CLPR 10-Q Quarter ended June 30, 2017

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10- Q

For the quarterly period ended June 3 0 , 201 7

For the transition period from             to

Commission File Number: 001-38010

CLIPPER REALTY INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

4611 12 ^TH Avenue, Suite 1L

Brooklyn, New York 11219

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(718) 438-2804

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes ☐ No ☒

As of July 27, 2017, there were 17,812,755 shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cautionary Note Concerning Forward-Looking Statements

All statements other than statements of historical fact included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for Clipper Realty Inc. (the “Company”), including, without limitation, statements under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” regarding the Company’s financial position, business strategy and the plans, objectives, expectations, or assumptions of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. When used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “project,” “predict,” “believe,” “expect,” “intend,” “continue,” “potential,” “plan,” “goal” or other words that convey the uncertainty of future events or outcomes are intended to identify forward-looking statements, which are generally not historical in nature. These statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in such statements. These risks, contingencies and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the following:

Although the Company believes that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, it can give no assurance that such expectations will prove to have been correct. Reference is made to a more complete discussion of forward-looking statements and applicable risks contained under the captions “Cautionary Note Concerning Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2017. Clipper Realty Inc. undertakes no obligation to update or revise any of its forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Clipper Realty Inc.

(In thousands, except for share data)

See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.

Clipper Realty Inc.

(In thousands, except per share data)

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.

Clipper Realty Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Equity

(In thousands, except for share data)

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.

Clipper Realty Inc.

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.

Clipper Realty Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(In thousands except share data)

1. Organization

Clipper Realty Inc. (the “Company” or “We”) was organized in the state of Maryland on July 7, 2015. On August 3, 2015, we completed certain formation transactions and the sale of shares of common stock in a private offering. We contributed the net proceeds of the private offering to Clipper Realty L.P., our operating partnership subsidiary (the “Operating Partnership”), in exchange for units in the Operating Partnership. The Operating Partnership in turn contributed such net proceeds to the limited liability companies (“LLC’s”) that comprised the predecessor of the Company (the “Predecessor”) in exchange for class A LLC units in such LLC’s and became the managing member of such LLC’s. The owners of the LLC’s exchanged their interests for class B LLC units and an equal number of special, non-economic, voting stock in the Company. The class B LLC units, together with the special voting shares, are convertible into common shares of the Company on a one-for-one basis and are entitled to distributions.

On February 9, 2017, the Company priced an initial public offering of 6,390,149 primary shares of its common stock (including the exercise of the over-allotment option, which closed on March 10, 2017) at a price of $13.50 per share (the “IPO”). The net proceeds of the IPO were approximately $78.8 million. We contributed the proceeds of the IPO to Clipper Realty L.P., our Operating Partnership, in exchange for units in the Operating Partnership.

On May 9, 2017, the Company completed the purchase of 107 Columbia Heights, a 161-unit apartment community located in Brooklyn Heights, New York, for $87.5 million, financed with a $59 million secured mortgage loan.

As of June 30, 2017, the properties owned by the Company consist of the following (collectively, the “Properties”):

The operations of Clipper Realty, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries are carried on primarily through the Operating Partnership. The Company has elected to be taxed as a Real Estate Investment Trust (“REIT”) under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code. The Company is the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership and the Operating Partnership is the sole managing member of the LLC’s that comprised the Predecessor.

At June 30, 2017, the Company’s interest, through the Operating Partnership, in the LLC’s that own the properties generally entitles it to 40.4% of the aggregate cash distributions from, and the profits and losses of, the LLC’s.

As further discussed in Note 3, upon adoption of ASU 2015-02, the Company determined that the Operating Partnership and the LLC’s are variable interest entities (“VIEs”) and that the Company was the primary beneficiary. The assets and liabilities of these VIEs represented substantially all of the Company’s assets and liabilities.

2. Sale of Common Stock, Formation Transactions and Preferred Stock Redemption

As discussed in Note 1, on February 9 and March 10, 2017, the Company sold an aggregate of 6,390,149 primary shares of common stock to investors in a public offering at $13.50 per share. The proceeds, net of offering costs, were approximately $78,811.

On August 3, 2015, the Company sold 10,666,667 shares of common stock to private investors at a price of $13.50 per share. The proceeds, net of offering costs, were approximately $130,199.

The Company contributed the net proceeds of the common stock offerings to the Operating Partnership in exchange for units in the Operating Partnership as described in Note 1.

On June 21, 2017, the Company redeemed its preferred stock with a payment of $145.

3. Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). The effect of all intercompany balances has been eliminated. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all entities in which the Company have a controlling interest. The ownership interests of other investors in these entities are recorded as non-controlling interest.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of commitments and contingencies at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could materially differ from these estimates.

Investment in Real Estate

Real estate assets held for investment are carried at historical cost and consist of land, buildings and improvements, furniture, fixtures and equipment. Expenditures for ordinary repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred. Expenditures for improvements, renovations, and replacements of real estate assets are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated useful lives if the expenditures qualify as betterment or the life of the related asset will be substantially extended beyond the original life expectancy.

Upon acquisition of real estate, the Company assesses the fair values of acquired tangible and intangible assets including land, buildings, tenant improvements, above and below-market leases, in-place leases and any other identified intangible assets and assumed liabilities. The Company allocates the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values. In estimating fair value of tangible and intangible assets acquired, the Company assesses and considers fair value based on estimated cash flow projections that utilize appropriate discount and capitalization rates, estimates of replacement costs, net of depreciation, and available market information. The fair value of the tangible assets of an acquired property considers the value of the property as if it were vacant.

The Company records acquired above-market and below-market lease values initially based on the present value, using a discount rate which reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired based on the difference between (i) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to each in-place lease and (ii) management’s estimate of fair market lease rates for each corresponding in-place lease, measured over a period equal to the remaining term of the lease for above-market leases and the initial term plus the term of any below-market fixed renewal options for the below-market leases. Other intangible assets acquired include amounts for in-place lease values and tenant relationship values (if any) that are based on management’s evaluation of the specific characteristics of each tenant’s lease and the Company’s overall relationship with the respective tenant. Factors to be considered by management in its analysis of in-place lease values include an estimate of carrying costs to execute similar leases. In estimating carrying costs, management includes real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses and estimates of lost rentals at market rates during the expected lease-up periods, depending on local market conditions. In estimating costs to execute similar leases, management considers leasing commission, legal and other related expenses.

The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. A property’s value is impaired if management’s estimate of the aggregate future cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) to be generated by the property is less than the carrying value of the property. To the extent impairment has occurred, a write-down is recorded and measured by the amount of the difference between the carrying value of the asset and the fair value of the asset. Management of the Company does not believe that any of its properties within the portfolio are impaired as of June 30, 2017.

For long-lived assets to be disposed of, impairment losses are recognized when the fair value of the assets less estimated cost to sell is less than the carrying value of the assets. Properties classified as real estate held for sale generally represent properties that are actively marketed or contracted for sale with closing expected to occur within the next twelve months. Real estate held for sale is carried at the lower of cost, net of accumulated depreciation, or fair value less cost to sell, determined on an asset-by-asset basis. Expenditures for ordinary repair and maintenance costs on held for sale properties are charged to expense as incurred. Expenditures for improvements, renovations, and replacements related to held-for-sale properties are capitalized at cost. Depreciation is not recorded on real estate held for sale.

If a tenant vacates its space prior to the contractual termination of the lease and no rental payments are being made on the lease, any unamortized balances of the related intangibles are written off. The tenant improvements and origination costs are amortized to expense over the remaining life of the lease (or charged against earnings if the lease is terminated prior to its contractual expiration date).

Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:

The capitalized above-market lease values are amortized as a reduction of base rental revenue over the remaining terms of the respective leases, and the capitalized below-market lease values are amortized as an increase to base rental revenue over the remaining initial terms plus the terms of any below-market fixed rate renewal options of the respective leases. The value of in-place leases is amortized to expense over the remaining initial terms of the respective leases.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are defined as cash on hand and in banks plus all short-term investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased. The Company maintains some of its cash in bank deposit accounts, which, at times, may exceed the federally insured limit. No losses have been experienced related to such accounts.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash generally consists of escrows for future real estate taxes and insurance expenditures, repairs and capital improvements and security deposits.

Tenant and Other Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Tenant and other receivables are comprised of amounts due for monthly rents and other charges. The Company periodically performs a detailed review of amounts due from tenants to determine if accounts receivable balances are impaired based on factors affecting the collectability of those balances. If a tenant fails to make contractual payments beyond any allowance, the Company may recognize additional bad debt expense in future periods.

Deferred Costs

Deferred lease costs consist of fees incurred to initiate and renew operating leases. Lease costs are being amortized using the straight-line method over the terms of the respective leases.

Deferred financing costs represent commitment fees, legal and other third-party costs associated with obtaining financing. These costs are amortized over the term of the financing and are recorded in interest expense in the consolidated financial statements. Unamortized deferred financing costs are expensed when the associated debt is refinanced or repaid before maturity. Costs incurred in seeking financing transactions which do not close are expensed in the period the financing transaction is terminated.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income is comprised of net income adjusted for changes in unrealized gains and losses, reported in equity, for financial instruments required to be reported at fair value under GAAP. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company did not own any financial instruments for which the change in value was not reported in net income accordingly and its comprehensive income was its net income as presented in the consolidated statements of operations.

Revenue Recognition

Rental revenue for commercial leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the respective leases. Rental income attributable to residential leases and parking is recognized as earned, which is not materially different from the straight-line basis. Leases entered into by residents for apartment units are generally for one year terms, renewable upon consent of both parties on an annual or monthly basis. Deferred rents receivable represents the amount by which straight-line rental revenue exceeds rents currently billed in accordance with lease agreements.

Reimbursements for operating expenses due from tenants pursuant to their lease agreements are recognized as revenue in the period the applicable expenses are incurred. These costs generally include real estate taxes, utilities, insurance, common area maintenance costs and other recoverable costs.

Stock-based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation pursuant to Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“FASB ASC”) Topic 718, “Compensation — Stock Compensation.” As such, all equity-based awards are reflected as compensation expense in the Company’s consolidated financial statements over their vesting period based on the fair value at the date of grant.

In April 2017, the Company granted 151,853 LTIP units with a weighted average grant date fair value of $10.96 per unit.

At June 30, 2017, and December 31, 2016, there were 653,338 and 501,485 LTIP units outstanding, respectively, with a weighted grant-date fair value of $12.95 and $13.50 per unit, respectively. As of June 30, 2017, and December 31, 2016, there was $3.8 million and $3.5 million, respectively, of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested share-based compensation arrangements granted under share incentive plans. As of June 30, 2017, the weighted average period over which the unrecognized compensation expense will be recorded is approximately 2.2 years.

Income Taxes

The Company elected to be taxed and to operate in a manner that will allow it to qualify as a REIT under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”) commencing with its taxable year ended December 31, 2015. To qualify as a REIT, the Company is required to distribute dividends equal to at least 90% of the REIT taxable income (computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction and net capital gains) to its stockholders, and meet the various other requirements imposed by the Code relating to matters such as operating results, asset holdings, distribution levels and diversity of stock ownership. Provided the Company qualifies for taxation as a REIT, it is generally not subject to U.S. federal corporate-level income tax on the earnings distributed currently to its stockholders. If the Company fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, the Company will be subject to U.S. federal and state income tax on its taxable income at regular corporate tax rates and any applicable alternative minimum tax. In addition, the Company may not be able to re-elect as a REIT for the four subsequent taxable years. The entities comprising the Predecessor are limited liability companies and are treated as pass-through entities for income tax purposes. Accordingly, no provision has been made for federal, state or local income or franchise taxes in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

In accordance with the FASB ASC Topic 740, the Company believes that it has appropriate support for the income tax positions taken and, as such, does not have any uncertain tax positions that, if successfully challenged, could result in a material impact on its or the Predecessor’s financial position or results of operation. The prior three years’ income tax returns are subject to review by the Internal Revenue Service.

Fair Value Measurements

Refer to Note 9, “Fair Value of Financial Instruments”.

Derivative Financial Instruments

The FASB derivative and hedging guidance establishes accounting and reporting standards for derivative instruments, including certain derivative instruments embedded in other contracts, and for hedging activities. As required by the FASB guidance, the Company records all derivatives on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative and the resulting designation.

Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average common shares outstanding. As of June 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company has unvested LTIP Units which provide for non-forfeitable rights to dividend equivalent payments. Accordingly, these unvested LTIP Units are considered participating securities and are included in the computation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share pursuant to the two-class method. The Company does not have dilutive securities as of June 30, 2017 or 2016.

The effect of the conversion of the 26,317 Class B LLC units outstanding is not reflected in the computation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share, as the effect would be anti-dilutive. The income (loss) allocable to such units is reflected as noncontrolling interests in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share for the periods indicated (unaudited):

Recently Issued Pronouncements

In May 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2017-09, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718) Scope of Modification Accounting. ASU 2017-09 clarifies Topic 718 such that an entity must apply modification accounting to changes in the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award unless all of the following criteria are met:

The amendments are effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. The adoption of ASU 2017-05 is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2017-05, Other Income-Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610-20) to add guidance for partial sales of nonfinancial assets, including partial sales of real estate. Historically, U.S. GAAP contained several different accounting models to evaluate whether the transfer of certain assets qualified for sale treatment. ASU 2017-05 reduces the number of potential accounting models that might apply and clarifies which model does apply in various circumstances. ASU 2017-05 is effective for annual reporting periods after December 16, 2017, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. The adoption of ASU 2017-05 is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01 "Business Combinations – Clarifying the Definition of a Business." ASU 2017-01 clarifies that to be considered a business, the elements must include, at a minimum, an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create output. The new standard illustrates the circumstances under which real estate with in-place leases would be considered a business and provides guidance for the identification of assets and liabilities in purchase accounting. ASU 2017-01 is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted ASU 207-01 in 2017. The new standard is expected to reduce the number of future real estate acquisitions that will be accounted for as business combinations and, therefore, reduce the amount of acquisition costs that will be expensed.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18 “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) – Restricted Cash”. The ASU requires that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Therefore, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The ASU does not provide a definition of restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. The ASU is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. For all other entities, the ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. The Company is currently evaluating when to adopt ASU No. 2016-18.

4. Acquisitions

On June 27, 2016, the Company acquired the Aspen property for $103,000.

The purchase price was allocated as follows:

We have prepared the following unaudited pro forma income statement information for the six months ended June 30, 2016, as if the acquisition had occurred as of January 1, 2016. The pro forma data is not necessarily indicative of the results that actually would have occurred if the acquisition had been consummated on January 1, 2016.

On May 9, 2017, the Company purchased 107 Columbia Heights, in vacant condition, for $87.5 million. In connection with the acquisition and redevelopment of the property, the Company obtained acquisition and construction financing secured by mortgages on the property (see Note 7). The purchase price was preliminarily allocated 50% to land and 50% to building.

During the second quarter of 2017, the Company made a refundable deposit of approximately $2.1 million, in connection with a proposed acquisition of a residential property at 10 West 65 ^th Street. The proposed acquisition is subject to certain conditions, including the seller’s success in acquiring a replacement property.

5. Deferred Costs and Intangible Assets

Deferred costs and intangible assets consist of the following:

Amortization of lease origination costs and in-place lease intangible assets was $230 and $224 for the three months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $460 and $441 for the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Amortization of real estate abatements of $392 and $331 for the three months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $783 and $669 for the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, is included in real estate taxes and insurance in the consolidated statements of operations. Amortization of above-market leases of $15 and $28 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively, is included in commercial income in the consolidated statements of operations.

Deferred costs and intangible assets as of June 30, 2017, amortize in future years as follows:

6. Below-Market Lease Intangibles

The Company’s below-market lease intangibles liabilities are as follows:

The balance of below-market leases as of June 30, 2017, amortize in future years as follows:

7. Notes Payable

The first mortgages and mezzanine notes payable collateralized by the respective properties, or the Company’s interest in the entities that own the properties and assignment of leases, were as follows:

(a) The $150,000 mortgage note agreement with New York Community Bank (“NYCB”) matures on October 1, 2024 and bears interest at a fixed-rate of interest of 3.88%. The note requires interest-only payments through April 2017 and monthly principal and interest payments thereafter based on a 30-year amortization.

(b) The additional $20,000 note with NYCB matures coterminous with the $150,000 mortgage, and bears interest at 3.88% through September 2019 and thereafter at prime plus 2.75%, subject to an option to fix the rate. The note requires interest-only payments through April 2017, monthly principal and interest payments of $94 from May 2017 through September 2019 based on a 30-year amortization schedule and principal and interest payments thereafter based on the remaining period of the initial 30-year amortization schedule.

(c) The mortgage note agreement with Citigroup Global Markets Realty Corp. for $37,500 requires monthly principal and interest payments of $179, bears interest at 4.00% and matures on May 6, 2023.

(d) On May 11, 2016, the Company repaid the $55,000 loan secured by the property at 141 Livingston Street, Brooklyn, New York, from the proceeds of a $79,500 loan from NYCB. The NYCB loan matures on June 1, 2028, and bears interest at 3.875%. The note requires interest-only payments through June 2017, and monthly principal and interest payments of $374 from July 2017 through June 2028 based on a 30-year amortization schedule.

(e) On November 9, 2016, the Company repaid the $360,000 of mortgage notes and the $100,000 mezzanine notes assumed in connection with the acquisition of the Tribeca House properties, utilizing the proceeds from a $410,000 loan package with Deutsche Bank and SL Green Finance, and cash on hand. The loan package bears interest at one-month LIBOR plus 3.75% (equivalent to 5.0% as of June 30, 2017), matures on November 9, 2018 and is subject to three one-year extension options.

(f) On June 27, 2016, the Company entered into a $70,000 mortgage note agreement with Capital One Multifamily Finance LLC, related to the Aspen property acquisition. The note matures on July 1, 2028 and bears interest at 3.68%. The note requires interest-only payments through July 2017, and monthly principal and interest payments of $321 from August 2017 through July 2028 based on a 30-year amortization schedule.

The following table summarizes principal payment requirements under terms as of June 30, 2017:

8. Rental Income under Operating Leases

The Company’s commercial properties are leased to commercial tenants under operating leases with fixed terms of varying lengths. As of June 30, 2017, the minimum future cash rents receivable (excluding tenant reimbursements for operating expenses) under non-cancelable operating leases for the commercial tenants in each of the next five years and thereafter are as follows:

The Company has commercial leases with the City of New York that comprised approximately 20% of total revenue for each of the three and six-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016. In December 2016, the City of New York executed a new lease for a portion of the Company’s property at 250 Livingston Street that terminates in August 2020, coterminous with the lease for the remainder of the office space at the property.

9. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

GAAP requires the measurement of certain financial instruments at fair value on a recurring basis. In addition, GAAP requires the measure of other financial instruments and balances at fair value on a non-recurring basis (e.g., carrying value of impaired real estate and long-lived assets). Fair value is defined as the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The GAAP fair value framework uses a three-tiered approach. Fair value measurements are classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:

When available, the Company utilizes quoted market prices from an independent third-party source to determine fair value and classifies such items in Level 1 or Level 2. In instances where the market for a financial instrument is not active, regardless of the availability of a nonbinding quoted market price, observable inputs might not be relevant and could require the Company to make a significant adjustment to derive a fair value measurement. Additionally, in an inactive market, a market price quoted from an independent third party may rely more on models with inputs based on information available only to that independent third party. When the Company determines the market for a financial instrument owned by the Company to be illiquid or when market transactions for similar instruments do not appear orderly, the Company uses several valuation sources (including internal valuations, discounted cash flow analysis and quoted market prices) and establishes a fair value by assigning weights to the various valuation sources.

Changes in assumptions or estimation methodologies can have a material effect on these estimated fair values. In this regard, the derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument.

The financial assets and liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets include cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, receivables, accounts payable and accrued expenses, including interest rate caps, and mortgages. The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, receivables, and accounts payable and accrued expenses reported in the consolidated balance sheets approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The fair value of mortgages, which is classified as Level 2, is estimated by discounting the contractual cash flows of each debt instrument to their present value using adjusted market interest rates.

The carrying amount and fair value of the mortgage notes payable were as follows:

The Company purchased interest rate caps in connection with the mortgage loans on November 9, 2016, for the Tribeca House property and May 10, 2017, for the 107 Columbia Heights acquisition, that expire coterminous with the related debt as follows:

Their fair value, which is classified as Level 2, is estimated using market inputs and credit valuation inputs. These instruments were not designated as hedges and accordingly the change in fair value for the Tribeca House instrument is recognized in earnings and, for the 107 Columbia Heights instrument, in real estate under development. As a result, the change in fair value for the Tribeca House instrument of $192 and $0 is included in interest expense for the three months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $329 and $9 for the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The change in fair value of $63 for the 107 Columbia Heights instrument for the three months ended June 30, 2017, is included in real estate under development.

Disclosures about fair value of financial instruments were based on pertinent information available as of June 30, 2017, and December 31, 2016. Although the Company is not aware of any factors that would significantly affect the reasonable fair value amounts, such amounts have not been comprehensively revalued for purposes of these financial statements since that date and current estimates of fair value may differ significantly from the amounts presented herein.

10. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal

On July 3, 2017, the New York Supreme Court (the “Court”) ruled in favor of 41 present or former tenants of apartment units at the Company’s buildings located at 50 Murray Street and 53 Park Place in Manhattan, New York, who brought an action against the Company alleging that they were subject to applicable rent stabilization laws with the result that rental payments charged by the Company exceeded amounts permitted under these laws because the buildings were receiving certain tax abatements under Real Property Tax Law 421-g. The Court also awarded the plaintiffs, their attorney’s fees and costs.  The Court declared that the plaintiff-tenants were subject to rent stabilization requirements and referred the matter to a special referee to determine the amount of rent over-charges, if any. Two other cases have resulted in similar decisions. The Company believes that these court decisions are incorrect and conflict with other recent court decisions that directly uphold the Company’s position.  On July 18, 2017, the Court stayed the above decision, and the Company intends to expeditiously appeal the Court’s decision to the Appellate Division, First Department. Due to the inherent uncertainty and unpredictability of litigation, we cannot determine at this time with any specificity the Company’s potential liability if the Court’s decision is upheld.

In addition to the above, the Company is subject to certain legal proceedings and claims arising in connection with its business. Management believes, based in part upon consultation with legal counsel, that the ultimate resolution of all such claims will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.

Commitments

The Company is obligated to provide parking availability through August 2020 under a lease with a tenant at the 250 Livingston Street property; the current cost to the Company is approximately $240 per year.

Concentrations

The Company’s properties are located in the Boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn in New York City, which exposes the Company to greater economic risks than if it owned a more geographically dispersed portfolio. For each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, commercial properties accounted for approximately 26%, and residential properties accounted for approximately 74%, of total revenue.

11. Related-Party Transactions

12. Segment Reporting

The Company has classified its reporting segments into commercial and residential rental properties. The commercial reporting segment includes the 141 Livingston Street property and portions of the 250 Livingston Street, Tribeca House, and Aspen properties. The residential reporting segment includes the Flatbush Gardens property, the 107 Columbia Heights property and portions of the 250 Livingston Street, Tribeca House and Aspen properties.

The Company’s income from operations by segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 is as follows:

The Company’s total assets by segment are as follows, as of:

The Company’s interest expense by segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 are as follows:

The Company’s capital expenditures by segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 are as follows:

You should read the following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the more detailed information set forth under the caption s “Selected Historical Financial Data,” “Cautionary Note Concerning Forward-Looking Statements” and in our financial statements and the related notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q . The financial statements for periods and as of dates prior to the formation transactions represent consolidated historical financials of the Predecessor.

Overview of Our Company

We are a self-administered and self-managed real estate company that acquires, owns, manages, operates and repositions multi-family residential and commercial properties in the New York metropolitan area, with an initial portfolio in Manhattan and Brooklyn. Our primary focus is to own, manage and operate our portfolio and to acquire and reposition additional multi-family residential and commercial properties in the New York metropolitan area. The Company has been organized and operates in conformity with the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the U.S. federal income tax law and elected to be treated as a REIT commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2015.

Clipper Realty was incorporated on July 7, 2015. On August 3, 2015, we closed a private offering of shares of our common stock, in which we raised net proceeds of approximately $130.2 million. In connection with the private offering, we consummated a series of investment and other formation transactions that were designed, among other things, to enable us to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

On February 9, 2017, and March 10, 2017, the Company sold 6,390,149 primary shares of common stock to investors in a public offering at $13.50 per share (the “IPO”). The proceeds, net of offering costs, were approximately $78,811. The Company contributed the IPO proceeds to the Operating Partnership in exchange for units in the Operating Partnership.

On May 9, 2017, the Company completed the purchase of 107 Columbia Heights, a 161-unit apartment community located in Brooklyn Heights, New York, for $87.5 million.

As of June 30, 2017, the Company owns:

These properties are located in the most densely populated major city in the United States, each with immediate access to mass transportation.

The operations of Clipper Realty, Inc., and its consolidated subsidiaries are carried on primarily through the Operating Partnership. The Company has elected to be taxed as a Real Estate Investment Trust (“REIT”) under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code. The Company is the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership and the Operating Partnership is the sole managing member of the LLC’s that comprised the Predecessor.

At June 30, 2017, the Company’s interest, through the Operating Partnership, in the LLC’s that own the properties generally entitles it to 40.4% of the aggregate cash distributions from, and the profits and losses of, the LLC’s.

Internal Controls and Procedures

We have had limited accounting personnel and systems to adequately execute accounting processes and limited other supervisory resources with which to address internal controls over financial reporting. As such, our internal controls may not be sufficient to ensure that (1) all transactions are recorded as necessary to permit the preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP and (2) the design and execution of our controls has consistently resulted in effective review of our financial statements and supervision by individuals with financial reporting oversight roles.

We are not currently required to comply with the SEC’s rules implementing Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and are, therefore, not required to make a formal assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for that purpose. As of December 31, 2017, we will be required to comply with the SEC’s rules implementing Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which will require our management to certify financial and other information in our quarterly and annual reports and provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. To comply with the requirements of being a public company, we may need to implement additional financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures and hire additional accounting and finance staff.

Further, our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting for as long as we are an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act. Once it is required to do so, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed.

Results of Operations

Our focus throughout 2016 and the first half of 2017 has been to manage our properties to optimize revenue and control costs at each property while continuing to renovate and reposition certain properties. The discussions below will identify the specific properties contributing to the changes in the results of operations. The discussion will focus on the properties the Company held for the full period in each comparison.

Inco me Statement for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands)

Revenue . Residential rental revenue, excluding Aspen, increased from $15,845 for the three months ended June 30, 2016, to $16,698 for the three months ended June 30, 2017, due to higher revenues on new leases and routine annual increases on renewed rentals primarily at the Flatbush Gardens property complex and higher revenues on new leases at Tribeca House. Base rent per square foot increased at the Flatbush Gardens property from $20.83 (96.5% occupancy) at June 30, 2016 to $21.59 (97.0% leased occupancy) at June 30, 2017.

Commercial rental revenue, excluding Aspen, increased from $4,505 for the three months ended June 30, 2016, to $5,109 for the three months ended June 30, 2017, primarily due to the commencement of the new office lease at our 250 Livingston Street property in January 2017.

Tenant recoveries, excluding Aspen, decreased from $1,070 for the three months ended June 30, 2016, to $1,016 for the three months ended June 30, 2017, primarily due to higher recovery estimates in the 2016 period at 141 Livingston.

Garage and other income, excluding Aspen, increased from $704 for the three months ended June 30, 2016, to $786 for the three months ended June 30, 2017. The increase was across several categories, including garage, deposit forfeitures, laundry and leasing application fees.

Property Operations Expense . Property operating expenses include property-level costs including compensation costs for property-level personnel, repairs and maintenance, supplies, utilities and landscaping. Property operating expenses, excluding Aspen, increased from $6,133 for the three months ended June 30, 2016, to $6,292 for the three months ended June 30, 2017, primarily due to increased collection activities and costs at the Flatbush Gardens property.

Real estate taxes and insurance expenses, excluding Aspen, increased from $4,078 for the three months ended June 30, 2016 to $4,665 for the three months ended June 30, 2017, primarily due to increased taxes at the Flatbush Gardens and Tribeca House properties due in part to the cessation of real estate tax abatements.

General and Administrative Expense . General and administrative expense, excluding Aspen, increased from $2,087 for the three months ended June 30, 2016 to $2,471 for the three months ended June 30, 2017, primarily due to increased staffing levels, transitional legal costs, an executive bonus and an increase in non-cash amortization of incentive compensation awards.

Interest Expense, Net . Interest expense, net, excluding Aspen, was $9,650 for the three months ended June 30, 2016, and $8,229 for the three months ended June 30, 2017. The decrease results from lower balances and rates obtained in refinancing the Tribeca House property in November 2016 and the 141 Livingston Street property in May 2016 and lower amortization of loan costs. Interest expense includes amortization of loan costs and change in fair value of interest rate cap of $913 and $1,587 for the three months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Inco me Statement for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands)