CIVI 10-Q Quarterly Report March 31, 2016 | Alphaminr
Civitas Solutions, Inc.
ALPHAMINR

CIVI 10-Q Quarter ended March 31, 2016

Balance Sheet
Cash Flow
Income Statement
Debt
10-Q 1 civi3311610q.htm 10-Q SEC Document


UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
x
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2016
OR
o
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission file number: 001-36623
CIVITAS SOLUTIONS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
65-1309110
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
313 Congress Street, 6th Floor
Boston, Massachusetts 02210
(617) 790-4800
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer
o
Accelerated filer
x
Non-accelerated filer
o (Do not check if smaller reporting company)
Smaller reporting company
o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes o No x
As of April 30, 2016 , there were 37,106,586 shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock, $0.01 par value.



TABLE OF CONTENTS
Civitas Solutions, Inc.
Page


2


PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.
Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
Civitas Solutions, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
March 31,
2016
September 30,
2015
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents
$
7,125

$
41,690

Restricted cash
734

749

Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $11,341 and $11,207 at March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015
147,678

145,395

Deferred tax assets, net
16,924

19,648

Prepaid expenses and other current assets
20,801

14,049

Total current assets
193,262

221,531

Property and equipment, net
169,427

168,227

Intangible assets, net
321,026

305,856

Goodwill
283,310

274,520

Restricted cash
50,000

50,000

Other assets
44,548

43,050

Total assets
$
1,061,573

$
1,063,184

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable
$
24,171

$
25,890

Accrued payroll and related costs
67,616

82,012

Other accrued liabilities
56,348

46,428

Obligations under capital lease, current
522

497

Current portion of long-term debt
6,554

6,554

Total current liabilities
155,211

161,381

Other long-term liabilities
75,852

79,170

Deferred tax liabilities, net
55,250

58,223

Obligations under capital lease, less current portion
5,293

5,561

Long-term debt, less current portion
634,436

637,574

Commitments and Contingencies (Note 15)


Stockholders’ equity
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 350,000,000 shares authorized; and 37,103,016 and 37,093,237 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015, respectively
371

371

Additional paid-in capital
291,482

277,311

Accumulated loss on derivatives, net of taxes of ($2,261) and ($1,157) at March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015, respectively
(3,330
)
(1,704
)
Accumulated deficit
(152,992
)
(154,703
)
Total stockholders’ equity
135,531

121,275

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity
$
1,061,573

$
1,063,184

See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated financial statements.

3


Civitas Solutions, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
Three Months Ended
March 31,
Six Months Ended
March 31,
2016
2015
2016
2015
Net revenue
$
345,683

$
335,180

$
691,430

$
669,770

Cost of revenue
265,804

260,073

536,816

517,631

Operating expenses:
General and administrative
40,084

39,473

89,626

79,781

Depreciation and amortization
18,331

20,653

36,318

37,863

Total operating expenses
58,415

60,126

125,944

117,644

Income from operations
21,464

14,981

28,670

34,495

Other income (expense):
Management fee of related party
—

—

—

(162
)
Other income (expense), net
(143
)
(87
)
(958
)
53

Extinguishment of debt
—

(2,715
)
—

(17,058
)
Interest expense
(8,464
)
(9,416
)
(17,037
)
(20,321
)
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes
12,857

2,763

10,675

(2,993
)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes
5,344

995

8,736

(1,376
)
Income (loss) from continuing operations
7,513

1,768

1,939

(1,617
)
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax
(198
)
(70
)
(228
)
(125
)
Net income (loss)
$
7,315

$
1,698

$
1,711

$
(1,742
)
Income (loss) per common share, basic and diluted
Income (loss) from continuing operations
$
0.20

$
0.05

$
0.05

$
(0.04
)
Loss from discontinued operations
—

—

—

—

Net income (loss)
$
0.20

$
0.05

$
0.05

$
(0.05
)
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, basic
37,102,113

36,950,000

37,098,677

36,950,000

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, diluted
37,207,096

37,065,969

37,245,466

36,950,000

See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated financial statements.


4


Civitas Solutions, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited)
Three Months Ended
March 31,
Six Months Ended
March 31,
2016
2015
2016
2015
Net income (loss)
$
7,315

$
1,698

$
1,711

$
(1,742
)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Gain (loss) on derivative instrument classified as cash flow hedge, net of tax for the three and six months ended March 31, 2016 of ($2,013) and ($1,104), respectively, and $169 for both the three and six months ended March 31, 2015
(2,965
)
249

(1,626
)
249

Comprehensive income (loss)
$
4,350

$
1,947

$
85

$
(1,493
)
See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated financial statements.


5


Civitas Solutions, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(Amounts in thousands, except share amounts)
(Unaudited)

Common Stock
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
(Loss) Income
Accumulated
Deficit
Total
Stockholders'
Equity
Shares
Amount
Balance at September 30, 2014
36,950,000

$
370

$
272,943

$
—

$
(157,775
)
$
115,538

Change in estimate of initial public offering costs
—

—

576

—

576

Stock-based compensation
—

—

2,373

—

2,373

Other comprehensive income, net of tax
—

—

—

249

249

Net loss
—

—

—

—

(1,742
)
(1,742
)
Balance at March 31, 2015
36,950,000

$
370

$
275,892

$
249

$
(159,517
)
$
116,994

Balance at September 30, 2015
37,093,237

$
371

$
277,311

$
(1,704
)
$
(154,703
)
$
121,275

Issuance of common stock under employee incentive plans, net of shares surrendered
9,779

—

(8
)
—

—

(8
)
Stock-based compensation
—

—

13,434

—

—

13,434

Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation awards
—

—

745

—

—

745

Other comprehensive loss, net of tax
—

—

—

(1,626
)
—

(1,626
)
Net income
—

—

—

—

1,711

1,711

Balance at March 31, 2016
37,103,016


$
371


$
291,482


$
(3,330
)

$
(152,992
)

$
135,531



See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated financial statements.


6


Civitas Solutions, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited)
Six Months Ended
March 31,
2016
2015
Operating activities:
Net income (loss)
$
1,711

$
(1,742
)
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for accounts receivable allowances
7,463

7,552

Depreciation and amortization
36,347

35,799

Amortization and write-off of original issue discount and initial purchasers discount
139

4,758

Amortization and write-off of financing costs
780

2,357

Stock-based compensation
13,434

2,373

Deferred income taxes
855

1,728

Loss on disposal of assets
418

209

Non-cash impairment charge
—

2,158

Change in fair value of contingent consideration
(3,156
)
152

Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions:
Accounts receivable
(9,746
)
(13,303
)
Other assets
(8,896
)
(10,551
)
Accounts payable
(1,340
)
146

Accrued payroll and related costs
(14,396
)
(13,134
)
Other accrued liabilities
8,883

(3,860
)
Other long-term liabilities
(547
)
740

Net cash provided by operating activities
31,949

15,382

Investing activities:
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired
(44,319
)
(31,942
)
Purchases of property and equipment
(19,019
)
(19,711
)
Change in restricted cash
15

328

Proceeds from sale of assets
899

706

Net cash used in investing activities
(62,424
)
(50,619
)
Financing activities:
Issuance of long-term debt, net of original issue discount
—

54,450

Repayments of long-term debt
(3,277
)
(215,139
)
Proceeds from borrowings under senior revolver
—

170,300

Repayments of borrowings under senior revolver
—

(170,300
)
Repayments of capital lease obligations
(243
)
(221
)
Cash paid for settlement of acquisition contingent consideration
(1,307
)
—

Proceeds from issuance of common stock under employee equity incentive plans
67

—

Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation
745

—

Taxes paid related to net share settlements of restricted stock unit awards
(75
)
—

Net cash used in financing activities
(4,090
)
(160,910
)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents
(34,565
)
(196,147
)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
41,690

196,147

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
$
7,125

$
—

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid for interest
$
15,793

$
21,598

Cash paid for call premium on redemption of senior notes
$
—

$
11,688

Cash paid for income taxes
$
11,368

$
1,011

Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing activities:
Accrued property and equipment
$
1,026

$
223

Fair value of contingent consideration related to acquisitions
$
—

$
6,100

See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated financial statements.

7


Civitas Solutions, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
March 31, 2016
(Unaudited)

1. Business Overview
Civitas Solutions, Inc. ("Civitas"), through its wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively, the "Company"), is the leading provider of home- and community-based health and human services to individuals with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities, acquired brain injury and other catastrophic injuries and illnesses; and to youth with emotional, behavioral and/or medically complex challenges. Since the Company’s founding in 1980, the Company has evolved into a diversified national network providing an array of high-quality services and care in large, growing and highly-fragmented markets. The Company currently provides services to individuals with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities (“I/DD”), individuals with catastrophic injuries and illnesses, particularly acquired brain injury (“ABI”), youth with emotional, behavioral and/or medically complex challenges, or at-risk youth (“ARY”) and elders in need of day health services to support their independence, or adult day health (“ADH”). Since the Company’s founding in 1980, the Company’s operations have grown to 35 states. The Company provides residential services to approximately 11,500 clients and approximately 16,000 clients receive periodic services from the Company in non-residential settings.
The Company designs customized service plans to meet the individual needs of its clients, which it delivers in home- and community-based settings. Most of the Company’s service plans involve residential support, typically in small group homes, host home settings, or specialized community facilities, designed to improve the clients’ quality of life and to promote their independence and participation in community life. Other services offered include supported living, day and transitional programs, vocational services, case management, family-based and outpatient therapeutic services, post-acute treatment and neurorehabilitation, neurobehavioral rehabilitation and physical, occupational and speech therapies, among others. The Company’s customized service plans offer its clients as well as the payors of these services, an attractive, cost-effective alternative to health and human services provided in large, institutional settings.
Civitas is the parent of a consolidated group of subsidiaries that market their services under The MENTOR Network tradename. Prior to October 1, 2015, Civitas was a partially owned subsidiary of NMH Investment, LLC (“NMH Investment”), which was formed in connection with the acquisition of our business by affiliates of Vestar Capital Partners (“Vestar”) in 2006. The equity interests of NMH Investment were owned by Vestar and certain executive officers, directors and other members of management. On October 1, 2015, in connection with an underwritten secondary offering, NMH Investment distributed all of the 25,250,000 shares of common stock of Civitas it held to its existing members in accordance with their respective membership interests. NMH Holdings, LLC ("NMHH") is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Civitas and National Mentor Holdings, Inc. (“NMHI”) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of NMHH. The financial results of Civitas are primarily composed of the financial results of NMHI and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.
2. Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared by the Company in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and pursuant to the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements herein should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2015 , which is on file with the SEC. In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments, consisting of normal and recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly the financial statements in accordance with GAAP. Intercompany balances and transactions between the Company and its subsidiaries have been eliminated in consolidation. Operating results for the three and six months ended March 31, 2016 may not necessarily be indicative of results to be expected for any other interim period or for the full year.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

8


Our financial results are affected by the selection and application of accounting policies and methods. There were no material changes in the six months ended March 31, 2016 to the application of significant accounting policies as described in our audited financial statements for the year ended September 30, 2015 .
Statement of Cash Flow Correction
In the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three and six months ended March 31, 2015, the Company incorrectly included the fair value of contingent consideration related to acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired, and the corresponding changes to other accrued and long term liabilities, in its cash flow statement for the six months ended March 31, 2015. This resulted in an overstatement of net cash provided by operating activities and an overstatement of net cash used in investing activities of $6.1 million for the six months ended March 31, 2015. This has been corrected in the reported amounts for the six months ended March 31, 2015 included herein.
3. Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Revenue from Contracts with Customers— In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers Topic 606 (ASU 2014-09), which supersedes nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is to recognize revenues when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 defines a five step process to achieve this core principle and, in doing so, more judgment and estimates may be required within the revenue recognition process than are required under existing U.S. GAAP. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date, which delayed the effective date of the new standard for the Company from October 1, 2017 to October 1, 2018. The FASB also agreed to allow entities to choose to adopt the standard as of the original effective date. The Company is evaluating the method of adoption and the potential impact that ASU 2014-09 may have on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows, and liquidity.
Imputation of Interest— In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-03, Interest - Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs. The new standard requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-15, Interest - Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs Associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements, which clarified that debt issuance costs related to line-of-credit arrangements can be presented in the balance sheet as an asset and amortized over the term of the line-of-credit arrangement. The standard is to be applied retrospectively and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within those years. As of March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015, the Company had deferred financing costs of $6.7 million and $7.5 million , respectively, within other assets.
Business Combinations — In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-16, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments. The new standard requires that an acquirer recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined and sets forth new disclosure requirements related to the adjustments. The standard is to be applied prospectively and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Although the impact of applying this standard to prior acquisitions would have been immaterial, the adoption could have a significant impact on the accounting for future business combinations.
Income Taxes — In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes. The new standard requires that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as non-current in a classified statement of financial position. The amendments in this update apply to all entities that present a classified statement of financial position. The standard is to be applied prospectively and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years. As of March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015, the Company had current deferred tax assets, net of current deferred tax liabilities, of $16.9 million and $19.6 million , respectively.
Leases — In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02—Leases (Topic 842). The new standard requires that all lessees recognize the assets and liabilities that arise from leases on the balance sheet and disclose qualitative and quantitative information about its leasing arrangements. The standard is to be applied using a modified retrospective approach and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact that this standard may have on its consolidated financial statements.

9


Stock Compensation — In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09—Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718). The areas for simplification in this Update involve several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact that this standard may have on its consolidated financial statements.
4. Long-Term Debt
As of March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015 , the Company’s long-term debt consisted of the following:
(in thousands)
March 31,
2016
September 30,
2015
Term loan principal; principal and interest is due in quarterly installments through January 31, 2021
$
642,307

$
645,585

Original issue discount on term loan, net of accumulated amortization
(1,317
)
(1,457
)
640,990

644,128

Less current portion
6,554

6,554

Long-term debt
$
634,436

$
637,574


Senior Secured Credit Facilities
NMHI's senior credit agreement (the “senior credit agreement”), as amended, governs a $655.0 million term loan facility (the “term loan facility”), of which $50.0 million was deposited in a cash collateral account in support of the issuance of letters of credit under an institutional letter of credit facility (the “institutional letter of credit facility”), and a $120.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the “senior revolver”). The term loan facility has a seven year maturity and the senior revolver has a five year maturity from the effective date, or January 31, 2014. All of the obligations under the senior secured credit facilities are guaranteed by NMHH and the subsidiary guarantors named therein. The senior credit agreement provides that NMHI may make one or more offers to the lenders, and consummate transactions with individual lenders that accept the terms contained in such offers, to extend the maturity date of the lender’s term loans and/or revolving commitments, subject to certain conditions, and any extended term loans or revolving commitments will constitute a separate class of term loans or revolving commitments.
The senior revolver includes borrowing capacity available for letters of credit and for borrowings on same-day notice, referred to as the “swingline loans.” Any issuance of letters of credit or borrowing on a swingline loan will reduce the amount available under the senior revolver. As of March 31, 2016 , NMHI had no loans under the senior revolver and $47.4 million of letters of credit issued under the institutional letter of credit facility and $2.9 million of letters of credit issued under the senior revolver.
Borrowings under the senior secured credit facilities bear interest, at our option, at: (i) an alternate base rate ("ABR") equal to the greater of (a) the prime rate of Barclays Bank PLC, (b) the federal funds rate plus 1/2 of 1.0%, and (c) the Eurodollar rate for an interest period of one-month plus 100 basis points, plus 2.25% (provided that the ABR rate applicable to the term loan facility will not be less than 2.00% per annum); or (ii) the Eurodollar rate (provided that the Eurodollar rate applicable to the term loan facility will not be less than 1.00% per annum), plus 3.25% . NMHI is also required to pay a commitment fee to the lenders under the senior revolver at an initial rate of 0.50% of the average daily unutilized commitments thereunder. NMHI must also pay customary letter of credit fees.
The senior credit agreement requires NMHI to make mandatory prepayments, subject to certain exceptions, on a percentage of NMHI's annual Excess Cash Flow, as defined in the senior credit agreement. NMHI determines whether or not a mandatory prepayment is required at the end of each fiscal year. NMHI was not required to make a prepayment for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2015.

10


Covenants
The senior credit agreement contains negative covenants, including, among other things, limitations on the Company’s ability to incur additional debt, create liens on assets, transfer or sell assets, pay dividends, redeem stock or make other distributions or investments, and engage in certain transactions with affiliates. The senior credit agreement contains a springing financial covenant. If, at the end of any fiscal quarter, the Company’s outstanding borrowings under the senior revolver exceeds 30% of the commitments thereunder, it is required to maintain at the end of each such fiscal quarter a consolidated first lien leverage ratio of not more than 5.50 to 1.00 . This consolidated first lien leverage ratio will step down to 5.00 to 1.00 commencing with the fiscal quarter ending March 31, 2017. The springing financial covenant was not in effect as of March 31, 2016 or September 30, 2015 as NMHI’s outstanding borrowings on the senior revolver did not exceed the threshold.
Derivatives

On January 20, 2015, NMHI entered into two interest rate swap agreements in an aggregate notional amount of $375.0 million in order to reduce the variability of cash flows of our variable rate debt. NMHI entered into these interest rate swaps to hedge the risk of changes in the floating rate of interest on borrowings under the term loan. Under the terms of the swaps, NMHI will receive from the counterparty a quarterly payment based on a rate equal to the greater of 3-month LIBOR or 1.00% per annum, and NMHI will make payments to the counterparty based on a fixed rate of 1.795% per annum, in each case on the notional amount of $375.0 million , settled on a net payment basis. The swap agreements expire on March 31, 2020.

The fair value of the swap agreements, representing the price that would be received to transfer the liability in an orderly transaction between market participants, was $5.6 million and $2.9 million as of March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015 , respectively. The fair value was recorded in Other accrued liabilities and was determined based on pricing models and independent formulas using current assumptions. Hedge ineffectiveness, if any, associated with the swap will be reported by the Company in interest expense. There was no ineffectiveness associated with the swap during the six months ended March 31, 2016 , nor was any amount excluded from ineffectiveness testing for the period.

5. Stock-Based Compensation

2014 Plan

Civitas maintains a 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan (“2014 Plan”). The 2014 Plan authorizes the issuance of stock-based awards, including incentive stock options (“ISOs”), non-qualified stock options (“NSOs”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”) to purchase up to 5,546,797 shares authorized in the 2014 Plan.

Stock option activity for the six months ended March 31, 2016 is presented below:
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Number of
Shares
Weighted-
Average
Exercise Price
per Share
Weighted-
Average
Remaining Life
(Years)
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
Outstanding at September 30, 2015
567,900

$
16.98

Granted
211,588

25.29

Forfeited
15,197

17.00

Exercised
3,965

17.00

Expired
1,858

17.00

Outstanding at March 31, 2016
758,468

$
19.30

8.8
$
250

Vested or expected to vest as of March 31, 2016
726,068

$
19.23

8.8
$
241

Exercisable at March 31, 2016
184,660

$
16.98

8.5
$
84



11


The Company utilizes the Black-Scholes valuation model for estimating the fair value of stock options. Options granted under the 2014 Plan during the six months ended March 31, 2016 were valued using the following assumptions:
2016
Risk-free interest rate
1.32% to 1.92%

Expected term
6 years

Expected volatility
35.12% to 36.20%

Expected dividend yield
—
%

Restricted stock unit activity for the six months ended March 31, 2016 is presented below:
Number of
Restricted Stock Units
Weighted Average
Grant-Date Fair Value
Non-vested units at September 30, 2015
385,935

$
17.10

Granted
262,567

24.45

Forfeited
20,501

19.05

Vested
8,684

16.43

Non-vested units at March 31, 2016
619,317

$
20.16


The Company recognizes the fair value of stock options and restricted stock units in net income over the requisite service period of the individual grantee, which generally equals the vesting period.
Under the 2014 Plan, the Company may also grant awards of performance based restricted stock units (“PRSUs”). The number of PRSUs earned is determined based on the Company's attainment of predefined performance targets set by the Compensation Committee. During the six months ended March 31, 2016 the Company issued 42,467 PRSUs. The number of PRSUs earned will be determined based on (1) the Company's actual performance against established performance targets in the third year of the three year performance period (the “Performance Condition”) and (2) may be further adjusted based on the performance of the Company’s common stock in relation to the Russell 2000 Healthcare Index (the “Market Condition”). The number of PRSUs earned based on the Performance Condition may range from 0% to 200% of the initial award and thereafter may be increased or decreased by 25% based on the Market Condition. All of the PRSUs will be settled in shares of the Company’s common stock, which will be issued following the end of the three -year performance period, subject to the actual achievement of the predefined performance targets. For the PRSUs subject only to the Performance Condition, the Company has determined the per share fair value to be equal to the stock price on the date of grant. Compensation expense is recorded ratably over the 3 -year performance period. To calculate compensation expense, the Company forecasts the likelihood of achieving the predefined performance targets and calculates the number of PRSUs expected to be earned.  Based on the results achieved through March 31, 2016 and forecasted over the remainder of the performance period, the Company expected 100% achievement of the Performance Condition. For the portion of the PRSUs that will be subject to increase or decrease based on achievement of the Market Condition, the Company utilized a Monte Carlo simulation to determine the fair value of the underlying shares on the grant date and will record expense ratably over the three-year performance period.

A summary of PRSU activity for the six months ended March 31, 2016 is as follows:
Initial Number of Performance Based Restricted Stock Units
Adjustment (1)
Total Number of Performance Based
Restricted Stock Units
Weighted Average
Grant-Date Fair Value
Non-vested units at September 30, 2015
—

—

—

$
—

Granted
42,467

—

42,467

17.61

Forfeited
—

—

—

—

Vested
—

—

—

—

Non-vested units at March 31, 2016
42,467

—

42,467

$
17.61


(1) Represents an increase or decrease in the number of PRSUs awarded based on either (a) the final performance criteria achievement at the end of the defined performance period or (b) a change in estimated awards based on the forecasted performance against the predefined targets.

12


The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense for awards issued under the 2014 Plan of $1.8 million and $3.0 million during the three and six months ended March 31, 2016 , and $1.2 million and $2.4 million during the three and six months ended March 31, 2015 . Stock-based compensation expense is included in general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

Unit Plan

NMH Investment maintained the Amended and Restated 2006 Unit Plan (the “Unit Plan”). Under the plan NMH Investment issued units of limited liability company interests pursuant to such plan, consisting of Class B Common Units, Class C Common Units, Class D Common Units, Class E Common Units, Class F Common Units, Class G Common Units and Class H Common Units. These units derived their value from the value of the Company.

On October 1, 2015, in connection with a secondary offering, NMH Investment distributed all of the 25,250,000 shares of our common stock it held to its existing members in accordance with their respective membership interests and pursuant to the terms of the NMH Investment's Limited Liability Company Agreement and the management unitholders agreements (the “Distribution”). The Distribution triggered the vesting condition for the Class H Common Units and the acceleration of unvested Class F Common Units. As a result, the Company recorded compensation expense of $10.5 million related to these awards during the quarter ended December 31, 2015. This expense is not deductible for tax purposes. During the six months ended March 31, 2016 the Company recorded compensation expense of $10.5 million for the Distribution, and during the three and six months ended March 31, 2015 the Company recorded compensation expense of $35 thousand and $78 thousand , respectively, for awards issued under the Unit Plan. The expense is included in general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations. As a result of the Distribution, the Unit Plan has concluded and there will be no future issuances under this plan.
6. Business Combinations
The operating results of the businesses acquired are included in the consolidated statements of operations from the date of acquisition. The Company accounted for the acquisitions under the acquisition method and, as a result, the purchase price was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their respective fair values. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of net tangible assets was allocated to specifically identified intangible assets, with the residual being allocated to goodwill.
Fiscal 2016 Acquisitions
During the six months ended March 31, 2016 , the Company acquired the assets of eight companies complementary to its business for a total fair value consideration of $44.3 million .
Mother's Touch, LLC ("Mother's Touch") . On November 30, 2015 , the Company acquired the assets of Mother's Touch for $3.4 million . Mother's Touch is located in Indiana and provides residential and community-based services to individuals with developmental disabilities. The Company acquired $2.7 million of identified intangible assets which included $2.7 million of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of 12 years and $14 thousand of other intangible assets. As a result of the acquisition, the Company recorded $0.7 million of goodwill in the Human Services segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Winways, LLC ("Winways") . On December 31, 2015 , the Company acquired the assets of Winways for $0.8 million . Winways is located in California and provides residential and day treatment services to individuals with traumatic brain injuries, neurological illnesses and similar conditions. The Company acquired $0.6 million of identified intangible assets which included $0.5 million of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of 12 years and $0.1 million of other intangible assets. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded $0.1 million of goodwill in the Post Acute Specialty-Rehabilitation Services segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Triumph Rehabilitation, LLC ("Triumph") . On February 1, 2016 , the Company acquired the assets of Triumph for $2.6 million . Triumph is located in Michigan and provides physical therapy, rehabilitation and related services to individuals with traumatic brain injuries, neurological illnesses, and similar conditions. The Company acquired $2.3 million of identified intangible assets which included $2.2 million of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of 12 years and $89 thousand of other intangible assets. The estimated fair values of the intangible assets acquired at the date of acquisition are determined based on a valuation that has yet to be finalized. The Company’s valuations are subject to adjustment as additional information is obtained; however these adjustments are not expected to be material. Based on the preliminary fair value estimate of the net assets acquired at the date of acquisition, the Company recorded $0.3 million of goodwill in the Post Acute Specialty-Rehabilitation Services segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.

13


Brighton Worcester Massachusetts Adult Day Health, Inc. ("Brighton Worcester ADH"). On February 1, 2016 the Company acquired the assets of Brighton Worcester ADH for $13.6 million . Brighton Worcester ADH is located in Massachusetts and provides nursing and health oversight, medication management, therapy services, nutritional and dietary services, counseling and case management to elders. The Company acquired $10.6 million of identified intangible assets which included $9.8 million of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of 12 years , $0.7 million of tradenames with a weighted average useful life of 5 years and $40 thousand of other intangible assets. The estimated fair values of the intangible assets acquired at the date of acquisition are determined based on a valuation that has yet to be finalized. The Company’s valuations are subject to adjustment as additional information is obtained; however these adjustments are not expected to be material. Based on the preliminary fair value estimate of the net assets acquired at the date of acquisition, the Company recorded $2.7 million of goodwill in adult day health services as part of the Human Services segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Tender Loving Care Duluth, LLC ("TLC Duluth") . On February 29, 2016 , the Company acquired the assets of TLC Duluth for $8.5 million . TLC Duluth is located in Minnesota and provides full-time services in the community residential setting for individuals with developmental disabilities, traumatic brain injuries or mental illness. The Company acquired $7.1 million of identified intangible assets which included $6.2 million of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of 12 years and $1.0 million of other intangible assets. The estimated fair values of the intangible assets acquired at the date of acquisition are determined based on a valuation that has yet to be finalized. The Company’s valuations are subject to adjustment as additional information is obtained; however these adjustments are not expected to be material. Based on the preliminary fair value estimate of the net assets acquired at the date of acquisition, the Company recorded $1.3 million of goodwill in the Human Services segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Maryland Adult Day Health, Inc. ("Maryland ADH"). On March 14, 2016 , the Company acquired the assets of Maryland ADH for $12.3 million . Maryland ADH is located in Maryland and provides adult day health care services to the Medicaid eligible elderly population. The Company acquired $8.2 million of identified intangible assets which included $7.2 million of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of 12 years , $1.0 million of tradenames with a weighted average useful life of 5 years , and $40 thousand of other intangible assets. In addition, the Company acquired total tangible assets, consisting primarily of vehicles, of $0.7 million . The estimated fair values of the intangible assets acquired at the date of acquisition are determined based on a valuation that has yet to be finalized. The Company’s valuations are subject to adjustment as additional information is obtained; however these adjustments are not expected to be material. Based on the preliminary fair value estimate of the net assets acquired at the date of acquisition, the Company recorded $3.3 million of goodwill in adult day health services as part of the Human Services segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Eagle Crest Center, LLC ("Eagle Crest"). On March 15, 2016 , the Company acquired the assets of Eagle Crest for $2.0 million . Eagle Crest is located in California and provides skilled nursing services and related services to individuals with traumatic brain injuries, spinal cord injuries, neuro-muscular or congenital anomalies, and similar conditions. The Company acquired $1.7 million of intangible assets which included $1.4 million of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of 12 years and $0.3 million of other intangible assets. The estimated fair values of the intangible assets acquired at the date of acquisition are determined based on a valuation that has yet to be finalized. The Company’s valuations are subject to adjustment as additional information is obtained; however these adjustments are not expected to be material. Based on the preliminary fair value estimate of the net assets acquired at the date of acquisition, the Company recorded $0.3 million of goodwill in the Post Acute Specialty-Rehabilitation Services segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
CRM Habilitative Services, Inc. ("CRM"). On March 31, 2016 , the Company acquired the assets of CRM for $1.1 million . CRM is located in Pennsylvania and provides group home services and day program services and related services to individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The Company acquired $0.9 million of intangible assets which included $0.8 million of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of 12 years and $0.2 million of other intangible assets. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded $0.1 million of goodwill in the Human Services segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.

14


The following table summarizes the recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired at the date of each acquisition:
(in thousands)
Identifiable
Intangible
Assets
Tangible Assets
Total Identifiable
Assets
Goodwill
Purchase Consideration
Mother's Touch
$
2,741

$
9

$
2,750

$
650

$
3,400

Winways
619

29

648

108

756

Triumph
2,335

—

2,335

265

2,600

Brighton Worcester ADH
10,560

363

10,923

2,717

13,640

TLC Duluth
7,132

26

7,158

1,342

8,500

Maryland ADH
8,230

748

8,978

3,306

12,284

Eagle Crest
1,717

—

1,717

283

2,000

CRM
934

86

1,020

119

1,139

Total
$
34,268

$
1,261

$
35,529

$
8,790

$
44,319


The Company has not separately disclosed the operating results of these businesses during the three and six months ended March 31, 2016 because they are immaterial.

7. Pro Forma Results of Operations
The following table reflects the unaudited pro forma results of operations for the three and six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 assuming that the acquisitions made during the three and six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 had occurred on October 1, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
Three Months Ended
March 31,
Six Months Ended
March 31,
(in thousands)
2016
2015
2016
2015
Net revenue
$
351,070

$
346,513

$
707,075

$
696,501

Net income
8,344

3,913

4,734

4,013


The unaudited pro forma information is presented for informational purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the actual results that would have been achieved had the acquisitions occurred as of October 1, 2014 and 2013, or the results that may be achieved in future periods.
8. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill
The changes in goodwill for the six months ended March 31, 2016 are as follows (in thousands):
Human
Services
Post -Acute
Specialty
Rehabilitation
Services
Total
Balance as of September 30, 2015
$
193,286

$
81,234

$
274,520

Goodwill acquired through acquisitions
8,134

656

8,790

Balance as of March 31, 2016
$
201,420

$
81,890

$
283,310


15


Intangible Assets
Intangible assets consist of the following as of March 31, 2016 (in thousands):
Description
Weighted
Average
Amortization Period
Gross
Carrying
Value
Accumulated
Amortization
Intangible
Assets,
Net
Agency contracts
8 years

$
499,504

$
240,819

$
258,685

Non-compete/non-solicit
2 years

6,438

3,988

2,450

Relationship with contracted caregivers
—

7,521

7,291

230

Trade names
3 years

6,516

3,621

2,895

Trade names (indefinite life)
—

45,800

—

45,800

Licenses and permits
2 years

49,711

38,757

10,954

Intellectual property
—

452

440

12

$
615,942

$
294,916

$
321,026

Intangible assets consist of the following as of September 30, 2015 (in thousands):
Description
Weighted
Average
Amortization Period
Gross
Carrying
Value
Accumulated
Amortization
Intangible
Assets,
Net
Agency contracts
8 years

$
468,549

$
225,383

$
243,166

Non-compete/non-solicit
2 years

6,097

3,477

2,620

Relationship with contracted caregivers
1 year

7,521

6,915

606

Trade names
2 years

4,883

3,343

1,540

Trade names (indefinite life)
—

45,800

—

45,800

Licenses and permits
2 years

48,395

36,314

12,081

Intellectual property
1 year

452

409

43

$
581,697

$
275,841

$
305,856

Amortization expense was $9.7 million and $19.1 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2016 , respectively, and $9.9 million and $19.3 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2015 , respectively.
The estimated remaining amortization expense related to intangible assets with finite lives for the six months remaining in fiscal 2016 and each of the four succeeding years and thereafter is as follows:
(in thousands)
2016
$
19,147

2017
35,851

2018
34,990

2019
34,707

2020
33,911

Thereafter
116,620

Total
$
275,226

9. Related Party Transactions
Lease Agreements
The Company leases several offices, homes and other facilities from its employees, or from relatives of employees, primarily in the states of Minnesota, California and Wisconsin. These leases were entered into in the ordinary course of business and completed at an arm’s length. These leases have various expiration dates extending out through September 2020. Related party lease expense was $0.2 million and $0.3 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2016 and $0.2 million and $0.4 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2015 .

16


10. Fair Value Measurements
The Company measures and reports its financial assets and liabilities on the basis of fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.
A three-level hierarchy for disclosure has been established to show the extent and level of judgment used to estimate fair value measurements, as follows:
Level 1: Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2: Significant other observable inputs (quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability).
Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. These values are generally determined using pricing models which utilize management estimates of market participant assumptions.
Valuation techniques for assets and liabilities measured using Level 3 inputs may include methodologies such as the market approach, the income approach or the cost approach, and may use unobservable inputs such as projections, estimates and management’s interpretation of current market data. These unobservable inputs are only utilized to the extent that observable inputs are not available or cost-effective to obtain.
A description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below.
The following table sets forth the Company’s assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2016 .
(in thousands)
Total
Quoted
Market Prices
(Level 1)
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Liabilities
Interest rate swap agreements
$
(5,591
)
$
—

$
(5,591
)
$
—

Contingent consideration
$
(4,612
)
$
—

$
—

$
(4,612
)
The following table sets forth the Company’s assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2015 .
(in thousands)
Total
Quoted
Market Prices
(Level 1)
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Liabilities
Interest rate swap agreements
$
(2,861
)
$
—

$
(2,861
)
$
—

Contingent consideration
$
(9,075
)
$
—

$
—

$
(9,075
)

Interest rate-swap agreements. The Company’s interest rate-swap agreements are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of the swap agreements is recorded in current liabilities (under other accrued liabilities) in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of these agreements is determined based on pricing models and independent formulas using current assumptions that included swap terms, interest rates and forward LIBOR curves and the Company’s credit risk.
Contingent consideration. In connection with the acquisition of Mass Adult Day Health (“Adult Day Health”) in August 2014 and Cassell in January 2015, the Company recorded contingent consideration pertaining to the amounts potentially payable to the former owners upon the businesses achieving certain performance targets.

17


The fair values of the Company's contingent consideration obligations are based on a probability-weighted approach derived from the overall likelihood of achieving certain performance targets. The resultant probability-weighted earn-out payments are discounted using a discount rate based upon the weighted-average cost of capital. The fair value measurement is based on significant inputs not observable in the market, which represent Level 3 inputs within the fair value hierarchy. The valuation of contingent consideration uses assumptions the Company believes would be made by a market participant. The Company assesses these estimates on an ongoing basis as additional data impacting the assumptions is obtained. Increases or decreases in the fair values of the contingent consideration obligations may result from changes in discount periods and rates, changes in the timing and amount of earn-out criteria and changes in probability assumptions with respect to the likelihood of achieving the various earn-out criteria. Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration related to updated assumptions and estimates are recognized in General and administrative expense within the consolidated statements of operations.
The following table presents a summary of changes in fair value of the Company’s Level 3 liabilities measured on a recurring basis for the six months ended March 31, 2016 .
(in thousands)
Six Months Ended
March 31, 2016
Balance at September 30, 2015
$
9,075

Present value accretion
(211
)
Cassell fair value adjustment
(2,945
)
Balance at December 31, 2015
$
5,919

Payment
(1,307
)
Balance at March 31, 2016
$
4,612


As of March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015 , the Company had $4.6 million and $9.1 million of contingent consideration, respectively, of which approximately $4.6 million and $3.9 million , respectively, were reflected in Other accrued liabilities and zero and $5.2 million , respectively, were reflected in Other long-term liabilities. The $3.2 million fair value adjustment and reversal of present value accretion during the six months ended March 31, 2016 relates to the Cassell acquisition and reflects the revised estimate from the date of acquisition of expected operating performance during the two year earn out period which ends January 31, 2017.

At March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015 , the carrying values of cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and variable rate debt approximated fair value.
11. Income Taxes
The Company’s effective income tax rate for the interim periods is based on management’s estimate of the Company’s annual effective tax rate for the applicable year. It is also affected by discrete items that may occur in any given period. For the three and six months ended March 31, 2016 , the Company’s effective income tax rate was 41.6% and 81.8% , respectively, as compared to an effective tax rate of 36.0% and 46.0% for the three and six months ended March 31, 2015 , respectively. These rates differ from the federal statutory income tax rate primarily due to state income taxes, nondeductible permanent differences such as meals and nondeductible compensation, and net operating losses not benefited. The higher effective tax rate for the six months ended March 31, 2016 is primarily due to $10.5 million of stock-based compensation expense related to certain awards under our former equity compensation plan that vested in October 2015. This expense is not deductible for tax purposes and was considered a discrete item. Therefore, the entire impact of the expense on income taxes was recorded during the first quarter of fiscal 2016 and is included in the six months ended March 31, 2016 .
The Company files a federal consolidated return and files various state income tax returns and, generally, is no longer subject to income tax examinations by the taxing authorities for years prior to September 30, 2012. The Company did not have a reserve for uncertain income tax positions at March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015 . The Company does not expect any significant changes to unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as charges to income tax expense.
12. Segment Information
The Company conducts its business through two reportable business segments: the Human Services Segment and the Post-Acute Specialty Rehabilitation Services (“SRS”) Segment.


18


Through the Human Services Segment, the Company primarily provides home- and community-based human services to adults and children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (“I/DD”), and to youth with emotional, behavioral and/or medically complex challenges (“ARY”) and, beginning in fiscal 2014, to elders. The operations of the Human Services Segment have been organized by management into three operating segments based upon geography and clients served.
Through the SRS Segment, the Company delivers services to individuals who have suffered acquired brain injury, spinal injuries and other catastrophic injuries and illnesses. The operations of the SRS Segment have been organized by management into two operating segments, NeuroRestorative and CareMeridian, based upon service type. The NeuroRestorative operating group provides behavioral therapies to brain injured clients in post-acute community settings and the CareMeridian operating group provides a higher level of medical support to traumatically injured clients .
Each operating segment is aligned with the Company’s reporting structure and has a segment manager that is directly accountable for its operations and regularly reports results to the chief operating decision makers, which are the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Operating Officer, for the purpose of evaluating these results and making decisions regarding resource allocations.

The Company evaluates performance based on EBITDA. EBITDA for each segment is defined as income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes, before depreciation and amortization, intangible impairments, and interest income (expense).

Activities classified as “Corporate” in the table below relate primarily to unallocated home office expenses, management fees, and debt extinguishment costs.
The following table is a financial summary by reportable segments for the periods indicated (in thousands):
For the three months ended March 31,
Human Services
Post-Acute
Specialty
Rehabilitation
Services
Corporate
Consolidated
2016
Net revenue
$
273,677

$
72,006

$
—

$
345,683

EBITDA
42,794

14,433

(17,578
)
39,649

Total assets
634,364

256,671

170,538

1,061,573

Depreciation and amortization
11,705

5,920

706

18,331

Purchases of property and equipment
6,659

2,369

869

9,897

2015
Net revenue
$
269,745

$
65,435

$
—

$
335,180

EBITDA (1)
39,678

11,822

(18,537
)
32,963

Depreciation and amortization
14,126

5,903

624

20,653

Purchases of property and equipment
5,693

3,798

1,334

10,825


(1) The performance measures previously reported for the three months ended March 31, 2015 have been revised from Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes to EBITDA.

A reconciliation of EBITDA to income from continuing operations on a consolidated basis is as follows (in thousands):
For the three months ended March 31,
2016
2015
EBITDA
$
39,649

$
32,963

Less:
Depreciation and amortization
18,331

20,653

Interest expense, net
8,461

9,547

Income from continuing operations before income taxes
$
12,857

$
2,763



19


For the six months ended March 31,
Human Services
Post-Acute
Specialty
Rehabilitation
Services
Corporate
Consolidated
2016
Net revenue
$
551,387

$
140,043

$
—

$
691,430

EBITDA
80,416

26,080

(42,693
)
63,803

Total assets
634,364

256,671

170,538

1,061,573

Depreciation and amortization
23,133

11,812

1,373

36,318

Purchases of property and equipment
12,007

5,277

1,735

19,019

2015
Net revenue
$
541,714

$
128,056

$
—

$
669,770

EBITDA (1)
82,242

23,590

(50,535
)
55,297

Depreciation and amortization
25,513

11,142

1,208

37,863

Purchases of property and equipment
10,003

7,962

1,746

19,711


(1) The performance measures previously reported for the six months ended March 31, 2015 have been revised from Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes to EBITDA.

A reconciliation of EBITDA to income (loss) from continuing operations on a consolidated basis is as follows (in thousands):
For the six months ended March 31,
2016
2015
EBITDA
$
63,803

$
55,297

Less:
Depreciation and amortization
36,318

37,863

Interest expense, net
16,810

20,427

Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes
$
10,675

$
(2,993
)
Revenue derived from contracts with state and local governmental payors in the state of Minnesota, the Company’s largest state operation, which is included in the Human Services segment, accounted for approximately 15% of the Company’s net revenue for the three and six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 .


13. Disposition of Business

During fiscal 2015, the Company decided to discontinue ARY services in the states of Florida, Louisiana, Indiana, North Carolina and Texas. These operations are included in the Human Services Segment. On December 1, 2015, the Company completed the sale of our ARY operations in the state of North Carolina. As consideration, the buyer assumed our lease and service delivery obligations in exchange for the assets of the business, excluding working capital items, and a cash payment of $1.3 million to the buyer. Upon the completion of the sale, the Company recorded a loss of $1.3 million . The closures of the ARY operations in Florida and Louisiana were complete as of December 31, 2015 and the closures of our ARY operations in Indiana and Texas were completed in January 2016. During the six months ended March 31, 2016 the Company recorded cash charges of approximately $2.0 million , consisting of severance costs of $0.5 million and lease termination costs of $1.5 million .

The Company assessed the disposal group under the guidance of ASU 2014−08, Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity and concluded that the closure of the disposal group does not represent a "strategic shift" and therefore has not been classified as discontinued operations for any of the periods presented. However, the Company has concluded that the disposal group was an individually significant disposal group. Pretax losses for this disposal group were $0.3 million and $5.6 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2016 , respectively, and $0.9 million and $2.4 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2015 , respectively. Pretax losses for the six months ended March 31, 2016 included exit costs of $2.0 million disclosed above.

20



14. Net Income (Loss) Per Share
Basic net income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the basic weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per common share, if applicable, is computed by dividing net income by the diluted weighted average number of common shares and common equivalent shares outstanding during the period. The weighted average number of common equivalent shares outstanding has been determined in accordance with the treasury-stock method. Common equivalent shares consist of common stock issuable on the exercise of outstanding options and vesting of restricted stock units when dilutive.
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”):
Three Months Ended March 31,
Six Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
2016
2015
2016
2015
Numerator
Net income (loss)
$
7,315

$
1,698

$
1,711

$
(1,742
)
Denominator
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic
37,102,113

36,950,000

37,098,677

36,950,000

Weighted average common equivalent shares
104,983

115,969

146,789

—

Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted
37,207,096

37,065,969

37,245,466

36,950,000

Net income (loss) per share, basic and diluted
$
0.20

$
0.05

$
0.05

$
(0.05
)
Equity instruments excluded from diluted net income (loss) per share calculation as the effect would have been anti-dilutive:
Stock options
731,006

570,260

377,439

565,751

Restricted stock units
206,279

460,305

102,576

565,379


15. Other Commitments and Contingencies
The Company is in the health and human services business and, therefore, has been and continues to be subject to numerous claims alleging that the Company, its employees or its independently contracted host-home caregivers (“Mentors”) failed to provide proper care for a client. The Company is also subject to claims by its clients, its employees, its Mentors or community members against the Company for negligence, intentional misconduct or violation of applicable laws. Included in the Company’s recent claims are claims alleging personal injury, assault, abuse, wrongful death and other charges. Regulatory agencies may initiate administrative proceedings alleging that the Company’s programs, employees or agents violate statutes and regulations and seek to impose monetary penalties on the Company. The Company could be required to incur significant costs to respond to regulatory investigations or defend against civil lawsuits and, if the Company does not prevail, the Company could be required to pay substantial amounts of money in damages, settlement amounts or penalties arising from these legal proceedings.

The Company is also subject to potential lawsuits under the False Claims Act and other federal and state whistleblower statutes designed to combat fraud and abuse in the health care industry. These lawsuits can involve significant monetary awards that may incentivize private plaintiffs to bring these suits. If the Company is found to have violated the False Claims Act, it could be excluded from participation in Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act provides a mandate for more vigorous and widespread enforcement activity to combat fraud and abuse in the health care industry.
The Company is also subject to employee-related claims under state and federal law, including claims for discrimination, wrongful discharge or retaliation; claims for wage and hour violations under the Fair Labor Standards Act or state wage and hour laws.


16. Subsequent Events

On Apr il 12, 2016 , the Company made a $2.3 million payment for contingent consideration related to the acquisition of Cassell & Associates LLC.


21



Item 2.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2015 , as well as our reports on Form 8-K and other publicly available information. This discussion may contain forward-looking statements about our markets, the demand for our services and our future results. We based these statements on assumptions that we consider reasonable. Actual results may differ materially from those suggested by our forward-looking statements for various reasons, including those discussed in the “Risk Factors” and “Forward-Looking Statements” sections of this report.
Overview
We are the leading national provider of home- and community-based health and human services to must-serve individuals with intellectual, developmental, physical or behavioral disabilities and other special needs. Since our founding in 1980, we have been a pioneer in the movement to provide home- and community-based services for people who would otherwise be institutionalized. During our 35-year history, we have evolved from a single residential program serving at-risk youth to a diversified national network providing an array of high-quality services and care in large, growing and highly-fragmented markets. While we have the capabilities to serve individuals with a wide variety of special needs and disabilities, we currently provide our services to individuals with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities ("I/DD"), individuals with catastrophic injuries and illnesses, particularly acquired brain injury ("ABI"), youth with emotional, behavioral and/or medically complex challenges, or at-risk youth ("ARY") and elders in need of day health services to support their independence, or adult day health (“ADH”). As of March 31, 2016 , we operated in 35 states, serving approximately 11,500 clients in residential settings and approximately 16,000 clients in non-residential settings. We have a diverse group of hundreds of public payors which fund our services with a combination of federal, state and local funding, as well as, an increasing number of non-public payors related to our services for ABI and other catastrophic injuries and illnesses.
We have two reportable business segments: the Human Services Segment and the Post-Acute Specialty Rehabilitation Services (“SRS”) Segment. Through the Human Services Segment, we provide home- and community-based human services to adults and children with intellectual and developmental disabilities, to youth with emotional, behavioral and/or medically complex challenges and, beginning in fiscal 2014, to elders. The operations of the Human Services Segment have been organized by management into three operating segments based upon geography and clients served. Through the SRS Segment, we deliver services to individuals who have suffered acquired brain injury, spinal injuries and other catastrophic injuries and illnesses. The operations of the SRS Segment have been organized by management into two operating segments, NeuroRestorative and CareMeridian, based upon service type. Each operating segment is aligned with the Company’s reporting structure and has a segment manager that is directly accountable for its operations and regularly reports results to the chief operating decision maker, which is either the Company's Chief Executive Officer or Chief Operating Officer, for the purpose of evaluating these results and making decisions regarding resource allocations.
Delivery of services to individuals with I/DD is the largest portion of our Human Services segment. Our I/DD programs include residential support, day habilitation, vocational services, case management, crisis intervention and hourly support care. Our Human Services segment also includes the delivery of ARY services. Our ARY programs include therapeutic foster care, family preservation, adoption services, early intervention, school-based services and juvenile offender programs. Our newest service line, ADH, delivers elder services including case management, nursing oversight, medication management, nutrition, daily living assistance, transportation, and therapeutic services.
Within our SRS segment, our NeuroRestorative operating segment is focused on rehabilitation and transitional living services and our CareMeridian operating segment is focused on the more medically-intensive post-acute care services. Our SRS services range from sub-acute healthcare for individuals with intensive medical needs to day treatment programs, and include: neurorehabilitation; neurobehavioral rehabilitation; specialized nursing; physical, occupational and speech therapies; supported living; outpatient treatment; and pre-vocational services.

22



Factors Affecting our Operating Results

Demand for Home and Community-Based Health and Human Services
Our growth in revenue has historically been related to increases in the number of individuals served as well as increases in the rates we receive for our services. This growth has depended largely upon development-driven activities, including the maintenance and expansion of existing contracts and the award of new contracts, our new start program and acquisitions. We also attribute the long-term growth in our client base to certain trends that are increasing demand in our industry, including demographic, health-care and political developments.

Demographic trends have a particular impact on our I/DD business. Increases in the life expectancy of individuals with I/DD, we believe, have resulted in steady increases in the demand for I/DD services. In addition, caregivers currently caring for their relatives at home are aging and many may soon be unable to continue with these responsibilities. Many states continue to downsize or close large, publicly-run facilities for individuals with I/DD and refer those individuals to private providers of community-based services. Each of these factors affects the size of the I/DD population in need of services. Demand for our SRS services has also grown as emergency response and improved medical techniques have resulted in more people surviving a catastrophic injury. SRS services are increasingly sought out as a clinically-appropriate and less-expensive alternative to institutional care and as a “step-down” for individuals who no longer require care in acute settings.

Our residential ARY services were negatively impacted by a substantial decline in the number of children and adolescents in foster care placements during the last decade, although the population has stabilized in recent years.  This decline has contributed to increased demand for periodic, non-residential services to support at-risk youth and their families. In connection with a strategic review of our ARY service line in fiscal 2015, we completed the sale of our ARY business in North Carolina in December 2015 and completed the closures of our ARY operations in Florida and Louisiana in December 2015 and in Indiana and Texas in January 2016.
Political and economic trends can also affect our operations. Budgetary pressures facing state governments, especially within Medicaid programs, as well as other economic, industry and political factors could cause state governments to limit spending, which could significantly reduce our revenue, referrals, margins and profitability, and adversely affect our growth strategy. Government agencies generally condition their contracts with us upon a sufficient budgetary appropriation. If the government agency does not receive an appropriation sufficient to cover its obligations with us, it may terminate a contract or defer or reduce our reimbursements. For example, during the economic downturn that began in 2008, our government payors in several states responded to deteriorating revenue collections by implementing service reductions, rate freezes and/or rate reductions. Beginning in fiscal 2012, the rate environment improved and, as a result, pricing increases contributed to revenue growth during each of the fiscal years from 2012 through 2015. While this trend will likely continue in fiscal 2016 as the rate climate remains stable to favorable in all but one of our key markets, the financial impact is expected to be significantly more modest than in prior years due to a redesign of the I/DD Waiver program in West Virginia.   Year to date, this redesign has resulted in a $5.3 million dollar reduction to revenue as compared to the comparable period a year ago.  We anticipate that we will experience continued reduction in revenue in the second half of the year, estimated to be in a range of $4.0 to $6.0 million dollars.   We further expect that the effects of the system redesign will be partially mitigated by the recent passage of legislation that will, effective, July 1, 2016, grant provider tax relief for behavioral health providers in West Virginia.
Historically, our business has benefited from the trend toward privatization and the efforts of groups that advocate for the populations we serve. These groups lobby governments to fund residential services that use our small group home or host home models, rather than large, institutional models. Furthermore, we believe that successful lobbying by advocacy groups has preserved I/DD and ARY services and, therefore, our revenue base for these services, from significant reductions as compared with certain other human services, although we did suffer rate reductions during and after the recession that began in 2008. In addition, a number of states have developed community-based waiver programs to support long-term care services for survivors of a traumatic brain injury. However, the majority of our specialty rehabilitation services revenue is derived from non-public payors, such as commercial insurers, managed care and other private payors.
Expansion of Services
We have grown our business through expansion of existing markets and programs, entry into new geographical markets as well as through acquisitions.

23


Organic Growth
Various economic, fiscal, public policy and legal factors are contributing to an environment with an increased number of organic growth opportunities, particularly within the Human Services segment, and, as a result, we have a continued emphasis on growing our business organically and making investments to support the effort. Our future growth will depend heavily on our ability to expand our current programs and identify and execute upon new opportunities. Our organic expansion activities consist of both new program starts in existing markets and expansion into new geographical markets. Our new programs in new and existing geographic markets typically require us to incur and fund operating losses for a period of approximately 18 to 24 months (we refer to these new programs as “new starts”). Net operating loss or income of a new start is defined as its revenue for the period less direct expenses but not including allocated overhead costs. The aggregation of all programs with net operating losses that are less than 18 months old comprises the new start operating loss and the aggregation of all programs with net operating income that are less than 18 months old comprises the new start operating income for such period. During the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 , new starts generated operating losses of $1.9 million and $1.5 million , respectively, and operating income of $1.6 million and $0.7 million , respectively. During the six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 , new starts generated operating losses of $3.6 million and $2.8 million , respectively, and operating income of $2.0 million and $1.5 million , respectively.
Acquisitions
From the beginning of fiscal 2010 through March 31, 2016 , we have completed 54 acquisitions, including several acquisitions of small providers, which we have integrated with our existing operations. We have pursued larger strategic acquisitions in the past and may opportunistically continue to do so in the future. Acquisitions could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
During the six months ended March 31, 2016 , we acquired the assets of eight companies complementary to our business for total cash consideration of $44.3 million .
During the six months ended March 31, 2015 , we acquired the assets of five companies complementary to our business for total fair value consideration of $38.0 million, including $6.1 million of contingent consideration.
Divestitures

We regularly review and consider the divestiture of underperforming or non-strategic businesses to improve our operating results and better utilize our capital. We have made divestitures from time to time and expect that we may make additional divestitures in the future. Divestitures could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

During fiscal 2015, the Company decided to discontinue ARY services the states of Florida, Louisiana, Indiana, North Carolina and Texas. As a result, we sold our ARY operations in North Carolina on December 1, 2015 and closed our ARY operations in Florida, Louisiana, Indiana and Texas during the first two quarters of fiscal 2016. In connection with these divestitures, we recorded exit costs of $2.0 million, consisting of $0.5 million and lease termination costs of $1.5 million, and a loss on the sale of our ARY business in North Carolina of $1.3 million during the first half of fiscal 2016.

24


Revenue
Revenue is reported net of allowances for unauthorized sales and estimated sales adjustments, and net of any state provider taxes or gross receipts taxes levied on services we provide. We derive revenue from contracts with state, local and other government payors and non-public payors. During the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, we derived 88% and 89% of our net revenue from contracts with state, local and other government payors, respectively, and 12% and 11% of our net revenue from non-public payors, respectively. During both the six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 , we derived 89% of our net revenue from contracts with state, local and other government payors and 11% of our net revenue from non-public payors. Substantially all of our non-public revenue is generated by our SRS business through contracts with commercial insurers, workers’ compensation carriers and other private payors. The payment terms and rates of our contracts vary widely by jurisdiction and service type. We have four types of contractual arrangements with payors which include negotiated contracts, fixed fee contracts, retrospective reimbursement contracts and prospective payments contracts. Our revenue may be affected by adjustments to our billed rates as well as adjustments to previously billed amounts. Revenue in the future may be affected by changes in rates, rate-setting structures, methodologies or interpretations that may be proposed in states where we operate or by the federal government which provides matching funds. We cannot determine the impact of such changes or the effect of any possible governmental actions. In general, we take prices set by our payors and do not compete based on pricing.

We bill the majority of our residential services on a per person per-diem basis. We believe important performance measures of revenues in our residential service business include average daily residential census and average daily billing rates. We bill the majority of our non-residential service on a per service unit basis. These service units, which vary in length, are converted to billable units which are the hourly equivalent for the service provided. We believe important performance measures of revenues in our non-residential service business include billable units and average billable unit rates. We calculate the impact of these factors on gross revenue rather than net revenue because the timing of sales adjustments, both positive and negative, is unpredictable. We define these measures and gross revenue as follows:

•
Gross Revenue: Revenues before adjusting for sales adjustments and state provider and gross receipts taxes.
•
Average Residential Census: The average daily residential census over the respective period.
•
Average Daily Rate: A mathematical calculation derived by dividing the gross residential revenue by the residential census and the resulting quotient by the number of days during the respective period.
•
Non-Residential Billable Units: The hourly equivalent of non-residential services provided.
•
Average Billable Unit Rate: Gross non-residential revenue divided by the billable units provided during the period.

25


A comparative summary of gross revenues by service line and our key metrics is as follows (dollars in thousands, except for daily and billable unit rates):
Three Months Ended March 31,
Six Months Ended March 31,
2016
2015
2016
2015
I/DD Services
Gross Revenues
$
234,466

$
219,757

$
466,534

$
440,941

Average Residential Census
8,016

7,796

8,019

7,765

Average Daily Rate
$
241.61

$
234.09

$
238.60

$
232.97

Non-Residential Billable Units
3,138,243

3,044,367

6,301,706

6,132,900

Average Non-Residential Billable Unit Rate
$
18.55

$
18.23

$
18.47

$
18.22

Gross Revenue Growth %
6.7
%
5.8
%
Gross Revenue growth due to:
Volume Growth
2.9
%
3.1
%
Average Rate Growth
3.8
%
2.7
%
At-Risk Youth Services
Gross Revenues
$
35,378

$
48,724

$
78,289

$
98,391

Average Residential Census
2,152

3,651

2,503

3,673

Average Daily Rate
$
129.28

$
104.74

$
122.64

$
104.71

Non-residential Billable Units
125,823

168,126

275,803

335,160

Average Non-Residential Billable Unit Rate
$
79.98

$
85.09

$
80.15

$
84.71

Gross Revenue Growth %
(27.4
)%
(20.4
)%
Gross Revenue growth due to:
Volume Growth
(36.4
)%
(27.7
)%
Average Rate Growth
9.0
%
7.3
%
Adult Day Health
Gross Revenues
$
7,456

$
4,047

$
13,027

$
8,922

Non-residential Billable Units
480,174

266,574

842,904

586,740

Average Non-Residential Billable Unit Rate
$
15.53

$
15.18

$
15.45

$
15.21

Gross Revenue Growth %
84.3
%
46.0
%
Gross Revenue growth due to:
Volume Growth
80.2
%
43.6
%
Average Rate Growth
4.1
%
2.4
%
Specialty Rehabilitation Services
Gross Revenues
$
71,786

$
66,339

$
140,972

$
129,182

Average Residential Census
1,253

1,182

1,235

1,152

Average Daily Rate
$
604.65

$
623.41

$
601.11

$
616.14

Non-residential Billable Units
38,816

—

74,575

—

Average Non-Residential Billable Unit Rate
$
73.50

$
—

$
69.06

$
—

Gross Revenue Growth %
8.2
%
9.1
%
Gross Revenue growth due to:
Volume Growth
10.2
%
11.1
%
Average Rate Growth
(2.0
)%
(2.0
)%
Expenses
Expenses directly related to providing services are classified as cost of revenue. These expenses consist of direct labor costs which principally include salaries and benefits for service provider employees and per diem payments to our Mentors; client program costs such as food, medicine and professional and general liability and employment practices liability expenses; residential occupancy expenses which are primarily comprised of rent and utilities related to facilities providing direct care; travel and transportation costs for clients requiring services; and other ancillary direct costs associated with the provision of services to clients including workers’ compensation expense.

26


Wages and benefits to our employees and per diem payments to our Mentors constitute the most significant operating cost in each of our operations. Most of our employee caregivers are paid on an hourly basis, with hours of work generally tied to client need. Our Mentors are paid on a per diem basis, but only if the Mentor is currently caring for a client. Our labor costs are generally influenced by levels of service, and these costs can vary in material respects across regions.
Occupancy costs represent a significant portion of our operating costs. As of March 31, 2016 , we owned 366 facilities and three offices, and we leased 1,586 facilities and 218 offices. We expect occupancy costs to increase during fiscal 2016 as a result of new leases entered into pursuant to acquisitions and new starts. We incur no facility costs for services provided in the home of a Mentor.
Professional and general liability expense totaled 1.1% and 1.0% of gross revenue for the three and six months ended March 31, 2016 , respectively, as compared to 0.6% and 0.7% for the three and six months ended March 31, 2015 , respectively. We incurred professional and general liability expenses of $3.8 million and $6.6 million during the three and six months ended March 31, 2016 , respectively, and $2.1 million and $4.9 million during the three and six months ended March 31, 2015 , respectively. These expenses are incurred in connection with our claims reserve and insurance premiums. The increase in expense during the three and six months ended March 31, 2016, as compared to the same periods of the prior year, was due to unfavorable claims experience.
General and administrative expenses primarily include salaries and benefits for administrative employees, or employees that are not directly providing services, administrative occupancy costs as well as professional expenses such as accounting, consulting and legal services, and stock-based compensation expense. Depreciation and amortization includes depreciation for fixed assets utilized in both facilities providing direct care and administrative offices, and amortization related to intangible assets.
Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our consolidated results of operations as a percentage of total gross revenues for the periods indicated.
Three Months Ended March 31,
Six Months Ended March 31,
2016

2015
2016
2015
Gross revenue
100.0
%
100.0
%
100.0
%
100.0
%
Sales adjustments
(1.0
)%
(1.1
)%
(1.1
)%
(1.1
)%
Net revenue
99.0
%

98.9
%
98.9
%
98.9
%
Cost of revenue
76.1
%

76.7
%
76.8
%
76.4
%
Operating expenses:
General and administrative
11.5
%

11.6
%
12.8
%
11.8
%
Depreciation and amortization
5.3
%

6.1
%
5.2
%
5.6
%
Total operating expense
16.8
%

17.7
%
18.0
%
17.4
%
Income from operations
6.1
%

4.5
%
4.1
%
5.1
%
Other income (expense):
Management fee of related party
—
%

—
%
—
%
—
%
Other income (expense), net
—
%

—
%
(0.1
)%
—
%
Extinguishment of debt
—
%

(0.8
)%
—
%
(2.5
)%
Interest expense
(2.4
)%

(2.8
)%
(2.4
)%
(3.0
)%
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes
3.7
%

0.9
%
1.6
%
(0.4
)%
Provision (benefit) for income taxes
1.5
%

0.3
%
1.3
%
(0.2
)%
Income (loss) from continuing operations
2.2
%

0.6
%
0.3
%
(0.2
)%
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax
(0.1
)%

—
%
—
%
—
%
Net income (loss)
2.1
%

0.6
%
0.3
%
(0.2
)%

27


Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 and 2015
Consolidated Overview
Three Months Ended March 31,


Increase
(Decrease)
(in thousands)
2016

2015

Gross revenue
$
349,086


$
338,867


$
10,219

Sales adjustments
(3,403
)

(3,687
)

284

Net revenue
345,683


335,180


10,503

Income from operations
$
21,464


$
14,981


$
6,483

Operating margin
6.1
%

4.4
%

1.7
%
Consolidated gross revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2016 increased by $10.2 million , or 3.0% , compared to gross revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2015 . Sales adjustments as a percentage of gross revenue decreased by 0.1% from 1.1% during three months ended March 31, 2015 to 1.0% during three months ended March 31, 2016 . Gross revenue increased $11.4 million from acquisitions that closed during and after the three months ended March 31, 2015 and decreased $1.2 million from organic sources. The decrease in organic gross revenue was the result of divesting our ARY operations in Illinois in the third quarter of fiscal 2015, and in Florida, Louisiana, Indiana, North Carolina and Texas during the first half of fiscal 2016 ("ARY Divestitures"), which resulted in a decrease of $14.9 million in gross revenue. Excluding the operating results of the ARY Divestitures, gross revenue increased $13.6 million from organic growth.
Consolidated income from operations was $21.5 million for three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to $15.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015 . Income from operations increased from 4.4% of gross revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2015 to 6.1% of gross revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2016 . The increase in our operating margin as a percentage of gross revenue was primarily due to a decrease in workers' compensation expense due to favorable claims experience, the positive impact of divesting our lower margin ARY operations and a decrease in depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense for the three months ended March 31, 2015 included an intangible asset impairment charge of $2.2 million related to the closure of our Illinois at-risk-youth business.
Revenues by segment

The following table sets forth revenue for the Human Services segment for the periods indicated (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31,

Increase
(Decrease)
Percentage
Increase
(Decrease)
2016
2015
I/DD gross revenue
$
234,466

$
219,757

$
14,709

6.7
%
ARY gross revenue
35,378

48,724

(13,346
)
(27.4
)%
ADH gross revenue
7,456

4,047

3,409

84.2
%
Total Human Services gross revenue
277,300

272,528

4,772

1.8
%
Sales adjustments
(3,623
)
(2,783
)
Sales adjustments as a percentage of gross revenue
(1.3
)%
(1.0
)%
Total Human Services net revenue
$
273,677

$
269,745

$
3,932

1.5
%
Human Services gross revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2016 increased by $4.8 million , or 1.8% , compared to the three months ended March 31, 2015 . The increase in gross revenue was driven by a $14.7 million increase in I/DD gross revenue while ARY gross revenue decreased by $13.3 million compared to the three months ended March 31, 2015 . Gross revenue for ADH increased $3.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2016 to $7.5 million .
The increase in I/DD gross revenue included $9.2 million from organic growth and $5.5 million from acquisitions that closed during and after the three months ended March 31, 2015 . The organic growth was the result of a 1.0% increase in volume coupled with a 3.2% increase in average billing rates compared to the three months ended March 31, 2015 . The increase in volume was driven by new starts and growth in our more mature programs.

The $13.3 million decrease in ARY gross revenue was driven by a 36.4% decrease in volume due to the ARY Divestitures. These divestitures resulted in a decrease of $14.9 million in gross revenue, which was partially offset by an increase in revenue in the remaining ARY states.

28


The increase in ADH gross revenue included $1.5 million from organic growth and $1.9 million from acquisitions that closed after the three months ended March 31, 2015 . The organic growth was the result of a 33.5% increase in volume and a 3.3% increase in the average billing rate compared to the three months ended March 31, 2015 . The increase in volume was driven by new starts.
Sales adjustments for the three months ended March 31, 2016 increased by $0.8 million , or 0.3% as a percentage of gross revenue, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2015 .

The following table sets forth revenue for the SRS segment for the periods indicated (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31,

Increase
(Decrease)
Percentage
Increase
(Decrease)
2016
2015
SRS gross revenue
$
71,786

$
66,339

$
5,447

8.2
%
Sales adjustments
220

(904
)
Sales adjustments as a percentage of gross revenue
0.3
%
(1.4
)%
SRS net revenue
$
72,006

$
65,435

$
6,571

10.0
%
The SRS segment’s gross revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2016 increased by $5.4 million , or 8.2% , compared to the three months ended March 31, 2015 . The increase included $1.4 million from organic growth and $4.0 million from acquisitions that closed during and after the three months ended March 31, 2015 . The organic growth was driven by an increase in volume of 4.4% partially offset by a decrease in the average billing rate of 2.2% as a result of changes in our consumer mix. The increase in volume was primarily driven by lower levels of open occupancy resulting from the maturation of programs started in recent years.
Sales adjustments for the three months ended March 31, 2016 were positive $0.2 million compared to negative adjustments of $0.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015 . The change in sales adjustments compared to the three months ended March 31, 2015 is primarily due to the impact of positive adjustments in certain markets.
Cost of revenues by segment

The following table sets forth cost of revenues for the Human Services segment for the periods indicated (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31,
2016
2015
Change in %
of gross
revenue
Amount
% of gross
revenue
Amount
% of gross
revenue
Increase
(Decrease)
Direct labor costs
$
176,091

63.5
%
$
173,874

63.8
%
$
2,217

(0.3
)%
Client program costs
11,063

4.0
%
9,339

3.4
%
1,724

0.6
%
Client occupancy costs
16,985

6.1
%
16,054

5.9
%
931

0.2
%
Travel & transportation costs
6,511

2.3
%
6,961

2.6
%
(450
)
(0.3
)%
Other direct costs
4,246

1.5
%
6,230

2.3
%
(1,984
)
(0.8
)%
Total cost of revenues
$
214,896

77.4
%
$
212,458

78.0
%
$
2,438

(0.6
)%
Human Services cost of revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2016 decreased as a percentage of gross revenue by 0.6% , as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2015 . This was primarily due to a decrease in other direct costs of 0.8% and a decrease in direct labor costs of 0.3% , partially offset by an increase in client program costs of 0.6% . The decrease in other direct costs as a percentage of gross revenue was primarily due to lower workers' compensation expense resulting from favorable claims experience during three months ended March 31, 2016 . The decrease in direct labor costs as a percentage of gross revenue was primarily due to a decrease in direct service consultants costs resulting from our ARY divestitures, partially offset by higher amounts of overtime pay as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2015 . The higher amounts of overtime time were the result of vacant positions primarily within our I/DD business due to increased competition for labor in some markets. We expect these amounts to remain consistent with our most recent experience. The increase in our client program costs as a percentage of gross revenue is the result of increased professional and general liability expense due to unfavorable claims experience during the three months ended March 31, 2016 .

29



The following table sets forth cost of revenues for the SRS segment for the periods indicated (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31,
2016
2015
Change in %
of gross
revenue
Amount
% of gross
revenue
Amount
% of gross
revenue
Increase
(Decrease)
Direct labor costs
$
35,896

50.0
%
$
33,430

50.4
%
$
2,466

(0.4
)%
Client program costs
5,031

7.0
%
4,421

6.7
%
610

0.3
%
Client occupancy costs
8,376

11.7
%
7,581

11.4
%
795

0.3
%
Travel & transportation costs
840

1.2
%
848

1.3
%
(8
)
(0.1
)%
Other direct costs
793

1.1
%
1,197

1.8
%
(404
)
(0.7
)%
Total cost of revenues
$
50,936

71.0
%
$
47,477

71.6
%
$
3,459

(0.6
)%
SRS segment’s cost of revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2016 decreased as a percentage of gross revenue by 0.6% as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2015 . The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in other direct costs of 0.7% and a decrease in direct labor costs of 0.4% partially offset by increases in client program costs and occupancy costs of 0.3% . The decrease in other direct costs as a percentage of gross revenue was primarily due to lower workers' compensation costs resulting from favorable claims experience during three months ended March 31, 2016 . The decrease in direct labor costs as a percentage of gross revenue was primarily due to the impact of closing under-performing programs in prior periods. The increase in our client program costs as a percentage of gross revenue is the result of increased professional and general liability expense due to an unfavorable claims experience during the three months ended March 31, 2016 . The increase in client occupancy costs as a percentage of gross revenue was due to the impact of newer programs with higher levels of excess capacity.
Consolidated operating expenses

General and administrative and depreciation and amortization expense were as follows (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31,
2016
2015
Change in %
of gross
revenue
Amount
% of gross
revenue
Amount
% of gross
revenue
Increase
(Decrease)
General and administrative
$
40,084

11.5
%
$
39,473

11.6
%
$
611

(0.1
)%
Depreciation and amortization
18,331

5.3
%
20,653

6.1
%
(2,322
)
(0.8
)%
Total operating expense
$
58,415

16.8
%
$
60,126

17.7
%
$
(1,711
)
(0.9
)%
General and administrative expenses as a percentage of gross revenue decreased by 0.1% during the three months ended March 31, 2016 .
Depreciation and amortization expense as a percentage of gross revenue decreased to 5.3% as compared to 6.1% during the three months ended March 31, 2015 . Depreciation and amortization expense for the three months ended March 31, 2015 included an intangible asset impairment charge of $2.2 million related to the closure of our Illinois at-risk-youth business.
Other (income) expense
Other income (expense), net: Other income (expense), net, which primarily consists of interest income, mark to market adjustments of the cash surrender value of Company owned life insurance policies and the accretion of interest on acquisition related contingent consideration liabilities, was $0.1 million for both the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015.
Interest expense: Interest expense decreased by $1.0 million during the three months ended March 31, 2016 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2015 due to lower interest expense as a result of the redemption $50.0 million of senior notes on March 4, 2015.

30


Provision (benefit) for income taxes
For the three months ended March 31, 2016 , our effective income tax rate was 41.6% compared to an effective tax rate of 36.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2015 . The Company’s effective income tax rate for the interim periods is based on management’s estimate of the Company’s annual effective tax rate for the applicable year.  It is also affected by discrete items that may occur in any given period, but are not consistent from year to year. These rates differ from the federal statutory income tax rate primarily due to state income taxes, nondeductible permanent differences such as meals and nondeductible compensation, and net operating losses not benefited.
Six Months Ended March 31, 2016 and 2015
Consolidated Overview
Six Months Ended March 31,

Increase
(Decrease)
(in thousands)
2016
2015
Gross revenue
$
698,822

$
677,436

$
21,386

Sales adjustments
(7,392
)
(7,666
)
274

Net revenue
691,430

669,770

21,660

Income from operations
$
28,670

$
34,495

$
(5,825
)
Operating margin
4.1
%
5.1
%
(1.0
)%
Consolidated gross revenue for the six months ended March 31, 2016 increased by $21.4 million , or 3.2% , compared to gross revenue for the six months ended March 31, 2015 . Sales adjustments as a percentage of gross revenue remained consistent at 1.1% during the six months ended March 31, 2016 . Gross revenue increased $20.3 million from acquisitions that closed during and after the six months ended March 31, 2015 and $1.1 million from organic growth. Organic growth was negatively impacted by the ARY Divestitures, which resulted in a decrease of $23.0 million in gross revenue. Excluding the operating results of the ARY Divestitures, gross revenue increased $24.1 million from organic growth.
Consolidated income from operations was $28.7 million for six months ended March 31, 2016 compared to $34.5 million for the six months ended March 31, 2015 . Income from operations decreased from 5.1% of gross revenue for the six months ended March 31, 2015 to 4.1% of gross revenue for the six months ended March 31, 2016 . The decrease in our operating margin as a percentage of gross revenue was primarily due to an $11.1 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, $10.5 million of which was related to Class H Common Units that vested during the first quarter of fiscal 2016. Our operating margin during the first half of fiscal 2016 was also negatively impacted by $2.0 million of exit costs associated with the ARY divestitures. The effect of these charges was partially offset by a $3.2 million reduction in the fair value of acquisition related contingent consideration liabilities, a decrease in workers' compensation expense due to favorable claims experience, and the positive impact of divesting lower margin ARY operations during the six months ended March 31, 2016.
Revenues by segment

The following table sets forth revenue for the Human Services segment for the periods indicated (in thousands):
Six Months Ended March 31,

Increase
(Decrease)
Percentage
Increase
(Decrease)
2016
2015
I/DD gross revenue
$
466,534

$
440,941

$
25,593

5.8
%
ARY gross revenue
78,289

98,391

(20,102
)
(20.4
)%
ADH gross revenue
13,027

8,922

4,105

46.0
%
Total Human Services gross revenue
557,850

548,254

9,596

1.8
%
Sales adjustments
(6,463
)
(6,540
)
Sales adjustments as a percentage of gross revenue
(1.2
)%
(1.2
)%
Total Human Services net revenue
$
551,387

$
541,714

$
9,673

1.8
%
Human Services gross revenue for the six months ended March 31, 2016 increased by $9.6 million , or 1.8% , compared to the six months ended March 31, 2015 . The increase in gross revenue was driven by a $25.6 million increase in I/DD gross revenue while ARY gross revenue decreased by $20.1 million compared to the six months ended March 31, 2015 . Gross revenue for ADH increased $4.1 million during the first half of fiscal 2016 to $13.0 million .

31


The increase in I/DD gross revenue included $15.6 million from organic growth and $10.0 million from acquisitions that closed during and after the six months ended March 31, 2015 . The organic growth was the result of a 1.4% increase in volume coupled with a 2.2% increase in average billing rates compared to the six months ended March 31, 2015 . The increase in volume was driven by new starts and growth in our more mature programs.

The $20.1 million decrease in ARY gross revenue was driven by a 27.7% decrease in volume due to the ARY Divestitures. These divestitures resulted in a decrease of $23.0 million in gross revenue, which was partially offset by an increase in revenue in the remaining ARY states.
The increase in ADH gross revenue included $2.2 million from organic growth and $1.9 million from acquisitions that closed after the six months ended March 31, 2015 . The organic growth was the result of a 22.5% increase in volume and a 2.0% increase in the average billing rate compared to the six months ended March 31, 2015 . The increase in volume was driven by new starts.
Sales adjustments for the six months ended March 31, 2016 were flat at 1.2% , as a percentage of gross revenue, compared to the six months ended March 31, 2015 .

The following table sets forth revenue for the SRS segment for the periods indicated (in thousands):
Six Months Ended March 31,

Increase
(Decrease)
Percentage
Increase
(Decrease)
2016
2015
SRS gross revenue
$
140,972

$
129,182

$
11,790

9.1
%
Sales adjustments
(929
)
(1,126
)
Sales adjustments as a percentage of gross revenue
(0.7
)%
(0.9
)%
SRS net revenue
$
140,043

$
128,056

$
11,987

9.4
%
The SRS segment’s gross revenue for the six months ended March 31, 2016 increased by $11.8 million , or 9.1% , compared to the six months ended March 31, 2015 . The increase included $3.4 million from organic growth and $8.4 million from acquisitions that closed during and after the six months ended March 31, 2015 . The organic growth was driven by a 3.6% increase in volume partially offset by a decrease of 0.9% in average billing rate compared to the six months ended March 31, 2015. The increase in volume was primarily driven by lower levels of open occupancy resulting from the maturation of programs started in recent years.
Cost of revenues by segment

The following table sets forth cost of revenues for the Human Services segment for the periods indicated (in thousands):
Six Months Ended March 31,
2016
2015
Change in %
of gross
revenue
Amount
% of gross
revenue
Amount
% of gross
revenue
Increase
(Decrease)
Direct labor costs
$
355,954

63.8
%
$
346,263

63.2
%
$
9,691

0.6
%
Client program costs
22,260

4.0
%
20,345

3.7
%
1,915

0.3
%
Client occupancy costs
33,622

6.0
%
31,304

5.7
%
2,318

0.3
%
Travel & transportation costs
13,378

2.4
%
14,348

2.6
%
(970
)
(0.2
)%
Other direct costs
10,540

1.9
%
12,365

2.3
%
(1,825
)
(0.4
)%
Total cost of revenues
$
435,754

78.1
%
$
424,625

77.5
%
$
11,129

0.6
%
Human Services cost of revenues for the six months ended March 31, 2016 increased as a percentage of gross revenue by 0.6% , compared to the six months ended March 31, 2015 . This was primarily due to an increase in direct labor costs of 0.6% and increases in client program costs and client occupancy costs of 0.3% , partially offset by decreases in other direct costs and travel and transportation costs. The increase in direct labor costs as a percentage of gross revenue was primarily due to higher amounts of overtime pay and higher expense in the self-insured portion of our employee health insurance plans as compared to the six months ended March 31, 2015 . The increase was partially offset by the positive impact of divesting lower margin ARY operations. The higher amounts of overtime are a result of vacant positions within our I/DD business due to increased competition for labor in certain markets. We expect these amounts to remain consistent with our most recent experience. The increase in our health insurance

32


expense is the result of a favorable adjustment to our reserves during the six months ended March 31, 2015 resulting from lower than expected claims. The increase in our our client program costs as a percentage of gross revenue is primarily the result of increased professional and general liability expense due to an unfavorable claims experience during the six months ended March 31, 2016 . The increase in client occupancy costs as a percentage of gross revenue was primarily due to the impact of programs with higher levels of open occupancy. The decrease in other direct costs as a percentage of gross revenue was primarily due to lower workers' compensation expense as compared to the six months ended March 31, 2015 . Workers' compensation expense decreased due to a favorable claims experience during the six months ended March 31, 2016 .

The following table sets forth cost of revenues for the SRS segment for the periods indicated (in thousands):
Six Months Ended March 31,
2016
2015
Change in %
of gross
revenue
Amount
% of gross
revenue
Amount
% of gross
revenue
Increase
(Decrease)
Direct labor costs
$
71,017

50.4
%
$
64,870

50.2
%
$
6,147

0.2
%
Client program costs
9,983

7.1
%
9,172

7.1
%
811

—
%
Client occupancy costs
16,268

11.5
%
14,744

11.4
%
1,524

0.1
%
Travel & transportation costs
1,689

1.2
%
1,632

1.3
%
57

(0.1
)%
Other direct costs
2,021

1.4
%
2,282

1.8
%
(261
)
(0.4
)%
Total cost of revenues
$
100,978

71.6
%
$
92,700

71.8
%
$
8,278

(0.2
)%
SRS segment’s cost of revenues for the six months ended March 31, 2016 decreased as a percentage of gross revenue by 0.2% as compared to the six months ended March 31, 2015 . The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in other direct costs of 0.4% partially offset by an increase in direct labor of 0.2% . The decrease in other direct costs as a percentage of gross revenue was primarily due to lower workers' compensation costs as compared to the six months ended March 31, 2015 . The decrease in our workers' compensation costs is the result a favorable claims experience during the six months ended March 31, 2016 . The increase in direct labor costs as a percentage of gross revenue was primarily due an increase in expense for the self-insured portion of employee health insurance plans as compared to the six months ended March 31, 2015 . The increase in our health insurance expense is the result of a favorable adjustment to our self-insurance reserves during the six months ended March 31, 2015 resulting from lower than expected claims.
Consolidated operating expenses

General and administrative and depreciation and amortization expense were as follows (in thousands):
Six Months Ended March 31,
2016
2015
Change in %
of gross
revenue
Amount
% of gross
revenue
Amount
% of gross
revenue
Increase
(Decrease)
General and administrative
$
89,626

12.8
%
$
79,781

11.8
%
$
9,845

1.0
%
Depreciation and amortization
36,318

5.2
%
37,863

5.6
%
(1,545
)
(0.4
)%
Total operating expense
$
125,944

18.0
%
$
117,644

17.4
%
$
8,300

0.6
%
General and administrative expense as a percentage of gross revenue increased by 1.0% during the six months ended March 31, 2016 . The increase was primarily due to an $11.1 million increase in stock-based compensation expense and lease termination charges of $1.5 million associated with the ARY divestitures. The increase in stock-based compensation was primarily the result of the Class H Common Units vesting during the first quarter of fiscal 2016. These increases were partially offset by a $3.2 million reduction in the fair value of acquisition related contingent consideration liabilities during the six months ended March 31, 2016.
Depreciation and amortization expense decreased to 5.2% as a percentage of gross revenue as compared to 5.6% during the six months ended March 31, 2015 . Depreciation and amortization expense for the six months ended March 31, 2015 included an intangible asset impairment charge of $2.2 million related to the closure of our Illinois at-risk-youth business.

33


Other (income) expense
Other income (expense), net: Other income (expense), net, which primarily consists of interest income, mark to market adjustments of the cash surrender value of Company owned life insurance policies and the accretion of interest on acquisition related contingent consideration liabilities, decreased from income of $0.1 million during the six months ended March 31, 2015 to an expense of $1.0 million during the six months ended March 31, 2016 . Other income (expense), net for the six months ended March 31, 2016 , includes a $1.3 million loss on the sale of ARY operations in the state of North Carolina.
Interest expense: Interest expense decreased by $3.3 million during the six months ended March 31, 2016 as compared to the six months ended March 31, 2015 due to lower interest expense as a result of the redemption of $162.0 million and $50.0 million of senior notes on October 17, 2014, and March 4, 2015, respectively.
Provision (benefit) for income taxes
For the six months ended March 31, 2016 , our effective income tax rate was 81.8% compared to an effective tax rate of 46.0% for the six months ended March 31, 2015 . The Company’s effective income tax rate for the interim periods is based on management’s estimate of the Company’s annual effective tax rate for the applicable year. It is also affected by discrete items that may occur in any given period, but are not consistent from year to year. These rates differ from the federal statutory income tax rate primarily due to state income taxes, nondeductible permanent differences such as meals and nondeductible compensation, and net operating losses not benefited. The change in the effective tax rate during the six months ended March 31, 2016 compared to the six months ended March 31, 2015 is primarily due to a $10.5 million stock-based compensation charge related to certain awards under our former equity compensation plan that vested in October 2015. This expense was not deductible for tax purposes and was considered a discrete item. Therefore, the entire impact of the expense on income taxes was recorded during the first quarter of fiscal 2016 and is included in the six months ended March 31, 2016, which resulted in an abnormally high tax rate.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our principal uses of cash are to meet working capital requirements, fund debt obligations and finance capital expenditures and acquisitions. Cash flows from operations have historically been sufficient to meet these cash requirements. Our principal sources of funds are cash flows from operating activities, cash on hand, available borrowings under our senior revolver and proceeds from the sale of equity securities.
Operating activities
Net cash provided by operating activities was $31.9 million for the six months ended March 31, 2016 , compared to cash provided by operating activities of $15.4 million for the six months ended March 31, 2015 . The increase in cash provided by operating activities was primarily due to lower interest expense as a result of redeeming our senior notes and the impact of the associated call premiums that were paid during the six months ended March 31, 2015. The increase was partially offset by the impact of making estimated tax payments for federal income taxes during the six months ended March 31, 2016 .
Investing a c tivities
Net cash used in investing activities was $62.4 million and $50.6 million for the six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 , respectively. Cash paid for property and equipment for the six months ended March 31, 2016 was $19.0 million , or 2.8% of net revenue, compared to $19.7 million , or 2.9% of net revenue, for the six months ended March 31, 2015 . During the six months ended March 31, 2016 we paid $44.3 million for eight acquisitions. During the six months ended March 31, 2015 , we paid $31.9 million for five acquisitions.
Financing activities
Net cash used in financing activities was $4.1 million for the six months ended March 31, 2016 as compared to $160.9 million for the six months ended March 31, 2015 . During the six months ended March 31, 2015 , we redeemed $212.0 million of our senior notes, partially offset by the net proceeds received from the incremental term loan of $55.0 million.
During the six months ended March 31, 2016 , there were no borrowings or repayments made under our senior revolver. During the six months ended March 31, 2015 , we borrowed an aggregate of $170.3 million under our senior revolver and repaid $170.3 million during the same period. At March 31, 2016 , we had no outstanding loans and $117.1 million of availability under the senior revolver due to $2.9 million in standby letters of credit issued under the senior revolver, which reduce the availability under the senior revolver. Letters of credit can be issued under our institutional letter of credit facility up to the $50.0 million limit, subject to certain maintenance and issuance

34


limitations and letters of credit in excess of that amount reduce availability under our senior revolver. As of March 31, 2016 , $47.4 million of letters of credit were issued under the institutional letter of credit facility and $2.9 million of letters of credit were issued under the senior revolver.
We believe that available borrowings under our senior revolver and cash flow from operations will provide sufficient liquidity and capital resources to meet our financial obligations for the next twelve months, including scheduled principal and interest payments, as well as to provide funds for working capital, acquisitions, capital expenditures and other needs. No assurance can be given, however, that this will be the case.
Debt and Financing Arrangements
Senior Secured Credit Facilities

On January 31, 2014, NMHI and NMHH, wholly-owned subsidiaries of Civitas, entered into a new senior credit agreement (the “senior credit agreement”) with Barclays Bank PLC, as administrative agent, and the other agents and lenders named therein, for the new senior secured credit facilities (the “senior secured credit facilities”). The senior credit agreement, as amended, governs a $655.0 million term loan facility (the “term loan facility”), of which $50.0 million was deposited in a cash collateral account in support of issuance of letters of credit under an institutional letter of credit facility (the “institutional letter of credit facility”), and a $120.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the “senior revolver”). As of March 31, 2016 , NMHI had $642.3 million of borrowings under the term loan. The aggregate amount of the revolving commitment under the senior revolver as of March 31, 2016 was $120.0 million.
Covenants
The senior credit agreement contains negative financial and non-financial covenants, including, among other things, limitations on the ability of NMHI and its restricted subsidiaries to incur additional debt, create liens on assets, transfer or sell assets, pay dividends, redeem stock or make other distributions or investments, and engage in certain transactions with affiliates. NMHI was in compliance with these covenants as of March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015 .
In addition, the senior credit agreement contains a springing financial covenant. If, at the end of any fiscal quarter, NMHI’s usage of the senior revolver exceeds 30% of the commitments thereunder, NMHI is required to maintain at the end of each such fiscal quarter a consolidated first lien leverage ratio of not more than 5.50 to 1.00 . This consolidated first lien leverage ratio will step down to 5.00 to 1.00 commencing with the fiscal quarter ending March 31, 2017. The springing financial covenant was not in effect as of March 31, 2016 or September 30, 2015 as NMHI’s usage of the senior revolver did not exceed the threshold for that quarter.
The senior credit agreement also contains a number of covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, NMHI’s ability and the ability of its subsidiaries to: (i) incur additional indebtedness; (ii) create liens on assets; (iii) engage in mergers or consolidations; (iv) sell assets; (v) pay dividends and distributions or repurchase our capital stock; (vi) enter into swap transactions; (vii) make investments, loans or advances; (viii) repay certain junior indebtedness; (ix) engage in certain transactions with affiliates; (x) enter into sale and leaseback transactions; (xi) amend material agreements governing certain of our junior indebtedness; (xii) change our lines of business; (xiii) make certain acquisitions; and (xiv) limitations on the letter of credit cash collateral account. NMHI was in compliance with these covenants as of March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015 . If NMHI withdraws any of the $50.0 million from the cash collateral account supporting the issuance of letters of credit, NMHI must use the cash to either prepay the term loan facility or to secure any other obligations under the senior secured credit facilities in a manner reasonably satisfactory to the administrative agent. The senior credit agreement contains customary affirmative covenants and events of default.

35


Contractual Commitments Summary
The following table summarizes our contractual obligations and commitments as of March 31, 2016 :
Total
Less Than
1 Year
1-3 Years
3-5 Years
More Than
5 Years
(In thousands)
Long-term debt obligations (1)
$
773,157

$
34,126

$
67,404

$
671,627

$
—

Operating lease obligations (2)
282,221

62,948

96,223

58,269

64,781

Capital lease obligations
8,794

1,124

2,248

2,248

3,174

Purchase obligations (3)
6,561

4,420

2,141

—

—

Standby letters of credit
50,354

50,354

—

—

—

Contingent consideration obligations (4)
4,612

4,612



—

—

Total obligations and commitments
$
1,125,699

$
157,584

$
168,016

$
732,144

$
67,955

(1)
Represents the principal amount of our long-term debt and the expected cash payments for interest on our long-term debt based on the interest rates in place and amounts outstanding at March 31, 2016 . The interest payments do not reflect the projected impact of interest rate swap agreements. The principal and interest payments are due in quarterly installments through January 31, 2021. See Note 4 to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein for further information about our senior secured credit facilities.
(2)
Includes the fixed rent payable under the leases and does not include additional amounts, such as taxes, that may be payable under the leases.
(3)
Represents purchase obligations related to information technology services and maintenance contracts.
(4)
In connection with certain of our acquisitions, additional contingent consideration may become payable to the sellers upon the satisfaction of certain performance milestones. Amounts represent the estimated fair value of these obligations. For further information pertaining to our contingent consideration arrangements see Note 10 to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein.



36


Inflation
We do not believe that general inflation in the U.S. economy has had a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any off-balance sheet transactions or interests.
Critical Accounting Policies
Our financial results are affected by the selection and application of critical accounting policies and methods. There were no material changes in the six months ended March 31, 2016 to the application of critical accounting policies and estimates as described in our audited financial statements for the year ended September 30, 2015 , which were included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2015 .
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
We believe our application of accounting policies, and the estimates inherently required therein, are reasonable. These accounting policies and estimates are constantly reevaluated, and adjustments are made when facts and circumstances dictate a change.
As of March 31, 2016 , there has been no material change in our accounting policies or the underlying assumptions or methodology used to fairly present our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods covered by this report. In addition, no triggering events have come to our attention pursuant to our review of goodwill that would indicate a test for impairment is necessary as of March 31, 2016 .

Subsequent Events

On Apr il 12, 2016 , the Company made a $2.3 million payment for contingent consideration related to the acquisition of Cassell & Associates LLC.
Forward-Looking Statements
Some of the matters discussed in this report may constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”).

These statements relate to future events or our future financial performance, and include statements about our expectations for future periods with respect to our markets, demand for our services, the political climate and budgetary and rate environment, our expansion efforts and the impact of our recent acquisitions, our plans for investments to further grow and develop our business, our margins, our liquidity and our labor costs. Terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential” or “continue,” or similar expressions are intended to identify these forward looking statements. These statements are only predictions. Actual events or results may differ materially.
The information in this report is not a complete description of our business or the risks associated with our business. There can be no assurance that other factors will not affect the accuracy of these forward-looking statements or that our actual results will not differ materially from the results anticipated in such forward-looking statements. While it is not possible to identify all such factors, factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those estimated by us include, but are not limited to, those factors or conditions described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2015 , as well as the following:
•
reductions or changes in Medicaid or other funding or changes in budgetary priorities by federal, state and local governments;
•
substantial claims, litigation and governmental proceedings;

37


•
reductions in reimbursement rates, policies or payment practices by our payors;
•
an increase in labor costs or labor-related liability;
•
matters involving employees that expose us to potential liability;
•
our substantial amount of debt, our ability to meet our debt service obligations and our ability to incur additional debt;
•
our history of losses;
•
our ability to maintain effective internal controls;
•
our ability to comply with complicated billing and collection rules and regulations;
•
failure to comply with reimbursement procedures and collect accounts receivable;
•
changes in economic conditions;
•
an increase in our self-insured retentions and changes in the insurance market for professional and general liability, workers’ compensation and automobile liability and our claims history and our ability to obtain coverage at reasonable rates;
•
an increase in workers’ compensation related liability;
•
our ability to control labor costs, including healthcare costs imposed by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act;
•
our ability to attract and retain experienced personnel;
•
our ability to establish and maintain relationships with government agencies and advocacy groups;
•
negative publicity or changes in public perception of our services;
•
our ability to maintain our status as a licensed service provider in certain jurisdictions;
•
our ability to maintain, expand and renew existing services contracts and to obtain additional contracts or acquire new licenses;
•
our ability to successfully integrate acquired businesses;
•
our inability to successfully expand into adjacent markets;
•
government regulations, changes in government regulations and our ability to comply with such regulations;
•
increased competition;
•
decrease in popularity of home- and community-based human services among our targeted client populations and/or state and local governments;
•
our susceptibility to any reduction in budget appropriations for our services in Minnesota or any other adverse developments in that state;
•
our ability to operate our business due to constraints imposed by covenants in our senior credit agreement;
•
our ability to retain the continued services of certain members of our management team;
•
our ability to manage and integrate key administrative functions;
•
failure of our information systems or failure to upgrade our information systems when required;
•
information technology failure, inadequacy, interruption or security failure;
•
write-offs of goodwill or other intangible assets; and
•
natural disasters or public health catastrophes.
Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Moreover, we do not assume responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the forward-looking statements. All written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the “Risk Factors” and other cautionary statements referenced and included herein. We are under no duty to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date of this report to conform such statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations.
Item 3.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.
We are exposed to changes in interest rates as a result of our outstanding variable rate debt. The variable rate debt outstanding relates to the term loan, which bears interest at (i) a rate equal to the greater of (a) the prime rate, (b) the federal funds rate plus 1/2 of 1% and (c) the Eurodollar rate for an interest period of one-month beginning on such day plus 100 basis points plus 2.25%; or (ii) the Eurodollar rate (subject to a LIBOR floor of 1.00%), plus 3.25%, at our option. A 1% increase in the interest rate on our floating rate debt as of March 31, 2016 would have increased cash interest expense on the floating rate debt by approximately $6.5 million per annum, without giving effect to the interest rate swap agreement discussed below.
To reduce the interest rate exposure related to our variable debt, NMHI entered into two interest rate swaps in an aggregate notional amount of $375.0 million, effective on January 20, 2015. Under the terms of the swaps, we receive from the counterparty a quarterly payment based on a rate equal to the greater of 3-month LIBOR or 1.00% per annum, and we make payments to the counterparty based on a fixed rate of 1.795% per annum, in each case on the notional amount of $375.0 million, settled on a net payment basis.

38


Item 4.
Controls and Procedures.

(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e)) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), that are intended to ensure that information that would be required to be disclosed in Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. As of March 31, 2016, the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of March 31, 2016, because they are not yet able to conclude that we have remediated the material weakness in internal control over financial reporting identified in Item 9A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2015.
As disclosed in Item 9A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2015, management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2015 based on the framework and criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, management identified a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2015 related to information technology general controls described below.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weakness relates to a number of deficiencies in the design and operating effectiveness of information technology (“IT”) general controls for certain information systems that comprise part of our system of internal control over financial reporting and are relevant to the preparation of our consolidated financial statements (such information technology systems are referred to as the “affected IT systems”). These deficiencies involve user access controls and program change management controls that are intended to ensure that access to financial applications and data is adequately restricted to appropriate personnel, and that changes affecting the financial applications and underlying account records are identified, authorized, tested and implemented appropriately. As a result of the deficiencies identified, there is a possibility that the effectiveness of business process controls, certain of which are dependent on the affected IT systems, or electronic data and financial reports, generated from the affected IT systems, could be adversely affected.
We are actively engaged in the implementation of a remediation plan to ensure that controls contributing to this material weakness are designed appropriately and will operate effectively. We have retained an outside consultant to assist management in conducting an evaluation of the design of the IT user access controls and program change management controls, and to develop specific recommendations to remediate the identified deficiencies. The material weakness will not be considered remediated until new controls are implemented and tested, and management concludes that the new controls are operating effectively. As disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2015, we are working towards having these remediation efforts completed by the time we issue our September 30, 2016 financial statements.
Notwithstanding the identified material weakness and the conclusion above that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of March 31, 2016, management believes that the unaudited consolidated financial statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q fairly present, in all material respects, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
(b) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended March 31, 2016 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

39


PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.
Legal Proceedings.
We are in the health and human services business and, therefore, we have been and continue to be subject to numerous claims alleging that we, our employees or our Mentors failed to provide proper care for a client. We are also subject to claims by our clients, our employees, our Mentors or community members against us for negligence, intentional misconduct or violation of applicable laws. Included in our recent claims are claims alleging personal injury, assault, abuse, wrongful death and other charges. Regulatory agencies may initiate administrative proceedings alleging that our programs, employees or agents violate statutes and regulations and seek to impose monetary penalties on us. We could be required to incur significant costs to respond to regulatory investigations or defend against civil lawsuits and, if we do not prevail, we could be required to pay substantial amounts of money in damages, settlement amounts or penalties arising from these legal proceedings.
We also are subject to potential lawsuits under the False Claims Act and other federal and state whistleblower statutes designed to combat fraud and abuse in the health care industry. These lawsuits can involve significant monetary awards that may incentivize private plaintiffs to bring these suits. If we are found to have violated the False Claims Act, we could be excluded from participation in Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act provides a mandate for more vigorous and widespread enforcement activity to combat fraud and abuse in the health care industry.
Finally, we are also subject to employee-related claims under state and federal law, including claims for discrimination, wrongful discharge or retaliation and claims for wage and hour violations under the Fair Labor Standards Act or state wage and hour laws.
We reserve for costs related to contingencies when a loss is probable and the amount is reasonably estimable. While we believe our provision for legal contingencies is adequate, the outcome of our legal proceedings is difficult to predict, and we may settle legal claims or be subject to judgments for amounts that differ from our estimates. In addition, legal contingencies could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations in any given future reporting period.
See “Part II. Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Part I. Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional information.
Item 1A.
Risk Factors
There have been no material changes during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to the risk factors previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2015, except that under our risk factor “ Matters involving employees may expose us to potential liability, ” we are supplementing the portion of such risk factor regarding the Department of Labor’s proposed rule regarding classification of employees as exempt to state the following:
On July 6, 2015, the Department of Labor announced a proposed rule that significantly raised the minimum salary required to classify an employee as exempt.  The proposed rule would raise the current base salary minimum to be exempt from overtime pay for all hours worked over 40 hours in a designated work-week from $23,660 ($455 per week) to $50,440 ($970 per week) in 2016, with yearly adjustments tied to a designated index thereafter.  Comments to the proposed rule were due on September 4, 2015.  The final rule is anticipated to be released as early as May 2016 and the deadline for implementing such rule may be as soon as 60 days after release of the final rule.  If the final rule adopts the proposed minimum salary level for administrative, professional, and executive exempt employees, we are likely to incur additional labor costs in the form of increased salaries, overtime pay for previously exempt employees and additional hires to minimize overtime exposure.  If adopted as anticipated, compliance with the final rule may have an impact on our results for the fourth quarter of fiscal 2016 and periods thereafter.  The potential costs that may be incurred as a result of the adoption of this final rule are difficult to quantify at this time but they could be material.

For more information regarding the risks regarding our business and industry, please see our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2015.

40


Item 2.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
No unregistered equity securities of the Company were sold during the three months ended March 31, 2016 .
Repurchases of Equity Securities

The following table provides information about purchases we made during the three months ended March 31, 2016 of equity securities that are registered by us pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act:
Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)
Average Price Paid per Share
1/1/2016 - 1/31/2016
—

—

2/1/2016 - 2/29/2016
—

—

3/1/2016 - 3/31/2016
709

$
18.44

(1) Our employees surrendered an aggregate of 709 shares to us in satisfaction of minimum tax withholding obligations associated with the vesting of restricted stock units during the three months ended March 31, 2016 .
Item 3.
Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
None.
Item 4.
Mine Safety Disclosures.
None.
Item 5.
Other Information.
None.
Item 6.
Exhibits.
The Exhibit Index is incorporated herein by reference.


41


SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
CIVITAS SOLUTIONS, INC.
May 10, 2016
By:
/s/ Denis M. Holler
Denis M. Holler
Its:
Chief Financial Officer and duly authorized officer

42


EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit
No.
Description
10.1

Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Civitas Solutions Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 15, 2016.
31.1

Certification of principal executive officer.
Filed herewith
31.2

Certification of principal financial officer.
Filed herewith
32

Certifications furnished pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.
Filed herewith
101.INS

XBRL Instance Document.
Filed herewith
101.SCH

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
Filed herewith
101.CAL

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
Filed herewith
101.DEF

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
Filed herewith
101.LAB

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
Filed herewith
101.PRE

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
Filed herewith



43
TABLE OF CONTENTS