 21
Agency new business written premiums 32 28 14 59 54 9
Other written premiums (4) (4) 0 (8) (8) 0
Net written premiums 91 78 17 176 149 18
Unearned premium change (13) (11) (18) (20) (19) (5)
Earned premiums $ 78 $ 67 16 $ 156 $ 130 20
Combined ratio – The excess and surplus lines combined ratio increased by 25.9 and 15.8 percentage points for the second quarter and first six months of 2020, compared with the same periods of 2019. The increase was largely due to less favorable reserve development on prior accident years, while the current accident year result also increased. Those increases reflect more prudent reserving, as claims on average are remaining open longer than previously expected. The IBNR portion of the total loss and loss expense ratio before catastrophe losses was 14.6 percentage points higher for the first six months of 2020, compared with the same period a year ago, while both the paid and case incurred portions were approximately 1 point higher.
The current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses ratio for excess and surplus lines increased in the first six months of 2020. That 57.4% ratio was 4.3 percentage points higher, compared with the 53.1% accident year 2019 ratio measured as of June 30, 2019, including a decrease of 1.1 percentage points in the ratio for large losses of $1 million or more per claim, discussed below. The paid portion of the 4.3 percentage point increase was up 0.2 points, the case incurred portion was down 3.7 points and the IBNR portion was up 8.0 points.
Excess and surplus lines net reserve development on prior accident years, as a ratio to earned premiums, was an unfavorable 11.0% and 6.1% for the second quarter and first six months of 2020, compared with favorable net reserve development of 6.4% and 5.3% for the same periods of 2019. The $9 million of net unfavorable reserve development recognized during the first six months of 2020 included $11 million for accident years prior to 2017, as claims on average are remaining open longer than previously expected. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 56.
The excess and surplus lines underwriting expense ratio for the second quarter and first six months of 2020 decreased, compared with the same periods of 2019, reflecting a lower level of profit-sharing commissions for agencies in addition to higher earned premiums and ongoing expense management efforts.
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Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size
(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 % Change 2020 2019 % Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million $ $ nm $ $ nm
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million 2 (100) 2 3 (33)
Large loss prior accident year reserve development 1 (100) (1) 2 nm
Total large losses incurred 3 (100) 1 5 (80)
Losses incurred but not reported 21 (3) nm 18 (3) nm
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses 20 18 11 50 36 39
Catastrophe losses 3 nm 3 1 200
Total losses incurred $ 44 $ 18 144 $ 72 $ 39 85
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Pt. Change Pt. Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million % % 0.0 % % 0.0
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million 3.0 (3.0) 1.3 2.4 (1.1)
Large loss prior accident year reserve development 0.1 1.5 (1.4) (0.7) 1.3 (2.0)
Total large loss ratio 0.1 4.5 (4.4) 0.6 3.7 (3.1)
Losses incurred but not reported 27.2 (4.5) 31.7 11.3 (1.9) 13.2
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses 25.8 26.7 (0.9) 31.9 27.9 4.0
Catastrophe losses 3.3 0.5 2.8 2.1 0.3 1.8
Total loss ratio 56.4 % 27.2 % 29.2 45.9 % 30.0 % 15.9
We continue to monitor new losses and case reserve increases greater than $1 million for trends in factors such as initial reserve levels, loss cost inflation and claim settlement expenses. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of these large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. In the second quarter of 2020, the excess and surplus lines total ratio for large losses, net of reinsurance, was 4.4 percentage points lower than last year's second quarter. The second-quarter 2020 amount of total large losses incurred contributed to the decrease in the six-month 2020 total large loss ratio, compared with 2019, in addition to a first-quarter 2020 ratio that was 1.7 points lower than the first quarter of 2019. We believe results for the three- and six-month periods largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $1 million.

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LIFE INSURANCE RESULTS
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 % Change 2020 2019 % Change
Earned premiums $ 79 $ 67 18 $ 146 $ 133 10
Fee revenues 1 1 0 1 2 (50)
Total revenues 80 68 18 147 135 9
Contract holders' benefits incurred 79 73 8 152 143 6
Investment interest credited to contract holders (25) (25) 0 (51) (49) (4)
Underwriting expenses incurred 25 22 14 43 44 (2)
Total benefits and expenses 79 70 13 144 138 4
Life insurance segment profit (loss) $ 1 $ (2) nm $ 3 $ (3) nm
Overview
The COVID-19 pandemic did not have a significant effect on our life insurance segment earned premiums, benefits or expenses for the first six months of 2020. However, higher rates of unemployment related to the pandemic could meaningfully decrease premiums of our life insurance products and cause an increase in policy surrender activity in future periods. Specifically, growth in worksite premiums, which originate from enrollments at the workplace, slowed to a small extent in the second quarter of 2020, and could continue to slow in the future, due to curtailed enrollment activity. We are not able to determine other premium, benefit or expense effects for future periods. It is also possible we may experience higher than projected future death claims due to the pandemic.

Performance highlights for the life insurance segment include:
Revenues – Revenues increased for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with the same period a year ago, with higher earned premiums from term life insurance, our largest life insurance product line, the largest contributor to the increase.
Net in-force life insurance policy face amounts increased to $72.188 billion at June 30, 2020, from $69.984 billion at year-end 2019.
Fixed annuity deposits received for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, were $13 million and $24 million, compared with $13 million and $20 million for the same periods of 2019. Fixed annuity deposits have a minimal impact to earned premiums because deposits received are initially recorded as liabilities. Profit is earned over time by way of interest-rate spreads. We do not write variable or equity-indexed annuities.
Life Insurance Premiums
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 % Change 2020 2019 % Change
Term life insurance $ 51 $ 47 9 $ 98 $ 92 7
Universal life insurance 16 10 60 24 20 20
Other life insurance and annuity products 12 10 20 24 21 14
Net earned premiums $ 79 $ 67 18 $ 146 $ 133 10
Profitability – Our life insurance segment typically reports a small profit or loss on a GAAP basis because profits from investment income spreads are included in our investment segment results. We include only investment income credited to contract holders (including interest assumed in life insurance policy reserve calculations) in our life insurance segment results. A profit of $3 million for our life insurance segment in the first six months of 2020, compared with a loss of $3 million for the same period of 2019, was primarily due to higher earned premiums and improved mortality results, partially offset by the less favorable effects of the unlocking of interest rate and other actuarial assumptions.
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Life insurance segment benefits and expenses consist principally of contract holders' (policyholders') benefits incurred related to traditional life and interest-sensitive products and operating expenses incurred, net of deferred acquisition costs. Total benefits increased in the first six months of 2020. Life policy and investment contract reserves increased with continued growth in net in-force life insurance policy face amounts and less favorable effects of the unlocking of interest rate and other actuarial assumptions. Mortality results decreased, compared with the same period of 2019, and were below our 2020 projections.
Underwriting expenses for the first six months of 2020 decreased compared with the same period a year ago, largely due to lower commission and general insurance expense levels compared to the same period of 2019.
We recognize that assets under management, capital appreciation and investment income are integral to evaluating the success of the life insurance segment because of the long duration of life products. On a basis that includes investment income and investment gains or losses from life-insurance-related invested assets, the life insurance company reported net income of $12 million for the second quarter of 2020 and net loss of $1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with net income of $8 million and $18 million for the same periods of 2019. The life insurance company portfolio had a net after-tax investment gain of less than $1 million for the second quarter of 2020 and a net after-tax investment loss of $25 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with net after-tax investment losses of less than $1 million and $1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. The increased after-tax investment losses for the six months ended June 30, 2020, were due to impairments of fixed-maturity securities.

INVESTMENTS RESULTS
Overview
The investments segment contributes investment income and investment gains and losses to results of operations. Investments traditionally are our primary source of pretax and after-tax profits. During the first six months of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic and related economic effects caused volatility in fair values of securities discussed below in Total Investment Gains and Losses. Our fixed-maturity and equity portfolios experienced a decrease in valuation during the first quarter of 2020, in large part due to the volatility and economic uncertainty caused by the coronavirus outbreak that affected various sectors of our portfolio. During the first quarter of 2020, already low oil prices and the sudden demand drop in related products due to governmental actions, such as shelter-in-place orders, contributed to the energy sector accounting for most of the write-downs of impaired securities in the tables below. During second-quarter 2020, valuation increased for a significant portion of our fixed-maturity and equity portfolios.
Investment Income
Pretax investment income grew 4% for both the second quarter and the first six months of 2020, compared with the same periods of 2019. Interest income increased by $3 million and $4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, as net purchases of fixed-maturity securities in recent quarters generally offset the continuing effects of the low interest rate environment. Higher dividend income reflected rising dividend rates and net purchases of equity securities in recent quarters, helping dividend income to grow by $3 million and $10 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020.

Investments Results
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 % Change 2020 2019 % Change
Total investment income, net of expenses $ 166 $ 160 4 $ 331 $ 317 4
Investment interest credited to contract holders (25) (25) (51) (49) (4)
Investment gains and losses, net 1,060 364 191 (665) 1,027 nm
Investments profit (loss), pretax $ 1,201 $ 499 141 $ (385) $ 1,295 nm
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We continue to position our portfolio considering both the challenges presented by the current low interest rate environment and the risks presented by potential future inflation. As bonds in our generally laddered portfolio mature or are called over the near term, we will be challenged to replace their current yield. The table below shows the average pretax yield-to-amortized cost associated with expected principal redemptions for our fixed-maturity portfolio. The expected principal redemptions are based on par amounts and include dated maturities, calls and prefunded municipal bonds that we expect will be called during each respective time period.
(Dollars in millions) % Yield Principal redemptions
At June 30, 2020
Fixed-maturity pretax yield profile:
Expected to mature during the remainder of 2020 4.56 % $ 287
Expected to mature during 2021 4.36 852
Expected to mature during 2022 4.09 911
Average yield and total expected maturities from the remainder of 2020 through 2022 4.27 $ 2,050

The table below shows the average pretax yield-to-amortized cost for fixed-maturity securities acquired during the periods indicated. The average yield for total fixed-maturity securities acquired during the six months of 2020 was higher than the 4.10% average yield-to-amortized cost of the fixed-maturity securities portfolio at the end of 2019. Our fixed-maturity portfolio's average yield of 4.06% for the first six months of 2020, from the investment income table below, was lower than that yield for the year-end 2019 fixed-maturities portfolio.
Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Average pretax yield-to-amortized cost on new fixed-maturities:
Acquired taxable fixed-maturities 4.81 % 4.56 % 4.38 % 4.70 %
Acquired tax-exempt fixed-maturities 2.86 3.13 2.91 3.22
Average total fixed-maturities acquired 4.40 4.14 4.22 4.36

While our bond portfolio more than covers our insurance reserve liabilities, we believe our diversified common stock portfolio of mainly blue chip, dividend-paying companies represents one of our best investment opportunities for the long term. We discussed our portfolio strategies in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Investments Segment, Page 27, and Item 7, Investments Outlook, Page 95. We discuss risks related to our investment income and our fixed-maturity and equity investment portfolios in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

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The table below provides details about investment income. Average yields in this table are based on the average invested asset and cash amounts indicated in the table, using fixed-maturity securities valued at amortized cost and all other securities at fair value.
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 % Change 2020 2019 % Change
Investment income:
Interest $ 114 $ 111 3 $ 226 $ 222 2
Dividends 53 50 6 106 96 10
Other 2 2 0 5 5 0
Less investment expenses 3 3 0 6 6 0
Investment income, pretax 166 160 4 331 317 4
Less income taxes
25 25 0 51 49 4
Total investment income, after-tax $ 141 $ 135 4 $ 280 $ 268 4
Investment returns:
Average invested assets plus cash and cash equivalents $ 18,759 $ 18,648 $ 19,672 $ 18,194
Average yield pretax 3.54 % 3.43 % 3.37 % 3.48 %
Average yield after-tax 3.01 2.90 2.85 2.95
Effective tax rate 15.6 15.6 15.5 15.6
Fixed-maturity returns:
Average amortized cost $ 11,107 $ 10,783 $ 11,124 $ 10,738
Average yield pretax 4.11 % 4.12 % 4.06 % 4.13 %
Average yield after-tax 3.42 3.43 3.39 3.45
Effective tax rate 16.7 16.6 16.6 16.6
Total Investment Gains and Losses
Investment gains and losses are recognized on the sale of investments, for certain changes in fair values of securities even though we continue to hold the securities or as otherwise required by GAAP. The change in fair value for equity securities still held are included in investment gains and losses and also in net income. The change in unrealized gains or losses for fixed-maturity securities are included as a component of other comprehensive income (OCI). Accounting requirements for the allowance for credit losses and other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) charges for the fixed-maturity portfolio are disclosed in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Page 133 and in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 1, Accounting Policies.
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The table below summarizes total investment gains and losses, before taxes.
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Investment gains and losses:
Equity securities:
Investment gains and losses on securities sold, net $ 24 $ 11 $ 17 $ 23
Unrealized gains and losses on securities still held, net 1,044 355 (602) 999
Subtotal 1,068 366 (585) 1,022
Fixed maturities:
Gross realized gains 3 1 5 3
Gross realized losses (3) (2) (3) (2)
Write-down of impaired securities (77)
Subtotal (1) (75) 1
Other (8) (1) (5) 4
Total investment gains and losses reported in net income 1,060 364 (665) 1,027
Change in unrealized investment gains and losses:
Fixed maturities 506 200 182 442
Total $ 1,566 $ 564 $ (483) $ 1,469

Of the 4,010 fixed-maturity securities in the portfolio, five securities were trading below 70% of amortized cost at June 30, 2020, with a fair value of $7 million and an unrealized loss of $3 million. Our asset impairment committee regularly monitors the portfolio, including a quarterly review of the entire portfolio for potential credit losses, resulting in charges disclosed in the table below. We believe that if liquidity in the markets were to significantly deteriorate or economic conditions were to significantly weaken, we could experience declines in portfolio values and possibly increases in the allowance for credit losses or write-downs to fair value.

The table below provides additional details for write-downs of impaired securities or OTTI charges. We had no allowance for credit losses for the first six months of 2020.
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Fixed maturities:
Energy $ $ $ 62 $
Real Estate 13
Consumer Goods 1
Technology & Electronics 1
Total fixed maturities $ $ $ 77 $

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OTHER
We report as Other the noninvestment operations of the parent company and a noninsurance subsidiary, CFC Investment Company. We also report as Other the underwriting results of Cincinnati Re, our reinsurance assumed operation, and Cincinnati Global, since its acquisition on February 28, 2019. Underwriting results in the table below for Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global include earned premiums, loss and loss expenses and underwriting expenses.

Total revenues for the first six months of 2020 for our Other operations increased, compared with the same period of 2019, primarily due to earned premiums from Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global, with increases of $33 million and $18 million, respectively. Total expenses for Other increased for the first six months of 2020, primarily due to more losses and loss expenses from Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global.

Other loss in the table below represents losses before income taxes. For both periods shown, Other loss resulted largely from interest expense from debt of the parent company.
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 % Change 2020 2019 % Change
Interest and fees on loans and leases $ 2 $ 1 100 $ 3 $ 3 0
Earned premiums 91 79 15 180 129 40
Other revenues 1 1 0 2 1 100
Total revenues 94 81 16 185 133 39
Interest expense 14 13 8 27 26 4
Loss and loss expenses 68 44 55 114 70 63
Underwriting expenses 28 21 33 57 37 54
Operating expenses 5 4 25 10 12 (17)
Total expenses 115 82 40 208 145 43
Total other loss $ (21) $ (1) nm $ (23) $ (12) (92)
TAXES
We had $236 million of income tax expense and $114 million of income tax benefit for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with $102 million and $274 million of income tax expense for the same periods of 2019. The effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, was 20.6% and 26.5% compared with 19.2% and 19.6% for the same periods last year. The change in our effective tax rate between periods was primarily due to large net investment losses included in income for 2020 versus net investment gains included in income for the prior-year period as well as changes in underwriting income.

Historically, we have pursued a strategy of investing some portion of cash flow in tax-advantaged fixed-maturity and equity securities to minimize our overall tax liability and maximize after-tax earnings. See Tax-Exempt Fixed Maturities in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk for further discussion on municipal bond purchases in our fixed-maturity investment portfolio. For our property casualty insurance subsidiaries, approximately 75% of interest from tax-advantaged fixed-maturity investments and approximately 40% of dividends from qualified equities are exempt from federal tax after applying proration from the 1986 Tax Reform Act. Our noninsurance companies own an immaterial amount of tax-advantaged fixed-maturity investments. For our noninsurance companies, the dividend received deduction exempts 50% of dividends from qualified equities. Our life insurance company does not own tax-advantaged fixed-maturity investments or equities subject to the dividend received deduction. Details about our effective tax rate are in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 9, Income Taxes.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
At June 30, 2020, shareholders' equity was $9.258 billion, compared with $9.864 billion at December 31, 2019. Total debt was $910 million at June 30, 2020, up $83 million from December 31, 2019. At June 30, 2020, cash and cash equivalents totaled $706 million, compared with $767 million at December 31, 2019.

The effects from COVID-19 were a contributor to the decrease in shareholders' equity in the first half of 2020 due to the decline in fair values of our equity securities portfolio and pandemic-related incurred losses and expenses. The pandemic did not have a significant effect on our cash flows for the first half of 2020.

The COVID-19 pandemic slowed the growth of our premium revenues for the second quarter and first six months of 2020. Most states where we market our products issued mandates or requests such as moratoriums on policy cancellations or nonrenewals for nonpayments of premiums, forbearance on premium collections, waivers of late payment fees and extended periods in which policyholders may make their missed payments. Extended or future moratoriums and deferral of premiums may disrupt cash flows while also increasing credit risk from policyholders struggling to make timely premium payments.

In addition to our historically positive operating cash flow to meet the needs of operations, we have the ability to sell a portion of our high-quality, liquid investment portfolio or slow investing activities if such need arises. We also have additional capacity to borrow on our revolving short-term line of credit, as described further below.

SOURCES OF LIQUIDITY
Subsidiary Dividends
Our lead insurance subsidiary declared dividends of $225 million to the parent company in the first six months of 2020, compared with $300 million for the same period of 2019. For full-year 2019, subsidiary dividends declared totaled $625 million. State of Ohio regulatory requirements restrict the dividends our insurance subsidiary can pay. For full-year 2020, total dividends that our insurance subsidiary can pay to our parent company without regulatory approval are approximately $562 million.
Investing Activities
Investment income is a source of liquidity for both the parent company and its insurance subsidiaries. We continue to focus on portfolio strategies to balance near-term income generation and long-term book value growth.
Parent company obligations can be funded with income on investments held at the parent-company level or through sales of securities in that portfolio, although our investment philosophy seeks to compound cash flows over the long term. These sources of capital can help minimize subsidiary dividends to the parent company, protecting insurance subsidiary capital.

For a discussion of our historic investment strategy, portfolio allocation and quality, see our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Investments Segment, Page 27.
Insurance Underwriting
Our property casualty and life insurance underwriting operations provide liquidity because we generally receive premiums before paying losses under the policies purchased with those premiums. After satisfying our cash requirements, we use excess cash flows for investment, increasing future investment income.
Historically, cash receipts from property casualty and life insurance premiums, along with investment income, have been more than sufficient to pay claims, operating expenses and dividends to the parent company.
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The table below shows a summary of operating cash flow for property casualty insurance (direct method):
(Dollars in millions) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020 2019 % Change 2020 2019 % Change
Premiums collected $ 1,518 $ 1,443 5 $ 2,985 $ 2,792 7
Loss and loss expenses paid (751) (798) 6 (1,568) (1,622) 3
Commissions and other underwriting expenses paid (397) (383) (4) (988) (897) (10)
Cash flow from underwriting 370 262 41 429 273 57
Investment income received 110 107 3 229 220 4
Cash flow from operations $ 480 $ 369 30 $ 658 $ 493 33
Collected premiums for property casualty insurance rose $193 million during the first six months of 2020, compared with the same period in 2019. Loss and loss expenses paid for the 2020 perio d decreased $ 54 million. Commissions and other underwriting expenses pai d increased $91 million, primarily due to higher commissions paid to agencies, reflecting the increase in collected premiums.
We discuss our future obligations for claims payments and for underwriting expenses in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Contractual Obligations, Page 101, and Other Commitments also on Page 101.
Capital Resources
At June 30, 2020, our debt-to-total-capital ratio was 8.9%, considerably below our 35% covenant threshold, with $788 million in long-term debt and $122 million in borrowing on our revolving short-term line of credit. We borrowed an additional $75 million in the first quarter of 2020, from the $39 million balance at December 31, 2019, which was used to repurchase shares during the first quarter of 2020. At June 30, 2020, $178 million was available for future cash management needs as part of the general provisions of the line of credit agreement, with another $300 million available as part of an accordion feature. Based on our capital requirements at June 30, 2020, we do not anticipate a material increase in debt levels exceeding the available line of credit amount during the remainder of the year. As a result, we expect changes in our debt-to-total-capital ratio to continue to be largely a function of the contribution of unrealized investment gains or losses to shareholders' equity. As part of our Cincinnati Global acquisition, on February 25, 2019, we entered into an unsecured letter of credit agreement to provide a portion of the capital needed to support its obligations at Lloyd's. The amount of this unsecured letter of credit agreement was $130 million at June 30, 2020.
We provide details of our three long-term notes in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 3, Fair Value Measurements. None of the notes are encumbered by rating triggers.
Four independent ratings firms award insurer financial strength ratings to our property casualty insurance companies and three firms rate our life insurance company. Those firms made no changes to our parent company debt ratings during the first three months of 2020. Our debt ratings are discussed in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Liquidity and Capital Resources, Other Sources of Liquidity, Page 99.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not use any special-purpose financing vehicles or have any undisclosed off-balance sheet arrangements (as that term is defined in applicable SEC rules) that are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on the company's financial condition, results of operation, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. Similarly, the company holds no fair-value contracts for which a lack of marketplace quotations would necessitate the use of fair-value techniques.
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USES OF LIQUIDITY
Our parent company and insurance subsidiary have contractual obligations and other commitments. In addition, one of our primary uses of cash is to enhance shareholder return.
Contractual Obligations
We estimated our future contractual obligations as of December 31, 2019, in our 2019 Annual Report on Form
10-K, Item 7, Contractual Obligations, Page 101. There have been no material changes to our estimates of future contractual obligations since our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Other Commitments
In addition to our contractual obligations, we have other property casualty operational commitments.
Commissions – Commissions paid were $630 million in the first six months of 2020. Commission payments generally track with written premiums, except for annual profit-sharing commissions typically paid during the first quarter of the year.
Other underwriting expenses – Many of our underwriting expenses are not contractual obligations, but reflect the ongoing expenses of our business. Noncommission underwriting expenses paid were $358 million in the first six months of 2020.
There were no contributions to our qualified pension plan during the first six months of 2020.
Investing Activities
After fulfilling operating requirements, we invest cash flows from underwriting, investment and other corporate activities in fixed-maturity and equity securities on an ongoing basis to help achieve our portfolio objectives. We discuss our investment strategy and certain portfolio attributes in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Uses of Capital
Uses of cash to enhance shareholder return include dividends to shareholders. In January 2020, the board of directors declared regular quarterly cash dividends of 60 cents per share for an indicated annual rate of $2.40 per share. During the first six months of 2020, we used $185 million to pay cash dividends to shareholders.

PROPERTY CASUALTY INSURANCE LOSS AND LOSS EXPENSE RESERVES
For the business lines in the commercial and personal lines insurance segments, and in total for the excess and surplus lines insurance segment and other property casualty insurance operations, the following table details gross reserves among case, IBNR (incurred but not reported) and loss expense reserves, net of salvage and subrogation reserves. Reserving practices are discussed in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Obligations and Reserves, Page 102.
Total gross reserves at June 30, 2020, increased $321 million compared with December 31, 2019. Case loss reserves for losses increased by $23 million, IBNR loss reserves increased by $263 million and loss expense reserves increased by $35 million. The total gross increase was primarily due to our commercial casualty and commercial property lines of business and our excess and surplus lines insurance segment.

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Property Casualty Gross Reserves
(Dollars in millions) Loss reserves Loss expense reserves Total gross reserves
Case reserves IBNR reserves Percent of total
At June 30, 2020
Commercial lines insurance:
Commercial casualty $ 963 $ 728 $ 628 $ 2,319 36.2 %
Commercial property 369 50 78 497 7.8
Commercial auto 388 208 138 734 11.4
Workers' compensation 397 526 87 1,010 15.8
Other commercial 94 11 87 192 3.0
Subtotal 2,211 1,523 1,018 4,752 74.2
Personal lines insurance:
Personal auto 207 86 70 363 5.7
Homeowner 150 55 45 250 3.9
Other personal 54 83 5 142 2.2
Subtotal 411 224 120 755 11.8
Excess and surplus lines 169 120 113 402 6.3
Cincinnati Re 61 235 2 298 4.6
Cincinnati Global 135 65 2 202 3.1
Total $ 2,987 $ 2,167 $ 1,255 $ 6,409 100.0 %
At December 31, 2019
Commercial lines insurance:
Commercial casualty $ 937 $ 680 $ 622 $ 2,239 36.8 %
Commercial property 339 20 64 423 7.0
Commercial auto 409 157 143 709 11.6
Workers' compensation 404 516 93 1,013 16.6
Other commercial 108 7 70 185 3.0
Subtotal 2,197 1,380 992 4,569 75.0
Personal lines insurance:
Personal auto 233 46 78 357 5.9
Homeowner 134 32 41 207 3.4
Other personal 49 69 5 123 2.0
Subtotal 416 147 124 687 11.3
Excess and surplus lines 149 102 100 351 5.8
Cincinnati Re 47 204 2 253 4.2
Cincinnati Global 155 71 2 228 3.7
Total $ 2,964 $ 1,904 $ 1,220 $ 6,088 100.0 %
LIFE POLICY AND INVESTMENT CONTRACT RESERVES
Gross life policy and investment contract reserves were $2.881 billion at June 30, 2020, compared with $2.835 billion at year-end 2019, reflecting continued growth in life insurance policies in force. We discuss our life insurance reserving practices in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Life Insurance Policyholder Obligations and Reserves, Page 108.
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OTHER MATTERS
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Our significant accounting policies are discussed in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Page 133, and updated in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 1, Accounting Policies.
In conjunction with those discussions, in the Management's Discussion and Analysis in the 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, management reviewed the estimates and assumptions used to develop reported amounts related to the most significant policies. Management discussed the development and selection of those accounting estimates with the audit committee of the board of directors.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Our greatest exposure to market risk is through our investment portfolio. Market risk is the potential for a decrease in securities' fair value resulting from broad yet uncontrollable forces such as: inflation, economic growth or recession, interest rates, world political conditions or other widespread unpredictable events. It is comprised of many individual risks that, when combined, create a macroeconomic impact.
Our view of potential risks and our sensitivity to such risks is discussed in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, Page 117.
The fair value of our investment portfolio was $19.228 billion at June 30, 2020, down $222 million from year-end 2019, including a $213 million increase in the fixed-maturity portfolio and a $435 million decrease in the equity portfolio.
(Dollars in millions) At June 30, 2020 At December 31, 2019
Cost or
amortized cost
Percent
of total
Fair value Percent
of total
Cost or
amortized cost
Percent of total Fair value Percent
of total
Taxable fixed maturities $ 7,269 48.8 % $ 7,744 40.3 % $ 7,250 49.4 % $ 7,617 39.1 %
Tax-exempt fixed maturities 3,870 26.0 4,167 21.7 3,858 26.3 4,081 21.0
Common equities 3,518 23.6 7,082 36.8 3,371 22.9 7,518 38.7
Nonredeemable preferred
equities
234 1.6 235 1.2 210 1.4 234 1.2
Total $ 14,891 100.0 % $ 19,228 100.0 % $ 14,689 100.0 % $ 19,450 100.0 %
At June 30, 2020, substantially all of our consolidated investment portfolio, measured at fair value, are classified as Level 1 or Level 2. See Item 1, Note 3, Fair Value Measurements, for additional discussion of our valuation techniques. We have generally obtained and evaluated two nonbinding quotes from brokers; then, our investment professionals determined our best estimate of fair value. These investments include private placements, small issues and various thinly traded securities.
In addition to our investment portfolio, the total investments amount reported in our condensed consolidated balance sheets includes Other invested assets. Other invested assets included $33 million of life policy loans, $114 million in Lloyd's deposits, $87 million of private equity investments and $25 million of real estate through direct property ownership and development projects in the United States at June 30, 2020.
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FIXED-MATURITY SECURITIES INVESTMENTS
By maintaining a well-diversified fixed-maturity portfolio, we attempt to reduce overall risk. We invest new money in the bond market on a regular basis, targeting what we believe to be optimal risk-adjusted, after-tax yields. Risk, in this context, includes interest rate, call, reinvestment rate, credit and liquidity risk. We do not make a concerted effort to alter duration on a portfolio basis in response to anticipated movements in interest rates. By regularly investing in the bond market, we build a broad, diversified portfolio that we believe mitigates the impact of adverse economic factors.

In the first six months of 2020, the increase in fair value of our fixed-maturity portfolio reflected an increase in net unrealized gains, primarily due to a combination of net purchases and a decline in U.S. Treasury yields, somewhat offset by a widening of corporate credit spreads. At June 30, 2020, our fixed-maturity portfolio with an average rating of A3/A was valued at 106.9% of its amortized cost, compared with 105.3% at December 31, 2019.
At June 30, 2020, our investment-grade and noninvestment-grade fixed-maturity securities represented 83.0% and 3.8% of the portfolio, respectively. The remaining 13.2% represented fixed-maturity securities that were not rated by Moody's or S&P Global Ratings.

Attributes of the fixed-maturity portfolio include:
At June 30, 2020 At December 31, 2019
Weighted average yield-to-amortized cost 4.23 % 4.10 %
Weighted average maturity 7.6 yrs 7.7 yrs
Effective duration 4.7 yrs 4.8 yrs
We discuss maturities of our fixed-maturity portfolio in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 2, Investments, Page 141, and in this quarterly report Item 2, Investments Results.
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TAXABLE FIXED MATURITIES
Our taxable fixed-maturity portfolio, with a fair value of $7.744 billion at June 30, 2020, included:
(Dollars in millions) At June 30, 2020 At December 31, 2019
Investment-grade corporate $ 6,213 $ 6,137
States, municipalities and political subdivisions 663 647
Noninvestment-grade corporate 436 264
Commercial mortgage backed 277 301
United States government 114 104
Foreign government 22 28
Government sponsored enterprises 19 136
Total $ 7,744 $ 7,617
Our strategy is to buy, and typically hold, fixed-maturity investments to maturity, but we monitor credit profiles and fair value movements when determining holding periods for individual securities. With the exception of United States agency issues that include government-sponsored enterprises, no individual issuer's securities accounted for more than 1.1% of the taxable fixed-maturity portfolio at June 30, 2020. Our investment-grade corporate bonds had an average rating of Baa2 by Moody's or BBB by S&P Global Ratings and represented 80.2% of the taxable fixed-maturity portfolio's fair value at June 30, 2020, compared with 80.6% at year-end 2019.
The heaviest concentration in our investment-grade corporate bond portfolio, based on fair value at
June 30, 2020, was the financial sector. It represented 46.0% of our investment-grade corporate bond portfolio, compared with 44.6% at year-end 2019. No other sector exceeded 10% of our investment-grade corporate bond portfolio.

Our taxable fixed-maturity portfolio at June 30, 2020, included $277 million of commercial mortgage-backed securities with an average rating of Aa1/AA.
TAX-EXEMPT FIXED MATURITIES
At June 30, 2020, we had $4.167 billion of tax-exempt fixed-maturity securities with an average rating of Aa2/AA by Moody's and S&P Global Ratings. We traditionally have purchased municipal bonds focusing on general obligation and essential services issues, such as water, waste disposal or others. The portfolio is well diversified among approximately 1,600 municipal bond issuers. No single municipal issuer accounted for more than 0.6% of the tax-exempt fixed-maturity portfolio at June 30, 2020.

INTEREST RATE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Because of our strong surplus, long-term investment horizon and ability to hold most fixed-maturity investments until maturity, we believe the company is adequately positioned if interest rates were to rise. Although the fair values of our existing holdings may suffer, a higher rate environment would provide the opportunity to invest cash flow in higher-yielding securities, while reducing the likelihood of untimely redemptions of currently callable securities. While higher interest rates would be expected to continue to increase the number of fixed-maturity holdings trading below 100% of amortized cost, we believe lower fixed-maturity security values due solely to interest rate changes would not signal a decline in credit quality. We continue to manage the portfolio with an eye toward both meeting current income needs and managing interest rate risk.
Our dynamic financial planning model uses analytical tools to assess market risks. As part of this model, the effective duration of the fixed-maturity portfolio is continually monitored by our investment department to evaluate the theoretical impact of interest rate movements.
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The table below summarizes the effect of hypothetical changes in interest rates on the fair value of the fixed-maturity portfolio:
(Dollars in millions) Effect from interest rate change in basis points
-200 -100 - 100 200
At June 30, 2020 $ 13,072 $ 12,478 $ 11,911 $ 11,343 $ 10,766
At December 31, 2019 $ 12,850 $ 12,263 $ 11,698 $ 11,117 $ 10,529
The effective duration of the fixed-maturity portfolio as of June 30, 2020, was 4.7 years, down from 4.8 years at year-end 2019. The above table is a theoretical presentation showing that an instantaneous, parallel shift in the yield curve of 100 basis points could produce an approximately 4.8% change in the fair value of the fixed-maturity portfolio. Generally speaking, the higher a bond is rated, the more directly correlated movements in its fair value are to changes in the general level of interest rates, exclusive of call features. The fair values of average- to lower-rated corporate bonds are additionally influenced by the expansion or contraction of credit spreads.
In our dynamic financial planning model, the selected interest rate change of 100 to 200 basis points represents our view of a shift in rates that is quite possible over a one-year period. The rates modeled should not be considered a prediction of future events as interest rates may be much more volatile in the future. The analysis is not intended to provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in rates on our results or financial condition, nor does it take into account any actions that we might take to reduce exposure to such risks.

EQUITY INVESTMENTS
Our equity investments, with a fair value totaling $7.317 billion at June 30, 2020, included $7.082 billion of common stock securities of companies generally with strong indications of paying and growing their dividends. Other criteria we evaluate include increasing sales and earnings, proven management and a favorable outlook. We believe our equity investment style is an appropriate long-term strategy. While our long-term financial position would be affected by prolonged changes in the market valuation of our investments, we believe our strong surplus position and cash flow provide a cushion against short-term fluctuations in valuation. Continued payment of cash dividends by the issuers of our common equity holdings can provide a floor to their valuation.

The table below summarizes the effect of hypothetical changes in market prices on fair value of our equity portfolio.
(Dollars in millions) Effect from market price change in percent
-30% -20% -10% 10% 20% 30%
At June 30, 2020 $ 5,122 $ 5,854 $ 6,585 $ 7,317 $ 8,049 $ 8,780 $ 9,512
At December 31, 2019 $ 5,426 $ 6,202 $ 6,977 $ 7,752 $ 8,527 $ 9,302 $ 10,078
At June 30, 2020, Apple Inc. (Nasdaq:AAPL) was our largest single common stock holding with a fair value of 
$514 million, or 7.3% of our publicly traded common stock portfolio and 2.7% of the total investment portfolio. Thirty holdings among 8 different sectors each had a fair value greater than $100 million.
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Common Stock Portfolio Industry Sector Distribution
Percent of common stock portfolio
At June 30, 2020 At December 31, 2019
Cincinnati
Financial
S&P 500 Industry
Weightings
Cincinnati
Financial
S&P 500 Industry
Weightings
Sector:
Information technology 28.1 % 27.5 % 23.7 % 23.2 %
Healthcare 13.3 14.6 12.4 14.2
Financial 13.1 10.1 15.7 13.0
Industrials 11.5 8.0 12.6 9.1
Consumer discretionary 8.9 10.8 9.7 9.7
Consumer staples 6.4 7.0 6.2 7.2
Materials 5.0 2.5 5.0 2.7
Energy 4.6 2.8 6.3 4.3
Telecomm services 3.7 10.8 3.4 10.4
Real Estate 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.9
Utilities 2.6 3.1 2.5 3.3
Total 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 %

UNREALIZED INVESTMENT GAINS AND LOSSES
At June 30, 2020, unrealized investment gains before taxes for the fixed-maturity portfolio totaled $825 million and unrealized investment losses amounted to $53 million before taxes.
The $772 million net unrealized gain position in our fixed-maturity portfolio at June 30, 2020, increased in the first six months of 2020, primarily due to a combination of net purchases and a decline in U.S. Treasury yields, somewhat offset by a widening of corporate credit spreads. The net gain position for our current fixed-maturity holdings will naturally decline over time as individual securities mature. In addition, changes in interest rates can cause rapid, significant changes in fair values of fixed-maturity securities and the net gain position, as discussed in Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

For federal income tax purposes, taxes on gains from appreciated investments generally are not due until securities are sold. We believe that the appreciated value of equity securities, compared with the cost of securities that is generally used as a tax basis, is a useful measure to help evaluate how fair value can change over time. On this basis, the net unrealized investment gains at June 30, 2020, consisted of a net gain position in our equity portfolio of $3.565 billion. Events or factors such as economic growth or recession can affect the fair value and unrealized investment gains of our equity securities. The five largest holdings in our common stock portfolio were Apple, Microsoft (Nasdaq:MSFT), BlackRock Inc. (NYSE:BLK), Accenture Co. (NYSE:ACN) and JPMorgan Chase (NYSE:JPM), which had a combined fair value of $1.719 billion.

Unrealized Investment Losses
We expect the number of fixed-maturity securities trading below amortized cost to fluctuate as interest rates rise or fall and credit spreads expand or contract due to prevailing economic conditions. Further, amortized costs for some securities are revised through write-downs recognized in prior periods. At June 30, 2020, 242 of the 4,010 fixed-maturity securities we owned had fair values below amortized cost, compared with 157 of the 3,911 securities we owned at year-end 2019. The 242 holdings with fair values below amortized cost at June 30, 2020, represented 7.9% of the fair value of our fixed-maturity investment portfolio and $53 million in unrealized losses.
197 of the 242 holdings had fair value between 90% and 100% of amortized cost at June 30, 2020. These primarily consist of securities whose current valuation is largely the result of interest rate factors. The fair value of these 197 securities was $773 million, and they accounted for $21 million in unrealized losses.
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40 of the 242 fixed-maturity holdings had fair value between 70% and 90% of amortized cost at June 30, 2020. We believe the 40 fixed-maturity securities will continue to pay interest and ultimately pay principal upon maturity. The issuers of these 40 securities have strong cash flow to service their debt and meet their contractual obligation to make principal payments. The fair value of these securities was $159 million, and they accounted for $29 million in unrealized losses.
5 of the 242 fixed-maturity holdings had fair value below 70% of amortized cost at June 30, 2020. We believe these fixed-maturity securities will continue to pay interest and ultimately pay principal upon maturity. The fair value of these securities was $7 million, and they accounted for $3 million in unrealized losses.

The table below reviews fair values and unrealized losses by investment category and by the overall duration of the securities' continuous unrealized loss position.
(Dollars in millions) Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total
At June 30, 2020 Fair value Unrealized
losses
Fair value Unrealized
losses
Fair
value
Unrealized
losses
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate $ 782 $ 46 $ 33 $ 1 $ 815 $ 47
States, municipalities and political subdivisions 54 2 3 1 57 3
Commercial mortgage-backed 47 3 47 3
United States government 6 6
Foreign government 14 14
Government-sponsored enterprises
Total $ 903 $ 51 $ 36 $ 2 $ 939 $ 53
At December 31, 2019
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate $ 199 $ 2 $ 118 $ 3 $ 317 $ 5
States, municipalities and political subdivisions 98 1 10 108 1
Commercial mortgage-backed 6 6
United States government 4 4
Foreign government 11 11
Government-sponsored enterprises 26 1 51 77 1
Total $ 340 $ 4 $ 183 $ 3 $ 523 $ 7
At June 30, 2020, applying our invested asset impairment policy, we determined that the total of $53 million, for securities in an unrealized loss position in the table above, was not the result of a credit loss.

During the second quarter of 2020, one security was written down to fair value through an impairment charge resulting in less than $1 million of noncash charges. During the first six months of 2020, 12 securities were written down to fair value through an impairment charge resulting in $77 million of noncash charges. During the first six months of 2019, there were no OTTI charges.
During full-year 2019, we wrote down three securities and recorded $9 million in OTTI charges. At December 31, 2019, 38 fixed-maturity investments with a total unrealized loss of $3 million had been in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or more. Of that total, no fixed-maturity investments had fair values below 70% of amortized cost.

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The following table summarizes the investment portfolio by severity of decline:
(Dollars in millions) Number
of issues
Amortized
cost
Fair value Gross unrealized
gain (loss)
Gross investment income
At June 30, 2020
Taxable fixed maturities:
Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost 4 $ 8 $ 6 $ (2) $
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost 196 938 890 (48) 22
Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost 1,627 6,323 6,848 525 137
Investment income on securities sold in current year 5
Total 1,827 7,269 7,744 475 164
Tax-exempt fixed maturities:
Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost 1 2 1 (1)
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost 41 44 42 (2) 1
Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost 2,141 3,824 4,124 300 60
Investment income on securities sold in current year 1
Total 2,183 3,870 4,167 297 62
Fixed-maturities summary:
Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost 5 10 7 (3)
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost 237 982 932 (50) 23
Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost 3,768 10,147 10,972 825 197
Investment income on securities sold in current year 6
Total 4,010 $ 11,139 $ 11,911 $ 772 $ 226
At December 31, 2019
Fixed-maturities summary:
Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost $ $ $ $
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost 157 530 523 (7) 12
Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost 3,754 10,578 11,175 597 401
Investment income on securities sold in current year 33
Total 3,911 $ 11,108 $ 11,698 $ 590 $ 446
See our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Asset Impairment, Page 61, and updated in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 1, Accounting Policies.

Item 4.  Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures – The company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act)).
Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. The company's management, with the participation of the company's chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the company's disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2020. Based upon that evaluation, the company's chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that the design and operation of the company's disclosure controls and procedures provided reasonable assurance that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure:
that information required to be disclosed in the company's reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms, and
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that such information is accumulated and communicated to the company's management, including its chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting – During the three months ended June 30, 2020, there were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. There was no significant impact to our internal controls over financial reporting while the majority of our associates are working remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We are continually monitoring and assessing the pandemic to determine any potential impact on the design and operating effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting.
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Part II – Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
Neither the company nor any of our subsidiaries are involved in any litigation believed to be material other than ordinary, routine litigation incidental to the nature of our business.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Our risk factors have not changed materially since they were described in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 25, 2020, and subsequently updated in our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2020, filed on April 27, 2020, other than described below.

The outbreak of COVID-19 could result in an unusually high level of losses.
In March 2020, the outbreak of COVID-19 caused by a novel strain of the coronavirus was recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The outbreak has become increasingly widespread in the United States, including in the markets in which we operate. Risks to our business include legislation or court decisions that extend business interruption insurance to require coverage for COVID-19 when there was no direct physical damage or loss to property. These actions would extend coverage beyond the terms and conditions we intended for those policies, including policies that do not contain specific virus exclusions. Therefore we would be forced to pay claims when no coverage was contemplated and for which no premium was collected. These amounts could have a material, adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
We did not sell any of our shares that were not registered under the Securities Act during the first six months of 2020. Our repurchase program was expanded on October 22, 2007, to increase our repurchase authorization to approximately 13 million shares. Our repurchase program does not have an expiration date. On January 26, 2018, an additional 15 million shares were authorized, which expanded our current repurchase program. We have 12,376,785 shares available for purchase under our programs at June 30, 2020.
Period Total number
of shares
purchased
Average
price paid
per share
Total number of shares purchased as part of
publicly announced
plans or programs
Maximum number of
shares that may yet be
purchased under the
plans or programs
April 1-30, 2020 $ 12,376,785
May 1-31, 2020 12,376,785
June 1-30, 2020 12,376,785
Totals
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Item 6. Exhibits
Exhibit No. Exhibit Description
3.1
3.2
31A
31B
32
101.INS
The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORPORATION
Date: July 27, 2020
/S/ Michael J. Sewell
Michael J. Sewell, CPA
Chief Financial Officer, Senior Vice President and Treasurer
(Principal Accounting Officer)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I Financial InformationprintItem 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)printNote 1 Accounting PoliciesprintNote 2 InvestmentsprintNote 3 Fair Value MeasurementsprintNote 4 Property Casualty Loss and Loss ExpensesprintNote 5 Life Policy and Investment Contract ReservesprintNote 6 Deferred Policy Acquisition CostsprintNote 7 Accumulated Other Comprehensive IncomeprintNote 8 ReinsuranceprintNote 9 Income TaxesprintNote 10 Net Income (loss) Per Common ShareprintNote 11 Employee Retirement BenefitsprintNote 12 Commitments and Contingent LiabilitiesprintNote 13 Segment InformationprintItem 2. Management S Discussion and Analysis Of Financial Condition andprintItem 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market RiskprintItem 4. Controls and ProceduresprintPart II Other InformationprintItem 1. Legal ProceedingsprintItem 1A. Risk FactorsprintItem 2. Unregistered Sales Of Equity Securities and Use Of ProceedsprintItem 6. Exhibitsprint

Exhibits

3.1 Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Cincinnati Financial Corporation (incorporated by reference to the company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September30,2017, Exhibit 3.1) 3.2 Amended and Restated Code of Regulations of Cincinnati Financial Corporation, as of May 5, 2018 (incorporated by reference to the company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2018, Exhibit 3.2) 31A Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 ChiefExecutive Officer 31B Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 ChiefFinancialOfficer 32 Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002