COFS 10-K Fiscal year ended Dec. 31, 2022

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This report and the documents incorporated into this report contain forward-looking statements that are based on management's beliefs, assumptions, current expectations, estimates and projections about the financial services industry, the economy, and ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc. Words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “expects,” “forecasts,” “intends,” “is likely,” “plans,” “predicts,” “projects,” “may,” “could,” “estimates,” “look forward,” “continue,” “future,” and variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. Management’s determination of the provision and allowance for loan losses, the carrying value of goodwill, loan servicing rights, other real estate owned, and the fair value of investment securities (including whether any impairment on any investment security is temporary or other-than-temporary and the amount of any impairment) and management’s assumptions concerning pension and other postretirement benefit plans involve judgments that are inherently forward-looking. All of the information concerning interest rate sensitivity is forward-looking. All statements with references to future time periods are forward-looking. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions (“risk factors”) that are difficult to predict with regard to timing, extent, likelihood, and degree of occurrence. Therefore, actual results and outcomes may materially differ from what may be expressed, implied or forecasted in such forward-looking statements. Furthermore, ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc. undertakes no obligation to update, amend, or clarify forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

Risk factors include, but are not limited to, the risk factors disclosed in Item 1A of this report. These are representative of the risk factors that could cause a difference between an ultimate actual outcome and a preceding forward-looking statement.

PART I

Item 1.

Business

General

ChoiceOne is a financial holding company registered under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (“BHC Act”). The Company was incorporated on February 24, 1986, as a Michigan corporation. The Company was formed to create a bank holding company for the purpose of acquiring all of the capital stock of ChoiceOne Bank, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company on April 6, 1987. Effective November 1, 2006, the Company merged with Valley Ridge Financial Corp., a one-bank holding company for Valley Ridge Bank (“VRB”). In December 2006, VRB was consolidated into ChoiceOne Bank. Effective October 1, 2019, County Bank Corp. ("County"), a one-bank holding company for Lakestone Bank & Trust (“Lakestone”), merged with and into the Company.  Lakestone was consolidated into ChoiceOne Bank in May 2020.  On July 1, 2020, Community Shores Bank Corporation ("Community Shores"), a one bank holding company for Community Shores Bank, merged with and into the Company.   Community Shores Bank was consolidated into ChoiceOne Bank in October 2020. ChoiceOne Bank owns all of the outstanding common stock of ChoiceOne Insurance Agencies, Inc., an independent insurance agency headquartered in Sparta, Michigan (the "Insurance Agency").

The Company's business is primarily concentrated in a single industry segment, banking. ChoiceOne Bank (referred to as the “Bank”) is a full-service banking institution that offers a variety of deposit, payment, credit and other financial services to all types of customers. These services include time, savings, and demand deposits, safe deposit services, and automated transaction machine services. Loans, both commercial and consumer, are extended primarily on a secured basis to corporations, partnerships and individuals. Commercial lending covers such categories as business, industry, agricultural, construction, inventory and real estate. The Bank’s consumer loan departments make direct and indirect loans to consumers and purchasers of residential and real property. In addition, the Bank offers trust and wealth management services. No material part of the business of the Company or the Bank is dependent upon a single customer or very few customers, the loss of which would have a materially adverse effect on the Company.

The Bank’s primary market areas lie within Kent, Muskegon, Newaygo, and Ottawa counties in western Michigan, and Lapeer, Macomb, and St. Clair counties in southeastern Michigan in the communities where the Bank's respective offices are located. The Bank serves these markets through 31 full-service offices and five loan production offices. The Company and the Bank have no foreign assets or income.

At December 31, 2022 , the Company had consolidated total assets of $2.4 billion, net loans of $1.2 billion, total deposits of $2.1 billion and total shareholders' equity of $168.9 million. For the year ended December 31, 2022 , the Company recognized consolidated net income of $23.6 million. The principal source of revenue for the Company and the Bank is interest and fees on loans. On a consolidated basis, interest and fees on loans accounted for 59%, 58%, and 60% of total revenues in 2022, 2021, and 2020 , respectively. Interest on securities accounted for 24%, 19%, and 11% of total revenues in 2022, 2021, and 2020 , respectively. For more information about the Company's financial condition and results of operations, see the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Item 8 of this report.

Competition

The Bank’s competition primarily comes from other financial institutions located within Kent, Muskegon, Newaygo, and Ottawa counties in western Michigan and Lapeer, Macomb, and St. Clair counties in southeastern Michigan. There are a number of larger commercial banks within the Bank’s primary market areas. The Bank also competes with a large number of other financial institutions, such as savings and loan associations, insurance companies, consumer finance companies, credit unions, internet banks and other financial technology companies, and commercial finance and leasing companies for deposits, loans and service business. Money market mutual funds, brokerage houses and nonfinancial institutions provide many of the financial services offered by the Bank. Many of these competitors have substantially greater resources than the Bank. The principal methods of competition for financial services are price (the rates of interest charged for loans, the rates of interest paid for deposits and the fees charged for services) and the convenience and quality of services rendered to customers.

Supervision and Regulation

Banks and bank holding companies are extensively regulated. The Company is subject to supervision and regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve Board”). The Company's activities are generally limited to owning or controlling banks and engaging in such other activities as the Federal Reserve Board may determine to be closely related to banking. Prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board, and in some cases various other government agencies, is required for the Company to acquire control of any additional bank holding companies, banks or other operating subsidiaries. Under Federal Reserve Board policy, the Company is expected to act as a source of financial strength to the Bank and to commit resources to support it.

The Bank is chartered under state law and is subject to regulation by the Michigan Department of Insurance and Financial Services (“DIFS”). State banking laws place restrictions on various aspects of banking, including permitted activities, loan interest rates, branching, payment of dividends and capital and surplus requirements. The Bank is a member of the Federal Reserve System and is also subject to regulation by the Federal Reserve Board. The Bank’s deposits are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) to the maximum extent provided by law. The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank system, which provides certain advantages to the Bank, including favorable borrowing rates for certain funds.

The Company is a legal entity separate and distinct from the Bank. The Company's primary source of funds available to pay dividends to shareholders is dividends paid to it by the Bank. There are legal limitations on the extent to which the Bank can lend or otherwise supply funds to the Company. In addition, payment of dividends to the Company by the Bank is subject to various state and federal regulatory limitations.

The Deposit Insurance Funds Act of 1996 authorized the Financing Corporation (“FICO”) to impose periodic assessments on all depository institutions. The purpose of these periodic assessments is to spread the cost of the interest payments on the outstanding FICO bonds issued to recapitalize the Savings Association Insurance Fund (“SAIF”) over a larger number of institutions.

The federal banking agencies have adopted guidelines to promote the safety and soundness of federally-insured depository institutions. These guidelines establish standards for, among other things, internal controls, information systems, internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth, compensation, fees and benefits, asset quality and earnings.

The Company and the Bank are subject to regulatory “risk-based” capital guidelines. Failure to meet these capital guidelines could subject the Company or the Bank to a variety of enforcement remedies, including issuance of a capital directive, the termination of deposit insurance by the FDIC, a prohibition on accepting brokered deposits, and other restrictions on its business. In addition, the Bank would generally not receive regulatory approval of any application that requires the consideration of capital adequacy, such as a branch or merger application, unless it could demonstrate a reasonable plan to meet the capital requirement within a reasonable period of time.

Under Federal Reserve Board policy, the Company is expected to act as a source of financial strength to the Bank and to commit resources to support the Bank. In addition, if DIFS deems the Bank's capital to be impaired, DIFS may require the Bank to restore its capital by a special assessment on the Company as the Bank's sole shareholder. If the Company fails to pay any assessment, the Company’s directors will be required, under Michigan law, to sell the shares of the Bank's stock owned by the Company to the highest bidder at either a public or private auction and use the proceeds of the sale to restore the Bank's capital.

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act (“FDICIA”) requires, among other things, federal banking agencies to take “prompt corrective action” in respect of depository institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. FDICIA sets forth the following five capital categories: “well-capitalized,” “adequately-capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly-undercapitalized” and “critically-undercapitalized.” A depository institution's capital category will depend upon how its capital levels compare with various relevant capital measures as established by regulation, which include a common equity Tier I risk-based capital ratio, Tier 1 risk-based and total risk-based capital ratio measures and a leverage capital ratio measure. In addition, a capital conservation buffer is required. Under certain circumstances, the appropriate banking agency may treat a well-capitalized, adequately-capitalized, or undercapitalized institution as if the institution were in the next lower capital category.

Federal banking regulators are required to take specified mandatory supervisory actions and are authorized to take other discretionary actions with respect to institutions in the three undercapitalized categories. The severity of the action depends upon the capital category in which the institution is placed. Subject to a narrow exception, the banking regulator must generally appoint a receiver or conservator for an institution that is critically undercapitalized. An institution in any of the undercapitalized categories is required to submit an acceptable capital restoration plan to its appropriate federal banking agency. An undercapitalized institution is also generally prohibited from paying any dividends, increasing its average total assets, making acquisitions, establishing any branches, accepting or renewing any brokered deposits or engaging in any new line of business, except under an accepted capital restoration plan or with FDIC approval.

Banks are subject to a number of federal and state laws and regulations, which have a material impact on their business. These include, among others, minimum capital requirements, state usury laws, state laws relating to fiduciaries, the Truth in Lending Act, the Truth in Savings Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Expedited Funds Availability Act, the Community Reinvestment Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the Service Members Civil Relief Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, the Bank Secrecy Act, regulations of the Office of Foreign Assets Controls, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, electronic funds transfer laws, redlining laws, predatory lending laws, antitrust laws, environmental laws, money laundering laws and privacy laws. The monetary policy of the Federal Reserve Board may influence the growth and distribution of bank loans, investments and deposits, and may also affect interest rates on loans and deposits. These policies may have a significant effect on the operating results of banks.

In general, the BHC Act limits the business of bank holding companies to banking, managing or controlling banks and other activities that the Federal Reserve Board has determined to be closely related to the business of banking. In addition, bank holding companies that qualify and elect to be financial holding companies may engage in any activities that are financial in nature or complementary to a financial activity and do not pose a substantial risk to the safety and soundness of depository institutions or the financial system without prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board. Activities that are financial in nature include securities underwriting and dealing, insurance underwriting and making merchant banking investments.  The Company has elected to be a financial holding company.

In order for the Company to maintain financial holding company status, the Bank must be categorized as "well-capitalized" and "well-managed" under applicable regulatory guidelines. If the Company or the Bank ceases to meet these requirements, the Federal Reserve Board may impose corrective capital and/or managerial requirements and place limitations on the Company’s ability to conduct the broader financial activities permissible for financial holding companies. In addition, if the deficiencies persist, the Federal Reserve Board may require the Company to divest of the Bank. The Bank was categorized as "well-capitalized" and "well-managed" as of December 31, 2022.

Bank holding companies may acquire banks and other bank holding companies located in any state in the United States without regard to geographic restrictions or reciprocity requirements imposed by state banking law. Banks may also establish interstate branch networks through acquisitions of and mergers with other banks. The establishment of de novo interstate branches or the acquisition of individual branches of a bank in another state (rather than the acquisition of an out-of-state bank in its entirety) is allowed only if specifically authorized by state law.

Michigan banking laws do not significantly restrict interstate banking. The Michigan Banking Code permits, in appropriate circumstances and with the approval of DIFS, (1) acquisition of Michigan banks by FDIC-insured banks, savings banks or savings and loan associations located in other states, (2) sale by a Michigan bank of branches to an FDIC-insured bank, savings bank or savings and loan association located in a state in which a Michigan bank could purchase branches of the purchasing entity, (3) consolidation of Michigan banks and FDIC-insured banks, savings banks or savings and loan associations located in other states having laws permitting such consolidation, (4) establishment of branches in Michigan by FDIC-insured banks located in other states, the District of Columbia or U.S. territories or protectorates having laws permitting a Michigan bank to establish a branch in such jurisdiction, and (5) establishment by foreign banks of branches located in Michigan.

Banks are subject to the provisions of the Community Reinvestment Act ("CRA"). Under the terms of the CRA, the appropriate federal bank regulatory agency is required, in connection with its examination of a bank, to assess the bank's record in meeting the credit needs of the community served by that bank, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods, consistent with the safe and sound operation of the institution. Under the CRA, institutions are assigned a rating of "outstanding," "satisfactory," "needs to improve," or "substantial non-compliance." The regulatory agency's assessment of the bank's record is made available to the public. Further, a bank's federal regulatory agency is required to assess the CRA compliance record of any bank that has applied to establish a new branch office that will accept deposits, relocate an office, or merge or consolidate with, or acquire the assets or assume the liabilities of, a federally regulated financial institution. In the case of a bank holding company applying for approval to acquire a bank or another bank holding company, the Federal Reserve Board will assess the CRA compliance record of each subsidiary bank of the applicant bank holding company, and such compliance records may be the basis for denying the application. Upon receiving notice that a subsidiary bank is rated less than "satisfactory," a financial holding company will be prohibited from additional activities that are permitted to be conducted by a financial holding company and from acquiring any company engaged in such activities. The CRA rating of the Bank was "Satisfactory" as of its most recent examination.

Effects of Compliance With Environmental Regulations

The nature of the business of the Bank is such that it holds title, on a temporary or permanent basis, to a number of parcels of real property. These include properties owned for branch offices and other business purposes as well as properties taken in or in lieu of foreclosure to satisfy loans in default. Under current state and federal laws, present and past owners of real property may be exposed to liability for the cost of cleanup of environmental contamination on or originating from those properties, even if they are wholly innocent of the actions that caused the contamination. These liabilities can be material and can exceed the value of the contaminated property. Management is not presently aware of any instances where compliance with these provisions will have a material effect on the capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position of the Company or the Bank, or where compliance with these provisions will adversely affect a borrower's ability to comply with the terms of loan contracts.

Employees

As of February 28, 2023, the Company, on a consolidated basis, e mp loyed 402 employees, of which 332 we re full -time employees.  Our employees are not represented by any collective bargaining group. Management considers its employee relations to be good.

Statistical Information

Additional statistical information describing the business of the Company appears on the following pages and in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Item 7 of this report and in the Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto in Item 8 of this report. The following statistical information should be read in conjunction with Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes in this report.  Average balances used in statistical information are calculated using daily averages, unless otherwise specified.

The Company did not hold investment securities from any one issuer at December 31, 2022 , that were greater than 10% of the Company's shareholders' equity, exclusive of U.S. Government and U.S. Government agency securities.

Presented below is the fair value of securities available for sale and amortized cost for held to maturity securities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 , a schedule of maturities of securities as of December 31, 2022 , and the weighted average yields of securities as of December 31, 2022 .  Callable securities in the money are presumed called and matured at the callable date.

		Available for Sale Securities maturing within:
																		Fair Value
		Less than				1 Year -				5 Years -				More than				at December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)		1 Year				5 Years				10 Years				10 Years				2022
U.S. Government and federal agency		$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-
U.S. Treasury notes and bonds			-				-				78,204				-				78,204
State and municipal			5,474				7,315				48,326				168,823				229,938
Corporate			498				-				213				-				711
Asset-backed securities			-				8,861				3,472				-				12,333
Total debt securities			5,972				16,176				130,215				168,823				321,186
Mortgage-backed securities			10,980				94,718				89,652				13,213				208,563
Total Available for Sale		$	16,952			$	110,894			$	219,867			$	182,036			$	529,749

		Available for Sale weighted average yields:
		Less than				1 Year -				5 Years -				More than
		1 Year				5 Years				10 Years				10 Years				Total
U.S. Government and federal agency			-	%			-	%			-	%			-	%			-	%
U.S. Treasury notes and bonds			-				-				1.16				-				1.16
State and municipal			2.53				2.92				2.35				2.53				2.51
Corporate			3.21				-				3.75				-				3.37
Asset-backed securities			-				4.76				4.79				-				4.77
Mortgage-backed securities			2.67				3.73				1.82				1.81				2.73

		Held to Maturity Securities maturing within:
																		Amortized Cost
		Less than				1 Year -				5 Years -				More than				at December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)		1 Year				5 Years				10 Years				10 Years				2022
U.S. Government and federal agency		$	-			$	-			$	2,966			$	-			$	2,966
State and municipal			2,417				5,038				87,944				106,491				201,890
Corporate			-				250				18,353				1,000				19,603
Asset-backed securities			-				974				-				-				974
Total debt securities			2,417				6,262				109,263				107,491				225,433
Mortgage-backed securities			16,983				33,367				145,926				4,197				200,473
Total Held to Maturity		$	19,400			$	39,629			$	255,189			$	111,688			$	425,906

		Held to Maturity weighted average yields:
		Less than				1 Year -				5 Years -				More than
		1 Year				5 Years				10 Years				10 Years				Total
U.S. Government and federal agency			-	%			-	%			1.61	%			-	%			1.61	%
State and municipal			2.17				1.76				2.04				2.40				2.22
Corporate			-				3.50				3.67				-				3.48
Asset-backed securities			-				1.10				-				-				1.10
Mortgage-backed securities			5.92				3.83				2.23				2.49				2.81

(1) The yield is computed for tax-exempt securities on a fully tax-equivalent basis at an incremental tax rate of 21% for 2022.

Weighted average yields are based on the fair value of securities available for sale and amortized cost of securities held to maturity which are denoted in the table above.

Maturities and Sensitivities of Loans to Changes in Interest Rates

The following schedule presents the maturities of loans as of December 31, 2022. Loans are also classified according to the sensitivity to changes in interest rates as of December 31, 2022.

(Dollars in thousands)		In one year				After one year				After five years				After fifteen
		or less				through five years				through fifteen years				years				Total
Agricultural		$	12,762			$	17,159			$	33,020			$	1,218			$	64,159
Commercial and industrial			56,698				83,093				70,003				416				210,210
Commercial real estate			40,701				329,902				254,144				6,206				630,953
Construction real estate			14,157				3				-				576				14,736
Consumer			651				21,338				15,921				1,898				39,808
Residential real estate			2,737				11,785				96,943				118,451				229,916
Totals		$	127,706			$	463,280			$	470,031			$	128,765			$	1,189,782

(Dollars in thousands)		Fixed or				Floating or
		predetermined rates				variable rates				Total
Loans maturing after one year:
Agricultural		$	50,872			$	13,287			$	64,159
Commercial and industrial			137,697				72,513				210,210
Commercial real estate			521,075				109,878				630,953
Construction real estate			14,736				-				14,736
Consumer			39,340				468				39,808
Residential real estate			114,121				115,795				229,916
Totals		$	877,841			$	311,941			$	1,189,782

Loan maturities are classified according to the contractual maturity date or the anticipated amortization period, whichever is appropriate. The anticipated amortization period is used in the case of loans where a balloon payment is due before the end of the loan’s normal amortization period. At the time the balloon payment is due, the loan can either be rewritten or payment in full can be requested. The decision regarding whether the loan will be rewritten or a payment in full will be requested will be based upon the loan’s payment history, the borrower’s current financial condition, and other relevant factors.

The following table reflects the composition of our allowance for loan loss, non-accrual loans, and nonperforming loans as a percentage of total loans represented by each class of loans as of the dates indicated:

(Dollars in thousands)		Agricultural				Commercial and industrial				Consumer				Commercial real estate				Construction real estate				Residential real estate				Totals
Loans
December 31, 2022		$	64,159			$	210,210			$	39,808			$	630,953			$	14,736			$	229,916			$	1,189,782
Allowance for loan losses year ended December 31, 2022		$	144			$	1,361			$	310			$	4,822			$	63			$	906			$	7,619
Allowance as a percentage of loan category			0.22	%			0.65	%			0.78	%			0.76	%			0.43	%			0.39	%			0.64	%
Nonaccrual loans year ended December 31, 2022		$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	1,263			$	1,263
Nonaccrual as a percentage of loan category			0.00	%			0.00	%			0.00	%			0.00	%			0.00	%			0.55	%			0.11	%
Allowance as a percentage of nonaccrual loans			NA				NA				NA				NA				NA				71.73	%			603.25	%
Nonperforming loans year ended December 31, 2022		$	3			$	58			$	-			$	131			$	-			$	2,474			$	2,667
Nonperforming loans as a percentage of loan category			0.00	%			0.03	%			0.00	%			0.02	%			0.00	%			1.08	%			0.22	%
Net charge-offs during the year ended December 31, 2022		$	-			$	(34	)		$	(290	)		$	3			$	-			$	2			$	(319	)
Net charge-offs during the year to average loans outstanding			0.00	%			0.00	%			-0.03	%			0.00	%			0.00	%			0.00	%			-0.03	%

(Dollars in thousands)		Agricultural				Commercial and industrial				Consumer				Commercial real estate				Construction real estate				Residential real estate				Totals
Loans
December 31, 2021		$	64,819			$	203,024			$	35,174			$	525,884			$	19,066			$	168,881			$	1,016,848
Allowance for loan losses year ended December 31, 2021		$	448			$	1,454			$	290			$	3,705			$	110			$	671			$	7,688
Allowance as a percentage of loan category			0.69	%			0.72	%			0.82	%			0.70	%			0.58	%			0.40	%			0.76	%
Nonaccrual loans year ended December 31, 2021		$	313			$	285			$	-			$	279			$	-			$	850			$	1,727
Nonaccrual as a percentage of loan category			0.48	%			0.14	%			0.00	%			0.05	%			0.00	%			0.50	%			0.17	%
Allowance as a percentage of nonaccrual loans			143.13	%			510.18	%			NA				1327.96	%			NA				78.94	%			445.17	%
Nonperforming loans year ended December 31, 2021		$	2,117			$	358			$	-			$	880			$	-			$	2,189			$	5,543
Nonperforming loans as a percentage of loan category			3.27	%			0.18	%			0.00	%			0.17	%			0.00	%			1.30	%			0.55	%
Net charge-offs during the year ended December 31, 2021		$	-			$	(109	)		$	(156	)		$	(63	)		$	-			$	7			$	(321	)
Net charge-offs during the year to average loans outstanding			0.00	%			-0.01	%			-0.01	%			-0.01	%			0.00	%			0.00	%			-0.03	%

Additions to the allowance for loan losses charged to operations during the periods shown were based on management’s judgment after considering factors such as loan loss experience, evaluation of the loan portfolio, and prevailing and anticipated economic conditions. There were no material changes to the factors considered since the prior year.  The evaluation of the loan portfolio is based upon various risk factors such as the financial condition of the borrower, the value of collateral and other considerations, which, in the opinion of management, deserve current recognition in estimating loan losses.  Note that NA means there are no non-accrual loans in the designated loan category.

The following schedule presents an allocation of the allowance for loan losses to the various loan categories as of the years ended December 31:

		2022				2021				2020
Agricultural		$	144			$	448			$	257
Commercial and industrial			1,361				1,454				1,327
Real estate - commercial			4,822				3,705				4,178
Real estate - construction			63				110				97
Real estate - residential			906				671				1,300
Consumer			310				290				317
Unallocated			13				1,010				117
Total allowance for loan losses		$	7,619			$	7,688			$	7,593

Management periodically reviews the assumptions, loss ratios and delinquency trends in estimating the appropriate level of its allowance for loan losses and believes the unallocated portion of the total allowance was sufficient at December 31, 2022.

Deposits

The following schedule presents the average deposit balances by category and the average rates paid thereon for the respective years:

(Dollars in thousands)
		2022								2021								2020
		Average Balance				Average Rate				Average Balance				Average Rate				Average Balance				Average Rate
Noninterest-bearing demand		$	582,992				-	%		$	527,876				-	%		$	398,422				-	%
Interest-bearing demand and money market deposits			902,090				0.39				791,886				0.23				571,693				0.32
Savings			452,542				0.16				398,969				0.14				267,217				0.11
Certificates of deposit			196,166				0.83				186,898				0.51				183,836				1.11
Total		$	2,133,790				0.27	%		$	1,905,629				0.17	%		$	1,421,168				0.29	%

At December 31, 2022, the aggregate balance of time deposits exceeding the FDIC insured limit of $250,000 for individual and $500,000 for joint accounts totaled $108.7 million.  At December 31, 2022, 99.5% of uninsured time deposit accounts were scheduled to mature within one year.  The maturity profile of uninsured time deposits at December 31, 2022 is as follows:

Amount of time deposits in uninsured accounts (Dollars in thousands)
Maturing in less than 3 months		$	30,173
Maturing in 3 to 6 months			34,842
Maturing in 6 to 12 months			43,146
Maturing in more than 12 months			497
Total uninsured time deposits		$	108,658

At December 31, 2022, the aggregate balance of all deposits exceeding the FDIC insured limit of $250,000 totaled $823.2 million, or 39% of total deposits, compared to $889.2 million, or 43% of total deposits and $583.7 million, or 35% of total deposits at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.  Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Service ("CDARs") deposits are excluded from the above table as all CDARs deposits are 100% guaranteed.

Core deposits, which we define as insured branch deposits less certificates of deposit, totaled $1.2 billion or 55.0% of total deposits at December 31, 2022.

At December 31, 2022, the Bank had no material foreign deposits.

Return on Equity and Assets

The following schedule presents certain financial ratios of the Company for the years ended December 31:

		2022				2021				2020
Return on assets (net income divided by average total assets)			1.00	%			1.02	%			0.94	%
Return on equity (net income divided by average equity)			13.25	%			9.79	%			7.28	%
Dividend payout ratio (dividends declared per share divided by net income per share)			32.06	%			32.67	%			39.54	%
Equity to assets ratio (average equity divided by average total assets)			7.52	%			10.44	%			12.97	%

Item 1A. Risk Factors

The Company is subject to many risks and uncertainties. Although the Company seeks ways to manage these risks and develop programs to control risks to the extent that management can control them, the Company cannot predict the future. Actual results may differ materially from management’s expectations. Some of these significant risks and uncertainties are discussed below. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones that the Company faces. Additional risks and uncertainties of which the Company is unaware, or that it currently does not consider to be material, also may become important factors that affect the Company and its business. If any of these risks were to occur, the Company’s business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Related to the Company ’ s Business

Asset quality could be less favorable than expected.

A significant source of risk for the Company arises from the possibility that losses will be sustained because borrowers, guarantors and related parties may fail to perform in accordance with the terms of their loan agreements. Most loans originated by the Company are secured, but some loans are unsecured depending on the nature of the loan. With respect to secured loans, the collateral securing the repayment of these loans includes a wide variety of real and personal property that may be insufficient to cover the obligations owed under such loans. Collateral values may be adversely affected by changes in prevailing economic, environmental and other conditions, including declines in the value of real estate, changes in interest rates, changes in monetary and fiscal policies of the federal government, terrorist activity, environmental contamination, public health crisis, and other external events.

The Company’s allowance for loan losses may not be adequate to cover actual loan losses.

The risk of nonpayment of loans is inherent in all lending activities and nonpayment of loans may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s earnings and overall financial condition, and the value of its common stock. The Company makes various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of its loan portfolio and provides an allowance for potential losses based on a number of factors. If its assumptions are wrong, the allowance for loan losses may not be sufficient to cover losses, which could have an adverse effect on the Company’s operating results and may cause it to increase the allowance in the future. The actual amount of future provisions for loan losses cannot now be determined and may exceed the amounts of past provisions for loan losses. Federal and state banking regulators, as an integral part of their supervisory function, periodically review the allowance for loan losses. These regulatory agencies may require the Company to increase its provision for loan losses or to recognize further loan charge-offs based upon their judgments, which may be different from the Company’s judgments. Any increase in the allowance for loan losses could have a negative effect on the Company’s regulatory capital ratios, net income, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, a large portion of the loan portfolio was marked to fair value as part of the mergers with County and Community Shores and does not carry an allowance as management determined no credit deterioration had occurred since the effective date of the merger.

ChoiceOne adopted ASU 2016-13 current expected credit loss ("CECL") on January 1, 2023.  CECL changes the allowance for loan losses methodology from an incurred loss impairment methodology to an expected loss methodology, which is more dependent on future economic forecasts and models than previous accounting standards and could result in increases in, and add volatility to, our allowance for loan losses and future provisions for loan losses.  These forecasts and models are inherently uncertain and are based upon management's reasonable judgment in light of information currently available. We believe the adoption of CECL as of January 1, 2023 will result in an estimated increase in our current allowance for loan losses of between $6.5 million and $7.0 million. If we misinterpret or make inaccurate assumptions under the new guidance, we may need to make significant and unanticipated changes in our allowance for loan losses in the future, and our results of operations or financial condition could be adversely affected.

General economic conditions in the state of Michigan could have a material adverse effect on the Company ’ s results of operations or financial condition.

The Company is affected by general economic conditions in the United States, although most directly within Michigan. An economic downturn within Michigan caused by inflation, recession or a recessionary environment, unemployment, changes in financial or capital markets or other factors, could negatively impact household and corporate incomes. This impact may lead to decreased demand for both loan and deposit products and increase the number of customers who fail to pay interest or principal on their loans.

The Company could be adversely affected by the soundness of other financial institutions, including defaults by larger financial institutions.

The Company's ability to engage in routine funding transactions could be adversely affected by the actions and commercial soundness of other financial institutions. Financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of credit, trading, clearing, counterparty or other relationships between financial institutions. The Company has exposure to multiple counterparties, and it routinely executes transactions with counterparties in the financial industry. As a result, defaults by, or even rumors or questions about, one or more financial services institutions, or the financial services industry generally, could lead to market-wide liquidity problems and losses or defaults by the Company or by other institutions. This is sometimes referred to as "systemic risk" and may adversely affect financial intermediaries, such as clearing agencies, clearing houses, banks, securities firms and exchanges, with which the Company interacts on a daily basis, and therefore could adversely affect the Company.

If the Company does not adjust to changes in the financial services industry, its financial performance may suffer.

The Company’s ability to maintain its financial performance and return on investment to shareholders will depend in part on its ability to maintain and grow its core deposit customer base and expand its financial services to its existing customers. In addition to other banks, competitors include credit unions, securities dealers, brokers, mortgage bankers, investment advisors, internet banks and other financial technology companies, and finance and insurance companies. The increasingly competitive environment is, in part, a result of changes in the economic environment within the state of Michigan, regulation, changes in technology and product delivery systems and consolidation among financial service providers. New competitors may emerge to increase the degree of competition for the Company’s customers and services. Financial services and products are also constantly changing. The Company’s financial performance will also depend in part upon customer demand for the Company’s products and services and the Company’s ability to develop and offer competitive financial products and services.

We are subject to significant government regulation, and any regulatory changes may adversely affect us.

We are subject to extensive government regulation under both federal and state law.  We are subject to regulation by the Federal Reserve, the FDIC and the DIFS, in addition to other regulatory and self-regulatory organizations. Current laws and applicable regulations are subject to change and any new regulatory change could make compliance more expensive, difficult, or otherwise adversely affect our business. Specifically, regulation changes to overdraft fees could adversely affect our business.  We cannot predict the ultimate effect of any changes to regulations affecting us, but such changes could have a material adverse effect on our results of operation or financial condition.

Changes in interest rates could reduce the Company's income and cash flow.

The Company’s income and cash flow depends, to a great extent, on the difference between the interest earned on loans and securities, and the interest paid on deposits and other borrowings. Market interest rates are beyond the Company’s control, and they fluctuate in response to general economic conditions and the policies of various governmental and regulatory agencies including, in particular, the Federal Reserve Board. Changes in monetary policy, including changes in interest rates and interest rate relationships, will influence the origination of loans, the purchase of investments, the generation of deposits and the rate received on loans and securities and paid on deposits and other borrowings.

Interest rates on our outstanding financial instruments might be subject to change based on regulatory developments, which could adversely affect our revenue, expenses, and the value of those financial instruments .

On July 27, 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”), which regulates LIBOR, publicly announced that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit LIBOR rates after 2021. In November 2020, the FCA announced that it would continue to publish LIBOR rates through June 30, 2023. It is unclear whether, or in what form, LIBOR will continue to exist after that date. Any uncertainty regarding the continued use and reliability of LIBOR as a benchmark interest rate could adversely affect the value of our floating rate obligations, loans, deposits, and other financial instruments tied to LIBOR rates, as well as the revenue and expenses associated with those financial instruments. While, at this time, it appears that consensus is growing around using the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as an alternative to LIBOR, it remains to be determined whether this will ultimately be the case and what the impact of a possible transition to SOFR or other alternative reference rates may have on our business, financial results and results of operations.  We could become subject to litigation and other types of disputes as a consequence of the transition from LIBOR to SOFR or another alternative reference rate, which could subject us to increased legal expenses, monetary damages and reputational harm.

The Company is subject to liquidity risk in its operations, which could adversely affect its ability to fund various obligations.

Liquidity risk is the possibility of being unable to meet obligations as they come due or capitalize on growth opportunities as they arise because of an inability to liquidate assets or obtain adequate funding on a timely basis, at a reasonable cost and within acceptable risk tolerances. Liquidity is required to fund various obligations, including credit obligations to borrowers, loan originations, withdrawals by depositors, repayment of debt, dividends to shareholders, operating expenses and capital expenditures. Liquidity is derived primarily from retail deposit growth and earnings retention, principal and interest payments on loans and investment securities, net cash provided from operations and access to other funding. If the Company is unable to maintain adequate liquidity, then its business, financial condition and results of operations would be negatively affected.

If the Company were required to sell investment securities in an unrealized loss position to meet liquidity needs and realize losses, that could have a material adverse impact on its results of operation and financial condition.

At December 31, 2022, the Company had $161.0 million in unrealized losses on its investment securities, including $89.0 million in unrealized losses on available for sale securities and $72.0 in unrealized losses on held to maturity securities. If the Company were required to sell investment securities in an unrealized loss position to meet liquidity needs and realize losses, that could have a material adverse impact on its results of operations and financial condition, including a negative impact on net income and a permanent reduction in equity capital.

The Company has significant exposure to risks associated with commercial and residential real estate.

A substantial portion of the Company’s loan portfolio consists of commercial and residential real estate-related loans, including real estate development, construction and residential and commercial mortgage loans.  As of December 31, 2022, the Company had approximately $645.7 million of commercial and construction real estate loans outstanding, which represented approximately 54.3% of its loan portfolio.  As of that same date, the Company had approximately $229.9 million in residential real estate loans outstanding, or approximately 19.3% of its loan portfolio. Consequently, real estate-related credit risks are a significant concern for the Company. The adverse consequences from real estate-related credit risks tend to be cyclical and are often driven by national economic developments that are not controllable or entirely foreseeable by the Company or its borrowers.

Commercial loans may expose the Company to greater financial and credit risk than other loans.

The Company’s commercial and industrial loan portfolio, including commercial mortgages, was approximately $210.2 million at December 31, 2022, comprising approximately 17.7% of its total loan portfolio. Commercial loans generally carry larger loan balances and can involve a greater degree of financial and credit risk than other loans. Any significant failure to pay on time by the Company’s customers would hurt the Company’s earnings. The increased financial and credit risk associated with these types of loans are a result of several factors, including the concentration of principal in a limited number of loans and borrowers, the size of loan balances, the effects of general economic conditions on income-producing properties and the increased difficulty of evaluating and monitoring these types of loans.

Legislative or regulatory changes or actions could adversely impact the Company or the businesses in which it is engaged.

The Company and the Bank are subject to extensive state and federal regulation, supervision and legislation that govern almost all aspects of their operations. Laws and regulations may change from time to time and are primarily intended for the protection of consumers, depositors and the deposit insurance fund, and not to benefit the Company's shareholders. The impact of any changes to laws and regulations or other actions by regulatory agencies may negatively impact the Company or its ability to increase the value of its business. Regulatory authorities have extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities, including the imposition of restrictions on the operation of an institution, the classification of assets by the institution and the adequacy of an institution's allowance for loan losses. Future regulatory changes or accounting pronouncements may increase the Company's regulatory capital requirements or adversely affect its regulatory capital levels. Additionally, actions by regulatory agencies against the Company or the Bank could require the Company to devote significant time and resources to defending its business and may lead to penalties that materially affect the Company.

The Company relies heavily on its management and other key personnel, and the loss of any of them may adversely affect its operations.

The Company is and will continue to be dependent upon the services of its management team and other key personnel. Losing the services of one or more key members of the Company’s management team could adversely affect its operations.

The Company ’ s controls and procedures may fail or be circumvented.

Management regularly reviews and updates the Company’s internal controls, disclosure controls and procedures, and corporate governance policies and procedures. Any system of controls, however well designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the system are met.  If the Company fails to identify and remediate control deficiencies, it is possible that a material misstatement of interim or annual financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.  In addition, any failure or circumvention of the Company’s other controls and procedures or failure to comply with regulations related to controls and procedures could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

The Company may be a defendant in a variety of litigation and other actions, which may have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations.

The Company and the Bank are regularly involved in a variety of litigation arising out of the normal course of business. The Company's insurance may not cover all claims that may be asserted against it, and any claims asserted against it, regardless of merit or eventual outcome, may harm its reputation or cause the Company to incur unexpected expenses, which could be material in amount. Should the ultimate expenses, judgments or settlements in any litigation exceed the Company's insurance coverage, they could have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the Company may not be able to obtain appropriate types or levels of insurance in the future, nor may it be able to obtain adequate replacement policies with acceptable terms, if at all.

If the Company cannot raise additional capital when needed, its ability to further expand its operations through organic growth or acquisitions could be materially impaired.

The Company is required by federal and state regulatory authorities to maintain specified levels of capital to support its operations. The Company may need to raise additional capital to support its current level of assets or its growth. The Company’s ability to raise additional capital will depend on conditions in the capital markets at that time, which are outside its control, and on its financial performance. The Company cannot assure that it will be able to raise additional capital in the future on terms acceptable to it or at all. If the Company cannot raise additional capital when needed, its ability to maintain its current level of assets or to expand its operations through organic growth or acquisitions could be materially limited.

Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential client or customer information, whether through a breach of computer systems or otherwise, could severely harm the Company's business.

As part of its business, the Company collects, processes and retains sensitive and confidential client and customer information on behalf of itself and other third parties. Despite the security measures the Company has in place for its facilities and systems, and the security measures of its third party service providers, the Company may be vulnerable to security breaches, acts of vandalism, computer viruses, misplaced or lost data, programming and/or human errors or other similar events. Any security breach involving the misappropriation, loss or other unauthorized disclosure of confidential customer information, whether by the Company or by its vendors, could severely damage the Company's reputation, expose it to the risks of litigation and liability, disrupt the Company's operations and have a material adverse effect on the Company's business.

The Company's information systems may experience an interruption or breach in security.

The Company relies heavily on communications and information systems to conduct its business and deliver its products. Any failure, interruption or breach in security of these systems could result in failures or disruptions in the Company's customer relationship management, general ledger, deposit, loan and other systems. While the Company has policies and procedures designed to prevent or limit the effect of the failure, interruption or security breach of its information systems, there can be no assurance that any such failures, interruptions or security breaches of the Company's information systems or its customers' information or computer systems would not damage the Company's reputation, result in a loss of customer business, subject the Company to additional regulatory scrutiny, or expose the Company to civil litigation and financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations.

Cybersecurity incidents could disrupt business operations, result in the loss of critical and confidential information, and adversely impact our reputation and results of operations.

Global cybersecurity threats and incidents can range from uncoordinated individual attempts to gain unauthorized access to information technology (IT) systems to sophisticated and targeted measures known as advanced persistent threats, directed at the Company and/or its third party service providers. Although we employ comprehensive measures to prevent, detect, address and mitigate these threats (including access controls, employee training, data encryption, vulnerability assessments, continuous monitoring of our IT networks and systems and maintenance of backup and protective systems), cybersecurity incidents, depending on their nature and scope, could potentially result in the misappropriation, destruction, corruption or unavailability of critical data and confidential or proprietary information (our own or that of third parties) and the disruption of business operations. The potential consequences of a material cybersecurity incident include reputational damage, litigation with third parties and increased cybersecurity protection and remediation costs, which in turn could materially adversely affect our results of operations.

Employee misconduct could adversely impact our reputation and results of operations.

Our reputation is crucial to maintaining and developing relationships with our customers. There is a risk our employees could engage in misconduct that adversely affects our business. For example, if an employee were to engage (or be accused of engaging) in fraudulent, illegal, or suspicious activities, including fraud or theft, we could be subject to regulatory sanctions or penalties, or litigation, and suffer significant harm to our reputation, financial position, and customer relationships as a result. Additionally, our business often requires that we deal with sensitive customer information. If our employees were to improperly use or disclose this information, even inadvertently, we could suffer significant harm to our reputation, financial position and current and future business relationships. We may not be able to deter all employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this misconduct may not be effective in all circumstances. Misconduct or harassment by our employees (or unsubstantiated allegations of the same), or improper use or disclosure of confidential information by our employees, even inadvertently, could result in a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, or results of operations.

Environmental liability associated with commercial lending could result in losses.

In the course of its business, the Company may acquire, through foreclosure, properties securing loans it has originated or purchased that are in default. Particularly in commercial real estate lending, there is a risk that hazardous substances could be discovered on these properties. In this event, the Company might be required to remove these substances from the affected properties at the Company's sole cost and expense. The cost of this removal could substantially exceed the value of affected properties. The Company may not have adequate remedies against the prior owner or other responsible parties and could find it difficult or impossible to sell the affected properties. These events could have an adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition.

The Company depends upon the accuracy and completeness of information about customers.

In deciding whether to extend credit to customers, the Company relies on information provided to it by its customers, including financial statements and other financial information. The Company may also rely on representations of customers as to the accuracy and completeness of that information and on reports of independent auditors on financial statements. The Company's financial condition and results of operations could be negatively impacted to the extent that the Company extends credit in reliance on financial statements that do not comply with generally accepted accounting principles or that are misleading or other information provided by customers that is false or misleading.

Our reliance on third party vendors could cause operational losses or business interruptions.

We rely on third party service providers for certain components of our business activity. If these third party service providers experience difficulties or terminate their services and we are unable to replace them with other service providers, our operations could be interrupted. Even if we are able to replace them with another service provider, the replacement may be more expensive or offer an inferior service. Any of these outcomes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The Company operates in a highly competitive industry and market area.

The Company faces substantial competition in all areas of its operations from a variety of different competitors, many of which are larger and may have more financial resources. Such competitors primarily include national and regional banks within the various markets where the Company operates, as well as internet banks and other financial technology companies. The Company also faces competition from many other types of financial institutions, including savings and loan associations, credit unions, finance companies, brokerage firms, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries. The financial services industry could become even more competitive as a result of legislative, regulatory and technological changes and continued consolidation. Banks, securities firms and insurance companies can merge under the umbrella of a financial holding company, which can offer virtually any type of financial service, including banking, securities underwriting, insurance (both agency and underwriting) and merchant banking. The Company competes with these institutions both in attracting deposits and in making new loans. Technology has lowered barriers to entry into the market and made it possible for non-banks to offer products and services traditionally provided by banks, such as automatic transfer and automatic payment systems. Many of the Company's competitors have fewer regulatory constraints and may have lower cost structures, such as credit unions that are not subject to federal income tax. Due to their size, many competitors may be able to achieve economies of scale and, as a result, may offer a broader range of products and services as well as better pricing for those products and services than the Company can.

Severe weather, natural disasters, acts of war or terrorism, public health crisis, and other external events could significantly impact the Company's business.

Severe weather, natural disasters, acts of war or terrorism, risks posed by an outbreak of a widespread epidemic or pandemic of disease (or widespread fear thereof) or other public health crisis, and other adverse external events could have a significant impact on the Company's ability to conduct business. Such events could affect the stability of the Company's deposit base, impair the ability of borrowers to repay outstanding loans, impair the value of collateral securing loans, cause significant property damage, result in loss of revenue and/or cause the Company to incur additional expenses.

The Company relies on dividends from the Bank for most of its revenue.

The Company is a separate and distinct legal entity from the Bank. It receives substantially all of its revenue from dividends from the Bank. These dividends are the principal source of funds to pay cash dividends on the Company's common stock. Various federal and/or state laws and regulations limit the amount of dividends that the Bank may pay to the Company. If the Bank is unable to pay dividends to the Company, the Company may not be able to pay cash dividends on its common stock. The earnings of the Bank have been the principal source of funds to pay cash dividends to shareholders. Over the long-term, cash dividends to shareholders are dependent upon earnings, as well as capital requirements, regulatory restraints and other factors affecting the Company and the Bank.

Additional risks and uncertainties could have a negative effect on financial performance.

Additional factors could have a negative effect on the financial performance of the Company and the Company’s common stock. Some of these factors are financial market conditions, changes in financial accounting and reporting standards, new litigation or changes in existing litigation, regulatory actions and losses.

Risks Related to the Company ’ s Common Stock

Investments in the Company ’ s common stock involve risk.

The market price of the Company’s common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors, including:

● Variations in quarterly or annual operating results
● Changes in dividends per share
● Changes in interest rates
● New developments, laws or regulations in the banking industry
● Acquisitions or business combinations involving the Company or its competition
● Regulatory actions, including changes to regulatory capital levels, the components of regulatory capital and how regulatory capital is calculated
● Volatility of stock market prices and volumes
● Changes in market valuations of similar companies
● New litigation or contingencies or changes in existing litigation or contingencies
● Changes in accounting policies or procedures as may be required by the Financial Accounting Standards Board or other regulatory agencies
● Rumors or erroneous information
● Credit and capital availability
● Issuance of additional shares of common stock or other debt or equity securities of the Company

● Market conditions
● General economic conditions

The Company's common stock, while publicly traded, has less liquidity than the average liquidity of stocks listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market.

The Company's common stock is listed for trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market.  However, the Company's common stock has less liquidity than the average liquidity for companies listed in the Nasdaq Stock Market.  The public trading market for the Company's common stock depends on a marketplace of willing buyers and sellers at any given time, which in turn depends on factors outside of the Company's control, including general economic and market conditions and the decisions of individual investors.  The limited market for the Company's common stock may affect a shareholder's ability to sell their shares at any given time, and the sale of a large number of shares at one time could temporarily adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

The Company's common stock is not insured by any government entity.

The Company's common stock is not insured by the FDIC or any other government entity.  Investment in the Company's common stock is subject to risk and potential loss.

A shareholder's ownership of common stock may be diluted if the Company issues additional shares of common stock in the future.

The Company's articles of incorporation authorize the Company's Board of Directors to issue additional shares of common stock or preferred stock without shareholder approval.  To the extent the Company issues additional shares of common stock or preferred stock, or issues options or warrants permitting the holder to purchase or acquire common stock in the future and such warrants or options are exercised, the Company's shareholders may experience dilution in their ownership of the Company's common stock.  Holders of the Company's common stock do not have any preemptive or similar rights to purchase a pro rata share of any additional shares offered or issued by the Company.

The value of the Company's common stock may be adversely affected if the Company issues debt and equity securities that are senior to the Company's common stock in liquidation or as to distributions.

The Company may increase its capital by issuing debt or equity securities or by entering into debt or debt-like financing.  This may include the issuance of common stock, preferred stock, senior notes, or subordinated notes.  Upon any liquidation of the Company, the Company's lenders and holders of its debt securities would be entitled to distribution of the Company's available assets before distributions to the holders of the Company's common stock, and holders of preferred stock may be granted rights to similarly receive a distribution upon liquidation prior to distribution to holders of the Company's common stock.  The Company cannot predict the amount, timing or nature of any future debt financings or stock offerings, and the decision of whether to incur debt or issue securities will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond the Company's control.  Future offerings could dilute a shareholder's interests in the Company or reduce the per-share value of the Company's common stock.

The Company's articles of incorporation and bylaws, and certain provisions of Michigan law, contain provisions that could make a takeover effort more difficult.

The Michigan Business Corporation Act, and the Company's articles of incorporation and bylaws, include provisions intended to protect shareholders and prohibit, discourage, or delay certain types of hostile takeover activities.  In addition, federal law requires the Federal Reserve Board's prior approval for acquisition of "control" of a bank holding company such as the Company, including acquisition of 10% or more of the Company's outstanding securities by any person not defined as a company under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the "BHC Act").  These provisions and requirements could discourage potential acquisition proposals, delay or prevent a change in control, diminish the opportunities for a shareholder to participate in tender offers, prevent transactions in which our shareholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares, or limit the ability for our shareholders to approve transactions that they may believe to be in their best interests.

An entity or group holding a certain percentage of the Company's outstanding securities could become subject to regulation as a "bank holding company" or may be required to obtain prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board.

Any bank holding company or foreign bank with a presence in the United States may be required to obtain approval of the Federal Reserve Board under the BHC Act to acquire or retain 5% or more of the Company's outstanding securities.  Further, if any entity (including a "group" comprised of individual persons) owns or controls the power to vote 25% or more of the Company's outstanding securities, or 5% or more of the outstanding securities if the entity otherwise exercises a "controlling influence" over the Company, the entity may become subject to regulation as a "bank holding company" under the BHC Act.  An entity that is subject to regulation as a bank holding company would be subject to regulatory and statutory obligations and restrictions, and could be required to divest all or a portion of the entity's investment in the Company's securities or in other investments that are not permitted for a bank holding company.

Item 1B.

Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2.

Properties

The Company’s headquarters are located at 109 East Division, Sparta, Michigan 49345. The headquarters location is owned by the Company and is not subject to any mortgage.

31 of the Company’s 36 locations are designed for use and operation as a bank, are well maintained, and are suitable for current operations. The remaining five locations are comprised of loan production offices. Banking offices generally range in size from 1,200 to 3,200 square feet, based on the location and number of employees located at the facility. All of our banking offices are owned by the Bank excep t for six that are le ased under various operating lease agreements.  The Company’s management believes all offices are adequately covered by property insurance.

Item 3.

Legal Proceedings

As of December 31, 2022, there were no significant pending legal proceedings to which the Company or the Bank is a party or to which any of their properties were subject, except for legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, pending legal proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial condition of the Company.

Item 4.

Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5.

Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Stock Information

The Company’s common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol COFS.

As of February 28, 2023, there were approximately 1,137 owners of record and approximately 1,195 beneficial owners of our common sto ck.

The following table summarizes the quarterly cash dividends declared per share of common stock during 2022 and 2021:

		2022				2021
First Quarter		$	0.25			$	0.22
Second Quarter			0.25				0.22
Third Quarter			0.25				0.25
Fourth Quarter			0.26				0.25
Total		$	1.01			$	0.94

ChoiceOne’s principal source of funds to pay cash dividends is the earnings and dividends paid by the Bank. The Bank is restricted in its ability to pay cash dividends under current banking regulations. See Note 21 to the consolidated financial statements for a description of these restrictions. Based on information presently available, management expects ChoiceOne to declare and pay regular quarterly cash dividends in 2023, although the amount of the quarterly dividends will be dependent on market conditions and ChoiceOne’s requirements for cash and capital, among other things.

Information regarding the Company’s equity compensation plans may be found in Item 12 of this report and is here incorporated by reference.

ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

ChoiceOne repurchased 25,899 shares for $682,000, or a weighted average all-in cost per share of $26.35, during the first quarter of 2022. This was part of the common stock repurchase program announced in April 2021 which authorized repurchases of up to 390,114 shares, representing 5% of the total outstanding shares of common stock as of the date the program was adopted.  No shares were repurchased under this program in the second quarter.  In the third quarter of 2022, management amended the stock repurchase program to authorize the repurchase of up to 375,388 shares representing 5% of the total outstanding shares of common stock as of the date the amendment was approved.  There were no additional stock purchases in the third or fourth quarter of 2022. ChoiceOne repurchased approximately 309,000 shares for $7.8 million, or a weighted average cost per share of $25.17 during the year ended December 31, 2021.

										Total Number				Maximum
										of Shares				Number of
		Total								Purchased as				Shares that
		Number				Average				Part of a				May Yet be
		of Shares				Price Paid				Publicly				Purchased
Period		Purchased				per Share				Announced Plan				Under the Plan
October 1 - October 31, 2022
Employee Transactions			-			$	-				-
Repurchase Plan			-			$	-				-				375,388
November 1 - November 30, 2022
Employee Transactions			-			$	-				-
Repurchase Plan			-			$	-				-				375,388
December 1 - December 31, 2022			-
Employee Transactions			-			$	-				-
Repurchase Plan			-			$	-				-				375,388

Item 6.

Reserved

Item 7.

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
		2022				2021				2020
For the year
Net interest income		$	67,314			$	60,641			$	51,071
Provision for loan losses			250				416				4,000
Noninterest income			14,072				19,194				22,698
Noninterest expense			53,478				52,921				50,884
Income before income taxes			27,658				26,498				18,885
Income tax expense			4,018				4,456				3,272
Net income			23,640				22,042				15,613
Cash dividends declared			7,578				7,200				6,174
Per share
Basic earnings		$	3.15			$	2.87			$	2.08
Diluted earnings			3.15				2.86				2.07
Cash dividends declared			1.01				0.94				0.82
Shareholders' equity (at year end)			22.47				29.52				29.15
Average for the year
Securities		$	1,094,559			$	869,788			$	388,797
Gross loans			1,104,030				1,040,430				1,014,959
Deposits			2,133,790				1,905,629				1,421,168
Borrowings			13,537				5,465				16,712
Subordinated debt			35,211				12,841				1,532
Shareholders' equity			178,415				225,120				214,591
Assets			2,373,374				2,156,774				1,654,873
At year end
Securities		$	972,802			$	1,116,265			$	585,687
Gross loans			1,194,616				1,068,831				1,117,798
Deposits			2,118,003				2,052,294				1,674,578
Borrowings			50,000				50,000				9,327
Subordinated debt			35,262				35,017				3,089
Shareholders' equity			168,874				221,669				227,268
Assets			2,385,915				2,366,682				1,919,342
Selected financial ratios
Return on average assets			1.00	%			1.02	%			0.94	%
Return on average shareholders' equity			13.25				9.79				7.28
Cash dividend payout as a percentage of net income			32.06				32.67				39.54
Shareholders' equity to assets (at year end)			7.08				9.37				11.84

		Year Ended December 31,
		2022												2021												2020
(Dollars in thousands)		Average												Average												Average
		Balance				Interest				Rate				Balance				Interest				Rate				Balance				Interest				Rate
Assets:
Loans (1) (3)(4)(5)		$	1,104,030			$	52,861				4.79	%		$	1,040,430			$	48,672				4.68	%		$	1,014,959			$	46,893				4.62	%
Taxable securities (2)			779,915				15,583				2.00				599,902				10,260				1.71				276,085				5,891				2.13
Nontaxable securities (1)			314,644				7,790				2.48				269,886				7,098				2.63				112,712				3,402				3.02
Other			34,255				491				1.43				68,879				84				0.12				71,417				266				0.37
Interest-earning assets			2,232,844				76,725				3.44				1,979,097				66,114				3.34				1,475,173				56,452				3.83
Noninterest-earning assets			140,530												177,677												179,699
Total assets		$	2,373,374											$	2,156,774											$	1,654,872
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity:
Interest-bearing demand deposits		$	902,090			$	3,514				0.39	%		$	791,886			$	1,797				0.23	%		$	571,693			$	1,832				0.32	%
Savings deposits			452,542				711				0.16				398,969				551				0.14				267,217				300				0.11
Certificates of deposit			196,166				1,620				0.83				186,898				957				0.51				183,836				2,046				1.11
Borrowings			13,537				410				3.02				5,465				101				1.86				16,712				327				1.96
Subordinated debentures			35,211				1,491				4.23				12,841				571				4.45				1,532				139				9.07
Interest-bearing liabilities			1,599,546				7,746				0.48				1,396,059				3,977				0.28				1,040,990				4,644				0.45
Demand deposits			582,992												527,876												398,422
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities			12,421												7,719												870
Total liabilities			2,194,959												1,931,654												1,440,282
Shareholders' equity			178,415												225,120												214,591
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity		$	2,373,374											$	2,156,774											$	1,654,873
Net interest income (tax-equivalent basis) (Non-GAAP) (1)						$	68,979											$	62,137											$	51,808
Net interest margin (tax-equivalent basis) (Non-GAAP) (1)											3.09	%											3.14	%											3.51	%
Reconciliation to Reported Net Interest Income
Net interest income (tax-equivalent basis) (Non-GAAP) (1)						$	68,979											$	62,137											$	51,808
Adjustment for taxable equivalent interest							(1,665	)											(1,513	)											(737	)
Net interest income (GAAP)						$	67,314											$	60,624											$	51,071
Net interest margin (GAAP)											3.01	%											3.08	%											3.38	%

(1)	Adjusted to a fully tax-equivalent basis to facilitate comparison to the taxable interest-earning assets. The adjustment uses an incremental tax rate of 21%. The presentation of these measures on a tax-equivalent basis is not in accordance with GAAP, but is customary in the banking industry. These non-GAAP measures ensure comparability with respect to both taxable and tax-exempt loans and securities.
(2)	Interest on taxable securities includes dividends on Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stock.
(3)	Loans include both loans to other financial institutions and loans held for sale.
(4)	Non-accruing loan and PPP loan balances are included in the balances of average loans. Non-accruing loan average balances were $1.3 million, $3.3 million, and $5.0 million for the year ended 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. PPP loan average balances were $8.7 million, $95.9 million, and $84.2 million for the year ended 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. At December 31, 2022 no PPP loans remain in ChoiceOne’s loan portfolio.
(5)	Interest on loans included net origination fees, accretion income, and PPP fees. Accretion income was $2.0 million, $1.1 million, and $420,000 for the full year 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. PPP fees were approximately $1.2 million, $5.2 million, and $3.0 million for the full year 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

		Year Ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)		2022 Over 2021												2021 Over 2020
		Total				Volume				Rate				Total				Volume				Rate
Increase (decrease) in interest income (1)
Loans (2)		$	4,189			$	3,026			$	1,163			$	1,779			$	1,187			$	592
Taxable securities			5,323				3,410				1,913				4,369				5,737				(1,368	)
Nontaxable securities (2)			692				1,126				(434	)			3,696				4,185				(489	)
Other			407				(62	)			469				(182	)			(9	)			(173	)
Net change in interest income		$	10,611			$	7,500			$	3,111			$	9,662			$	11,099			$	(1,437	)
Increase (decrease) in interest expense (1)
Interest-bearing demand deposits		$	1,717			$	279			$	1,438			$	(35	)		$	588			$	(623	)
Savings deposits			159				79				80				251				171				80
Certificates of deposit			664				50				614				(1,089	)			34				(1,123	)
Borrowings			309				217				92				(226	)			(210	)			(16	)
Subordinated debentures			920				948				(28	)			432				1,516				(37	)
Net change in interest expense		$	3,769			$	1,573			$	2,196			$	(667	)		$	2,099			$	(1,719	)
Net change in tax-equivalent net interest income		$	6,841			$	5,927			$	915			$	10,329			$	9,001			$	282

(1)

The volume variance is computed as the change in volume (average balance) multiplied by the previous year’s interest rate. The rate variance is computed as the change in interest rate multiplied by the previous year’s volume (average balance). The change in interest due to both volume and rate has been allocated to the volume and rate changes in proportion to the relationship of the absolute dollar amounts of the change in each.

(2)

Interest on tax-exempt securities and loans has been adjusted to a fully tax-equivalent basis using an incremental tax rate of 21% for 2022, 2021, and 2020.

		Year Ended December 31,
		2022				2021				2020
Cost of deposits			0.27	%			0.17	%			0.29	%
Cost of funds			0.35	%			0.21	%			0.32	%

Net interest income increased $6.7 million in 2022 compared to 2021 due to the $224.8 million increase in the average balance of securities and a 14 basis point increase in the average rate earned on securities during the full year 2022 as ChoiceOne deployed excess deposit dollars into securities with the intent to transition to loans as good credits become available.  ChoiceOne has also experienced core loan growth during 2022 leading to an increase in interest income from loans of $4.2 million in the full year 2022, compared to the same period in the prior year.  Average core loans, which exclude PPP loans, loans held for sale, and loans to other financial institutions, grew $153.9 million during the full year 2022.  In addition, the average rate earned on loans increased 11 basis points in 2022 compared to 2021.  The increase in interest income from loans and the average rate increase on loans is muted by a $3.9 million decline in PPP fee income in the full year 2022 compared to 2021.  This decline was somewhat offset by a $919,000 increase in accretion income from acquired loans in 2022 compared to 2021.

(Dollars in thousands)
		2022				2021				2020
Allowance for loan losses at beginning of year		$	7,688			$	7,593			$	4,057
Charge-offs:
Agricultural			-				-				15
Commercial and industrial			177				195				148
Consumer			496				370				329
Real estate - commercial			-				111				254
Real estate - construction			-				-				-
Real estate - residential			-				-				8
Total			673				676				754
Recoveries:
Agricultural			-				-				-
Commercial and industrial			143				86				57
Consumer			206				214				204
Real estate - commercial			3				48				10
Real estate - construction			-				-				-
Real estate - residential			2				7				19
Total			354				355				290
Net charge-offs (recoveries)			319				321				464
Provision for loan losses			250				416				4,000
Allowance for loan losses at end of year		$	7,619			$	7,688			$	7,593
Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of:
Total loans as of year end			0.64	%			0.76	%			0.71	%
Nonaccrual loans, accrual loans past due 90 days or more and troubled debt restructurings			286	%			139	%			92	%
Ratio of net charge-offs during the period to average loans outstanding during the period			0.03	%			0.03	%			0.05	%
Loan recoveries as a percentage of prior year's charge-offs			52	%			47	%			29	%

(Dollars in thousands)
		2022				2021
Equity securities		$	8,566			$	8,492
Available for Sale Securities at fair value
U.S. Government and federal agency		$	-			$	2,008
U.S. Treasury notes and bonds			78,204				91,979
State and municipal			229,938				534,847
Mortgage-backed			208,563				433,115
Corporate			711				20,642
Asset-backed securities			12,333				16,294
Total		$	529,749			$	1,098,885
Held to Maturity Securities at amortized cost
U.S. Government and federal agency		$	2,966			$	-
U.S. Treasury notes and bonds			-				-
State and municipal			201,890				-
Mortgage-backed			200,473				-
Corporate			19,603				-
Asset-backed securities			974				-
Total		$	425,906			$	-

The Bank’s Investment Committee continues to monitor the portfolio and purchases securities as it considers prudent.

(Dollars in thousands)
		2022				2021
Agricultural		$	64,159			$	64,819
Commercial and industrial			210,210				203,024
Consumer			39,808				35,174
Real estate - commercial			630,953				525,884
Real estate - construction			14,736				19,066
Real estate - residential			229,916				168,881
Loans, gross		$	1,189,782			$	1,016,848

(Dollars in thousands)
		2022				2021
Loans accounted for on a nonaccrual basis		$	1,263			$	1,727
Loans contractually past due 90 days or more as to principal or interest payments			-				-
Loans considered troubled debt restructurings which are not included above			1,404				3,816
Total		$	2,667			$	5,543

(Dollars in thousands)
		2022				2021
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits		$	599,579			$	560,931
Interest-bearing demand deposits			638,641				665,482
Money market deposits			214,026				218,211
Savings deposits			427,583				425,626
Local certificates of deposit			236,431				182,044
Brokered certificates of deposit			1,743				-
Total deposits		$	2,118,003			$	2,052,294

At December 31, 2022, the aggregate balance of all deposits exceeding the FDIC insured limit of $250,000 totaled $823.2 million, or 39% of total deposits, compared to $889.2 million, or 43% of total deposits and $583.7 million, or 35% of total deposits at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Core deposits, which we define as insured branch deposits less certificates of deposit, totaled $1.2 billion or 55.0% of total deposits at December 31, 2022.

		Payment Due by Period
						Less												More
						than				1 - 3				3 - 5				than
(Dollars in thousands)		Total				1 year				Years				Years				5 Years
Time deposits		$	238,174			$	210,989			$	22,113			$	5,072			$	-
Borrowings			50,000				50,000				-				-				-
Cumulative Preferred Securities (1)			3,795				-				-				-				3,795
ChoiceOne Subordinated Debenture (2)			32,500				-				-				-				32,500
Operating leases			1,012				322				459				231				-
Other obligations			164				70				62				18				14
Total		$	325,645			$	261,381			$	22,634			$	5,321			$	36,309

(1) Cumulative preferred securities on the balance sheet include $504,000 of discount due to a mark to market adjustment which is not reflected in the table above.

We conducted an annual assessment of goodwill as of June 30, 2022 and no impairment was identified. The Company used a qualitative assessment to determine goodwill was not impaired as of June 30, 2022.

Additionally, the Company engaged a third party valuation firm to assist in performing a quantitative analysis of goodwill as of November 30, 2022 ("the valuation date"). In deriving the fair value of the reporting unit (the Bank), the third-party firm assessed general economic conditions and outlook; industry and market considerations and outlook; the impact of recent events to financial performance; the market price of ChoiceOne’s common stock and other relevant events. In addition, the valuation relied on financial projections through 2027 and growth rates prepared by management. Based on the valuation prepared, it was determined that ChoiceOne's estimated fair value of the reporting unit at the valuation date was greater than its book value and impairment of goodwill was not required.

Item 7A.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

		As of December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)		0 - 3				3 - 12				1 - 5				Over
		Months				Months				Years				5 Years				Total
Assets
Equity securities at fair value		$	8,566			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	8,566
Securities available for sale			101,285				15,385				36,210				376,869				529,749
Securities held to maturity			34,815				9,690				21,685				359,716				425,906
Federal Home Loan Bank stock			3,517				-				-				-				3,517
Federal Reserve Bank stock			-				-				-				5,064				5,064
Loans held for sale			4,834				-				-				-				4,834
Loans			226,530				158,176				577,920				227,156				1,189,782
Cash surrender value of life insurance policies			-				-				-				43,978				43,978
Interest rate derivative contracts			2,171				-				7,033				-				9,204
Rate-sensitive assets		$	381,718			$	183,251			$	642,848			$	1,012,783			$	2,220,600
Liabilities
Interest-bearing demand deposits		$	638,641			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	638,641
Money market deposits			214,026				-				-				-				214,026
Savings deposits			427,583				-				-				-				427,583
Certificates of deposit			55,701				155,288				27,184				-				238,173
Borrowings			50,000				-				-				-				50,000
Subordinated debentures			3,795				-				32,500				-				36,295
Interest rate derivative contracts			5,823				-				-				-				5,823
Rate-sensitive liabilities		$	1,395,569			$	155,288			$	59,684			$	-			$	1,610,541
Rate-sensitive assets less rate-sensitive liabilities:
Asset (liability) gap for the period		$	(1,013,851	)		$	27,963			$	583,164			$	1,012,783			$	610,059
Cumulative asset (liability) gap		$	(1,013,851	)		$	(985,888	)		$	(402,724	)		$	610,059

		2022
		Net								Market
(Dollars in thousands)		Interest				Percent				Value of				Percent
		Income				Change				Equity				Change
Change in Interest Rate
200 basis point rise			61,826				-11	%			355,701				15	%
100 basis point rise			66,025				-5	%			338,913				9	%
Base rate scenario			69,734				0	%			309,801				0	%
100 basis point decline			71,788				3	%			260,889				-16	%
200 basis point decline			71,276				2	%			181,078				-42	%

		2021
		Net								Market
(Dollars in thousands)		Interest				Percent				Value of				Percent
		Income				Change				Equity				Change
Change in Interest Rate
200 basis point rise			60,058				-1	%			416,435				-5	%
100 basis point rise			60,482				-1	%			437,975				-	%
Base rate scenario			60,970				-	%			439,144				-	%
100 basis point decline			59,132				-3	%			390,180				-11	%
200 basis point decline			57,503				-6	%			326,201				-26	%

As of December 31, 2022, the Bank was within its guidelines for immediate rate shocks up and down for all net interest income scenarios and for the up rate scenarios for the market value of shareholders’ equity. The Bank’s percent change in the 100 and 200 basis points down scenarios for the market value of shareholders’ equity was higher than the policy guidelines. As of December 31, 2021, the Bank was within its guidelines for immediate rate shocks up and down for all net interest income scenarios and for the up rate scenarios and the down 100 and down 200 basis points scenarios for the market value of shareholders’ equity.  The ALCO plans to continue to monitor the effect of changes in interest rates on both net interest income and shareholders’ equity and will make changes in the duration of its rate-sensitive assets and rate-sensitive liabilities where necessary.

Item 8.

Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Allowance for Loan Losses - Current Factor Adjustments - Refer to Notes 1 and 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

The general component of management’s estimate of the allowance for loan losses covers nonimpaired loans and is based on historical loss experience adjusted for current factors. Management’s adjustment for current factors is based on trends in delinquencies, trends in charge-offs and recoveries, trends in the volume of loans, changes in underwriting standards, trends in loan review findings, experience and ability of lending staff, national and economic trends and conditions, industry conditions, trends in real estate values, and other conditions. Identification of factors to consider and adjustments to those factors involve management’s judgement.

Given the significant estimates and assumptions management makes to estimate the current factor adjustments of the allowance for loan losses, performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s estimates and assumptions required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the current factor adjustments used in the estimate of the allowance for loan losses included the following, among others:

●	We obtained an understanding of management’s process for determining the current factor adjustments, which included identification of internal and external data used in the analysis and understanding how management selects inputs from a range of potential assumptions.

●	We evaluated the design of controls over management’s allowance for loan losses estimate, including those over current factor adjustments.

●	We evaluated management’s selection of factors to consider when making current factor adjustments.

●	We evaluated management's determination of adjustments for each factor, including evaluation of each adjustment for consistency with the direction and magnitude of changes in internal and external data.

/s/Plante & Moran, PLLC

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2006.

Grand Rapids, MI

March 22, 2023

ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Income

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

(1) The amount shown represents the number of shares issued in cashless transactions where some taxes are netted on a portion of the exercises.

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc. ("ChoiceOne"), its wholly-owned subsidiary, ChoiceOne Bank (the "Bank"), and ChoiceOne Bank’s wholly-owned subsidiary, ChoiceOne Insurance Agencies, Inc. (the "Insurance Agency"). Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

ChoiceOne owns all of the common securities of Community Shores Capital Trust I (the “Capital Trust”).  Under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"), the Capital Trust is not consolidated because it is a variable interest entity and ChoiceOne is not the primary beneficiary.

Recent Mergers

On July 1, 2020, ChoiceOne completed the merger of Community Shores Bank Corporation ("Community Shores") with and into ChoiceOne with ChoiceOne surviving the merger. Accordingly, the reported consolidated financial condition and operating results as of and for the years ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2021 include the impact of the merger.

On October 1, 2019, ChoiceOne completed the merger of County Bank Corp. ("County") with and into ChoiceOne with ChoiceOne surviving the merger. Accordingly, the reported consolidated financial condition and operating results as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, December 31, 2020, and December 31, 2021 include the impact of the merger.

Nature of Operations

The Bank is a full-service community bank that offers commercial, consumer, and real estate loans as well as traditional demand, savings and time deposits to both commercial and consumer clients within the Bank’s primary market areas in Kent, Muskegon, Newaygo, and Ottawa counties in western Michigan and Lapeer, Macomb, and St. Clair counties in southeastern Michigan. Substantially all loans are secured by specific items of collateral including business assets, consumer assets, and real estate. Commercial loans are expected to be repaid from the cash flows from operations of businesses. Real estate loans are collateralized by either residential or commercial real estate.

The Insurance Agency is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Bank. The Insurance Agency sells insurance policies such as life and health for both commercial and consumer clients. The Insurance Agency also offers alternative investment products such as annuities and mutual funds through a registered broker.

Together, the Bank and ChoiceOne's other direct and indirect subsidiaries account for substantially all of ChoiceOne’s assets, revenues and operating income.

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Use of Estimates

To prepare financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, ChoiceOne’s management makes estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates and assumptions affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the disclosures provided. These estimates and assumptions are subject to many risks and uncertainties,  Actual results may differ from these estimates. Estimates associated with the allowance for loan losses are particularly susceptible to change.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are defined to include cash on hand, demand deposits with other banks, and federal funds sold. Cash flows are reported on a net basis for customer loan and deposit transactions, deposits with other financial institutions, and short-term borrowings with original terms of 90 days or less.

Securities

Debt securities are classified as held to maturity and carried at amortized cost when management has the positive intent and ability to hold them to maturity. ​ Debt securities are classified as available for sale because they might be sold before maturity. Debt securities classified as available for sale are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses reported separately in the accumulated other comprehensive income or loss section of shareholders’ equity, net of tax effect. Restricted investments in Federal Reserve Bank stock and Federal Home Loan Bank stock are carried at cost. Equity securities consist of investments in preferred stock and investments in common stock of other financial institutions. Equity securities are reported at their fair value with changes in market value reported through current earnings.

Interest income includes amortization of purchase premium or discount. Premiums and discounts on securities are amortized using the level-yield method without anticipating prepayments. Gains or losses on sales are recorded on the trade date based on the amortized cost of the security sold.

Management evaluates debt securities for other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such an evaluation. The evaluation of securities includes consideration of the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, whether the market decline was affected by macroeconomic conditions and whether ChoiceOne has the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. In analyzing an issuer's financial condition, management may consider whether the securities are issued by the federal government or its agencies, or U.S. Government sponsored enterprises, whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred, and the results of reviews of the issuer's financial condition. The assessment of whether an other-than-temporary decline exists involves a high degree of subjectivity and judgment and is based on the information available to management at a point in time.

When OTTI occurs, the amount of the OTTI recognized in earnings depends on whether ChoiceOne intends to sell the security or it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If ChoiceOne intends to sell or it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the OTTI shall be recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment's amortized cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date. The previous amortized cost basis less the OTTI recognized in earnings becomes the new amortized cost basis of the investment. If a security is determined to be other-than-temporarily impaired, but ChoiceOne does not intend to sell the security, only the credit portion of the estimated loss is recognized in earnings, with the other portion of the loss recognized in other comprehensive income.

Loans

Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at the principal balance outstanding, net of unearned interest, deferred loan fees and costs, remaining purchase accounting adjustments, and an allowance for loan losses. Loans held for sale are reported at the lower of cost or market, on an aggregate basis.

Interest income on loans is reported on the interest method and includes amortization of net deferred loan fees and costs over the estimated loan term. Interest on loans is accrued based upon the principal balance outstanding. The accrual of interest is discontinued at the time at which loans are 90 days past due unless the loan is secured by sufficient collateral and is in the process of collection. Past due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan. Loans are placed into nonaccrual status or charged off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful. Interest accrued but not received is reversed against interest income when the loans are placed into nonaccrual status. Interest received on such loans is applied to principal until qualifying for return to accrual. Loans are returned to accrual basis when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payment is reasonably assured.

No allowance for loan loss is recorded for loans acquired in a business combination unless losses are incurred subsequent to the acquisition date.

Acquired loans are considered purchased credit impaired (“PCI”) if as of the acquisition date, management determines the loan has evidence of deterioration in credit quality since origination and it is probable at acquisition the Company will be unable to collect all contractually required payments. The discount related to credit quality for PCI loans is recorded as an adjustment to the loan balance as of the acquisition date and is not accreted into income. Management subsequently estimates expected cash flows on an individual loan basis. If the present value of expected cash flows is less than a loan's carrying amount, an allowance for loan loss is recorded through the provision for loan losses. If the present value of expected cash flows is greater than the carrying amount, the excess may be reclassified to an accretable difference and recognized into income over the loan's remaining life.

For non-PCI loans, the difference between acquisition date fair value and expected cash flows is accreted into income over a pool's expected life using the level yield method.

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Loans to Other Financial Institutions

Loans to other financial institutions are made for the purpose of providing a warehouse line of credit to facilitate funding of residential mortgage loan originations at other financial institutions. The loans are short-term in nature and are designed to provide funding for the time period between the loan origination and its subsequent sale in the secondary market. Loans to other financial institutions earn a share of interest income, determined by the contract, from when the loan is funded to when the loan is sold on the secondary market.  Loans to other financial institutions are excluded from Note 3. Loans to other financial institutions were suspended at the end of the third quarter 2022 to preserve liquidity for loan growth.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses is a valuation allowance for probable incurred credit losses. The allowance for loan losses is increased by the provision for loan losses and decreased by loans charged off less any recoveries of charged off loans. Management estimates the allowance for loan losses balance required based on past loan loss experience, the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, information about specific borrower situations and estimated collateral values, economic conditions, and other factors. Allocations of the allowance for loan losses may be made for specific loans, but the entire allowance for loan losses is available for any loan that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off. Loan losses are charged against the allowance for loan losses when management believes that collection of a loan balance is not possible.

The allowance for loan losses consists of general and specific components. The general component covers non-classified loans and is based on historical loss experience adjusted for current factors. The specific component relates to loans that are individually classified as impaired or loans otherwise classified as substandard or doubtful.  The general component of management's estimate of the allowance for loan losses covers non-impaired loans and is based on historical loss experience adjusted for current factors. Management's adjustment for current factors is based on trends in delinquencies, trends in charge-offs and recoveries, trends in the volume of loans, changes in underwriting standards, trends in loan review findings, experience and ability of lending staff, national and economic trends and conditions, industry conditions, trends in real estate values, and other conditions.

A loan is impaired when full payment under the loan terms is not expected. Troubled debt restructuring of loans is undertaken to improve the likelihood that the loan will be repaid in full under the modified terms in accordance with a reasonable repayment schedule. All modified loans are evaluated to determine whether the loans should be reported as Troubled Debt Restructurings ("TDR"). A loan is a TDR when the Bank, for economic or legal reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower by modifying a loan. To make this determination, the Bank must determine whether (a) the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and (b) the Bank granted the borrower a concession. This determination requires consideration of all facts and circumstances surrounding the modification. An overall general decline in the economy or some deterioration in a borrower’s financial condition does not automatically mean the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties. Commercial loans are evaluated for impairment on an individual loan basis. If a loan is considered impaired or if a loan has been classified as a TDR, a portion of the allowance for loan losses is allocated to the loan so that it is reported, net, at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s existing rate or at the fair value of collateral if repayment is expected solely from the collateral. Large groups of smaller-balance homogeneous loans such as consumer and residential real estate mortgage loans are collectively evaluated for impairment and, accordingly, they are not separately identified for impairment disclosures.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Land is carried at cost. Land improvements are depreciated using the straight-line method with useful lives ranging from 7 to 15 years. Building and related components are depreciated using the straight-line method with useful lives ranging from 5 to 39 years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the estimated life or the lease term. Furniture and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method with useful lives ranging from 3 to 7 years. Fixed assets are periodically reviewed for impairment. If impaired, the assets are recorded at fair value.

Other Real Estate Owned

Real estate properties acquired in the collection of a loan are initially recorded at the lower of the Bank’s basis in the loans or fair value at acquisition establishing a new cost basis. Any reduction to fair value from the carrying value of the related loan is accounted for as a loan loss. After acquisition, a valuation allowance reduces the reported amount to the lower of the initial amount or fair value less costs to sell. Expenses to repair or maintain properties are included within other noninterest expenses. Gains and losses upon disposition and changes in the valuation allowance are reported net within noninterest income.

Bank Owned Life Insurance

Bank owned life insurance policies are stated at the current cash surrender value of the policy, or the policy death proceeds less any obligation to provide a death benefit to an insured’s beneficiaries if that value is less than the cash surrender value. Increases in the asset value are recorded as earnings in other income.

Loan Servicing Rights

Loan servicing rights represent the allocated value of servicing rights on loans sold with servicing retained. Servicing rights are expensed in proportion to, and over the period of, estimated net servicing revenues. Impairment is evaluated based on the fair value of the rights, using groupings of the underlying loans as to interest rates and then, secondarily, as to geographic and prepayment characteristics. Servicing rights are initially recorded at estimated fair value and fair value is determined using prices for similar assets with similar characteristics when available or based upon discounted cash flows using market-based assumptions. Any impairment of a grouping is reported as a valuation allowance.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill results from business acquisitions and represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the acquired tangible assets and liabilities and identifiable intangible assets. Goodwill and intangible assets acquired in a purchase business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized, but tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events and circumstances exist that indicate that a goodwill impairment test should be performed.

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Core Deposit Intangible

Core deposit intangible represents the value of the acquired customer core deposit bases and is included as an asset on the consolidated balance sheets. The core deposit intangible has an estimated finite life, is amortized on an accelerated basis over a 120 month period and is subject to periodic impairment evaluation.

Loan Commitments and Related Financial Instruments

Financial instruments include off-balance sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to make loans and commercial letters of credit issued to meet financing needs of customers. The face amount for these items represents the exposure to loss, before considering customer collateral or ability to repay. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded.

Employee Benefit Plans

ChoiceOne’s 401 (k) plan allows participants to make contributions to their individual accounts under the plan in amounts up to the IRS maximum. Employer matching contributions from ChoiceOne to its 401 (k) plan are discretionary.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense is the sum of the current year income tax due and the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities, computed using enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance, if needed, reduces deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. A tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded. The Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per common share ("EPS") is based on weighted-average common shares outstanding. Diluted EPS assumes issuance of any dilutive potential common shares issuable under stock options or restricted stock units granted.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income consists of net income and other comprehensive income or loss. Other comprehensive income or loss includes unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale and changes in the funded status of derivative instruments, net of tax, which are also recognized as a separate component of shareholders’ equity.

Accumulated other comprehensive income was as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)		As of December 31,
		2022				2021
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities		$	( 89,041	)		$	( 3,261	)
Unrealized gain (loss) on held to maturity securities			( 3,053	)			—
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments			1,212
Tax effect			19,085				685
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		$	( 71,797	)		$	( 2,576	)

L oss Contingencies

Loss contingencies, including claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, are recorded as liabilities when the likelihood of loss is probable and an amount or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. Management does not believe that there are any such matters that may have a material effect on the financial statements as of December 31, 2022 .

Cash Restrictions

Cash on hand or on deposit with the Federal Reserve Bank was  $ 0 at both December 31, 2022 and 2021, as the Federal Reserve revoked the reserve requirement due to the COVID- 19 pandemic.

Leases

Leases are classified as operating or finance leases at the lease commencement date. Lease expense for operating leases and short-term leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Right-of-use assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the estimated present value of lease payments over the lease term.

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Stock-Based Compensation

The Company values share-based stock option awards granted using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company recognizes compensation expense for its awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award (straight-line attribution method), ensuring that the amount of compensation cost recognized at any date at least equals the portion of the grant-date fair value of the award that is vested at that time. Compensation costs related to stock options granted are disclosed in Note 15.

ChoiceOne has granted restricted stock units to a select group of employees under the Stock Incentive Plan of 2012. Each unit, once vested, is settled by delivery of one share of ChoiceOne common stock.

Dividend Restrictions

Banking regulations require the maintenance of certain capital levels and may limit the amount of dividends that may be paid by the Bank to ChoiceOne (see Note 21 ).

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair values of financial instruments are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions, which are more fully documented in Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment regarding interest rates, credit risk, prepayments, and other factors, especially in the absence of broad markets for particular items. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect the estimates.

Derivatives

At the inception of a derivative contract, ChoiceOne designates the derivative as one of two types based on our intention and belief as to the likely effectiveness of the hedge. These two types are ( 1 ) a hedge of changes in fair value of a recognized asset or liability or of an unrecognized firm commitment (“fair value hedge”), and ( 2 ) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (“cash flow hedge"). For a fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item, are recognized in current earnings as fair values change. For a cash flow hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative is reported in other comprehensive income and is reclassified into earnings in the same period during which the hedged transaction affects the earnings. The changes in fair value of derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting are reported in current earnings, as noninterest income.

Net cash settlements on derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting are recorded in interest income or interest expense, based on the item being hedged. Cash flows on hedges are classified in the cash flow statement in the same line item as the cash flows of the item being hedged.

The initial fair value of hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recognized in the statement of financial condition under a systematic and rational method over the life of the hedging relationship and are presented in the same income statement line item as the earnings effect of the hedged item. Any difference between the change in the fair value of the hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness and the amounts recognized in earnings are recorded as a component of other comprehensive income.

ChoiceOne discontinues hedge accounting when it determines that the derivative is no longer effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the hedged item, the derivative is settled or terminates, a hedged forecasted transaction is no longer probable, a hedged firm commitment is no longer firm, or the treatment of the derivative as a hedge is no longer appropriate or intended. When hedge accounting is discontinued, subsequent changes in fair value of the derivative are recorded as noninterest income. When a fair value hedge is discontinued, the hedged asset or liability is no longer adjusted for changes in fair value and the existing basis adjustment is amortized or accreted over the remaining life of the asset or liability. When a cash flow hedge is discontinued but the hedged cash flows or forecasted transactions are still expected to occur, gains or losses that were accumulated in other comprehensive income are amortized into earnings over the same periods in which the hedged transactions will affect earnings.

ChoiceOne is exposed to losses if a counterparty fails to make its payments under a contract in which the Company is in the net receiving position. ChoiceOne anticipates that the counterparties will be able to fully satisfy their obligation under the agreements. All the contracts to which we are a party have cash flows that settle monthly or semiannually.

Operating Segments

While ChoiceOne’s management monitors the revenue streams of various products and services for the Bank and the Insurance Agency, operations and financial performance are evaluated on a company-wide basis. Accordingly, all of the financial service operations are considered by management to be aggregated into one reportable operating segment.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The FASB issued ASU No. 2016 - 13 , Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326 ): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments .

This ASU provides financial statement users with more decision-useful information about the expected credit losses on financial instruments and other commitments to extend credit held by a reporting entity at each reporting date by replacing the incurred loss impairment methodology in current generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The new guidance attempts to reflect an entity’s current estimate of all expected credit losses and broadens the information that an entity must consider in developing its expected credit loss estimate for assets measured either collectively or individually to include forecasted information, as well as past events and current conditions. There is no specified method for measuring expected credit losses, and an entity may apply methods that reasonably reflect its expectations of the credit loss estimate. Although an entity may still use its current systems and methods for recording the allowance for loan losses, under the new rules, the inputs used to record the allowance for loan losses generally will need to change to appropriately reflect an estimate of all expected credit losses and the use of reasonable and supportable forecasts. Additionally, credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities will have to be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and for interim periods within those years for companies considered smaller reporting filers with the Securities and Exchange Commission.  ChoiceOne adopted ASU 2016 - 13 current expected credit loss ("CECL") on January 1, 2023. Due to the current economic environment, the nature of the new calculation, and purchase accounting with our recent mergers, we anticipate an increase in our current allowance for loan losses of between $ 6.5 million and $ 7.0 million, which will result in an expected allowance for loan losses to total loan coverage ratio between 1.15 % and 1.25 % on January 1, 2023. Approximately 20 % to 25 % of this increase is related to the migration of purchased loans into the portfolio assessed by the CECL calculation.  ChoiceOne will also record a liability for expected credit losses on unfunded loans and other commitments of between $ 2.5 million to $ 3.0 million related to the adoption of CECL.  These unfunded loans and other commitments are open credit lines with current customers and loans approved by ChoiceOne but not yet funded.  The increase in the reserve and the cost of the liability will result in a decrease in retained earnings account on our Consolidated Balance Sheet equal to the after-tax impact, with the tax impact portion being recorded in deferred taxes in our Consolidated balance Sheet in accordance with FASB guidance.

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ChoiceOne has elected the discounted cash flow methodology for all loan types, and will be utilizing third party software to store and measure historical loss experience.  ChoiceOne has worked with a third party advisory group to develop loss drivers which we believe have a strong correlation to our historical loss trends.  The loss drivers ChoiceOne has elected are unemployment and GDP growth which have readily available 12 month forecast data from the FOMC.

Reclassifications
Certain amounts presented in prior year consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the 2022 presentation.

Note 2 – Securities

On January 1, 2022, ChoiceOne reassessed and transferred, at fair value, $ 428.4 million of securities classified as available for sale to the held to maturity classification.  The net unrealized after-tax loss of $ 2.7 million as of the transfer date remained in accumulated other comprehensive income to be amortized over the remaining life of the securities, offsetting the related amortization of discount or premium on the transferred securities. No gains or losses were recognized at the time of the transfer.  The remaining net unamortized unrealized loss on transferred securities included in accumulated other comprehensive income was $ 2.4 million after tax as of December 31, 2022.

The fair value of equity securities and the related gross unrealized gains and losses recognized in noninterest income at December 31 were as follows:

		December 31, 2022
						Gross				Gross
(Dollars in thousands)		Amortized				Unrealized				Unrealized				Fair
		Cost				Gains				Losses				Value
Equity securities		$	8,982			$	305			$	( 721	)		$	8,566

		December 31, 2021
						Gross				Gross
(Dollars in thousands)		Amortized				Unrealized				Unrealized				Fair
		Cost				Gains				Losses				Value
Equity securities		$	7,953			$	665			$	( 126	)		$	8,492

The fair value of securities available for sale and the related gross unrealized gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows:

		December 31, 2022
						Gross				Gross
(Dollars in thousands)		Amortized				Unrealized				Unrealized				Fair
Available for Sale:		Cost				Gains				Losses				Value
U.S. Government and federal agency		$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-
U.S. Treasury notes and bonds			90,810				-				( 12,606	)			78,204
State and municipal			277,489				-				( 47,551	)			229,938
Mortgage-backed			236,703				-				( 28,140	)			208,563
Corporate			757				-				( 46	)			711
Asset-backed securities			13,031				-				( 698	)			12,333
Total		$	618,790			$	-			$	( 89,041	)		$	529,749

		December 31, 2021
						Gross				Gross
(Dollars in thousands)		Amortized				Unrealized				Unrealized				Fair
Available for Sale:		Cost				Gains				Losses				Value
U.S. Government and federal agency		$	2,001			$	7			$	-			$	2,008
U.S. Treasury notes and bonds			93,267				23				( 1,311	)			91,979
State and municipal			528,252				10,704				( 4,109	)			534,847
Mortgage-backed			441,383				781				( 9,049	)			433,115
Corporate			20,856				19				( 233	)			20,642
Asset-backed securities			16,387				-				( 93	)			16,294
Total		$	1,102,146			$	11,534			$	( 14,795	)		$	1,098,885

The fair value of securities held to maturity and the related gross unrealized gains and losses were as follows:

		December 31, 2022
						Gross				Gross
(Dollars in thousands)		Amortized				Unrealized				Unrealized				Fair
Held to Maturity:		Cost				Gains				Losses				Value
U.S. Government and federal agency		$	2,966			$	-			$	( 421	)		$	2,545
State and municipal			201,890				1				( 39,355	)			162,536
Mortgage-backed			200,473				-				( 29,868	)			170,605
Corporate			19,603				-				( 2,285	)			17,318
Asset-backed securities			974				-				( 77	)			897
Total		$	425,906			$	1			$	( 72,006	)		$	353,901

There were no securities held to maturity at December 31, 2021.

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Information regarding sales of securities available for sale for the year ended December 31 follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
		2022				2021				2020
Proceeds from sales of securities		$	47,167			$	29,742			$	121,942
Gross realized gains			-				-				1,308
Gross realized losses			( 809	)			( 40	)			-

Contractual maturities of securities available for sale at December 31, 2022 were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)		Amortized				Fair
		Cost				Value
Due within one year		$	6,035			$	5,972
Due after one year through five years			17,069				16,176
Due after five years through ten years			149,578				130,215
Due after ten years			209,405				168,823
Total debt securities			382,087				321,186
Mortgage-backed securities			236,703				208,563
Total		$	618,790			$	529,749

Contractual maturities of securities held to maturity at December 31, 2022 were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)		Amortized				Fair
		Cost				Value
Due within one year		$	2,417			$	2,389
Due after one year through five years			6,262				5,834
Due after five years through ten years			109,263				92,553
Due after ten years			107,491				82,520
Total debt securities			225,433				183,296
Mortgage-backed securities			200,473				170,605
Total		$	425,906			$	353,901

Certain securities were pledged as collateral for participation in a program that provided Community Reinvestment Act credits. The carrying amount of the securities pledged as collateral at December 31 was as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)		2022				2021
Securities pledged for Community Reinvestment Act credits		$	250			$	273

Securities with unrealized losses at year-end 2022 and 2021 , aggregated by investment category and length of time the individual securities have been in an unrealized loss position, were as follows:

		2022
		Less than 12 months								More than 12 months								Total
(Dollars in thousands)		Fair				Unrealized				Fair				Unrealized				Fair				Unrealized
Available for Sale:		Value				Losses				Value				Losses				Value				Losses
U.S. Government and federal agency		$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-
U.S. Treasury notes and bonds			-				-				78,204				12,606				78,204				12,606
State and municipal			89,158				12,612				140,390				34,939				229,548				47,551
Mortgage-backed			63,249				3,093				144,318				25,047				207,567				28,140
Corporate			711				46				-				-				711				46
Asset-backed securities			-				-				12,333				698				12,333				698
Total temporarily impaired		$	153,118			$	15,751			$	375,245			$	73,290			$	528,363			$	89,041

		2021
		Less than 12 months								More than 12 months								Total
(Dollars in thousands)		Fair				Unrealized				Fair				Unrealized				Fair				Unrealized
Available for Sale:		Value				Losses				Value				Losses				Value				Losses
U.S. Government and federal agency		$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-
U.S. Treasury notes and bonds			89,958				1,311				-				-				89,958				1,311
State and municipal			130,001				3,253				15,237				856				145,238				4,109
Mortgage-backed			261,560				5,709				86,974				3,340				348,534				9,049
Corporate			17,369				233				-				-				17,369				233
Asset-backed securities			16,294				93				-				-				16,294				93
Total temporarily impaired		$	515,182			$	10,599			$	102,211			$	4,196			$	617,393			$	14,795

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		2022
		Less than 12 months								More than 12 months								Total
(Dollars in thousands)		Fair				Unrealized				Fair				Unrealized				Fair				Unrealized
Held to Maturity:		Value				Losses				Value				Losses				Value				Losses
U.S. Government and federal agency		$	-			$	-			$	2,545			$	421			$	2,545			$	421
State and municipal			13,457				1,899				149,016				37,456				162,473				39,355
Mortgage-backed			25,582				822				145,024				29,046				170,606				29,868
Corporate			5,296				603				10,771				1,682				16,067				2,285
Asset-backed securities			-				-				897				77				897				77
Total temporarily impaired		$	44,335			$	3,324			$	308,253			$	68,682			$	352,588			$	72,006

There were no securities classified as held to maturity as of December 31, 2021.

ChoiceOne evaluates all securities on a quarterly basis to determine whether unrealized losses are temporary or other than temporary. Consideration is given to the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, and the intent and ability of ChoiceOne to retain its investment in the issuer for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value of amortized cost basis. Management believed that unrealized losses as of December 31, 2022 were temporary in nature and were caused primarily by changes in interest rates, increased credit spreads, and reduced market liquidity and were not caused by the credit status of the issuer. No other than temporary impairments were recorded in 2022 or 2021.

Following is information regarding unrealized gains and losses on equity securities for the years ending December 31:

		2022				2021				2020
Net gains and losses recognized during the period		$	( 955	)		$	479			$	( 155	)
Less: Net gains and losses recognized during the period on securities sold			-				—				—
Unrealized gains and losses recognized during the reporting period on securities still held at the reporting date		$	( 955	)		$	479			$	( 155	)

At December 31, 2022 , there were 611 securities with an unrealized loss, compared to 247 securities with an unrealized loss as of December 31, 2021 . Unrealized losses on corporate and municipal bonds have not been recognized into income because the issuers’ bonds are of high credit quality, and management does not intend to sell prior to their anticipated recovery, and the decline in fair value is largely due to changes in interest rates and other market conditions. The issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments on the bonds. The fair value is expected to recover as the bonds approach maturity.

The majority of unrealized losses at December 31, 2022, are related to U.S. Treasury notes and bonds, State and municipal bonds and mortgage backed.  U.S. Treasury notes are guaranteed by the U.S. government and of which 100 % are rated AA or better. State and municipal bonds are backed by the taxing authority of the bond issuer or the revenues from the bond. On December 31, 2022, 86 % of state and municipal bonds held are rated AA or better.  Agency issued securities are generally guaranteed by a U.S. government agency, such as the government national mortgage association which give 100 % of these AA ratings or better. Of the mortgage-backed securities held on December 31, 2022, 38 % were issued by US government sponsored entities and agencies, and rated AA, 31 % are AAA rated private issue, and 13 % are unrated privately issued mortgage-backed securities with structured credit enhancement.

Note 3 – Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses

The Bank’s loan portfolio as of December 31 was as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
		2022				2021
Agricultural		$	64,159			$	64,819
Commercial and industrial			210,210				203,024
Consumer			39,808				35,174
Real estate - commercial			630,953				525,884
Real estate - construction			14,736				19,066
Real estate - residential			229,916				168,881
Loans, gross		$	1,189,782			$	1,016,848
Allowance for Loan Losses			( 7,619	)			( 7,688	)
Loans, net		$	1,182,163			$	1,009,160

ChoiceOne manages its credit risk through the use of its loan policy and its loan approval process and by monitoring of loan credit performance. The loan approval process for commercial loans involves individual and group approval authorities. Individual authority levels are based on the experience of the lender. Group authority approval levels can consist of an internal loan committee that includes the Bank’s President or Senior Lender and other loan officers for loans that exceed individual approval levels, or a loan committee of the Board of Directors for larger commercial loans. Most consumer loans are approved by individual loan officers based on standardized underwriting criteria, with larger consumer loans subject to approval by the internal loan committee.

Ongoing credit review of commercial loans is the responsibility of the loan officers. ChoiceOne’s internal credit committee meets at least monthly and reviews loans with payment issues and loans with a risk rating of 6, 7, or 8. Risk ratings of commercial loans are reviewed periodically and adjusted if needed. ChoiceOne’s consumer loan portfolio is primarily monitored on an exception basis. Loans where payments are past due are turned over to the applicable Bank’s collection department, which works with the borrower to bring payments current or take other actions when necessary. In addition to internal reviews of credit performance, ChoiceOne contracts with a third party for independent loan review that monitors the loan approval process and the credit quality of the loan portfolio.

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The table below details the outstanding balances of the County Bank Corp. acquired portfolio and the acquisition fair value adjustments at acquisition date:

(Dollars in thousands)		Acquired				Acquired				Acquired
		Impaired				Non-impaired				Total
Loans acquired - contractual payments		$	7,729			$	387,394			$	395,123
Nonaccretable difference			( 2,928	)			-				( 2,928	)
Expected cash flows			4,801				387,394				392,195
Accretable yield			( 185	)			( 1,894	)			( 2,079	)
Carrying balance at acquisition date		$	4,616			$	385,500			$	390,116

The table below presents a roll-forward of the accretable yield on County Bank Corp. acquired loans for the year ended December 31, 2022:

(Dollars in thousands)		Acquired				Acquired				Acquired
		Impaired				Non-impaired				Total
Balance, January 1, 2019		$	-			$	-			$	-
Merger with County Bank Corp. on October 1, 2019			185				1,894				2,079
Accretion October 1, 2019 through December 31, 2019			-				( 75	)			-75
Balance January 1, 2020			185				1,819				2,004
Accretion January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2020			( 50	)			( 295	)			( 345	)
Balance January 1, 2021			135				1,524				1,659
Accretion January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021			( 247	)			( 348	)			( 595	)
Transfer from non-accretable to accretable yield			400				-				400
Balance January 1, 2022			288				1,176				1,464
Transfer from non-accretable to accretable yield			2,192				-				2,192
Accretion January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022			( 553	)			( 98	)			( 651	)
Balance, December 31, 2022		$	1,927			$	1,078			$	3,005

The table below details the outstanding balances of the Community Shores Bank Corporation acquired loan portfolio and the acquisition fair value adjustments at acquisition date:

(Dollars in thousands)		Acquired				Acquired				Acquired
		Impaired				Non-impaired				Total
Loans acquired - contractual payments		$	20,491			$	158,495			$	178,986
Nonaccretable difference			( 2,719	)			-				( 2,719	)
Expected cash flows			17,772				158,495				176,267
Accretable yield			( 869	)			( 596	)			( 1,465	)
Carrying balance at acquisition date		$	16,903			$	157,899			$	174,802

The table below presents a roll-forward of the accretable yield on Community Shores Bank Corporation acquired loans for the year ended December 31, 2022:

(Dollars in thousands)		Acquired				Acquired				Acquired
		Impaired				Non-impaired				Total
Balance January 1, 2020		$	-			$	-			$	-
Merger with Community Shores Bank Corporation on July 1, 2020			869				596				1,465
Accretion July 1, 2020 through December 31, 2020			( 26	)			( 141	)			( 167	)
Balance, January 1, 2021			843				455				1,298
Accretion January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021			( 321	)			( 258	)			( 579	)
Balance January 1, 2022			522				197				719
Transfer from non-accretable to accretable yield			1,086				-				1,086
Accretion January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022			( 993	)			( 197	)			( 1,190	)
Balance, December 31, 2022		$	615			$	-			$	615

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Activity in the allowance for loan losses and balances in the loan portfolio was as follows:

						Commercial
(Dollars in thousands)						and								Commercial				Construction				Residential
		Agricultural				Industrial				Consumer				Real Estate				Real Estate				Real Estate				Unallocated				Total
Allowance for Loan Losses Year Ended December 31, 2022
Beginning balance		$	448			$	1,454			$	290			$	3,705			$	110			$	671			$	1,010			$	7,688
Charge-offs			—				( 177	)			( 496	)			—				—				—				—				( 673	)
Recoveries			—				143				206				3				—				2				—				354
Provision			( 304	)			( 59	)			310				1,114				( 47	)			233				( 997	)			250
Ending balance		$	144			$	1,361			$	310			$	4,822			$	63			$	906			$	13			$	7,619
Individually evaluated for impairment		$	2			$	14			$	1			$	5			$	—			$	131			$	—			$	153
Collectively evaluated for impairment		$	142			$	1,347			$	309			$	4,817			$	63			$	775			$	13			$	7,466
Loans
December 31, 2022
Individually evaluated for impairment		$	23			$	177			$	7			$	165			$	—			$	2,474							$	2,846
Collectively evaluated for impairment			64,136				206,074				39,793				622,131				14,736				225,792								1,172,662
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality			—				3,959				8				8,657				—				1,650								14,274
Ending balance		$	64,159			$	210,210			$	39,808			$	630,953			$	14,736			$	229,916							$	1,189,782

						Commercial
(Dollars in thousands)						and								Commercial				Construction				Residential
		Agricultural				Industrial				Consumer				Real Estate				Real Estate				Real Estate				Unallocated				Total
Allowance for Loan Losses Year Ended December 31, 2021
Beginning balance		$	257			$	1,327			$	317			$	4,178			$	97			$	1,300			$	117			$	7,593
Charge-offs			—				( 195	)			( 370	)			( 111	)			—				—				—				( 676	)
Recoveries			—				86				214				48				—				7				—				355
Provision			191				236				129				( 410	)			13				( 636	)			893				416
Ending balance		$	448			$	1,454			$	290			$	3,705			$	110			$	671			$	1,010			$	7,688
Individually evaluated for impairment		$	251			$	95			$	2			$	9			$	—			$	146			$	—			$	503
Collectively evaluated for impairment		$	197			$	1,359			$	288			$	3,696			$	110			$	525			$	1,010			$	7,185
Loans
December 31, 2021
Individually evaluated for impairment		$	2,616			$	339			$	14			$	273			$	—			$	2,191							$	5,433
Collectively evaluated for impairment			62,203				197,656				35,148				515,528				19,066				164,647								994,248
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality			—				5,029				12				10,083				—				2,043								17,167
Ending balance		$	64,819			$	203,024			$	35,174			$	525,884			$	19,066			$	168,881							$	1,016,848

						Commercial
(Dollars in thousands)						and								Commercial				Construction				Residential
		Agricultural				Industrial				Consumer				Real Estate				Real Estate				Real Estate				Unallocated				Total
Allowance for Loan Losses Year Ended December 31, 2020
Beginning balance		$	471			$	655			$	270			$	1,663			$	76			$	640			$	282			$	4,057
Charge-offs			( 15	)			( 148	)			( 329	)			( 254	)			-				( 8	)			-				( 754	)
Recoveries			-				57				204				10				-				19				-				290
Provision			( 199	)			763				172				2,759				21				649				( 165	)			4,000
Ending balance		$	257			$	1,327			$	317			$	4,178			$	97			$	1,300			$	117			$	7,593
Individually evaluated for impairment		$	-			$	19			$	1			$	157			$	-			$	254			$	-			$	431
Collectively evaluated for impairment		$	257			$	1,308			$	316			$	4,021			$	97			$	1,046			$	117			$	7,162
Loans
December 31, 2020
Individually evaluated for impairment		$	348			$	1,663			$	8			$	3,032			$	80			$	2,720							$	7,851
Collectively evaluated for impairment			53,387				295,154				33,982				453,681				16,559				186,982								1,039,745
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality			-				6,710				24				12,534				-				2,804								22,072
Ending balance		$	53,735			$	303,527			$	34,014			$	469,247			$	16,639			$	192,506							$	1,069,668

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The process to monitor the credit quality of ChoiceOne’s loan portfolio includes tracking ( 1 ) the risk ratings of business loans, ( 2 ) the level of classified business loans, and ( 3 ) delinquent and nonperforming consumer loans. Business loans are risk rated on a scale of 1 to 9. A description of the characteristics of the ratings follows:

Risk Rating 1 through 5 or pass: These loans are considered pass credits. They exhibit acceptable credit risk and demonstrate the ability to repay the loan from normal business operations.

Risk rating 6 or special mention: Loans and other credit extensions bearing this grade are considered to be inadequately protected by the current sound worth and debt service capacity of the borrower or of any pledged collateral. These obligations, even if apparently protected by collateral value, have well-defined weaknesses related to adverse financial, managerial, economic, market, or political conditions that have clearly jeopardized repayment of principal and interest as originally intended. Furthermore, there is the possibility that ChoiceOne Bank will sustain some future loss if such weaknesses are not corrected. Clear loss potential, however, does not have to exist in any individual assets classified as substandard. Loans falling into this category should have clear action plans and timelines with benchmarks to determine which direction the relationship will move.

Risk rating 7 or substandard: Loans and other credit extensions graded “7” have all the weaknesses inherent in those graded “6”, with the added characteristic that the severity of the weaknesses makes collection or liquidation in full highly questionable or improbable based upon currently existing facts, conditions, and values. Loans in this classification should be evaluated for non-accrual status. All nonaccrual commercial and Retail loans must be at a minimum graded a risk code “7”.

Risk rating 8 or doubtful: Loans and other credit extensions bearing this grade have been determined to have the extreme probability of some loss, but because of certain important and reasonably specific factors, the amount of loss cannot be determined. Such pending factors could include merger or liquidation, additional capital injection, refinancing plans, or perfection of liens on additional collateral.

Risk rating 9 or loss: Loans in this classification are considered uncollectible and cannot be justified as a viable asset of ChoiceOne Bank. This classification does not mean the loan has absolutely no recovery value, but that it is neither practical nor desirable to defer writing off this loan even though partial recovery may be obtained in the future.

Information regarding the Bank’s credit exposure as of December 31 was as follows:

Corporate Credit Exposure - Credit Risk Profile By Creditworthiness Category

(Dollars in thousands)		Agricultural								Commercial and Industrial								Commercial Real Estate
		December 31,				December 31,				December 31,				December 31,				December 31,				December 31,
		2022				2021				2022				2021				2022				2021
Pass		$	63,867			$	61,864			$	209,700			$	201,202			$	624,555			$	519,537
Special Mention			289				339				400				300				2,048				778
Substandard			3				2,616				110				1,266				4,350				5,569
Doubtful			-				-				-				256				-				-
Loss			-				-				-				-				-				-
		$	64,159			$	64,819			$	210,210			$	203,024			$	630,953			$	525,884

Consumer Credit Exposure - Credit Risk Profile Based On Payment Activity

(Dollars in thousands)		Consumer								Construction Real Estate								Residential Real Estate
		December 31,				December 31,				December 31,				December 31,				December 31,				December 31,
		2022				2021				2022				2021				2022				2021
Performing		$	39,808			$	35,174			$	14,736			$	19,066			$	228,653			$	168,031
Nonperforming			-				-				-				-				-				-
Nonaccrual			-				-				-				-				1,263				850
		$	39,808			$	35,174			$	14,736			$	19,066			$	229,916			$	168,881

Included within the loan categories above were loans in the process of foreclosure. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021 , loans in the process of foreclosure totaled $ 1.1 million an d $ 813,000 , respectively.

Loans are classified as performing when they are current as to principal and interest payments or are past due on payments less than 90 days. Loans are classified as nonperforming when they are past due 90 days or more as to principal and interest payments or are considered a troubled debt restructuring.

The following schedule provides information on loans that were considered troubled debt restructurings ("TDRs") that were modified during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

		Year Ended December 31, 2022												Year Ended December 31, 2021												Year Ended December 31, 2020
						Pre-				Post-								Pre-				Post-								Pre-				Post-
						Modification				Modification								Modification				Modification								Modification				Modification
						Outstanding				Outstanding								Outstanding				Outstanding								Outstanding				Outstanding
(Dollars in thousands)		Number of				Recorded				Recorded				Number of				Recorded				Recorded				Number of				Recorded				Recorded
		Loans				Investment				Investment				Loans				Investment				Investment				Loans				Investment				Investment
Agricultural			-			$	-			$	-				5			$	1,803			$	1,803				5			$	1,803			$	1,803
Commercial and Industrial			1				15				15				4				270				270				4				270				270
Commercial Real Estate			-				-				-				2				619				619				2				619				619
Total			1			$	15			$	15				11			$	2,692			$	2,692				11			$	2,692			$	2,692

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There were no TDRs as of December 31, 2022 where the borrower was past due with respect to principal and interest for 30 days or more during the year ended December 31, 2022. The following schedule provides information on TDRs as of December 31, 2021 where the borrower was past due with respect to principal and/or interest for 30 days or more during the year ended December 31, 2021 that had been modified during the year prior to the default:

		Year Ended								Year Ended								Year Ended
		December 31, 2022								December 31, 2021								December 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands)		Number				Recorded				Number				Recorded				Number				Recorded
		of Loans				Investment				of Loans				Investment				of Loans				Investment
Commercial Real Estate			-				-				1				185				-				-
Total			-			$	-				1			$	185				-			$	-

Impaired loans by loan category as of December 31 were as follows:

						Unpaid								Average				Interest
(Dollars in thousands)		Recorded				Principal				Related				Recorded				Income
		Investment				Balance				Allowance				Investment				Recognized
December 31, 2022
With no related allowance recorded
Agricultural		$	-			$	-			$	-			$	250			$	-
Commercial and industrial			-				-				-				18				-
Consumer			-				-				-				-				-
Construction real estate			-				-				-				-				-
Commercial real estate			-				-				-				19				-
Residential real estate			550				595				-				231				1
Subtotal			550				595				-				518				1
With an allowance recorded
Agricultural			23				27				2				913				2
Commercial and industrial			177				177				14				209				13
Consumer			7				7				1				14				1
Construction real estate			-				-				-				-				-
Commercial real estate			165				165				5				158				13
Residential real estate			1,924				1,954				131				1,897				93
Subtotal			2,296				2,330				153				3,191				122
Total
Agricultural			23				27				2				1,163				2
Commercial and industrial			177				177				14				227				13
Consumer			7				7				1				14				1
Construction real estate			-				-				-				-				-
Commercial real estate			165				165				5				177				13
Residential real estate			2,474				2,549				131				2,128				94
Total		$	2,846			$	2,925			$	153			$	3,709			$	123

						Unpaid								Average				Interest
(Dollars in thousands)		Recorded				Principal				Related				Recorded				Income
		Investment				Balance				Allowance				Investment				Recognized
December 31, 2021
With no related allowance recorded
Agricultural		$	314			$	428			$	-			$	598			$	-
Commercial and industrial			-				-				-				596				-
Consumer			-				-				-				-				-
Construction real estate			-				-				-				16				-
Commercial real estate			94				94				-				1,117				5
Residential real estate			164				172				-				228				-
Subtotal			572				694				-				2,555				5
With an allowance recorded
Agricultural			2,302				2,302				251				1,873				139
Commercial and industrial			339				363				95				226				5
Consumer			14				15				2				4				-
Construction real estate			-				-				-				-				-
Commercial real estate			179				179				9				456				10
Residential real estate			2,027				2,084				146				2,177				64
Subtotal			4,861				4,943				503				4,736				218
Total
Agricultural			2,616				2,730				251				2,471				139
Commercial and industrial			339				363				95				822				5
Consumer			14				15				2				4				-
Construction real estate			-				-				-				16				-
Commercial real estate			273				273				9				1,573				15
Residential real estate			2,191				2,256				146				2,405				64
Total		$	5,433			$	5,637			$	503			$	7,291			$	223

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						Unpaid								Average				Interest
(Dollars in thousands)		Recorded				Principal				Related				Recorded				Income
		Investment				Balance				Allowance				Investment				Recognized
December 31, 2020
With no related allowance recorded
Agricultural		$	348			$	434			$	-			$	329			$	-
Commercial and industrial			1,516				1,629				-				464				2
Consumer			-				-				-				1				-
Construction real estate			80				80				-				16				-
Commercial real estate			1,852				2,664				-				1,495				14
Residential real estate			162				162				-				99				3
Subtotal			3,958				4,969				-				2,404				19
With an allowance recorded
Agricultural			-				-				-				152				-
Commercial and industrial			147				147				19				111				12
Consumer			8				8				1				16				-
Construction real estate			-				-				-				-				-
Commercial real estate			1,180				1,180				157				897				35
Residential real estate			2,558				2,651				254				2,330				87
Subtotal			3,893				3,986				431				3,506				134
Total
Agricultural			348				434				-				481				-
Commercial and industrial			1,663				1,776				19				575				14
Consumer			8				8				1				17				-
Construction real estate			80				80				-				16				-
Commercial real estate			3,032				3,844				157				2,392				49
Residential real estate			2,720				2,813				254				2,429				90
Total		$	7,851			$	8,955			$	431			$	5,910			$	153

An aging analysis of loans by loan category as of December 31 follows:

										Loans
		Loans				Loans				Past Due																Loans
		Past Due				Past Due				Greater																90 Days Past
(Dollars in thousands)		30 to 59				60 to 89				Than 90								Loans Not				Total				Due and
		Days (1)				Days (1)				Days (1)				Total (1)				Past Due				Loans				Accruing
December 31, 2022
Agricultural		$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	64,159			$	64,159			$	-
Commercial and industrial			-				171				-				171				210,039				210,210				-
Consumer			39				7				-				46				39,762				39,808				-
Commercial real estate			-				-				-				-				630,953				630,953				-
Construction real estate			-				-				-				-				14,736				14,736				-
Residential real estate			682				-				842				1,524				228,392				229,916				-
		$	721			$	178			$	842			$	1,741			$	1,188,041			$	1,189,782			$	-
December 31, 2021
Agricultural		$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	64,819			$	64,819			$	-
Commercial and industrial			21				-				88				109				202,915				203,024				-
Consumer			70				15				-				85				35,089				35,174				-
Commercial real estate			422				13				279				714				525,170				525,884				-
Construction real estate			1,149				1,235				-				2,384				16,682				19,066				-
Residential real estate			1,489				306				454				2,249				166,632				168,881				-
		$	3,151			$	1,569			$	821			$	5,541			$	1,011,307			$	1,016,848			$	-

( 1 ) Includes nonaccrual loans

Nonaccrual loans by loan category as of December 31 as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
		2022				2021
Agricultural		$	-			$	313
Commercial and industrial			-				285
Consumer			-				-
Commercial real estate			-				279
Construction real estate			-				-
Residential real estate			1,263				850
		$	1,263			$	1,727

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Note 4 – Mortgage Banking

Activity in secondary market loans during the year was as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
		2022				2021				2020
Loans originated for resale, net of principal payments		$	71,829			$	197,387			$	326,286
Proceeds from loan sales			77,681				205,398				325,306
Net gains on sales of loans held for sale			2,343				6,776				11,313
Loan servicing fees, net of amortization			175				( 163	)			( 129	)

Net gains on sales of loans held for sale include capitalization of loan servicing rights. Loans serviced for others are not reported as assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The unpaid principal balances of these loans were $ 488.6 million and $ 481.9 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021 , respectively. The Bank maintains custodial escrow balances in connection with these serviced loans; however, such escrows were immaterial at December 31, 2022 and 2021 .

Activity for loan servicing rights (included in other assets) was as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
		2022				2021				2020
Balance, beginning of year		$	4,667			$	3,967			$	2,131
Capitalized			1,007				1,961				3,554
Amortization			( 1,352	)			( 1,635	)			( 1,344	)
Market valuation allowance change			-				374				( 374	)
Balance, end of year		$	4,322			$	4,667			$	3,967

The fair value of loan servicing rights was $ 5,855,000 and $ 5,521,000 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Valuation allowances of $ 0 were recorded at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The fair value of the Bank’s servicing rights at December 31, 2022 was determined using a discount rate of 8.00 % and prepayment speeds ranging from 5.2 % to 6.7 %.  The fair value of the Bank’s servicing rights at December 31, 2021 was determined using a discount rate of 8.00 % and prepayment speeds ranging from 5 % to 27 %.

Note 5 – Premises and Equipment

As of December 31, premises and equipment consisted of the following:

(Dollars in thousands)
		2022				2021
Land and land improvements		$	8,327			$	8,888
Leasehold improvements			81				69
Buildings			26,823				26,091
Furniture and equipment			11,208				11,145
Total cost			46,439				46,193
Accumulated depreciation			( 18,207	)			( 16,313	)
Premises and equipment, net		$	28,232			$	29,880

Depreciation expense was $ 2.7 million, and $ 2.6 million in 2022 and 2021 , respectively.

The Bank leases certain branch properties and automated-teller machine locations in its normal course of business. Rent expense totaled $ 211,000 , and $ 153,000 for 2022 and 2021 , respectively. The associated right of use assets are included in the applicable categories of fixed assets in the above table and the net book value of such assets approximates the operating lease liability. Rent commitments under non-cancelable operating leases were as follows, before considering renewal options that generally are present (dollars in thousands):

2023		$	322
2024			232
2025			227
2026			166
2027			65
Total undiscounted cash flows			1,012
Less discount			119
Total operating lease liabilities		$	893

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Note 6 - Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets

Goodwill

The change in the balance for goodwill was as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)		2022				2021
Balance, beginning of year		$	59,946			$	60,506
Goodwill adjustment from merger with Community Shores Bank Corporation			-				( 560	)
Balance, end of year		$	59,946			$	59,946

Goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated annually for impairment and on an interim basis if events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill might be impaired. The goodwill impairment test is performed by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, and an impairment charge would be recognized for any amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value.  Accounting pronouncements allow a company to first perform a qualitative assessment for goodwill prior to a quantitative assessment (Step 1 assessment). If the results of the qualitative assessment indicate that it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired, then a quantitative assessment must be performed. If not, there is no further assessment required. The Company acquired Valley Ridge Financial Corp. in 2006, County in 2019, and Community Shores in 2020, which resulted in the recognition of goodwill of $ 13.7 million, $ 38.9 million and $ 7.3 million, respectively.

We conducted an annual assessment of goodwill as of June 30, 2022 and no impairment was identified. The Company used a qualitative assessment to determine goodwill was not impaired as of June 30, 2022.

Additionally, the Company engaged a third party valuation firm to assist in performing a quantitative analysis of goodwill as of November 30, 2022 ( "the valuation date"). In deriving the fair value of the reporting unit (the Bank), the third -party firm assessed general economic conditions and outlook; industry and market considerations and outlook; the impact of recent events to financial performance; the market price of ChoiceOne’s common stock and other relevant events. In addition, the valuation relied on financial projections through 2027 and growth rates prepared by management. Based on the valuation prepared, it was determined that ChoiceOne's estimated fair value of the reporting unit at the valuation date was greater than its book value and impairment of goodwill was not required.

Management concurred with the conclusion derived from the quantitative goodwill analysis as of the valuation date and determined that there were no material changes and that no triggering events had occurred that indicated impairment from the valuation date through December 31, 2022, and as a result that it is more likely than not that there was no goodwill impairment as of December 31, 2022.

Acquired Intangible Assets

Information for acquired intangible assets at December 31 is as follows:

		2022								2021
		Gross								Gross
		Carrying				Accumulated				Carrying				Accumulated
(Dollars in thousands)		Amount				Amortization				Amount				Amortization
Core deposit intangible		$	7,120			$	4,311			$	7,120			$	3,158

The core deposit intangible from the County and Community Shores mergers is being amortized on a sum-of-the-years digits basis over ten years and eight years, respectively.  Amortization expense was $ 1,153,000 in 2022 and $ 1,307,000 in 2021. The estimated amortization expense for the next five years ending December 31 is as follows (dollars in thousands):

2023		$	955
2024			757
2025			560
2026			362
2027			164
Thereafter			11
Total		$	2,809

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Note 7 – Other Real Estate Owned

Other real estate owned represents residential and commercial properties primarily owned as a result of loan collection activities and is reported net of a valuation allowance. Activity within other real estate owned was as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)		2022				2021				2020
Balance, beginning of year		$	194			$	266			$	929
Transfers from loans			-				520				391
Additions from merger			-				-				346
Proceeds from sales			( 235	)			( 611	)			( 1,384	)
Write-downs			-				-				( 80	)
Gains on sales			41				19				64
Balance, end of year		$	-			$	194			$	266

Included in the balances above were residential real estate mortgage loans of $ 0 , $ 80,000 , and $ 61,000 as of December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, and $ 0 , $ 114,000 , and $ 205,000 of commercial real estate loans as of December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 respectively.

Note 8 – Derivatives and Hedging Activities

ChoiceOne is exposed to certain risks relating to its ongoing business operations. ChoiceOne utilizes interest rate derivatives as part of its asset liability management strategy to help manage its interest rate risk position. Derivative instruments represent contracts between parties that result in one party delivering cash to the other party based on a notional amount and an underlying term (such as a rate, security price or price index) as specified in the contract. The amount of cash delivered from one party to the other is determined based on the interaction of the notional amount of the contract with the underlying term. Derivatives are also implicit in certain contracts and commitments.

ChoiceOne recognizes derivative financial instruments in the consolidated financial statements at fair value regardless of the purpose or intent for holding the instrument. ChoiceOne records derivative assets and derivative liabilities on the balance sheet within other assets and other liabilities, respectively. Changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments are either recognized in income or in shareholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss depending on whether the derivative financial instrument qualifies for hedge accounting and, if so, whether it qualifies as a fair value hedge or cash flow hedge.

ChoiceOne currently uses interest rate swaps and interest rate caps to manage its exposure to certain fixed and variable rate assets and variable rate liabilities.

Interest rate swaps

ChoiceOne uses interest rate swaps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy to add stability to net interest income and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. Interest rate swaps designated as hedges involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for ChoiceOne making fixed-rate payments or the receipt of fixed-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for ChoiceOne making variable rate payments, over the life of the agreements without the exchange of the underlying notional amount.

In the second quarter of 2022, ChoiceOne entered into two pay-floating/receive-fixed interest rate swaps (the “Pay Floating Swap Agreements”) for a total notional amount of $ 200.0 million that were designated as cash flow hedges. These derivatives hedge the variable cash flows of specifically identified available-for-sale securities, cash and loans. The Pay Floating Swap Agreements were determined to be highly effective during the periods presented and therefore no amount of ineffectiveness has been included in net income. The Pay Floating Swap Agreements will pay a coupon rate equal to SOFR while receiving a fixed coupon rate of 2.41 %.

Net cash settlements received for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, on pay-floating/ received-fixed swaps were $ 161,000 as of December 31, 2022, which were included in interest income.

In the second quarter of 2022, ChoiceOne entered into one forward starting pay-fixed/receive-floating interest rate swap (the “Pay Fixed Swap Agreement”) for a notional amount of $ 200.0 million that was designated as a cash flow hedge. This derivative hedges the risk of variability in cash flows attributable to forecasted payments on future deposits or floating rate borrowings indexed to the SOFR Rate. The Pay Fixed Swap Agreement is two years forward starting with an eight -year term set to expire in 2032. The Pay Fixed Swap Agreements will pay a fixed coupon rate of 2.75 % while receiving the SOFR Rate.

In the fourth quarter of 2022, ChoiceOne entered into four pay-fixed/receive-floating interest rate swaps for a total notional amount of $ 201.0 million that were designated as fair value hedges. These derivatives hedge the risk of changes in fair value of certain available for sale securities for changes in the SOFR benchmark interest rate component of the fixed rate bonds. All four of these hedges were effective immediately on December 22, 2022. Of the total notional value, $ 101.9 million has a ten -year term set to expire in 2032, with the benchmark SOFR interest rate risk component of the fixed rate bonds equal to 3.390 %. Of the total notional value, $ 50.0 million has a nine -year term set to expire in 2031, with the benchmark SOFR interest rate risk component of the fixed rate bonds equal to 3.4015 %. The remaining notional value of $ 49.1 million has a nine -year term set to expire in 2031, with the benchmark SOFR interest rate risk component of the fixed rate bonds equal to 3.4030 %. ChoiceOne adopted ASC2022 - 01, as of December 20, 2022, to use the portfolio layer method. The fair value basis adjustment associated with an available-for-sale fixed rate bonds initially results in an adjustment to AOCI.  For available-for-sale securities subject to fair value hedge accounting, the changes in the fair value of the fixed rate bonds related to the hedged risk (the benchmark interest rate component and the partial term) are then reclassed from AOCI to current earnings offsetting the fair value measurement change of the interest rate swap, which is also recorded in current earnings. Net cash settlements are received/paid semi-annually, with the first starting in March 2023, and will be included in interest income.

Subsequent to December 31, 2022, ChoiceOne terminated all pay-floating/receive-fixed (“pay floating swap agreements”) interest rate swaps with a notational amount of $ 200.0 million which resulted in a loss of $ 4.2 million.  The pay floating swap agreements were designated as cash flow hedges against specifically identified available-for-sale securities, cash and loans.  The loss was capitalized to available for sale securities and loans on the statement of financial condition and will be amortized into interest income over 13 months, or the remaining period of the agreements.  Refer to footnote 23 for further discussion.

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Interest rate caps

ChoiceOne also uses interest rate caps to provide stability to net interest income and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. Interest rate caps designated as hedges involve the payment of a fixed premium by ChoiceOne who will then receive payments equivalent to the spread between the current rate and the strike rate until the conclusion of the term from the counterparty.

In the second quarter of 2022, ChoiceOne entered into four forward starting interest rate cap agreements with a total notional amount of $ 200.0 million (“SOFR Cap Agreements”). Three of the SOFR Cap Agreements with a total notional amount of $ 100.0 million are designated as fair value hedges and hedge against changes in the fair value of certain fixed rate tax-exempt municipal bonds. ChoiceOne utilizes the interest rate caps as hedges against adverse changes in interest rates on the designated securities attributable to fluctuations in the SOFR rate above 2.68 %, as applicable. An increase in the benchmark interest rate hedged reduces the fair value of these assets. The remaining SOFR Cap Agreement with a notional amount of $ 100.0 million is designated as a cash flow hedge and hedges against the risk of variability in cash flows attributable to fluctuations in the SOFR rate above 2.68 % for forecasted payments on future deposits or borrowings indexed to the SOFR Rate. All of the SOFR Cap Agreements are two -year forward starting with an eight -year term set to expire in 2032. The initial amount excluded from hedge effectiveness testing and amortized into earnings over the life of the interest rate cap derivatives is $ 16.5 million.

In the fourth quarter of 2022, ChoiceOne sold all four of the SOFR Cap Agreements for a total of $ 15,550,000 , which resulted in a loss of $ 770,803 . Of the total loss, $ 321,903 was related to the SOFR Cap Agreements designated as a cash flow hedge and recognized immediately in interest expense. The remaining loss of $ 448,900 was related to the SOFR Cap Agreements designated as fair value hedges and was capitalized to available for sale securities on the statement of financial condition and will be amortized into interest income over the weighted average life of the available for sale securities hedged.

The table below presents the fair value of derivative financial instruments as well as the classification within the consolidated statements of financial condition.

	December 31, 2022					December 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands)	Balance Sheet Location		Fair Value			Balance Sheet Location		Fair Value
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
Interest rate contracts	Other Assets		$	9,204		Other Assets		$	-
Interest rate contracts	Other Liabilities		$	5,823		Other Liabilities		$	-

The table below presents the cumulative basis adjustments on hedged items designated as fair value hedges and the related amortized cost of those items as of the periods presented.

		Location and Amount of Gain or (Loss)								Location and Amount of Gain or (Loss)
		Recognized in Income on Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedging Relationships								Recognized in Income on Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedging Relationships
		Year Ended December 31, 2022								Year Ended December 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands)		Interest Income				Interest Expense				Interest Income				Interest Expense
Total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the consolidated statements of income in which the effects of fair value or cash flow hedges are recorded		$	( 55	)		$	( 825	)		$	-			$	-
Gain or (loss) on fair value hedging relationships:
Hedged items		$	( 1,930	)		$	-			$	-			$	-
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments		$	2,171			$	-			$	-			$	-
Amount excluded from effectiveness testing recognized in earnings based on amortization approach		$	( 496	)		$	-			$	-			$	-
Gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into income		$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-
Amount excluded from effectiveness testing recognized in earnings based on amortization approach		$	-			$	( 503	)		$	-			$	-

The table below presents the effect of fair value and cash flow hedge accounting on the consolidated statements of operations for the periods presented.

						12/31/2022
						Cumulative amount of Fair
(Dollars in thousands)						Value Hedging Adjustment
Line Item in the Statement of						included in the carrying
Financial Position in which the		Amortized cost of the				amount of the Hedged
Hedged Item is included		Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)				Assets/(Liabilities)
Securities available for sale		$	225,851			$	1,930

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Note 9 – Deposits

Deposit balances as of December 31 consisted of the following:

(Dollars in thousands)		2022				2021
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits		$	599,579			$	560,931
Interest-bearing demand deposits			638,641				665,482
Money market deposits			214,026				218,211
Savings deposits			427,583				425,626
Local certificates of deposit			236,431				182,044
Brokered certificates of deposit			1,743				-
Total deposits		$	2,118,003			$	2,052,294

Scheduled maturities of certificates of deposit as of December 31, 2022 were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
2023		$	210,989
2024			16,334
2025			5,778
2026			2,619
2027			2,452
Total		$	238,174

The Bank had certificates of deposit issued in denominations of $250,000 or greater totaling $ 148.9 million and $ 87.3 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Bank held $ 1.7 million and $ 0 in brokered certificates of deposit at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In addition, the Bank had $ 17.3 million and $ 13.7 million of certificates of deposit as of December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively, that had been issued through the Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Service ("CDARS").

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Note 10 – Borrowings

Federal Home Loan Bank Advances

At December 31, advances from the FHLB were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)		2022				2021
Maturity of January 2023 with fixed interest rate of 4.16 %		$	50,000			$	-
Maturity of January 2022 with fixed interest rate of .21 %			-				50,000
Total advances outstanding at year-end		$	50,000			$	50,000

Fees are charged on fixed rate advances that are paid prior to maturity. Fees of $ 0 and $ 16,000 were charged in 2022 and 2021, respectively.  Advances were secured by residential real estate loans with a carrying value of approximately $ 169.7 million and $ 127.5 million at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Based on this collateral, the Bank was eligible to borrow an additional $ 39.6 million at year-end 2022. FHLB Advances matured in January 2023.

In June 2021, ChoiceOne obtained a $ 20,000,000 line of credit with an annual renewal.  The line carries a floating rate of prime rate with a floor of 3.25 %.  The credit agreement includes certain financial covenants, including minimum capital ratios, asset quality ratios, and the requirements of achieving certain profitability thresholds.  ChoiceOne was in compliance with all covenants as of December 31, 2022. The line of credit balance was $ 0 at December 31, 2022.

Note 11 – Subo rdinated Debentures

The Capital Trust sold 4,500 Cumulative Preferred Securities (“trust preferred securities”) at $ 1,000 per security in a December 2004 offering. The proceeds from the sale of the trust preferred securities were used by the Capital Trust to purchase an equivalent amount of subordinated debentures from Community Shores. The trust preferred securities and subordinated debentures carry a floating rate of 2.05 % over the 3 -month LIBOR and the rate was 5.72 % at December 31, 2022 and 2.27 % at December 31, 2021. The stated maturity is December 30, 2034. The trust preferred securities are redeemable at par value on any interest payment date and are, in effect, guaranteed by ChoiceOne. Interest on the subordinated debentures is payable quarterly on March 30, June 30, September 30 and December 30. ChoiceOne is not considered the primary beneficiary of the Capital Trust (under the variable interest entity rules), therefore the Capital Trust is not consolidated in the consolidated financial statements, rather the subordinated debentures are shown as a liability, and the interest expense is recorded in the consolidated statement of income.

The terms of the subordinated debentures, the trust preferred securities and the agreements under which they were issued give ChoiceOne the right, from time to time, to defer payment of interest for up to 20 consecutive quarters, unless certain specified events of default have occurred and are continuing. The deferral of interest payments on the subordinated debentures results in the deferral of distributions on the trust preferred securities.

In September 2021, ChoiceOne completed a private placement of $ 32.5 million in aggregate principal amount of 3.25 % fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2031. The notes will initially bear interest at a fixed interest rate of 3.25% per annum until September 3, 2026, after which time the interest rate will reset quarterly to a floating rate equal to a benchmark rate, which is expected to be the then current three -month term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 255 basis points until the notes’ maturity on September 3, 2031. The notes are redeemable by ChoiceOne, in whole or in part, on or after September 3, 2026, and at any time upon the occurrence of certain events. The notes have been structured to qualify as Tier 2 capital for ChoiceOne for regulatory capital purposes.  ChoiceOne used a portion of net proceeds from the private placement to redeem senior debt, fund common stock repurchases, and support bank-level capital ratios.

Note 12 – Income Taxes

Information as of December 31 and for the year follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
		2022				2021				2020
Provision for Income Taxes
Current federal income tax expense		$	4,033			$	3,532			$	3,070
Deferred federal income tax expense/(benefit)			( 15	)			924				202
Income tax expense		$	4,018			$	4,456			$	3,272
Reconciliation of Income Tax Provision to Statutory Rate
Income tax computed at statutory federal rate of 21 %		$	5,808			$	5,565			$	3,966
Tax exempt interest income			( 1,323	)			( 1,190	)			( 574	)
Tax exempt earnings on bank-owned life insurance			( 276	)			( 170	)			( 162	)
Tax credits			( 289	)			( 284	)			( 240	)
Nondeductible merger expenses			-				-				182
Disallowed interest expense			179				74				64
Other items			( 81	)			461				36
Income tax expense		$	4,018			$	4,456			$	3,272
Effective income tax rate			15	%			17	%			17	%

(Dollars in thousands)
Components of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities		2022				2021
Deferred tax assets:
Purchase accounting adjustments from mergers with County
and Community Shores		$	945			$	1,374
Allowance for loan losses			1,600				1,614
Unrealized losses on securities available for sale			19,745				685
Net operating loss carryforward			505				544
Deferred loan fees and costs, net			-				319
Compensation			299				286
Other			716				68
Total deferred tax assets			23,810				4,890
Deferred tax liabilities:
Purchase accounting adjustments from mergers with County
and Community Shores			844				1,107
Loan servicing rights			908				980
Depreciation			605				540
Interest rate derivative contracts			660				-
Deferred loan fees and costs, net			15				-
Other			404				323
Total deferred tax liabilities			3,436				2,950
Net deferred tax asset (liability)		$	20,374			$	1,940

As of December 31, 2022, deferred tax assets included federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $ 2.4 million which was acquired through the merger with Community Shores.  The loss carryforwards expire at various dates from 2031 to 2035. Deferred tax assets are recognized for net operating losses because the benefit is more likely than not to be realized.  Under Code Section 382, ChoiceOne is limited to applying approximately $ 185,000 of net operating losses per year.

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Note 13 – Related Party Transactions

Loans to executive officers, directors and their affiliates were as follows at December 31:

(Dollars in thousands)		2022				2021
Balance, beginning of year		$	24,000			$	20,724
New loans			9,684				13,188
Repayments			( 9,259	)			( 9,912	)
Effect of changes in related parties			( 389	)			-
Balance, end of year		$	24,036			$	24,000

Deposits from executive officers, directors and their affiliates were $ 30.0 million and $ 16.8 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021 , respectively.

Note 14 – Employee Benefit Plans

401 (k) Plan :

The 401 (k) plan allows employees to contribute to their individual accounts under the plan amounts up to the IRS maximum. Matching company contributions to the plan are discretionary. Expense for matching company contributions under the plan was $ 650,000 and $ 627,000 in 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Note 15 - Stock Based Compensation

Options to buy stock have been granted to key employees to provide them with additional equity interests in ChoiceOne. Compensation expense in connection with stock options granted was $ 4,000 in 2022 and $ 15,000 in 2021. The Stock Incentive Plan of 2022 was approved by the Company’s shareholders at the Annual Meeting held on May 25, 2022. The Stock Incentive Plan of 2022 provides for the issuance of up to 200,000 shares of common stock. At December 31, 2022, there were 200,000 shares available for future grants.

A summary of stock options activity during the year ended December 31, 2022 was as follows:

						Weighted				Weighted
						average				average
						exercise				Grant Date
		Shares				price				Fair Value
Options outstanding at January 1, 2022			20,631			$	25.30			$	3.46
Options granted			-				-				-
Options exercised			-				-				-
Options forfeited or expired			-				-				-
Options outstanding, end of year			20,631			$	25.30			$	3.46
Options exercisable at December 31, 2022			20,631			$	25.30			$	3.46

The exercise prices for options outstanding and exercisable at the end of 2022 ranged from $ 20.86 to $ 27.25 per share. The weighted average remaining contractual life of options outstanding and exercisable at the end of 2022 was approximately 5.57 years.

The intrinsic value of all outstanding stock options and exercisable stock options was $ 76,000 and $ 34,000 respectively, at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The aggregate intrinsic values of outstanding and exercisable options at December 31, 2022 were calculated based on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on December 31, 2022 of $ 29.00 per share less the exercise price.

Information pertaining to options outstanding at December 31, 2022 was as follows:

Exercise price of stock options:				Number of options outstanding at year-end				Number of options exercisable at year-end				Average remaining contractual life (in years)
$	27.25				12,000				12,000				6.42
$	25.65				3,000				3,000				5.50
$	20.86				3,306				3,306				4.35
$	21.13				2,325				2,325				3.00

The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option valuation model. ChoiceOne uses historical data to estimate the volatility of the market price of ChoiceOne stock and employee terminations within the valuation model. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual life of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. As of December 31, 2022, there was no unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options.

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ChoiceOne has granted restricted stock units to a select group of employees under the Stock Incentive Plan of 2012. Restricted stock units outstanding as of December 31, 2022 vest on the three year anniversary of the grant date. Certain additional vesting provisions apply. Each restricted stock unit, once vested, is settled by delivery of one share of ChoiceOne common stock. ChoiceOne recognized compensation expense of $ 503,000 and $ 320,000 , in 2022 and 2021, respectively, in connection with restricted stock units for current participants during these years.

A summary of the activity for restricted stock units outstanding during the year ended December 31, 2022 is presented below:

Outstanding Stock Awards		Shares				Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Outstanding at January 1, 2022			35,684			$	28.36
Granted			28,660				26.34
Vested			( 10,442	)			27.34
Forfeited			( 35	)			26.34
Outstanding at December 31, 2022			53,867			$	27.48

At December 31, 2022, there were 53,867 restricted stock units outstanding with an approximate stock value of $ 1.6 million based on ChoiceOne’s December 31, 2022 stock price.  At December 31, 2021, there were 35,684 restricted stock units outstanding with an approximate stock value of $ 945,000 based on ChoiceOne’s December 31, 2021 stock price.  The grant date fair value of restricted stock units granted was $ 755,000 and $ 558,000 in 2022 and 2021, respectively.  The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.68 years.  As of December 31, 2022, there was $ 753,000 of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested shares granted.

ChoiceOne has granted performance stock units to a select group of employees under the Stock Incentive Plan of 2012. Restricted stock units outstanding as of December 31, 2022 vest on the three year anniversary of the grant date based on earnings per share growth rate from the date of the grant. Shares can vest at a rate of 125 %, 100 %, 75 %, or 0 % based on the growth rate achieved over the three year time frame.  Certain additional vesting provisions apply. Each restricted stock unit, once vested, is settled by delivery of one share of ChoiceOne common stock. ChoiceOne recognized compensation expense of $ 47,000 in 2022 in connection with performance stock units for current participants during the year.

A summary of the activity for performance stock units outstanding during the year ended December 31, 2022 is presented below:

						Weighted
						Average Grant
						Date Fair Value
Outstanding Stock Awards		Shares				Per Share
Outstanding at January 1, 2022			-			$	-
Granted			6,396				26.34
Vested			-				-
Forfeited			-				-
Outstanding at December 31, 2022			6,396			$	26.34

At December 31, 2022, there were 6,396 performance stock units outstanding assuming 100% vesting with an approximate stock value of $ 185,000 based on ChoiceOne’s December 31, 2022 stock price.  The grant date fair value of restricted stock units granted was $ 168,000 in 2022. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.36 years.  As of December 31, 2022, there was $ 122,000 of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested shares granted.

Note 16 - Earnings Per Share

(Dollars in thousands, except share data)
		2022				2021				2020
Basic
Net income		$	23,640			$	22,042			$	15,613
Weighted average common shares outstanding			7,504,173				7,685,459				7,521,771
Basic earnings per common shares		$	3.15			$	2.87			$	2.08
Diluted
Net income		$	23,640			$	22,042			$	15,613
Weighted average common shares outstanding			7,504,173				7,685,459				7,521,771
Plus dilutive stock options and restricted stock units			23,198				17,255				9,846
Weighted average common shares outstanding and potentially dilutive shares			7,527,371				7,702,714				7,531,617
Diluted earnings per common share		$	3.15			$	2.86			$	2.07

Stock options considered anti-dilutive to earnings per share were 15,000 , 15,000 , and 0 as of December 31, 2022 , December 31, 2021 , and December 31, 2020 , respectively. This calculation is based on the average stock price during the year.

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Note 17 – Condensed Financial Statements of Parent Company

Condensed Balance Sheets

(Dollars in thousands)		December 31,
		2022				2021
Assets
Cash		$	8,310			$	17,622
Equity securities at fair value			3,199				2,555
Other assets			586				553
Investment in subsidiaries			192,540				236,462
Total assets		$	204,635			$	257,192
Liabilities
Subordinated debentures		$	31,971			$	31,827
Trust preferred securities			3,291				3,190
Other liabilities			499				506
Total liabilities			35,761				35,523
Shareholders' equity			168,874				221,669
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity		$	204,635			$	257,192

Condensed Statements of Income

(Dollars in thousands)		Years Ended December 31,
		2022				2021				2020
Interest income
Interest and dividends from ChoiceOne Bank		$	-			$	6,125			$	12,942
Interest and dividends from other securities			27				10				13
Total interest income			27				6,135				12,955
Interest expense
Borrowings			1,491				645				239
Net interest income			( 1,464	)			5,490				12,716
Noninterest income
Gains on sales of securities			-				-				26
Change in market value of equity securities			( 385	)			554				( 155	)
Other			2				4				-
Total noninterest income			( 383	)			558				( 129	)
Noninterest expense
Salaries and benefits			-				-				1,201
Professional fees			40				15				1,093
Other			174				203				217
Total noninterest expense			214				218				2,511
Income before income tax and equity in undistributed net income of subsidiary			( 2,061	)			5,830				10,076
Income tax (expense)/benefit			433				64				431
Income before equity in undistributed net income of subsidiary			( 1,628	)			5,894				10,507
Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiary			25,268				16,148				5,106
Net income		$	23,640			$	22,042			$	15,613

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Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

(Dollars in thousands)		Years Ended December 31,
		2022				2021				2020
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income		$	23,640			$	22,042			$	15,613
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:
Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiary			( 25,268	)			( 16,148	)			( 5,106	)
Amortization			245				101				51
Compensation expense on employee and director stock purchases, stock options, and restricted stock units			928				787				488
Net gain on sale of securities			-				-				( 26	)
Change in market value of equity securities			385				( 554	)			155
Changes in other assets			( 33	)			( 260	)			582
Changes in other liabilities			( 7	)			( 2,982	)			551
Net cash from operating activities			( 110	)			2,986				12,308
Cash flows from investing activities:
Sales of securities			-				-				958
Purchases of securities			( 1,029	)			( 117	)			( 200	)
Investment in Subsidiary			-				( 5,000	)			-
Cash acquired from mergers with Community Shores Bank Corporation			-				-				142
Net cash from investing activities			( 1,029	)			( 5,117	)			900
Cash flows from financing activities:
Issuance of common stock			172				139				134
Repurchase of common stock			( 767	)			( 7,786	)			-
Proceeds from borrowings			-				36,827				10,000
Payments on borrowings			-				( 14,166	)			( 833	)
Cash used as part of equity issuance for merger			-				-				( 5,387	)
Cash dividends paid			( 7,578	)			( 7,200	)			( 6,174	)
Net cash from financing activities			( 8,173	)			7,814				( 2,260	)
Net change in cash			( 9,312	)			5,683				10,948
Beginning cash			17,622				11,939				991
Ending cash		$	8,310			$	17,622			$	11,939

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Note 18 – Financial Instruments

Financial instruments as of the dates indicated were as follows:

										Quoted Prices
										In Active				Significant
										Markets for				Other				Significant
										Identical				Observable				Unobservable
(Dollars in thousands)		Carrying				Estimated				Assets				Inputs				Inputs
		Amount				Fair Value				(Level 1)				(Level 2)				(Level 3)
December 31, 2022
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents		$	43,943			$	43,943			$	43,943			$	-			$	-
Equity securities at fair value			8,566				8,566				6,024				-				2,542
Securities available for sale			529,749				529,749				78,204				451,545				-
Securities held to maturity			425,906				353,901				-				338,583				15,318
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stock			8,581				8,581				-				8,581				-
Loans held for sale			4,834				4,979				-				4,979				-
Loans, net			1,182,163				1,123,198				-				-				1,123,198
Accrued interest receivable			8,949				8,949				-				8,949				-
Interest rate lock commitments			28				28				-				28				-
Mortgage loan servicing rights			4,322				5,855				-				5,855				-
Interest rate derivative contracts			9,204				9,204				-				9,204				-
Liabilities
Noninterest-bearing deposits			599,579				599,579				-				599,579				-
Interest-bearing deposits			1,518,424				1,514,294				-				1,514,294				-
Borrowings			50,000				50,000				-				50,000				-
Subordinated debentures			35,262				30,304				-				30,304				-
Accrued interest payable			610				610				-				610				-
Interest rate derivative contracts			5,823				5,823				-				5,823				-
December 31, 2021
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents		$	31,887			$	31,887			$	31,887			$	-			$	-
Equity securities at fair value			8,492				8,492				6,724				-				1,768
Securities available for sale			1,098,885				1,098,885				91,979				985,856				21,050
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stock			8,888				8,888				-				8,888				-
Loans held for sale			9,351				9,632				-				9,632				-
Loans to other financial institutions			42,632				42,632				-				42,632				-
Loans, net			1,009,160				999,393				-				-				999,393
Accrued interest receivable			8,211				8,211				-				8,211				-
Interest rate lock commitments			172				172				-				172				-
Liabilities
Noninterest-bearing deposits			560,931				560,931				-				560,931				-
Interest-bearing deposits			1,491,363				1,491,135				-				1,491,135				-
Borrowings			50,000				50,000				-				50,000				-
Subordinated debentures			35,017				33,414				-				33,414				-
Accrued interest payable			441				441				-				441				-

The estimated fair values approximate the carrying amounts for all financial instruments except those described later in this paragraph. The methodology for determining the estimated fair value for securities available for sale is described in Note 18. The estimated fair value for loans follows an “exit price” approach, which incorporates discounts for credit, liquidity, and marketability. The allowance for loan losses is considered to be a reasonable estimate of discount for credit quality concerns. The estimated fair value of loans also included the mark to market adjustments related to the Company’s mergers.

The estimated fair value of deposits is based on comparing the average rate paid on deposits compared to the three month LIBOR rate which is assumed to be the replacement value of these deposits. The estimated fair values for time deposits and FHLB advances are based on the rates paid at December 31 for new deposits or FHLB advances, applied until maturity. The estimated fair values for other financial instruments and off-balance sheet loan commitments are considered nominal.

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Note 19 – Fair Value Measurements

The following tables present information about the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 , and the valuation techniques used by the Company to determine those fair values.

In general, fair values determined by Level 1 inputs use quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access.

Fair values determined by Level 2 inputs use other inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly. These Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and other inputs such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.

Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs, including inputs that are available in situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the related asset or liability.

In instances where inputs used to measure fair value fall into different levels in the above fair value hierarchy, fair value measurements in their entirety are categorized based on the lowest level input that is significant to the valuation. The Company’s assessment of the significance of particular inputs to these fair value measurements requires judgment and considers factors specific to each asset or liability.

Disclosures concerning assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2021 or December 31, 2022 are as follows:

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

		Quoted Prices
		In Active				Significant
		Markets for				Other				Significant
		Identical				Observable				Unobservable
(Dollars in thousands)		Assets				Inputs				Inputs				Balance at
		(Level 1)				(Level 2)				(Level 3)				Date Indicated
Equity Securities Held at Fair Value - December 31, 2022
Equity securities		$	6,024			$	-			$	2,542			$	8,566
Investment Securities, Available for Sale - December 31, 2022
U. S. Government and federal agency		$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-
U. S. Treasury notes and bonds			78,204				-				-				78,204
State and municipal			-				229,938				-				229,938
Mortgage-backed			-				208,563				-				208,563
Corporate			-				711				-				711
Asset-backed Securities			-				12,333				-				12,333
Total		$	78,204			$	451,545			$	-			$	529,749
Derivative Instruments - December 31, 2022
Interest rate derivative contracts - assets		$	-			$	9,204			$	-			$	9,204
Interest rate derivative contracts - liabilities		$	-			$	5,823			$	-			$	5,823
Equity Securities Held at Fair Value - December 31, 2021
Equity securities		$	6,724			$	-			$	1,768			$	8,492
Investment Securities, Available for Sale - December 31, 2021
U. S. Government and federal agency		$	-			$	2,008			$	-			$	2,008
U. S. Treasury notes and bonds			91,979				-				-				91,979
State and municipal			-				514,797				20,050				534,847
Mortgage-backed			-				433,115				-				433,115
Corporate			-				19,642				1,000				20,642
Asset-backed Securities			-				16,294				-				16,294
Total		$	91,979			$	985,856			$	21,050			$	1,098,885

Securities classified as available for sale are generally reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. ChoiceOne’s external investment advisor obtained fair value measurements from an independent pricing service that uses matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique widely used in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities' relationship to other benchmark quoted securities (Level 2 inputs). The fair value measurements considered observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows and the bonds' terms and conditions, among other things. Securities classified in Level 2 included U.S. Government and federal agency securities, state and municipal securities, mortgage-backed securities, corporate bonds, and asset backed securities. The Company classified certain state and municipal securities and corporate bonds, and equity securities as Level 3. Based on the lack of observable market data, estimated fair values were based on the observable data available and reasonable unobservable market data.

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Changes in Level 3 Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

(Dollars in thousands)
		2022				2021
Equity Securities Held at Fair Value
Balance, January 1		$	1,768			$	1,485
Total realized and unrealized gains included in noninterest income			161				166
Net purchases, sales, calls, and maturities			613				117
Balance, December 31		$	2,542			$	1,768
Investment Securities, Available for Sale
Balance, January 1		$	21,050			$	11,423
Total unrealized gains/(losses) included in other comprehensive income			-				1,720
Net purchases, sales, calls, and maturities			-				7,907
Transfer to held to maturity			( 21,050	)			-
Balance, December 31		$	-			$	21,050

Of the Level 3 assets that were held by the Company at December 31, 2022, the net unrealized gain as of December 31, 2022 was $ 161,000 , compared to $ 591,000 as of December 31, 2021. The change in the net unrealized gain or loss is recognized in noninterest income or other comprehensive income in the consolidated balance sheets and income statements. Amounts recognized in noninterest income relate to changes in equity securities. A total of $ 613,000 and $ 8,839,000 of Level 3 securities were purchased in 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Both observable and unobservable inputs may be used to determine the fair value of positions classified as Level 3 assets and liabilities. As a result, the unrealized gains and losses for these assets and liabilities presented in the tables above may include changes in fair value that were attributable to both observable and unobservable inputs.

Available for sale investment securities categorized as Level 3 assets consist of bonds issued by local municipalities and a trust-preferred security. The Company estimates the fair value of these assets based on the present value of expected future cash flows using management’s best estimate of key assumptions, including forecasted interest yield and payment rates, credit quality and a discount rate commensurate with the current market and other risks involved.

The Company also has assets that under certain conditions are subject to measurement at fair value on a non-recurring basis. These assets are not normally measured at fair value, but can be subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances, such as impairment. Disclosures concerning assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis are as follows:

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis

						Quoted Prices
						In Active				Significant
						Markets for				Other				Significant
		Balances at				Identical				Observable				Unobservable
(Dollars in thousands)		Dates				Assets				Inputs				Inputs
		Indicated				(Level 1)				(Level 2)				(Level 3)
Impaired Loans
December 31, 2022		$	2,846			$	-			$	-			$	2,846
December 31, 2021		$	5,433			$	-			$	-			$	5,433
Other Real Estate
December 31, 2022		$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-
December 31, 2021		$	194			$	-			$	-			$	194

Impaired loans categorized as Level 3 assets consist of non-homogeneous loans that are considered impaired. The Company estimates the fair value of the loans based on the present value of expected future cash flows using management’s best estimate of key assumptions. These assumptions include future payment ability, timing of payment streams, and estimated realizable values of available collateral (typically based on outside appraisals). The changes in fair value consisted of charge-downs of impaired loans that were posted to the allowance for loan losses and write-downs of other real estate owned that were posted to a valuation account. The fair value of other real estate owned was based on appraisals or other reviews of property values, adjusted for estimated costs to sell.

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Note 20 – Off-Balance Sheet Activities

Some financial instruments, such as loan commitments, credit lines, letters of credit, and overdraft protection, are issued to meet customers’ financing needs. These are agreements to provide credit or to support the credit of others, as long as conditions established in the contract are met, and usually have expiration dates. Commitments may expire without being used. Off-balance sheet risk to credit loss exists up to the face amount of these instruments, although material losses are not anticipated. The same credit policies are used to make such commitments as are used for loans, including obtaining collateral at exercise of the commitment.

The contractual amount of financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk was as follows at December 31:

		2022								2021
		Fixed				Variable				Fixed				Variable
(Dollars in thousands)		Rate				Rate				Rate				Rate
Unused lines of credit and letters of credit		$	54,523			$	148,497			$	63,001			$	275,170
Commitments to fund loans (at market rates)			35,789				12,565				72,257				25,545

Commitments to fund loans are generally made for periods of 180 days or less. The fixed rate loan commitments have interest rates ranging from 2.375 % to 6.00 % and maturities ranging from 1 year to 30 years.

Note 21 – Regulatory Capital

ChoiceOne and the Bank are subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines and prompt corrective action regulations involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The prompt corrective action regulations provide five classifications, including well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized, although these terms are not used to represent overall financial condition. Depending upon the capital category to which an institution is assigned, the regulators' corrective powers include: prohibiting the acceptance of brokered deposits; requiring the submission of a capital restoration plan; placing limits on asset growth and restrictions on activities; requiring the institution to issue additional capital stock (including additional voting stock) or be acquired; restricting transactions with affiliates; restricting the interest rate the institution may pay on deposits; ordering a new election of directors of the institution; requiring that senior executive officers or directors be dismissed; prohibiting the institution from accepting deposits from correspondent banks; requiring the institution to divest certain subsidiaries; prohibiting the payment of principal or interest on subordinated debt; and ultimately, appointing a receiver for the institution. At year-end 2022 and 2021 , the Bank was categorized as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action.

Actual capital levels and minimum required levels for ChoiceOne and the Bank were as follows:

																		Minimum Required
																		to be Well
										Minimum Required								Capitalized Under
										for Capital								Prompt Corrective
(Dollars in thousands)		Actual								Adequacy Purposes								Action Regulations
		Amount				Ratio				Amount				Ratio				Amount				Ratio
December 31, 2022
ChoiceOne Financial Services Inc.
Total capital (to risk weighted assets)		$	222,006				13.8	%		$	128,545				8.0	%			N/A				N/A
Common equity Tier 1 capital (to risk weighted assets)			177,916				11.1				72,307				4.5				N/A				N/A
Tier 1 capital (to risk weighted assets)			182,416				11.4				96,409				6.0				N/A				N/A
Tier 1 capital (to average assets)			182,416				7.9				92,558				4.0				N/A				N/A
ChoiceOne Bank
Total capital (to risk weighted assets)		$	208,696				13.0	%		$	128,294				8.0	%		$	160,367				10.0	%
Common equity Tier 1 capital (to risk weighted assets)			201,077				12.5				72,165				4.5				104,239				6.5
Tier 1 capital (to risk weighted assets)			201,077				12.5				96,220				6.0				128,294				8.0
Tier 1 capital (to average assets)			201,077				8.7				92,449				4.0				115,562				5.0
December 31, 2021
ChoiceOne Financial Services Inc.
Total capital (to risk weighted assets)		$	204,353				14.4	%		$	113,604				8.0	%			N/A				N/A
Common equity Tier 1 capital (to risk weighted assets)			160,338				11.3				63,902				4.5				N/A				N/A
Tier 1 capital (to risk weighted assets)			164,838				11.6				85,203				6.0				N/A				N/A
Tier 1 capital (to average assets)			164,838				7.4				89,415				4.0				N/A				N/A
ChoiceOne Bank
Total capital (to risk weighted assets)		$	182,275				12.9	%		$	113,444				8.0	%		$	141,806				10.0	%
Common equity Tier 1 capital (to risk weighted assets)			174,587				12.3				63,813				4.5				92,174				6.5
Tier 1 capital (to risk weighted assets)			174,587				12.3				85,083				6.0				113,444				8.0
Tier 1 capital (to average assets)			174,587				7.8				89,289				4.0				111,611				5.0

Banking laws and regulations limit capital distributions by state-chartered banks. Generally, capital distributions are limited to undistributed net income for the current and prior two years. At December 31, 2022, approximately $ 53.3 million was available for the Bank to pay dividends to ChoiceOne assuming regulatory approval of any amount in excess of the applicable capital conservation buffer.  ChoiceOne’s ability to pay dividends to shareholders is dependent on the payment of dividends from the Bank, which is restricted by state law and regulations.

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Note 22 – Business Combinations

Community Shores Bank Corporation

ChoiceOne completed the acquisition of Community Shores Bank Corporation (“Community Shores”) with and into ChoiceOne, with ChoiceOne as the surviving entity, effective on July 1, 2020. Community Shores had 4 branch offices as of the date of the merger. Total assets of Community Shores as of July 1, 2020 were $ 244.5 million, including total loans of $ 174.8 million. Deposits acquired in the merger, the majority of which were core deposits, totaled $ 227.8 million. The impact of the merger has been included in ChoiceOne’s results of operations since the effective date of the merger. As con sideration in the merger, ChoiceOne issued 524,139 shares of ChoiceOne common stock and cash in the amount of $ 5,390,000 with an approximate total value of $ 20.9 million.

During 2021 management finalized accounting for certain loans and deferred tax accounts, resulting in measurement period adjustments increasing the acquisition date fair value of loans by $ 828,000 and decreasing the acquisition date fair value of other assets by $ 268,000 . As a result, goodwill recognized as a result of the acquisition was reduced by $ 560,000 .

The table below presents the allocation of purchase price for the merger with Community Shores (dollars in thousands):

Purchase Price
Consideration		$	20,881
Net assets acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents			41,023
Securities available for sale			20,023
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stock			300
Originated loans			174,802
Premises and equipment			6,204
Other real estate owned			346
Deposit based intangible			760
Other assets			1,077
Total assets			244,535
Non-interest bearing deposits			65,499
Interest bearing deposits			162,333
Total deposits			227,832
Trust preferred securities			3,039
Other liabilities			136
Total liabilities			231,007
Net assets acquired			13,528
Goodwill		$	7,353

71

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Table of Contents

County Bank Corp.

ChoiceOne completed the merger of County Bank Corp. (“County”) with and into ChoiceOne effective on October 1, 2019. County had 14 branch offices and one loan production office as of the date of the merger. Total assets of County as of October 1, 2019 were $ 673 million, including total loans of $ 424 million. Deposits acquired in the merger, the majority of which were core deposits, totaled $ 574 million. The impact of the merger has been included in ChoiceOne’s results of operations since the effective date of the merger. As consideration in the merger, ChoiceOne issued 3,603,872 shares of ChoiceOne common stock with an approximate value of $ 108 million.

During 2020, management finalized accounting for acquired loans and deferred taxes. As a result, the acquisition date fair value of loans was decreased by $ 238,000 , other liabilities were decreased by $ 502,000 , and goo dwill recognized as a result of the acquisition was reduced by $ 276,000 .

The table below highlights the allocation of purchase price for the merger with County (dollars in thousands):

Purchase Price
Consideration		$	107,945
Net assets acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents			20,638
Equity securities at fair value			474
Securities available for sale			187,230
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stock			2,915
Loans to other financial institutions			33,481
Originated loans			390,116
Premises and equipment			9,271
Other real estate owned			1,364
Deposit based intangible			6,359
Bank owned life insurance			16,912
Other assets			4,002
Total assets			672,762
Non-interest bearing deposits			124,113
Interest bearing deposits			449,488
Total deposits			573,601
Federal funds purchased			3,800
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank			23,000
Other liabilities			3,282
Total liabilities			603,683
Net assets acquired			69,079
Goodwill		$	38,866

Note 23 – Subsequent Event

Sale of Derivatives

On March 15, 2023, ChoiceOne terminated all pay-floating/receive-fixed (“pay floating swap agreements”) interest rate swaps with a notational amount of $ 200.0 million which resulted in a loss of $ 4.2 million.  The pay floating swap agreements were designated as cash flow hedges against specifically identified available-for-sale securities, cash and loans.  The loss was capitalized to available for sale securities and loans on the statement of financial condition and will be amortized into interest income over 13 months, or the remaining period of the agreements.

With the rapid increase in interest rates during 2022 and 2023 the pay floating swap agreements were in a loss position.  At termination, the expected negative carry for the remainder of the term was greater than the exit price of the agreements.

ChoiceOne has four remaining interest rate swaps with a total notional value of $ 400.1 million. These derivative instruments increase in value as long-term interest rates rise, which offsets the reduction in equity due to unrealized losses on securities available for sale.

Item 9.

Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A.

Controls and Procedures

An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures. Based on and as of the time of that evaluation, the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and principal financial officer, concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the required time periods.

Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting that is designed to produce reliable financial statements in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles. The system of internal control over financial reporting as it relates to the financial statements is evaluated for effectiveness by management and tested for reliability through a program of internal audits. Actions are taken to correct potential deficiencies as they are identified. Any system of internal control, no matter how well designed, has inherent limitations, including the possibility that a control can be circumvented or overridden and misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. Also, because of changes in conditions, internal control effectiveness may vary over time. Accordingly, even an effective system of internal control will provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation.

Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s system of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Management’s assessment is based on the criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting as described in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based on this assessment, management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, its system of internal control over financial reporting was effective and meets the criteria of the “Internal Control – Integrated Framework."

There was no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2022 that has materially affected, or that is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B.

Other Information

None.

Item 9C.

Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

None.

PART III

Item 10.

Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The information under the captions “ChoiceOne's Board of Directors and Executive Officers and “Corporate Governance” in the Company's Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 24, 2023, is incorporated herein by reference.

The Company has adopted a Code of Ethics for Executive Officers and Senior Financial Officers, which applies to the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, as well as all other senior financial and accounting officers. The Code of Ethics is posted on the Company’s website at “ www.choiceone.com. ” The Company intends to satisfy the disclosure requirements under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K regarding an amendment to, or a waiver from, a provision of the Code of Ethics by posting such information on its website at “ www.choiceone.com. ”

Item 11.

Executive Compensation

The information under the captions “Executive Compensation” in the Company's Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 24, 2023, is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 12.

Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The information under the caption "Ownership of ChoiceOne Common Stock" in the Company's Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 24, 2023, is incorporated herein by reference.

The following table presents information regarding the equity compensation plans both approved and not approved by shareholders at December 31, 2022:

Number of securities

remaining available for

Number of securities to

Weighted-average

future issuance under

be issued upon exercise

exercise price of

equity compensation plans

of outstanding options,

outstanding options,

(excluding securities

warrants and rights

warrants and rights

reflected in column (a))

(a)

(b)

(c)

Equity compensation plans approved by security holders

74,498

$

7.01

393,088

Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders

-

-

166,910

Total

74,498

$

7.01

559,998

Equity compensation plans approved by security holders include the Stock Incentive Plan of 2012, the Equity Incentive Plan of 2022, and the 2022 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.  As of December 31, 2022, no shares remained available for future issuance under the Stock Incentive Plan of 2012, 200,000 shares remained available for future issuance under the Equity Incentive Plan of 2022, and 193,088 shares remained available for future issuance under the 2022 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, in each case other than upon the exercise of outstanding stock options. The Stock Incentive Plan of 2012 has expired and no further issuance of shares are permitted under the plan other than upon the exercise or vesting of outstanding awards.

The Directors’ Stock Purchase Plan and the Directors’ Equity Compensation Plan are the only equity compensation plans not approved by security holders. The Directors’ Stock Purchase Plan is designed to provide directors of the Company the option of receiving their fees in the Company’s common stock. Directors who elect to participate in the plan may elect to contribute to the plan twenty-five, fifty, seventy-five or one hundred percent of their board of director fees and one hundred percent of their director committee fees earned as directors of the Company. Contributions to the plan are made by the Company on behalf of each electing participant. Plan participants may terminate their participation in the plan at any time by written notice of withdrawal to the Company. The Directors’ Equity Compensation Plan provides for the grant and award of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock awards, and other stock-based and stock-related awards as part of director compensation. Participants will cease to be eligible to participate in both plans when they cease to serve as directors of the Company. Shares are distributed to participants on a quarterly basis. The Directors' Equity Compensation Plan provides for the issuance of a maximum of 100,000 shares of the Company's common stock thereunder and the Directors' Stock Purchase Plan provides for issuance of a maximum of 100,000 shares thereunder, in each case subject to adjustments for certain changes in the capital structure of the Company. As of December 31, 2022, 85,166 shares remained available for issuance under the Directors' Equity Compensation Plan and 81,744 shares remained available for issuance under the Directors' Stock Purchase Plan.

Item 13.

Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information under the captions “Related Matters - Transactions with Related Persons” and “Corporate Governance” in the Company's Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 24, 2023, is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 14.

Principal Accountant Fees and Services

PART IV

Item 15.

Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a)	(1)		Financial Statements . The following financial statements and independent auditors' reports are filed as part of this report:
				Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
				Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.
				Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.
				Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.
				Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.
				Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
				Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm dated March 17, 2021.
	(2)		Financial Statement Schedules . None.

Exhibit	Document
3.1	Restated Articles of Incorporation of ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.
3.2	Bylaws of ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc., as currently in effect and any amendments thereto. Previously filed as an exhibit to ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.'s Form 8-K filed April 21, 2021. Here incorporated by reference.
4.1	Advances, Pledge and Security Agreement between ChoiceOne Bank and the Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis. Previously filed as an exhibit to ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.’s Form 10-K Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 2013.  Here incorporated by reference.
4.2	Form of 3.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Note due September 3, 2031.  Previously filed as an exhibit to ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.'s Form 8-K filed September 7, 2021. Here incorporated by reference.
4.3	Form of 3.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Global Subordinated Note due September 3, 2031.  Previously filed as an exhibit to ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.'s Form 8-K filed September 7, 2021. Here incorporated by reference.
4.4	Description of Rights of Shareholders.

10.1		Employment Agreement between ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc. and Kelly J. Potes, dated as of September 30, 2019. (1) Previously filed as an exhibit to ChoiceOne’s Form 8-K filed October 1, 2019. Here incorporated by reference.
10.2		Employment Agreement between ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc. and Michael J. Burke, Jr., dated as of March 22, 2019. (1) Previously filed as exhibit to ChoiceOne’s Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 to Form S-4 filed August 5, 2019. Here incorporated by reference.
10.3		Stock Incentive Plan of 2012. (1) Previously filed as Appendix A to ChoiceOne’s definitive proxy statement for ChoiceOne’s 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, filed on April 19, 2018. Here incorporated by reference.
10.4		2022 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. (1) Previously filed as an exhibit to ChoiceOne’s Form S-8 filed May 27, 2022. Here incorporated by reference.
10.5		Equity Incentive Plan of 2022. (1) Previously filed as an exhibit to ChoiceOne’s Form S-8 filed May 27, 2022. Here incorporated by reference.
10.6		Directors' Stock Purchase Plan, as amended. (1) Previously filed as an exhibit to ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.'s Form 10-K Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 2019. Here incorporated by reference.
10.7		Director Equity Compensation Plan of 2019. (1) Previously filed as an exhibit to ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.'s Form 10-K Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 2019. Here incorporated by reference.
10.8		Former Valley Ridge Executive Employee Salary Continuation Agreements, as amended. (1) Previously filed as an exhibit to ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.’s Form 10-K Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 2013. Here incorporated by reference.
10.9		Former Valley Ridge Directors’ Deferred Compensation Plan and Agreement. (1) Previously filed as an exhibit to the ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.’s Form 10-K Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 2013. Here incorporated by reference.
21		Subsidiaries of ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.
23		Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
24		Powers of Attorney.
31.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer.
31.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer
32		Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350.

101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document (the Instance Document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

(1)

This agreement is a management contract or compensation plan or arrangement to be filed as an exhibit to this Form 10-K.

Copies of any exhibits will be furnished to shareholders upon written request. Requests should be directed to: Adom J. Greenland, Secretary, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc., 109 East Division, Sparta, Michigan, 49345.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.
By:	/s/ Kelly J. Potes		March 23, 2023
	Kelly J. Potes Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

/s/ Kelly J. Potes		Chief Executive Officer and		March 23, 2023
Kelly J. Potes		Director (Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Adom J. Greenland		Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial and		March 23, 2023
Adom J. Greenland		Accounting Officer)
*/s/ Jack G. Hendon		Chairman of the Board and Director		March 23, 2023
Jack G. Hendon
*/s/ Greg L. Armock		Director		March 23, 2023
Greg L. Armock
*/s/ Keith Brophy		Director		March 23, 2023
Keith Brophy
*/s/ Michael J. Burke, Jr.		President and Director		March 23, 2023
Michael J. Burke, Jr.
*/s/ Harold J. Burns		Director		March 23, 2023
Harold J. Burns
*/s/ Eric E. Burrough		Director		March 23, 2023
Eric E. Burrough
*/s/ David Churchill		Director		March 23, 2023
David Churchill
*/s/ Curt E. Coulter		Director		March 23, 2023
Curt E. Coulter
*/s/ Bruce John Essex, Jr.		Director		March 23, 2023
Bruce John Essex, Jr.
*/s/ Gregory A. McConnell		Director		March 23, 2023
Gregory A. McConnell
*/s/ Bradley F. McGinnis		Director		March 23, 2023
Bradley F. McGinnis
*/s/ Nels W. Nyblad		Director		March 23, 2023
Nels W. Nyblad
*/s/ Roxanne M. Page		Director		March 23, 2023
Roxanne M. Page
*/s/ Michelle M. Wendling		Director		March 23, 2023
Michelle M. Wendling
*By /s/ Adom J. Greenland
Attorney-in-Fact