CRNT 20-F DEF-14A Report Dec. 31, 2012 | Alphaminr
ALPHAMINR

CRNT 20-F Report ended Dec. 31, 2012

Balance Sheet
Cash Flow
Income Statement
20-F 1 zk1312861.htm 20-F zk1312861.htm
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 20-F
o
REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR

x
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012
OR
o
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

o
SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________ to __________
Commission file number 0-30862
_________________________
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
_______________________
Israel
(Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)
24 Raoul Wallenberg Street, Tel Aviv 69719, Israel
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
Donna Gershowitz, (+972) 3-543-1231 (tel.), (+972) 3-543-1600 (fax), 24 Raoul Wallenberg Street , Tel Aviv 69719, Israel
(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile Number and Address of Company Contact Person)

________________________
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class
Ordinary Shares, Par Value NIS 0.01
Name of Exchange of Which Registered
Nasdaq Global Select Market
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:  None
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:  None
________________________
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:   36,565,168 Ordinary Shares, NIS 0.01 par value.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Yes ¨ No þ
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant  to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Yes ¨ No þ
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days:
Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).
Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one)
Large accelerated filer ¨ Accelerated filer þ Non-accelerated filer ¨
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
U.S. GAAP þ
International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ¨
Other ¨
If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow:
Item 17 ¨ Item 18 ¨
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ¨ No þ

TABLE OF CONTENTS
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PART I
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PART II
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PART III
91
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INTRODUCTION
Definitions
In this annual report, unless the context otherwise requires:
·
references to “Ceragon,” the “Company,” “us,” “we” and “our” refer to Ceragon Networks Ltd. (the “Registrant”), an Israeli company, and its consolidated subsidiaries;
·
references to “ordinary shares,” “our shares” and similar expressions refer to the Registrant’s Ordinary Shares, NIS 0.01 nominal (par) value per share;
·
references to “dollars,” “U.S. dollars” and “$” are to United States Dollars;
·
references to “shekels” and “NIS” are to New Israeli Shekels, the Israeli currency;
·
references to the “Companies Law” are to Israel’s Companies Law, 5759-1999;
·
references to the “SEC” are to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission; and
·
References to the "Nasdaq Rules" are to rules of the Nasdaq Global Select Market.
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This annual report includes certain statements that are intended to be, and are hereby identified as, “forward-looking statements” for the purposes of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.  We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events.
Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “continue,” “believe” or other similar expressions, but are not the only way these statements are identified.  These statements discuss future expectations, plans and events, contain projections of results of operations or of financial condition or state other “forward-looking” information.  When a forward-looking statement includes an underlying assumption, we caution that, while we believe the assumption to be reasonable and make it in good faith, assumed facts almost always vary from actual results, and the difference between a forward-looking statement and actual results can be material.  Forward-looking statements may be found in Item 4: “Information on the Company” and Item 5: “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and in this annual report generally. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these statements as a result of various factors, including all the risks discussed in “Risk Factors” and other cautionary statements in this annual report.  All of our forward-looking statements are qualified by and should be read in conjunction with those disclosures. Except as may be required by applicable law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.  In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the forward-looking events discussed in this annual report might not occur.
PART I
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Selected Financial Data
The selected financial data set forth in the table below have been derived from our audited historical financial statements for each of the years from 2008 to 2012. The selected consolidated statement of operations data for the years 2010, 2011 and 2012, and the selected consolidated balance sheet data at December 31, 2011 and 2012, have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements set forth in “Item 18 – Financial Statements.” The selected consolidated statement of operations data for the years 2008 and 2009, and the selected consolidated balance sheet data at December 31, 2008, 2009 and 2010, have been derived from our previously published audited consolidated financial statements, which are not included in this annual report. This selected financial data should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and are qualified entirely by reference to such consolidated financial statements. We prepare our consolidated financial statements in U.S. dollars and in accordance with United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“U.S. GAAP”).  You should read the consolidated financial data with the section of this annual report entitled “Item 5 - Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and our consolidated financial statements and the notes to those financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Year ended December 31,
Consolidated Statement of Operations Data:
2008
2009 2010 2011 2012
(In thousands, except share and per share data)
Revenues
$ 217,278 $ 184,220 $ 249,852 $ 445,269 $ 446,651
Cost of revenues
144,040 122,662 160,470 323,191 308,354
Gross profit
73,238 61,558 89,382 122,078 138,297
Operating expenses:
Research and development
19,413 18,954 25,115 50,456 47,487
Selling and marketing
31,663 29,251 37,179 81,716 77,326
General and administrative.
9,203 10,705 12,328 26,524 27,519
Restructuring costs
-- -- -- 7,834 4,608
Acquisition related cost
-- -- 775 4,919 --
Total operating expenses
60,279 58,910 75,397 171,449 156,940
Operating income (loss)
12,959 2,648 13,985 (49,371 ) (18,643 )
Financial income, (expense) net
2,184 1,496 1,255 (2,024 ) (3,547 )
Income (loss) before taxes
15,143 4,144 15,240 (51,395 ) (22,190 )
Tax benefit (taxes on income)
10,834 (489 ) (1,178 ) (2,259 ) (1,201 )
Net income (loss)
25,977 3,655 14,062 (53,654 ) (23,391 )
Basic net earnings (loss) per share
$ 0.70 $ 0.11 $ 0.40 $ (1.49 ) $ (0.64 )
Diluted net earnings (loss) per share
$ 0.68 $ 0.10 $ 0.38 $ (1.49 ) $ (0.64 )
Weighted average number of shares used in computing basic earnings (loss) per share
36,863,684 34,369,212 34,854,657 35,975,434 36,457,989
Weighted average number of shares used in computing diluted earnings (loss) per share
38,338,584 35,796,878 36,564,830 35,975,434 36,457,989
2
At December 31,
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
(In thousands)
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and cash equivalents, short and long term bank deposits, short and long term marketable securities
$ 97,761 $ 98,320 $ 81,533 $ 49,531 $ 51,589
Working capital
136,294 149,284 167,509 154,987 129,407
Total assets
244,221 269,373 287,182 411,158 393,596
Total long term liabilities
6,647 7,174 8,600 76,664 69,767
Shareholders’ equity
182,916 180,906 204,169 161,051 143,709

Risk Factors
The following risk factors, among others, could affect our actual results of operations and cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed in forward-looking statements made by us. These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and we assume no obligation to update this information.  You should carefully consider the risks described below, in addition to the other information contained elsewhere in this annual report. The following risk factors are not the only risk factors facing our company. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also affect our business. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be seriously harmed if any of the events underlying any of these risks or uncertainties actually occur. In that event, the market price for our ordinary shares could decline.
Risks Relating to Our Business
We face intense competition from other wireless equipment providers. If we fail to compete effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially adversely affected.

The market for wireless equipment is rapidly evolving, fragmented, highly competitive and subject to rapid technological change. Increased competition, which may differ from region to region, in the wireless equipment market could result in reduced demand for our products, price reductions and reduced gross margins, any of which could seriously harm our business and results of operations. Our primary competitors include industry “generalists” such as Alcatel-Lucent, Fujitsu Limited, Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., L.M. Ericsson Telephone Company, NEC Corporation, Nokia Siemens Networks B.V. (NSN) and ZTE Corporation. In addition to these primary competitors, a number of smaller “specialist” microwave communications equipment suppliers, including Aviat Networks, DragonWave Inc., and SIAE Microelectronica S.p.A., offer or are developing products that compete with our products. Some of our competitors are original equipment manufacturers through whom we market and sell our products, which means our business success may depend on these competitors to some extent.

3
Most of our principal competitors are substantially larger than we are and have longer operating histories and greater financial, sales, service, marketing, distribution, technical, manufacturing and other resources than we have. They also have greater name recognition and a larger customer base than we have. Many of these competitors have well-established relationships with our current and potential customers, have extensive knowledge of our target markets, and have begun to focus more on selling services and bundling the entire network as a full-package offering. As a result, our competitors may be able to respond more quickly to evolving industry standards and changes in customer requirements, or devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their products than we can. In addition, our competitors, especially those from China, may be able to offer customers financing that would increase the attractiveness of their products in comparison to ours.

Additionally, the telecommunications equipment industry has experienced significant consolidation among its participants, and we expect this trend to continue.  Examples include our acquisition of Nera Networks AS (“Nera”) in January 2011 and, more recently, the 2012 acquisition by DragonWave of the microwave division of NSN, which itself was formed as a joint venture between Nokia and Siemens. Other examples include the mergers of Alcatel and Lucent and the wireless divisions of Harris and Stratex Networks, and the acquisition by Ericsson of Marconi. These consolidations have increased the size and thus the competitive resources of these companies. In the future, current and potential competitors may make additional strategic acquisitions or establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties that may allow them to increase their market share and competitive position.

We expect to face increasing competitive pressures in the future. If we are unable to compete effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially adversely affected.

Global competition and current market conditions, including those specifically impacting the telecommunications industry, have resulted in downward pressure on the prices for our products, which could result in reduced revenues, gross margins, profitability and demand for our products and services.

Currently, we and other manufacturers of telecommunications equipment are experiencing, and are likely to continue to experience, increased downward price pressure, particularly as we increase our customer base to include more Tier 1 customers. As a result, we are likely to continue to experience declining average sales prices for our products. Our future profitability will depend upon our ability to improve manufacturing efficiencies, to reduce costs of materials used in our products, and to continue to introduce new lower-cost products and product enhancements. Because customers frequently negotiate supply arrangements far in advance of delivery dates, we may be required to commit to price reductions for our products before we are aware of how, or if, cost reductions can be obtained.   Current or future price reduction commitments and any inability on our part to respond to increased price competition, in particular from Tier 1 customers with higher volumes and stronger negotiating power, could harm our profitability business, financial condition and results of operations.

Also, following our acquisition of Nera, we have increased sales of our products in Latin America, a region typically characterized, along with India, as having strong downward pricing pressures, in response to the rapid build-out of cellular networks in those geographies. For the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012, 23% and 28%, respectively, of our revenues were earned in Latin America, the majority of which was derived from a  single customer group  and 10% and 12%, respectively, were earned in India. We expect that our revenues from sales of our products in Latin America and India will continue to constitute a significant portion of our business in the future.

Challenging global economic conditions could also have adverse, wide-ranging effects on demand for our products and services and for the products of our customers.  The telecommunications industry has experienced downturns in the past in which operators substantially reduced their capital spending on new equipment.  Continued adverse economic conditions, which still exist in certain jurisdictions, including certain countries in Europe, could cause network operators to postpone investments or initiate other cost-cutting initiatives to improve their financial position.  Recently, network operators have started to share parts of their network infrastructure through cooperation agreements rather than legal considerations, which may adversely affect demand for network equipment.  Moreover, the level of demand by operators and other customers which buy our products and services can change quickly and can vary over short periods, including from month to month.

4
If the current economic situation deteriorates or if the uncertainty and variations in the telecommunications industry continues, our business could be negatively impacted, including such areas as reduced demand for our products and services, slowed customer buying decisions, pricing pressures, supplier or customer disruptions, or insolvency of certain of our key distributors, resellers, OEMs and systems integrators, which could impair our distribution channels, which could reduce our revenues or our ability to collect our accounts receivable and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.  When deemed necessary, we undertake specific restructuring or cost saving initiatives; however there are no guarantees that such initiatives will be sufficient, successful or executed in time to deliver any improvements in our earnings.

Our success in handling a possible contraction of our business due to economic turmoil and market conditions will depend on our ability, among other things, to:

•
develop efficient forecast methods for evaluating the prospective quantity of products that will be ordered by our customers;

•
control inventories of components ordered by our contract manufacturers required to meet actual demand, including but not limited to handling the effects of excess inventories accumulated by such manufacturers;

•
reduce the costs of manufacturing our products;

•
collect receivables from our customers in full and in a timely manner; and

•
properly balance the size and capabilities of our workforce.

We have not been profitable in recent periods; increasing our revenues and reducing costs in order to achieve sustainable profitability may be challenging .

We have incurred a net loss in each of the last two years.  Our profitability has been negatively impacted by the expenses, costs and charges associated with the Nera Acquisition as well as the pricing and other challenges faced by us and our competitors in the current global environment.  We are making efforts to increase efficiencies and control costs in order to enhance our profitability.  However, we cannot be certain that these actions or others that we may take in the future will result in operating profitability or net income in the future.

Our ability to grow depends on continued growth of revenue from mobile services.  If growth slows or new services do not succeed, operator’s investments in networks may slow or stop, harming our business.

We are exposed to changing network models that affect operator spending on infrastructure.   The emergence of over-the-top services, which make use of the operators’ network to deliver rich content to users but are not sharing their revenue with the operators , are causing operators to lose a substantial portion of their voice/SMS revenues.  This is leading operators to spend more carefully on infrastructure upgrades and build-outs.  Operators today are revising their old models because simply adding capacity to meet demand could force them to quadruple current capital expense investments over the coming years.  As a result, operators are looking for more cost-efficient solutions and network architecture that allow them to break the linearity of cost and capacity through more efficient use of existing infrastructure and assets. If operators fail to monetize new services, fail to introduce new business models or experience a decline in operator revenues or profitability, their willingness to further invest in their network systems may decrease which will reduce their demand for our products and services and have an adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

We are dependent upon sales of our single family of products into one principal market. Any reduction in demand for these products in this market would cause our revenues to decrease.

We design, develop, manufacture and sell nearly all of our products to meet high-capacity point-to-point wireless hauling needs. Nearly all of our revenues are generated from sales of our single portfolio of products. We expect sales of our single portfolio of products to continue to account for a substantial majority of our revenues for the foreseeable future.  As a result, we are more likely to be adversely affected by a reduction in demand for point-to-point wireless hauling products than companies that sell multiple and diversified product lines or into multiple markets.

5
We could be adversely affected by our failure to comply with the covenants in our credit agreement or the failure of any bank to provide us with credit under committed credit facilities.

We have a committed credit facility available for our use from a syndication of four banks, for which we pay commitment fees.  The credit facility is provided by the syndication with each bank agreeing severally (and not jointly) to make its agreed portion of the credit loans to us in accordance with the terms of the credit loan agreement which includes a framework for joint decision making powers by the banks.  See Item 8 – Significant Changes for a more detailed discussion of the credit facilities.  If one or more of the banks providing the committed credit facility were to default on its obligation to fund its commitment, the portion of the committed facility provided by such defaulting bank would not be available to us.

In addition, the credit agreement contains financial and other covenants requiring that we maintain, among other things, a certain ratio between our shareholders’ equity and the total value of our assets on our balance sheet and a certain ratio between our net financial debt to each of our working capital and accounts receivable.  Any failure to comply with the covenants, including for poor financial performance, may constitute a default under the credit agreement and may require us to seek an amendment or waiver from the banks to avoid termination of their commitments and/or an immediate repayment of all outstanding amounts under the credit facilities which will have an adverse effect on our financial condition and ability to operate.

Our operating results may vary significantly from quarter to quarter and from our expectations for any specific quarter.

Our quarterly results are difficult to predict and may vary significantly from quarter to quarter or from our expectations and guidance for any specific quarter. Most importantly, delays in completing product order delivery or completion of a sale or related services can cause our revenues, net income and operating cash flow to fluctuate significantly from anticipated levels, especially as a large portion of our revenues are traditionally generated towards the end of each quarter, and as our bookings are usually lower than the amount of sales during a quarter.  We therefore rely in our quarterly guidance on orders that we expect to generate during the quarter. Furthermore, we may reduce prices in specific instances in response to competition or increase spending in order to pursue new market opportunities.

The following factors may also cause significant fluctuations in our quarterly results:

•
the fulfillment of all revenue recognition criteria, including the timing of when our customers provide acceptance certificates in turnkey projects;

•
the ability of our contract manufacturers to manufacture products on time;

•
our customers’ financial and cash flow constraints;

•
the efficient deployment of our customers’ networks in turn-key projects;

•
accurately forecasting the volume and timing of product orders received and delivered during the quarter;

•
changes in the mix of products sold by us;

•
timing of new product introductions by us or our competitors;

•
the ability to effectively manage and synchronize delivery of a completed product order to customer;

•
worldwide regulatory developments;

6
•
maintaining key customer relationships;

•
disruption in our continued relationships with our OEM partners and distributors;

•
cost and availability of components and subsystems;

•
competitive factors, including pricing, availability and demand for competing products;

•
fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; and

•
global economic and market conditions.

The quarterly variation of our operating results, may, in turn, create volatility in the market price for our shares.

We are increasingly engaged in supplying installation or turnkey projects for our customers. Such long-term projects have inherent additional risks. Problems in executing these turnkey projects, including delays or failure in acceptance testing procedures and other items beyond our control, would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We are increasingly engaged in supplying installation and other services for our customers. In this context, we may act as prime contractor and equipment supplier for network build-out projects, providing installation, supervision and commissioning services required for these projects, or we may provide such services and equipment for projects handled by system integrators. As we engage in more turn-key projects, we expect to continue to routinely enter into contracts involving significant amounts to be paid by our customers over time and which often require us to deliver products and services representing an important portion of the contract price before receiving any significant payment from the customer.   Once a purchase agreement has been executed, the timing and amount of revenue, if applicable, may remain difficult to predict.  The completion of the installation and testing of the customer’s networks and the completion of all other suppliers’ network elements are subject to the customer’s timing and efforts, and other factors outside our control which may prevent us from making predictions of revenue with any certainty.   This could cause us to experience substantial period-to-period fluctuations in our results of operations.

In addition, typically in turn-key projects we are dependent on the customer to issue acceptance certificates to generate and recognize revenue.  In such turn-key projects, we typically bear the risks of loss and damage to our products until the customer has issued an acceptance certificate upon successful completion of acceptance tests. The early deployment of our products during a long-term project reduces our cash flow as we generally collect a significant portion of the contract price after successful completion of an acceptance test. If our products are damaged or stolen, or if the network we install does not pass the acceptance tests or if the customer does not or will not issue an acceptance certificate, the end user or the system integrator, as the case may be, could refuse to pay us any balance owed and we would incur substantial costs, including fees owed to our installation subcontractors, increased insurance premiums, transportation costs, and expenses related to repairing or manufacturing the products. Moreover, in such a case, we may not be able to repossess the equipment, thus suffering additional losses.

If any of the above occurs, we may not be able to generate or recognize revenue and we may incur additional costs, any of which could materially adversely impact our results of operation and financial position.

A single customer group continued to represent a significant portion of our revenues in 2012, and if we were to lose this customer group or experience any material reduction in orders from this customer group, our revenues and operating results would suffer.

In 2011 and 2012, we had revenues from a single group of affiliated companies, which has been a long-term customer of Nera prior to the acquisition that accounted for approximately 13.4% and 11.6%, respectively, of our total revenue. We have entered into or received purchase orders from a number of related companies in this group of companies.  Our sales are generally made from standard purchase orders rather than long-term contracts. Accordingly, this customer group is not obligated to purchase a fixed amount of products or services over any period of time from us and may terminate or reduce its purchases from us at any time without notice or penalty.  We therefore have difficulty projecting future revenues from this customer group with certainty.  Although historically this customer has not made sudden supplier changes, it could vary, and in 2012 did vary, its purchase or acceptance procedures from period to period, even significantly.  This could have, and has had, an adverse effect on our revenues, profitability and cash flow.  In addition, the loss of this customer group or any material reduction in orders from this customer group could adversely affect our results of operations, cash flow and financial position.

7
We derive a substantial portion of our revenues from fixed-price projects, including our turn-key projects, under which we assume greater financial risk if we fail to accurately estimate the costs of the projects.
We are increasingly engaged in supplying turn-key projects, which involve fixed-price contracts. We assume greater financial risks on fixed-price projects, which routinely involve the provision of installation and other services, versus short-term projects, which do not similarly require us to provide services or require customer acceptance certificates in order for us to recognize revenue.  If we miscalculate the resources or time we need for these fixed-price projects, the costs of completing these projects may exceed our original estimates, which would negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.

Consolidation of our potential customer base could harm our business.

The trend toward mergers in the telecommunications industry has resulted in the consolidation of our potential customer base. In situations where an existing customer consolidates with another industry participant which uses a competitor’s products, our sales to that existing customer could be reduced or eliminated completely to the extent that the consolidated entity decides to adopt the competing products. Further, consolidation of our potential customer base could result in purchasing decision delays as consolidating customers integrate their operations and could generally reduce our opportunities to win new customers to the extent that the number of potential customers decreases. Moreover, some of our potential customers have agreed to share networks which results in less network equipment and associated services required and a decrease in the overall size of the market.  Recently, network operators have started to share parts of their network infrastructure through cooperation agreements rather than legal consolidations, which may adversely affect demand for network equipment and could harm our revenues and gross margins.

If we fail to effectively manage deliveries of our products and ancillary equipment, we may be unable to timely fulfill our customer commitments, which would adversely affect our business and results of operations and, in the event of an inability to fulfill commitments, would harm our customer relationships.

We outsource most of our manufacturing operations and purchase ancillary equipment to our products from contract and other independent manufacturers and other third parties.  If we fail to effectively manage and synchronize our deliveries from all these sources to the customer, if we underestimate our production requirements which could interrupt manufacturing or if one or more of the contract and other independent manufacturers or other third parties does not fully comply with their contractual obligations or experience delays, disruptions or component procurement problems, then our ability to deliver complete product orders to our customers or otherwise fulfill our contractual obligations to our customers could be delayed or impaired, could result in higher manufacturing costs, could damage to customer relationships and/or could result in our payment of penalties to our customers, which would adversely affect our business, financial results and customer relationships.

We face intense competition from other high-speed communications solutions that compete with our high-capacity point-to-point wireless products, which could reduce demand for our products and have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our products compete with other high-speed communications solutions, including fiber optic lines, leased copper lines and other wireless technologies. Some of these technologies utilize existing installed infrastructure and have achieved significantly greater market acceptance and penetration than high-capacity point-to-point wireless technologies.

8
Some of the disadvantages of high capacity, point-to-point wireless technologies that may make other technologies more appealing include:

•
Extreme Weather Conditions: wireless hauling solutions may not operate optimally in certain extreme weather conditions, including severe rainfalls or hurricanes; and

•
Line-of-Sight Limitations: wireless hauling solutions generally require a direct line-of-sight between antennas. Consequently, service providers often install these solutions on wireless antenna towers, rooftops of buildings and on other tall structures. As a result, service providers must generally secure roof or other property rights from the owners of each building or other structure on which our products are installed. This may delay deployment and increase the installation costs. Some base stations cannot be linked by line-of-sight solutions.

In addition, customers may decide to use transmission frequencies for which we do not offer products.

To the extent that these competing communications solutions reduce demand for our high-capacity point-to-point wireless transmission products, which is of greater concern in the United States and in Europe, there may be a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Implementation of a new enterprise resource planning system could disrupt our operations and cause unanticipated increases in our costs.

In 2012, we have selected a new enterprise resource planning, or ERP, system to be implemented at our major offices worldwide.  Implementation of the new ERP system, which began in 2012, will go live in 2013 at four of our largest locations. This could create problems with our planning, integration of data or compatibility with other internal systems.  We have invested and will continue to invest, significant capital and human resources in the implementation of the ERP system, which may be disruptive to our underlying business.  Any disruptions, delays or deficiencies in the design and implementation of the new ERP system, particularly any disruption, delays or deficiencies that impact our operations, could adversely affect our ability to process customer orders, ship products, provide services and support to our customers, bill and track our customers, timely financial reporting and otherwise run our business.  Even if we do not encounter these adverse effects, the implementation of the new ERP system may be much more costly than we anticipated.  If we are unable to successfully implement the new ERP system as planned during 2013, our financial position, results of operations and cash flow could be negatively impacted.

Our international operations expose us to the risk of fluctuation in currency exchange rates and restrictions related to cash repatriation.

Although we derive a significant portion of our revenues in U.S. dollars, a portion of our U.S. dollar revenues are derived from customers operating in local currencies which are different from the U.S. dollar.  Therefore, devaluation in the local currencies of our customers relative to the U.S. dollar could cause our customers to cancel or decrease orders or delay payment. In addition, part of our revenues from customers are in non-U.S. dollar currencies, therefore we are exposed to the risk of devaluation of such currencies relative to the dollar which could have a negative impact on our revenues.  We are also subject to other foreign currency risks including repatriation restrictions in certain countries, particularly in Latin America.  The imposition of price controls or restrictions on the conversion of foreign currencies could also have a material adverse effect on our financial results.

Following the Nera Acquisition, while a substantial portion of our expenses are denominated in New Israeli Shekels, or NIS, an additional portion is denominated in Norwegian Kroner, or NOK, and to a lesser extent other non-U.S. dollar currencies. Our NIS and NOK-denominated expenses consist principally of salaries and related costs and related personnel expenses. We anticipate that a portion of our expenses will continue to be denominated in NIS and NOK. In 2012, the NIS and NOK continued to fluctuate in comparison to the U.S. dollar, the NIS devaluating by approximately 3% and the NOK appreciating by 1% in the first half of the year, and then the NIS and the NOK appreciating by approximately 5% and 6% in the second half of the year. In total, during 2012, the NIS and NOK appreciated by 2% and 7% in comparison to the U.S. dollar, respectively. If the U.S. dollar weakens against the NIS and the NOK in the future, there will be a negative impact on our results of operations.  In some cases, we are paid in non-U.S. dollar currencies or maintain monetary assets in non- U.S. dollar currencies, which could affect our reported results of operations.  In addition, we have assets and liabilities that are denominated in non-U.S. dollar currencies. Therefore, significant fluctuation in these other currencies could have significant effect on our results.

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We use derivative financial instruments, such as foreign exchange forward contracts, to mitigate the risk of changes in foreign exchange rates on balance sheet accounts and forecast cash flows. We do not use derivative financial instruments or other “hedging” techniques to cover all of our potential exposure and  may not purchase derivative instruments adequate to insulate ourselves from foreign currency exchange risks.    In some countries, we are unable to use “hedging” techniques to mitigate our risks because hedging options are not available for certain government-restricted currencies.  Over the past year, we have incurred losses as a result of exchange rate fluctuations that have not been offset in full by our hedging strategy. The volatility in the foreign currency markets may make it challenging to hedge our foreign currency exposures effectively.

We rely on a limited number of contract manufacturers to manufacture our products and if they experience delays, disruptions, quality control problems or a loss in capacity, it could materially adversely affect our operating results.

While a portion of our manufacturing is performed in our production facility in Slovakia, which was acquired in the Nera Acquisition, we outsource most of our manufacturing processes to a limited number of contract manufacturers that are located in Israel, Malaysia and the Philippines. We do not have long-term contracts with any of these contract manufacturers. From time to time, we have experienced and may in the future experience delays in shipments from these contract manufacturers.

Although we believe that our contract manufacturers have sufficient economic incentive to perform our manufacturing, the resources devoted to these activities are not within our control, and we cannot assure you that manufacturing problems will not occur in the future. In addition, the operations of our contract manufacturers are not under our control, and may themselves in the future experience manufacturing problems, including inferior quality and insufficient quantities of components.  These delays, disruptions, quality control problems and loss in capacity could result in delays in deliveries of our product to our customers, which could subject us to penalties payable to our customers, increased warranty costs and possible cancellation of orders. If our contract manufacturers experience financial, operational, manufacturing capacity or other difficulties, or shortages in components required for manufacturing, our supply may be disrupted and we may be required to seek alternate manufacturers. We may be unable to secure alternate manufacturers that meet our needs in a timely and cost-effective manner. In addition, some of our contract manufacturers have granted us licenses with respect to certain technology that is used in a number of our products. If we change contract manufacturers, we may be required to renegotiate these licenses or re-design some of our products, either of which could increase our cost of revenues and cause product delivery delays. If we change manufacturers, during the transition period, we may be more likely to face delays, disruptions, quality control problems and loss in capacity, and our sales, profits and customer relationships may suffer.

Part of our inventory may be written off, which would increase our cost of revenues.  In addition, we may be exposed to inventory-related losses on inventories purchased by our contract manufacturers and other suppliers due to inaccurate forecasts.
Our contract manufacturers and other suppliers are required to purchase inventory based on manufacturing projections we provide to them. If the actual orders from our customers are lower than these manufacturing projections, our contract manufacturers and/or other suppliers will have excess inventory of raw materials or finished products which we would be required to purchase.

We require our contract manufacturers and other suppliers from time to time to purchase more inventory than is immediately required, and, with respect to our contract manufacturers, to partially assemble components, in order to shorten our delivery time in case of an increase in demand for our products. In the absence of such increase in demand, we may need to make advance payments or compensate our contract manufacturers and/or other suppliers, as needed.  We also may purchase components or raw materials from time to time for use by our contract manufacturers in the manufacturing of our products.

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Inventory of raw materials, work in-process or finished products located either at our warehouse or our customers’ sites as part of the network build up may accumulate in the future, and we may encounter losses due to a variety of factors including:

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new generations of products replacing older ones, including changes in products because of technological advances and cost reduction measures; and

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the need of our contract manufacturers to order raw materials that have long lead times and our inability to estimate exact amounts and types of items thus needed, especially with regard to the frequencies in which the final products ordered will operate.

Further, our inventory of finished products located either at our warehouse or our customers’ sites as part of a network build-up may accumulate if a customer were to cancel an order or refuse to physically accept delivery of our products, or in turnkey projects which include acceptance tests, refuse to accept the network. The rate of accumulation may increase in a period of economic downturn.
If we fail to accurately predict our manufacturing requirements or forecast customer demand and are required to purchase excess inventory from our contract manufacturers and/or other suppliers or otherwise compensate our contract manufacturers and/or other suppliers for purchasing excess inventory, we may incur additional costs of manufacturing and our gross margins and results of operations could be adversely affected. If we overestimate our requirements and actual sales differ materially from these estimates, our inventory levels may be too high, and inventory may become obsolete and/or over-stated on our balance sheet.  This result would require us to write off inventory, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

Our sales cycles in connection with competitive bids or to prospective customers are lengthy.

It typically takes from three to twelve months after we first begin discussions with a prospective customer before we receive an order from that customer, if an order is received at all. In some instances, we participate in competitive bids in tenders issued by our customers or prospective customers. These tender processes can continue for many months before a decision is made by the customer. As a result, we are required to devote a substantial amount of time and resources to secure sales. In addition, the lengthy sales cycle results in greater uncertainty with respect to any particular sale, as events may occur during the sales cycle that impact customers’ decisions which, in turn, increases the difficulty of forecasting our results of operations.

Our contract manufacturers obtain some of the components included in our products from a limited group of suppliers and, in some cases, single or sole source suppliers. The loss of any of these suppliers could cause us to experience production and shipment delays and a substantial loss of revenue.

Our contract manufacturers currently obtain key components from a limited number of suppliers. Some of these components are obtained from a single or sole source supplier. Our contract manufacturers’ dependence on a single or sole source supplier or on a limited number of suppliers subjects us to the following risks:

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The component suppliers may experience shortages in components and interrupt or delay their shipments to our contract manufacturers. Consequently, these shortages could delay the manufacture of our products and shipments to our customers, which could result in penalties and/or cancellation of orders for our products.

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The component suppliers could discontinue the manufacture or supply of components used in our systems. In such an event, our contract manufacturers or we may be unable to develop alternative sources for the components necessary to manufacture our products, which could force us to redesign our products. Any such redesign of our products would likely interrupt the manufacturing process and could cause delays in our product shipments. Moreover, a significant modification in our product design may increase our manufacturing costs and bring about lower gross margins.

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The component suppliers may increase component prices significantly at any time and with immediate effect, particularly if demand for certain components increases dramatically in the global market. These price increases would increase component procurement costs and could significantly reduce our gross margins and profitability.

If we fail to develop and maintain distribution and OEM relationships, our revenue may decrease.

Although a majority of our sales are made through our direct sales force, we also market and sell our products to customers through OEMs that integrate our solutions into their product offerings as well as distributors and other system integrators. In 2012, we supplied to three key OEMs, which together accounted for approximately 11.6% of our revenues.

Our sales to our OEMs and distributors are made on the basis of purchase orders rather than long-term purchase commitments. Our relationships with our OEMs are generally governed by non-exclusive agreements that require us to competitively price our products, have no minimum sales commitments and do not prohibit our OEMs from offering products that compete with our solutions. The size of purchases by our OEMs and distributors typically fluctuates from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year, and may continue to fluctuate in the future, which may affect our quarterly and annual results of operations.
We may not be able to maintain and develop additional relationships or, if additional relationships are developed, they may not be successful.  If we experience a loss or a substantial reduction in orders from these OEMs or distributor relationships, our revenues may decline, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be materially adversely affected.

In the event we are unable to satisfy regulatory requirements relating to internal controls, or if our internal controls over financial reporting are not effective our business could suffer.

As we manage a global multi-jurisdictional operation, especially following the Nera Acquisition, we have identified in the past and may from time-to-time identify deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. We are committed to implement the highest standards of internal control practices, but we cannot assure you that we will be able to implement enhancements of our internal controls on a timely basis, in order to prevent a failure of our internal controls or enable us to furnish future unqualified certifications pursuant to regulatory requirements such as Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, we may not be able to ensure that we can conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting.  In addition, we may identify material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting.  Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in business disruptions, investigation and/or sanctions by regulatory authorities, and could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results, investor confidence in our reported financial information, and the market price of our ordinary shares.   Any internal control or procedure, no matter how well designed and operated, can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving desired control objectives and cannot prevent intentional misconduct or fraud.

Additional tax liabilities could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

As a global corporation, we are subject to income and other taxes both in Israel and various foreign jurisdictions. Our domestic and international tax liabilities are subject to the allocation of revenues and expenses in different jurisdictions and the timing of recognizing revenues and expenses. Our tax expense includes estimates or additional tax, which may be incurred for tax exposures and reflects various estimates and assumptions, including assessments of our future earnings that could impact the valuation of our deferred tax assets.  From time to time, we are subject to income and other tax audits, the timings of which are unpredictable. Our future results of operations could be adversely affected by changes in our effective tax rate as a result of a change in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in our overall profitability, changes in tax legislation and rates, changes in generally accepted accounting principles, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assessments and liabilities, the results of audits and examinations of previously filed tax returns and continuing assessments of our tax exposures.  While we believe we comply with applicable tax laws, there can be no assurance that a governing tax authority will not have a different interpretation of the law and assess us with additional taxes. Should we be assessed additional taxes, there could be a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

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If we do not succeed in developing and marketing new products that keep pace with technological developments, changing industry standards and our customers’ needs, we may not be able to grow our business.

The market for our products is characterized by rapid technological advances, changing customer needs and evolving industry standards, as well as increasing pressures to make existing products more cost efficient. Accordingly, our success will depend on our ability to:

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develop and market new products in a timely manner to keep pace with developments in technology;

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meet evolving customer requirements;

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enhance our current product offerings, including technological improvements which reduce cost and manufacturing time; and

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timely deliver products through appropriate distribution channels.

In addition, the wireless equipment industry is subject to rapid change in technological and industry standards. This rapid change, through official standards committees or widespread use by operators, could either render our products obsolete or require us to modify our products resulting in significant investment, both in time and cost, in new technologies, products and solutions.      We cannot assure you that we will continue to successfully develop these components and bring them into full production with acceptable reliability, or that any development or production ramp-up will be completed in a timely or cost-effective manner.

We are continuously seeking to develop new products and enhance our existing products. Developing new products and product enhancements requires research and development resources. We may not be successful in enhancing our existing products or developing new products in response to technological advances or to satisfy increasingly sophisticated customer needs in a timely and cost-effective manner, which would have a material adverse effect on our ability to grow our business.

Due to the volume of our sales in emerging markets, we face challenges and are susceptible to a number of political and economic risks that could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

A majority of our sales are made in countries in Latin America, Africa, Eastern Europe, India and Asia Pacific. For the year ended December 31, 2012, sales in these regions accounted for approximately 66% of our revenues. As a result, the occurrence of any international, political or economic events in these regions could adversely affect our business and result in significant revenue shortfalls. Any such revenue shortfalls could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, in 2011, following the regulatory investigation in the Indian telecommunications market which culminated in the revocation by the Supreme Court of India in 2012 of a large number of licenses and spectrum , sales by vendors, including us, to telecommunications operators in India significantly decreased, which situation has still not yet stabilized. The following are some of the risks and challenges that we face doing business internationally, several of which are more likely in the emerging markets than in other countries:

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unexpected changes in or enforcement of regulatory requirements, including security regulations relating to international terrorism and hacking concerns and regulations related to licensing and allocation processes;

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unexpected changes in or imposition of tax and/or customs levies;

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fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;

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imposition of tariffs and other barriers and restrictions;

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burden of complying with a variety of foreign laws;

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difficulties in protecting intellectual property;

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laws and business practices favoring local competitors;

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demand for high-volume purchases with discounted prices;

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payment delays and uncertainties; and

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civil unrest, war and acts of terrorism.

In addition, local business practices in jurisdictions in which we operate, and particularly in emerging markets, may be inconsistent with international regulatory requirements, such as anti-corruption and anti-bribery regulations to which we are subject. It is possible that, notwithstanding our policies and in violation of our instructions, some of our employees, subcontractors, agents or partners may violate such legal and regulatory requirements, which may expose us to criminal or civil enforcement actions. If we fail to comply with such legal and regulatory requirements, our business and reputation may be harmed.
Our past acquisition activities expose us to risks and liabilities.

The Nera acquisition in 2011 (“Nera Acquisition”) was our first acquisition involving significant international operations.  In acquiring Nera we undertook a number of identified contingent liabilities of Nera, such as various known litigations with third parties, and other contingent exposures with customers, suppliers and employees, all of which could accumulate to a substantial amount.  In addition, we may be exposed to potential tax liabilities worldwide with governmental authorities, any of which could result in a substantial amount.  We also undertook certain exposures for penalties and other financial risks towards a few of Nera's customers in the event of a default by us due to commercial or political circumstances, which may not be under our control.  We assessed these contingent liabilities in the purchase price allocation.

However, our assessment of such contingent liabilities may not have been accurate and we may be exposed to actual payments, which may be significantly higher than we assessed.  If we are required to make any actual payment on such potential tax liabilities, this could result in the Nera Acquisition being substantially more expensive than originally estimated, may not be fully covered by the seller’s indemnification and could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

In connection with the Nera Acquisition documentation, the amount of $10 million out of the consideration was deposited in escrow to cover possible claims by us. We have submitted certain claims for breaches by the seller of certain representations and warranties made to us.  Subject to certain time and other limits, the indemnification obligations of the seller with respect to breaches of representations and warranties are capped at $22 million, except for taxes, title on shares and illegal payments which are capped at the full purchase price.  We cannot assure you that these protections will be sufficient to cover any damages which might be incurred as a result of breaches by the seller in connection with the Nera Acquisition.
In addition, as of December 31, 2012, as a result of the accounting treatment for the Nera Acquisition, there was $9.8 million of amortizable intangible assets and $15.3 million of goodwill reflected on our consolidated financial statements, which, if impaired, would negatively affect our consolidated results of operations.

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Our acquisition activities expose us to risks and liabilities, which could also result in integration problems and adversely affect our business.

With the Nera Acquisition and other smaller acquisitions, we have increased the size of our operations significantly and intend to continue to explore potential merger or acquisition opportunities.  We are unable to predict whether or when any prospective acquisitions will be completed.  The process of integrating an acquired business may be prolonged due to unforeseen difficulties and may require a disproportionate amount of our resources and management’s attention.  The anticipated benefits and cost savings of such mergers and acquisitions may not be realized fully, or at all, or may take longer to realize than expected.  Acquisitions involve numerous risks any of which could harm our business, results of operations or the price of our ordinary shares, including:

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assessing and maintaining the combined company’s internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures as required by U.S. securities laws;
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the possibility that we may  be required to expend material sums on potential contingent tax, litigation or other liabilities associated with prior operations or facilities;
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the exposure to possible bad debts from customers of the acquired business or to political, commercial or other risks;
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greater cash management, exchange rate, legal and taxation risks associated with the combined company’s new multinational character and the movement of cash between Ceragon  and its foreign subsidiaries;
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the issuance of equity securities that would dilute our current shareholders;
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the loss of key employees and customers of acquired businesses;
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loss of revenue due to overlapping product lines, customers and/or services;
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difficulties in the assimilation and integration of operations, personnel, technologies, products and information systems of the acquired companies;
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risks of entering geographic and business markets in which we have limited or no prior experience and managing geographically dispersed personnel with diverse cultural backgrounds and organizational structures; and
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unanticipated losses in the event of the acquisition in not consummated.

We rely on a limited number of contractors as part of our research and development efforts.

We conduct a part of our research and development activities through outside contractors. We depend on our contractors’ ability to achieve stated milestones and commercialize our products, and on their ability to cooperate and overcome design difficulties. Our contractors may experience problems, including the inability to recruit professional personnel, which could delay our research and development process. These delays could:

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increase our research and development expenses;

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delay the introduction of our upgraded and new products to current and prospective customers and our penetration into new markets; and

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adversely affect our  ability to compete.

If our contractors fail to perform, we may be unable to secure alternative contractors that meet our needs. Moreover, qualifying new contractors may also increase our research and development expenses.

We sell other manufacturers’ products as an original equipment manufacturer, or OEM, which subjects us to various risks that may cause our revenues to decline.

We sell a limited number of products on an OEM basis through relationships with a number of manufacturers.  Some of these OEM products enable us to offer a complete solution to some of our customers.  These manufacturers have chosen to sell a portion of their systems through us in order to take advantage of our reputation and sales channels. The sale of these OEM products by us depends in part on the quality of these products, the ability of these manufacturers to deliver their products to us on time and their ability to provide both presale and post-sale support. Sales of OEM products by us expose our business to a number of risks, each of which could result in a reduction in the sales of our products. We face the risks of termination of these relationships, technical and financial problems these companies might encounter or the promotion of their products through other channels and turning them into competitors rather than partners. In addition, failure by our OEM manufacturers to deliver their products or discontinue production of their products may cause difficulty to and may have adverse effect on our business.  If any of these risks materialize, we may not be able to develop alternative sources for these OEM products, which may cause us to lose certain customers or a part of their business which would cause our revenues to decline.

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If we fail to obtain regulatory approval for our products, or if sufficient radio frequency spectrum is not allocated for use by our products, our ability to market our products may be restricted.

Radio communications are subject to regulation in most jurisdictions and to various international treaties relating to wireless communications equipment and the use of radio frequencies. Generally, our products must conform to a variety of regulatory requirements established to avoid interference among users of transmission frequencies and to permit interconnection of telecommunications equipment. Any delays in compliance with respect to our future products could delay the introduction of those products. Also, these regulatory requirements may change from time to time, which could affect the design and marketing of our products as well as the competition we face from other suppliers’ products.

In addition, in most jurisdictions in which we operate, users of our products are generally required to either have a license to operate and provide communications services in the applicable radio frequency or must acquire the right to do so from another license holder. Consequently, our ability to market our products is affected by the allocation of the radio frequency spectrum by governmental authorities, which may be by auction or other regulatory selection. These governmental authorities may not allocate sufficient radio frequency spectrum for use by our products or we may not be successful in obtaining regulatory approval for our products from these authorities. Historically, in many developed countries, the lack of available radio frequency spectrum has inhibited the growth of wireless telecommunications networks. If sufficient radio spectrum is not allocated for use by our products, our ability to market our products may be restricted which would have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, regulatory decisions allocating spectrum for use in wireless hauling at frequencies used by our competitors’ products could increase the competition we face.

Other areas of regulation and governmental restrictions, including tariffs on imports and technology controls on exports or regulations related to licensing and allocation processes, could adversely affect our operations and financial results.

Our products are used in critical communications networks which may subject us to significant liability claims.

Since our products are used in critical communications networks, we may be subject to significant liability claims if our products do not work properly. The provisions in our agreements with customers that are intended to limit our exposure to liability claims may not preclude all potential claims. In addition, any insurance policies we have may not adequately limit our exposure with respect to such claims. We warrant to our current customers that our products will operate in accordance with our product specifications. If our products fail to conform to these specifications, our customers could require us to remedy the failure or could assert claims for damages. Liability claims could require us to spend significant time and money in litigation or to pay significant damages. Any such claims, whether or not successful, would be costly and time-consuming to defend, and could divert management’s attention and seriously damage our reputation and our business.

Widespread use of wireless products may have health and safety risks.

Our wireless communications products emit electromagnetic radiation. In recent years, there has been publicity regarding the potentially negative direct and indirect health and safety effects of electromagnetic emissions from wireless telephones and other wireless equipment sources, including allegations that these emissions may cause cancer. Health and safety issues related to our products may arise that could lead to litigation or other actions against us or to additional regulation of our products. We may be required to modify our technology and may not be able to do so. We may also be required to pay damages that may reduce our profitability and adversely affect our financial condition. Even if these concerns prove to be baseless, the resulting negative publicity could affect our ability to market these products and, in turn, could harm our business and results of operations. Claims against other wireless equipment suppliers or wireless service providers could adversely affect the demand for our haulingl solutions.

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If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, our competitive position may be harmed.

Our ability to compete will depend, in part, on our ability to obtain and enforce intellectual property protection for our technology internationally. We currently rely upon a combination of trade secret, trademark and copyright laws, as well as contractual rights, to protect our intellectual property.  In connection with the Nera Acquisition, we acquired certain patents and patent applications.  However, our patent portfolio may still not be as extensive as those of our competitors. As a result, we may have limited ability to assert any patent rights in negotiations with, or in counterclaiming against, competitors who assert intellectual property rights against us.

We also enter into confidentiality, non-competition and invention assignment agreements with our employees and contractors engaged in our research and development activities, and enter into non-disclosure agreements with our suppliers and certain customers so as to limit access to and disclosure of our proprietary information. We cannot assure you that any steps taken by us will be adequate to deter misappropriation or impede independent third-party development of similar technologies. Moreover, under current law, we may not be able to enforce the non-competition agreements with our employees to their fullest extent.

We cannot assure you that the protection provided to our intellectual property by the laws and courts of foreign nations will be substantially similar to the remedies available under U.S. law. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that third parties will not assert infringement claims against us based on foreign intellectual property rights and laws that are different from those established in the United States. Any such failure or inability to obtain or maintain adequate protection of our intellectual property rights for any reason could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Defending against intellectual property infringement claims could be expensive and could disrupt our business.

The wireless equipment industry is characterized by vigorous protection and pursuit of intellectual property rights, which has resulted in often protracted and expensive litigation.  We have been exposed to infringement allegations in the past.   We may in the future be notified that we are allegedly infringing certain patent or other intellectual property rights of others. Any such litigation or claim could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources. In the event of an adverse result of any such litigation, we could be required to pay substantial damages (including potentially treble damages and attorney’s fees should a court find such infringement willful), cease the use and licensing of allegedly infringing technology and the sale of allegedly infringing products and expend significant resources to develop non-infringing technology or to obtain licenses for the infringing technology. We cannot assure you that we would be successful in developing such non-infringing technology or that any license for the infringing technology would be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

If we fail to attract and retain qualified personnel, our business, operations and product development efforts may be materially adversely affected.

Our products require sophisticated research and development, marketing and sales, and technical customer support. Our success depends on our ability to attract, train and retain qualified personnel in all these professional areas while also taking into consideration varying geographical needs and cultures. We compete with other companies for personnel in all of these areas, both in terms of profession and geography, and we may not be able to hire sufficient personnel to achieve our goals or support the anticipated growth in our business. The market for the highly-trained personnel we require globally is competitive, due to the limited number of people available with the necessary technical skills and understanding of our products and technology. If we fail to attract and retain qualified personnel due to compensation or other factors, our business, operations and product development efforts would suffer.

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Goodwill and other intangibles assets represent a portion of our assets, and an impairment of these assets could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations

We have goodwill and amortizable intangibles assets, such as customer relations and technology,  the majority of which are as a result of the Nera Acquisition. Under generally accepted accounting principles, we are required to perform an annual impairment test on our goodwill and from time to time, we are required to assess the recoverability of both our goodwill and long-lived intangibles assets.  We may need to perform impairment tests more frequently if events occur or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. These events or circumstances could include a significant change in the business climate, attrition to key personnel, a prolonged decline in our stock price and market capitalization, operating performance indicators, competition and other factors. If our market value or other long-lived intangibles assets is less than the carrying amount of the related assets, we could be required to record an impairment charge in the future. Because these factors are ever changing, due to market and general business conditions, we cannot predict whether, and to what extent, our goodwill and long lived intangible assets may be impaired in future periods.

At December 31, 2012, we had goodwill of $15.3 million and net intangibles assets of $9.8 million.  The amount of any future impairment could be significant and could have a material adverse effect on our financial results.

If we are characterized as a passive foreign investment company, our U.S. shareholders may suffer adverse tax consequences, including higher tax rates and potentially punitive interest charges on certain distributions and on the proceeds of share sales.

We do not believe that for the year ended December 31, 2012 we were a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Non-U.S. corporations may generally be characterized as a PFIC if for any taxable year in which 75% or more of such company’s gross income is passive income, or at least 50% of the average value of all such company’s assets are held for the production of, or produce, passive income. If we are characterized as a PFIC, our U.S. shareholders may suffer adverse tax consequences, including having gains realized on the sale of our ordinary shares treated as ordinary income, rather than capital gain income, and having potentially punitive interest charges apply to the proceeds of share sales.  Similar rules apply to distributions that are “excess distributions.”

It is possible that the United States Internal Revenue Service could attempt to treat us as a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2012 or prior years. The tests for determining PFIC status are applied annually and it is difficult to make accurate predictions of our future income, assets, activities and market capitalization, including fluctuations in the price of our ordinary shares, which are relevant to this determination. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will not become a PFIC in 2013 or in subsequent years. For a discussion of the rules relating to passive foreign investment companies and related tax consequences, please see the section of this annual report entitled “U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.”

Any inability of the Company to realize its deferred tax assets may have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial results of operations .

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences related to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, and for tax credits. The Company evaluates its deferred tax assets for recoverability based on available evidence, including assumptions about future profitability.  Although management believes that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized, some or all of the Company’s deferred tax assets could expire unused if the Company is unable to generate taxable income of an appropriate character and in a sufficient amount to utilize these tax benefits in the future.

If the Company determines that it would not be able to realize all or a portion of its deferred tax assets in the future, the Company would reduce the deferred tax asset through a charge to earnings in the period in which the determination is made. This charge could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations. In addition, the assumptions used to make this determination are subject to change from period-to-period based on changes in tax laws or variances between the Company’s projected operating performance and actual results. As a result, significant management judgment is required in assessing the possible need for a deferred tax asset valuation allowance. If the underlying assumptions underlying our judgment prove to be wrong, it can materially affect the Company’s results of operations .

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The price of our ordinary shares is subject to volatility.

The price of our ordinary shares has experienced volatility in the past and may continue to do so in the future.  In the two year period ended December 31, 2012, the price of our ordinary shares has ranged from a high of $14.34 to a low of $3.91.  On December 31, 2012, and March 15, 2013, the closing price of our ordinary shares was $4.41 and $4.61, respectively.  Other factors that may contribute to wide fluctuations in our market price, many of which are beyond our control, include, but are not limited to:

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announcement of corporate transactions or other events impacting our revenues;

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announcements of technological innovations;

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customer orders or new products or contracts;

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competitors’ positions in the market;

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changes in financial estimates by securities analysts;

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our earnings releases and the earnings releases of our competitors;

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the general state of the securities markets (with particular emphasis on the technology and Israeli sectors thereof); and

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the general state of the credit markets, the current volatility of which could have an adverse effect on our investments.

In addition to the volatility of the market price of our shares, the stock market in general and the market for technology companies in particular have been highly volatile and at times thinly traded. Investors may not be able to resell their shares following periods of volatility.

Due to the size of their shareholdings, Yehuda and Zohar Zisapel have influence over matters requiring shareholder approval.

As of March 15, 2013, Yehuda Zisapel and his wife Nava Zisapel beneficially owned, directly or indirectly, 6.1% of our outstanding ordinary shares; and Zohar Zisapel, our Chairman, beneficially owned, directly or indirectly, 14% of our outstanding ordinary shares. Such percentages include options which are exercisable within 60 days of March 15, 2013. Yehuda and Zohar Zisapel, who are brothers, do not have a voting agreement. Regardless, these shareholders may influence the outcome of various actions that require shareholder approval. Yehuda and Nava Zisapel have an agreement which provides for the certain coordination in respect of sales of shares of Ceragon as well as for tag along rights with respect to off-market sales of Ceragon.

Provisions of our Articles of Association, Memorandum of Association and Israeli law could delay, prevent or make difficult a change of control and therefore depress the price of our shares.

Under the Israeli Companies Law, or the Companies Law, companies such as ours which were incorporated prior to the effectiveness of the Companies Law, are required to obtain a shareholder approval of a merger by at least 75% of the shares participating at the meeting and voting thereon. Moreover, the modification of our Memorandum of Association requires a 75% majority vote, and such a requirement may subject certain types of merger transactions or other business combinations to the same super-majority approval requirements. Additionally, under certain circumstances, a request of a creditor of a party to the proposed merger to the court may delay or prevent a merger. Further, a merger generally may not be completed until the passage of certain time periods. In certain circumstances, an acquisition of shares in a public company must be made by means of a tender offer. Our Articles of Association provide that our directors (other than the external directors) are appointed for a period of three years.  This longer appointment term may discourage a takeover of our company.

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Furthermore, certain provisions of other Israeli laws may have the effect of delaying, preventing or making more difficult an acquisition of or merger with us. For example, Israeli tax law treats some acquisitions, such as share-for-share exchanges between an Israeli company and a foreign company, less favorably than U.S. tax laws. In addition, approvals of a merger that may be in certain circumstances required under the Restrictive Trade Practices Law and , 1988, and under of the Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Industrial Research and Development of 1984 may impede, delay or restrict our ability to consummate a merger or similar transaction. See Item, “Additional Information—Mergers and Acquisitions under Israeli Law” in this annual report, for additional discussion about some anti-takeover provisions .

Risks Relating to Israel

Conditions related to the Israel-Arab conflict may disrupt our ability to design, produce and sell our products. This could result in a decrease of our revenues.

Our principal offices and a substantial portion of our research and development and contract manufacturers’ facilities are located in Israel. Accordingly, we are directly influenced by the political, economic and military conditions affecting Israel.

Israel has been subject to a number of armed conflicts that have taken place between it and its Arab neighbors. While Israel has entered into peace agreements with both Egypt and Jordan, Israel has not entered into peace arrangements with any other neighboring countries and the numerous uprisings in North Africa and the Middle East, including in Egypt, Syria and Jordan which border Israel, have introduced additional uncertainty in the region. Recent events in Iran, including reports of its continuing nuclear development program, have further heightened  the antipathy between Israel and Iran.

Over the past several years there has been a significant deterioration in Israel’s relationship with the Palestinian Authority and a related increase in violence, including recent hostilities related to Lebanon and the Gaza Strip, which is controlled by the Hamas militant group. Efforts to resolve the problem have failed to result in a permanent solution.  Further deterioration of relations with the Palestinian Authority, Hamas or countries in the Middle East might require more military reserve service by some of our Israeli workforce,  could disrupt international trading activities in Israel and may materially and negatively affect our business conditions and those of our major contract manufacturers and could harm our results of operations.

Certain countries, as well as certain companies and organizations, primarily in the Middle East, as well as Malaysia and Indonesia, continue to participate in a boycott of Israeli firms and others doing business with Israel and Israeli companies. Thus, there have been sales opportunities that we could not pursue and there may be such opportunities in the future from which we will be precluded. For example, certain countries participating in the boycott described above have recently been increasing their investment in telecom operators in Africa. This growing control of the market in Africa could lead to a decrease of our sales in Africa in the future. The boycott, restrictive laws, policies or practices directed towards Israel or Israeli businesses could, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our business in the future.

We can give no assurance that the political and security situation in Israel, as well as the economic situation, will not have a material impact on our business in the future.

Since we received Israeli government grants for research and development expenditures, we are subject to ongoing restrictions and conditions, including restrictions on our ability to manufacture products and transfer technologies outside of Israel.

We received grants from the Government of Israel through the Office of the Chief Scientist of the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor, or the OCS, for the financing of a significant portion of our research and development expenditures in Israel through the end of 2006. We therefore must comply with the requirements of the Israeli law for the Encouragement of Industrial Research and Development of 1984 and regulations promulgated thereunder, which we refer to as the R&D Law, with respect to a portion of our products. Under the R&D Law, we cannot transfer technology developed with OCS grants, including by the sale of the technology, the grant of a license of such technology or the manufacture of a significant amount of our products that are based on such technology outside of Israel, unless we obtain the approval of an OCS committee. There is no assurance that we will receive such OCS approvals. Even if such OCS approvals are obtained, we may be required to pay additional royalties to the OCS or, in case of a transfer of the technology outside of Israel, a percentage of the consideration paid for such transfer, but not less than the OCS grants. In addition, under the R&D Law, any non-Israeli who becomes a direct holder of 5% or more of our share capital is required to notify the OCS and to undertake to observe the law governing the grant programs of the OCS, the principal restrictions of which are the transferability limits described above in this paragraph.

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The tax benefits to which we are currently entitled from our approved enterprise program and our beneficiary enterprise program require us to satisfy specified conditions. If we fail to satisfy these conditions, we may be required to pay increased taxes and would likely be denied these benefits in the future.

The Company has capital investment programs that have been granted approved enterprise status ("Approved Programs") and a program under beneficiary enterprise status pursuant to the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959 ("Beneficiary Program"). When we begin to generate taxable income from these approved and/or beneficiary enterprise programs, the portion of our income derived from these programs will be exempt from tax for a period of two years and will be subject to a reduced tax for an additional eight years thereafter, depending on the percentage of our share capital held by non-Israelis. The benefits available to an approved enterprise program are dependent upon the fulfillment of conditions stipulated under applicable law and in the certificate of approval. If we fail to comply with these conditions, in whole or in part, we may be required to pay additional taxes for the period in which we benefited from the tax exemption or reduced tax rates and would likely be denied these benefits in the future. The amount by which our taxes would increase will depend on the difference between the then applicable tax rate for regular enterprises and the rate of tax, if any, that we would otherwise pay as an approved enterprise and/or beneficiary enterprise, and the amount of any taxable income that we may earn in the future.

The tax benefits available to approved and beneficiary enterprise programs may be reduced or eliminated in the future. This would likely increase our tax liability.

The Israeli government may reduce or eliminate in the future tax benefits available to approved and/or beneficiary enterprise programs. Our approved and beneficiary program and the resulting tax benefits may not continue in the future at their current levels or at any level and the new legislation regarding Preferred Enterprise may not be applicable to us or may not fully compensate us for such change. The termination or reduction of these tax benefits would likely increase our tax liability. The amount, if any, by which our tax liability would increase will depend upon the rate of any tax increase, the amount of any tax benefit reduction, and the amount of any taxable income that we may earn in the future.

It may be difficult to enforce a U.S. judgment against us, and our officers and directors named in this annual report, to assert U.S. securities laws claims in Israel and to serve process on substantially all of our officers and directors.

We are incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel. Service of process upon our directors and officers, substantially all of whom reside outside the United States, may be difficult to obtain within the United States. Furthermore, because the majority of our assets and investments, and substantially all of our directors and officers are located outside the United States, any judgment obtained in the United States against us or any of them may not be collectible within the United States. It may be difficult to assert U.S. securities law claims in original actions instituted in Israel. Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on a violation of U.S. securities laws because Israel is not the most appropriate forum to bring such a claim. In addition, even if an Israeli court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Israeli law and not U.S. law is applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proved as a fact, which can be a time-consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel addressing these matters.

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Subject to specified time limitations and legal procedures, Israeli courts may enforce a U.S. final judgment in a civil matter, including a judgment based upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. securities laws, and including a judgment for the payment of compensation or damages in a non-civil matter, provided that:

•
the judgment was given by a court which was, according to the laws of the state of the court, competent to give it;

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the judgment is executory in the state in which it was given;

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the judgment is no longer appealable;

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the judgment was not given by a court that is not competent to do so under the rules of private international law applicable in Israel;

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there has been due process;

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the obligation imposed by the judgment is enforceable according to the rules relating to the enforceability of judgments in Israel and the substance of the judgment is not contrary to public policy;

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the judgment was not obtained by fraud and does not conflict with any other valid judgment in the same matter between the same parties; and

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an action between the same parties in the same matter is not pending in any Israeli court or tribunal at the time the lawsuit is instituted in the U.S. court.

Even if these conditions are satisfied, an Israeli court will not enforce a foreign judgment if it was given in a state whose laws do not provide for the enforcement of judgments of Israeli courts (subject to exceptional cases) or if its enforcement is likely to prejudice the sovereignty or security of the State of Israel.

A.  History and Development of the Company
We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel on July 23, 1996 as Giganet Ltd.  We changed our name to Ceragon Networks Ltd. on September 6, 2000. We operate under the Israeli Companies Law.  Our registered office is located at 24 Raoul Wallenberg Street, Tel Aviv 69719, Israel and the telephone number is 011-972-3-543-1000.  Our web address is www.ceragon.com. Information contained on our website does not constitute a part of this annual report.
Our agent for service of process in the United States is Ceragon Networks, Inc., our wholly owned U.S. subsidiary and North American headquarters, located at 10 Forest Avenue, Suite 120, Paramus, New Jersey 07652.
In the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, our capital expenditures were $14.5 million, $14.4 million and $9.8 million, respectively.  In 2012, capital expenditures were primarily for on a new enterprise resource planning, or ERP, system to be implemented at our offices worldwide.  In 2011 capital expenditures were primarily for the purchase of additional testing equipment and office equipment as a result of the acquisition of Nera.  In 2010, our capital expenditures were spent primarily for production test equipment, information-technology systems, equipment for research and development, general computer software and hardware and leasehold improvements. In 2013 we anticipate a significant implementation/roll out of our ERP system in four of our largest locations implementing new modules to allow us to have better control over our business operations, financial activity and project management.
B.  Business Overview

We are the #1 wireless hauling specialist, in terms of unit shipments and global distribution of our business.  We provide wireless hauling solutions that enable cellular operators and other wireless service providers to deliver voice and data services, enabling smart-phone applications such as Internet browsing, music and video applications.  Our wireless backhaul solutions use microwave technology to transfer large amounts of telecommunication traffic between base stations and small-cells and the core of the service provider’s network.  We also provide fronthaul solutions that use microwave technology for ultra-high speed, ultra-low latency communication between LTE/LTE-Advanced base stations and remote radio heads. The term fronthaul refers to new technologies that allow transport between a remote radio unit and a baseband unit in front of the base station, with a controlling macro base station.
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Designed for all- Internet Protocol  (IP) network  configurations, including risk-free migration from legacy to next-generation backhaul and fronthaul networks, our solutions provide fiber-like connectivity for  next generation Ethernet/Internet Protocol, or IP-based, networks; for legacy circuit-switched, or SONET/SDH, networks and for hybrid networks that combine IP and circuit-switching. Our solutions support all wireless access technologies, including LTE-Advanced, LTE, HSPA, EV-DO, CDMA, W-CDMA and GSM. These solutions allow wireless service providers to cost-effectively and seamlessly evolve their network from circuit-switched and hybrid concepts to all IP.  In addition, our solutions allow for the proliferation of small-cell heterogeneous networks (HetNets) thereby meeting the increasing demands by the growing numbers of subscribers and the increasing needs for mobile data services. Our systems also serve evolving network architectures including all-IP long haul networks.

We also provide our solutions to other non-carrier vertical markets such as businesses and public institutions, broadcasters, energy utilities, oil and gas companies, public safety network operators and others that operate their own private communications networks. Our solutions are deployed by more than 430 service providers of all sizes, as well as in hundreds of private networks, in more than 130 countries.

In March 2013, we received $113.7 million of credit facilities which replaced all of the Company’s existing credit facilities, including the agreement with Bank Hapoalim B.M. entered into in 2011 (the Bank Hapoalim Agreement) and other short term credit facilities with other banks.  See Item 5 – OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS; Liquidity and capital Resources, for more detailed discussion.
Hauling Applications - Backhaul and Fronthaul; Short-haul and Long-haul

Today’s wireless base stations handle many different technologies such as cell phones, smart phones, tablets and PCs. Voice and data traffic generated by these high-end devices are then gathered and transmitted via the hauling network to the radio frequency (RF), or wireless, network. Wireless hauling offers network operators a cost-efficient alternative to wire-line (copper/fiber) applications. Support for high capacities means that all value-added services can be supported, while the high reliability of wireless systems provide for lower maintenance costs. Because they require no trenching, wireless links can also be set up much faster and at a fraction of the cost of wire-line solutions. This translates to lower total cost of ownership and faster time to market, as well as new revenue streams, for the operator.

The wireless hauling space is segmented into short-haul and long-haul applications. Short-haul, devices typically have a capacity of up to 1 Gbps per link channel and are used to carry voice and data services over distances of between several hundred feet and 10 miles. Short-haul links are deployed in access hauling applications, connecting the individual base-stations and cellular towers to the core network. Short-haul solutions are also used in a range of non-carrier “vertical” applications such as broadcast, state and local government and education.  Ceragon also offers a solution for emerging fronthaul applications that offer ultra-high capacities up to 2Gbps per link channel. The term fronthaul refers to new technologies that allow transport between a remote radio unit and baseband unit in front of the base station, with a controlling macro base station. Fronthaul allows mobile network operators to use detached radio and baseband units (such as remote radio-heads), avoiding the need to deploy and manage full-featured base-station or cells and thus reducing the total network’s cost of ownership.

Long-haul links, with a capacity of up to 2 Gbps, are used in the “highways” of the telecommunication backbone network. These links are used to carry services at distances of 10 to50 miles, and, using the right planning, configuration and equipment, can also bridge distances of 100 miles or even longer.

Ceragon has more than once been the first to introduce new products and features to the market, including the first solution for wireless transmission of 155 Mbps at 38 GHz, the first native IP wireless transmission offering. More recently, we introduced a variety of technological enhancements including the first hitless/errorless 8-step Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) technology (2007); first native Ethernet multi-channel long-haul radio with ACM (2010); unique asymmetric transfer mode and multi-layer compression (2011); and 1024QAM Long-Haul IP radio with 9 step ACM (2012); and the industry’s first multi-core radio solution supporting 2048 QAM and 4x4 MIMO (2012).

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Industry Background

The market for wireless hauling (backhaul and emerging fronthaul) is being generated primarily by cellular operators, wireless broadband service providers and businesses and public institutions operating private networks. This market is fueled by the continuous customer growth in developing countries, and the explosion in mobile data usage in developed countries. Traditionally based on circuit-switched solutions such as T1/E1 or SONET/SDH, the market for high-capacity wireless hauling is now shifting to more flexible and cost efficient architectures based on high-capacity IP/Ethernet- while fronthaul applications will rely solely on IP technology. This shift enables next-generation hauling networks to successfully cope with the continuing growth of bandwidth-hungry data services over LTE-Advanced, LTE, 3G and HSPA technologies. New wireless broadband networks as well as wireless Internet service providers (WISP) and private networks also rely on high-capacity IP/Ethernet technology to haul large amounts of data traffic.

Rapid subscriber growth and the proliferation of advanced, data-centric handsets such as smartphones and tablets have significantly increased the amount of traffic that must be carried over a cellular operator’s hauling infrastructure. As a result, existing transport capacity is heavily strained, creating a bottleneck that hinders service delivery and quality.

In order to meet the demand for more bandwidth, operators are constantly seeking new network architectures that will allow for controlling the cost of the network through smart planning, while ensuring the highest capacities and service quality. New technologies such as intelligent small-cells, coordinated macro cells and C-RAN (Cloud or Centralized Radio Access Network) can help operators to cope with the surge in capacity requirements. The evolution of functioning networks is becoming more heterogeneous in that many technologies, concepts and solution generations need to coexist and operate together seamlessly on the same network. These heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, require high-capacity and ultra-high capacity hauling solutions. Wireless systems offer service providers a variety of advantages over competing technologies including ease and speed of deployment, scalability and lower total cost of ownership.

Ceragon’s 3H vision

Our Holistic HetNet Hauling (3H) vision provides the path to meeting and keeping up with capacity demands in the evolving HetNet environment. By addressing both the backhaul and fronthaul holistically in a single network, 3H provides network operators with the means to cope with their site-specific and overall capacity challenges.

Based on the 3H vision, we offer solutions that are cost-effective, efficient in a variety of usage scenarios, easy to implement and flexible to accommodate network evolution.

Cellular Operators

In order to address the strain on hauling capacity, cellular operators have a number of alternatives, including leasing existing fiber lines, laying new fiber optic networks or deploying wireless solutions. Leasing existing lines requires a significant increase in operating expenses and, in some cases, requires the wireless service provider to depend on a direct competitor. Laying new fiber-optic lines is capital-intensive and these lines cannot be rapidly deployed. The deployment of high capacity and ultra-high capacity point-to-point wireless links represents a scalable, flexible and cost-effective alternative for expanding hauling capacity. Supporting data rates of up to 2 Gbps, wireless hauling solutions enable cellular operators to add capacity only as required while significantly reducing upfront and ongoing hauling costs.  In addition, ultra-high capacity is a prerequisite for supporting fronthaul applications.

Most of today’s hauling networks still employ a large number of circuit switched (or TDM) solutions - be it T1/E1 or high-capacity SDH/SONET. These networks, originally designed to carry voice-only services, have a limited bandwidth capacity and offer no cost-efficient scalability model. The surge in mobile data usage drives operators to migrate their networks to a more flexible, feature-rich and cost optimized IP/Ethernet architecture. Additionally, the surge in data usage in densely populated areas drives operators to explore new network architecture that utilize a variety of small-cell technologies to form HetNets, and require highly compact, ultra-high-capacity systems for backhaul and fronthaul.  As operators transition to HSPA, 4G/LTE and LTE-Advanced, all of which are IP-based wireless access technologies, they look for ways to benefit from IP technology in the backhaul and fronthaul segments, while maintaining support for their primary legacy services.

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In order to ensure the success of this hauling network migration phase, operators require solutions that can support their legacy transport technology (TDM) while providing all the advanced IP/Ethernet capabilities and functionalities. This is because, in most cases, next generation HSPA and LTE base stations are co-located with 2G/3G base stations, and thus share the same hauling network. Cellular operators therefore seek “hybrid” wireless hauling solutions that can carry both types of traffic seamlessly over a single network, to facilitate their network migration.   Our solutions, which support any network architecture and include both all-IP as well as hybrid systems, offer operators a simple migration plan.

Wireless Broadband Service Providers

For wireless broadband service providers, which offer alternate high data access, high-capacity hauling is essential for ensuring continuous delivery of rich media service across their high-speed data networks.  If the hauling network and its components do not satisfy the service providers’ need for cost-effectiveness, resilience, scalability or ability to supply sufficient capacity, then the efficiency and productivity of the network may be seriously compromised. While both wireless and wire-line technologies can be used to build these hauling systems, many wireless service providers opt for wireless point-to-point microwave solutions. This is due to a number of advantages of the technology including: rapid installation, support for high-capacity data traffic, scalability and lower cost-per-bit compared to wire-line alternatives.

Other Vertical Markets
Many large businesses and public institutions require private high bandwidth communication networks to connect multiple locations. These private networks are typically built using IP-based communications infrastructure. This market includes educational institutions, utility companies, oil and gas industry, broadcasters, state and local governments, public safety agencies and defense contractors. These customers continue to invest in their private communications networks for numerous reasons, including security concerns, the need to exercise control over network service quality and redundant network access requirements. As data traffic on these networks rises, we expect that businesses and public institutions will continue to invest in their communications infrastructure, including hauling equipment. Like wireless service providers, customers in this market demand a highly reliable, cost-effective hauling solution that can be easily installed and scaled to their bandwidth requirements.  Approximately 20% of our business is associated with private network operators.

Microwave vs. Fiber

Though fiber-based networks can easily support the rapid growth in bandwidth demands, they carry high initial deployment costs and take longer to deploy than microwave. Certainly, where fiber is available within several hundred feet of the operator’s point of presence, with ducts already in place, and when there are no regulatory issues that prohibit the connection – fiber can become the operator’s preferred route. In almost all other scenarios, high-capacity microwave is simply much more cost efficient. In fact, in most cases the return-on-investment from fiber installations can only be expected in the long term, making it hard for operators to achieve lower costs per bit and earn profits in a foreseeable future.

Wireless microwave hauling solutions on the other hand are capable of delivering high bandwidth, carrier-grade Ethernet and TDM services, while fronthaul applications will be served via ultra-high capacity microwave systems. Our microwave solutions are suitable for all capacities up to 2 Gbps over a single radio connection (or “link”) and may be scaled up to multiple Gbps using aggregated links techniques. Unlike fiber, wireless solutions can be set up quickly and are much more cost efficient on a per-bit basis from the outset. In many countries, microwave links are deployed as alternative routes to fiber, ensuring on-going communication in case of fiber-cuts and network failures.

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Licensed vs. License-exempt Radios

Service providers select the optimal available transmission frequency based on the rainfall intensity in the transmission area and the desired transmission range. The regulated, or licensed, bands are allocated by government licensing authorities for high-capacity wireless transmissions. The license grants the licensee the exclusive use of that spectrum for a specific use thereby eliminating any interference issues.  Licensed microwave is typically the choice of leading operators around the world because it matches the bandwidth and interference protection they require. Our products operate in the 6 – 42 GHz frequency bands, the principal licensed bands currently available for commercial use throughout the world. We also offer products in the 60, 70, 80 GHz frequency bands for use in ultra-high, short-distance networks, such as small-cell backhaul/fronthaul applications.

License-exempt systems typically operate in the “sub-6” 2.4 — 5.85 GHz or in the 24 GHz spectrum band.  These systems can be deployed without any regulatory approval. Due to limited availability of spectrum, and the narrow bandwidth of frequency channels in this range, licensed-exempt systems have limited capacities. Often operating in a near-line-of-sight (NLOS) mode, these systems also suffer from high signal loss which puts more limitations of their ability to provide high capacities. Another disadvantage is that since these frequencies are unregulated, it is impossible to ensure high, carrier-grade quality of service and high availability. There are, however, applications in which service providers, public or private, may use license-exempt systems, for instance in enterprises, education, utility, financial, or public safety. Cellular operators and wireless ISPs may also use unlicensed solutions where NLOS is the only means to connect two end-points. For the license-exempt wireless networks market we offer products that are designed to operate in the sub-6 frequencies.

Industry Trends and Developments
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The emergence of small cells present hauling challenges that differ from those of traditional macro-cells. Small cells can be used to provide a second layer of coverage in 3G and LTE networks, resulting in higher throughput and data rates for the end-user.  Although small cell deployments are not expected in significant volumes before 2014, Ceragon already offers tailored solutions for forward looking mobile operators. Our small-cell backhaul and  fronthaul portfolio includes a variety of compact all-outdoor solutions that provide operators with optimal flexibility in meeting their unique physical, capacity, networking, and regulatory requirements.
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Heterogeneous networks , or HetNets, are a means for increasing the capacity in mobile networks. HetNets are typically composed of multiple radio access technologies, architectures, transmission solutions, and base stations of varying generations . Fixed mobile convergence, which is aimed at removing the distinctions between fixed and mobile networks by using a combination of wire-line broadband and local access wireless technologies, is creating further opportunities for HetNets. As operators look to consolidate their hauling networks, they also want to maintain the different access networks they have in order to serve different customers (for example, DSL, cable and 3G). Our advanced systems are already deployed in a wide range of network architectures, serving a host of wireless voice and broadband data access technologies. In addition, our systems interface and interoperate with a variety of wire-line and wireless solutions from other global vendors, to enable smooth and cost optimized delivery of value added, revenue generating services.

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While green-field deployments tend to be all-IP based, the overwhelming portion of network infrastructure investments goes into upgrading, or “ modernizing ” existing cell-sites to fit new services with a lower total cost of ownership. Modernizing is more than a simple replacement of network equipment. It helps operators build up a network with enhanced performance, capacity and service support.  For example, Ceragon offers a variety of innovative mediation devices that eliminate the need to replace costly antennas that are already in deployment. In doing so, we help our customers to reduce the time and the costs associated with network upgrades.  The result: a smoother upgrade cycle, short network down-time during upgrades and faster time to revenue.

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A growing market for non-mobile hauling applications which includes: Offshore communications for the oil and gas as well as the shipping industry, require a unique set of solutions for use on moving rigs and vessels; Broadcast networks that require robust, highly reliable communication for the distribution of live video content either as a cost efficient alternative to fiber, or as a backup for fiber installations. Smart Grid networks for utilities, as well as local and national governments that seek greater energy efficiency, reliability, and scale.
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A growing demand for high capacity, IP-based Long Haul solutions in emerging markets. This demand is driven by the need of operators to connect more communities to mobile added value services, and a lack of alternative (wire-line) backbone telecommunication infrastructure in these emerging markets.
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Market consolidation in the wireless hauling segment continues. This trend was made evident in our acquisition of Nera and DragonWave’s acquisition of the microwave division of Nokia Siemens Networks.
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Subscriber growth continues mainly in emerging markets such as India, Africa and Latin America.

Our Solutions
We offer a broad portfolio of innovative, field-proven, high capacity wireless backhaul and fronthaul solutions which enable cellular operators and other wireless service providers to effectively eliminate the hauling capacity bottleneck, significantly reduce hauling costs and gradually evolve their networks from TDM to IP/Ethernet-based networks. We also provide advanced pure IP/Ethernet solutions to wireless broadband service providers as well as to businesses and public institutions that operate their own private communications networks.

Our FibeAir® Short-Haul family of products supports any transport technology, from 2G up to 4G/LTE and LTE-A, and any deployment architecture or network topology. We deliver platforms that carry pure TDM, a combination (hybrid) of native TDM and native IP/Ethernet and pure IP/Ethernet traffic. Our systems can be deployed in high density, split-mount or compact all-outdoor installations. Understanding the many needs of our customers, we provide solutions for every segment of the hauling (backhaul and fronthaul) network – from tail site to large aggregations sites – and that support both tree and ring topologies.

Our Evolution™ Long-Haul family of products provides a field-proven, quality microwave radio solution for long distance, high capacity telecommunication networks. Evolution products allow operators to smoothly migrate from legacy TDM to all-IP, satisfying the ever-increasing demand for bandwidth - while keeping revenue generating 2G/3G services intact. Evolution Series IP Long Haul is available in both all indoor as well as split-mount configurations and supports all licensed frequency bands from 4 to 13 GHz. This highly efficient solution provides up to 4 Gbps aggregated Ethernet traffic.

We believe our solutions have proven their ability to provide high performance in a cost-effective manner, and they are differentiated in the following ways:
Holistic HetNet Hauling (3H) vision: With decades of market experience we believe that identifying our customers’ future needs is key to our business success. Our 3H concept provides the path to meeting and keeping up with capacity demands in the evolving HetNet environment. This concept incorporates smart planning tools and capabilities, out-of-the-box network design concepts and of course, a full range of hardware and software solutions for a host of deployment scenarios.  For example, the recently released FibeAir IP-20C is suitable for a wide range of HetNet hauling applications. The platform’s unique small form-factor and support for ultra-high capacities with extremely low latency make it ideal for aggregation networks, Super-Size macro cell hauling or Cloud Radio Access Networks (C-RAN) or fronthauling with compressed CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface).

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Leading Offering for the Wireless Hauling Market. We believe that we provide our customers with a leading offering of high capacity wireless solutions for HetNet hauling as well as the broader wireless hauling market. Our competitive differentiation is demonstrated by our growing customer base which includes a number of Tier 1 operators, and our relationships with our OEMs. This differentiation results from our focus on product development from components to subsystem integration to overall system solution design.  Our software defined multi-core IP-based hauling solutions provide fiber-like performance with throughput speeds from 10 Megabit up to 4 several Gigabits per second, with high availability and low latency. Our solutions enable wireless service providers to gradually evolve their networks from all circuit-switched through a combined “hybrid” model to all IP/Ethernet-based networks. We provide operators with a range of systems allowing them to serve any application in their network – from small cell sites and remote radios using a compact all-outdoor device, up to large multi-carrier solutions for long-distance backbone applications.

In 2012 we released the FibeAir IP-20C, a revolutionary new product based on our in-house multi-core modem and RFIC. The unique features of the FibeAir IP-20C, including fully operational 4x4 MIMO (Multiple Input – Multiple Output) capabilities, enable us to deliver 1Gbps over a single 28MHz/30MHz channel and as much as 2Gbps over a single 56MHz/60MHz channel without any compression.

Our suite of software defined, multi-core, IP-based products and hybrid networking products is currently deployed in over 430 wireless service providers’ networks, including a growing number of global Tier 1 players, as well as private networks around the world. These solutions were the first of their kind to receive certification from Metro Ethernet Forum, a leading industry alliance of telecommunications service providers and other industry participants that develop technical specifications to promote the adoption of IP-based networks.
Broad Product Portfolio. We offer a broad range of high capacity wireless hauling and ultra-high capacity fronthaul systems enabling us to offer complete solutions for the specific needs of a wide range of customers, based on service type, frequency, distance and capacity requirements. Our solutions include platforms based on pure IP, circuit-switched (or TDM) products, and hybrid solutions that deliver both circuit-switched and IP traffic in their native form over a single radio. This functionality makes the latter particularly attractive for wireless service providers and facilitates cost effective, risk-free migration to IP-based hauling network and can be integrated in any pure IP, hybrid or circuit-switched network. Our solutions can be deployed in all-indoor, all-outdoor and split-mount configurations and support a wide range of network topologies.

Network Management Tools for Advanced Microwave Networks . Our innovative, user-friendly Network Management System (NMS) is designed for managing large scale wireless hauling networks.  We offer both “stand-alone” management tools as well as tailored solutions in combination with third party partners. These tools enable advanced service delivery across the network, while allowing effectively seamless management of all the hauling network’s elements; thus reducing operational costs. Ceragon NMS provides enhanced system functionality and comprehensive network management for current and legacy radios, including FibeAir and Evolution radios. Built on a powerful platform, our NMS allow operators to provide maximized network uptime by including functionality for managing end-to-end configuration, performance, faults and system security.
Turnkey Services Capabilities. At the end of 2012, we were responsible for installing most of all the links we shipped.  We offer complete solutions and services for the design and implementation of telecommunication networks, as well as the expansion or integration of existing ones. In 2011, we put in place a Global Projects and Services group that operates alongside our Solutions Groups. Under this group we offer our customers a comprehensive set of turn-key services including: advanced network and radio planning, site survey, solutions development, installation, maintenance, training and more. Our services include utilization of powerful project management tools in order to streamline deployments of complex wireless networks, thereby reducing time and costs associated with network set-up, and allowing faster time to revenue. Our experienced teams can deploy hundreds of “links” every week, and our turn-key project track-record includes hundreds of thousands of links already installed and in operation with a variety of industry leading operators.

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Low Total Cost of Ownership. Our solutions address industry requirements for low total cost of ownership backhaul and fronthaul solutions. Total cost of ownership includes the combined cost of initial acquisition, installation and ongoing operation and maintenance, regardless of whether these costs are incurred through leasing arrangements or operating owned equipment. For example, we offer a unique solution that enables legacy links to be swapped for new, modern radios, while reusing other vendors’ antennas. Replacing antennas is a costly effort, not only in equipment and installation costs, but also in network downtime during the set-up and re-alignment of new antennas. By enabling our systems to interface with any antenna in the field and compensating for the lower system gain of older installations, we allow operators to keep the existing antennas and cabling, and reduce the loss of revenues, by minimizing downtime.  In addition, our products also offer better spectral utilization, which allows the use of smaller antennas, and results in lower CAPEX and site rental costs. Additional savings can be achieved through our green-mode radios that include adjustable power features and can reduce radio link power consumption by as much as 30% compared with existing solutions.  In some of the regions we serve, this is translated into significant operating expense reductions by saving fuel required for the generators on site.
Design to Cost. We see an increasing demand for smaller systems with low power consumption and a cost structure that fits the “flat price” models of mobile operators. We believe that this complicated puzzle can only be solved through vertical integration from system to chip level. Our strategy to drive performance up while driving cost down is achieved through our investment in modem and RF (radio frequency) integrated circuit (IC) design. Our advanced chipsets, which are already in use in hundreds of thousands of units in the field, integrate all the radio functionality required for high-end microwave systems. By owning the technology and controlling the complete system design, we achieve a very high level of vertical integration. This, in turn, yields systems that have superior performance, due to our ability to closely integrate and fine-tune the performance of all the radio components. By significantly reducing the number of components in the system and simplifying its design, we have made our solutions easier to manufacture. We have introduced automated testing that allows us to speed up production while lowering the costs for electronic manufacturing services manufacturers. Thus we believe we are able to achieve one of the lowest per-system cost positions in the industry and can offer our customers further savings through compact, low power consumption designs – which is becoming a key parameter in the ability of operators to deploy LTE small cells.

Our newly released FibeAir IP-20C, which can quadruple the link capacity over a single frequency channel, has nearly the same footprint as our RFU-C which is a single-channel radio unit, not a full system. This achievement could not have been possible without our full control of the entire design and production process

Scalability and Flexibility. We design our products to enable incremental deployment to meet increased service demand, making it possible for wireless service providers to rapidly deploy additional capacity as needed. This approach allows our customers to establish a wireless broadband network with a relatively low initial investment and later expand the geographic coverage area of their networks as subscriber demand increases. Our pay-as-you-grow model allows our customers to add new features along the product’s evolution cycle. This software-based model allows for seamless upgrades of already-deployed solutions, saving the need for additional site visits and hardware replacements.
Strategic Partnerships. Ceragon maintains strategic partnerships with third party solution vendors and network integrators. Through these relationships Ceragon develops interoperable ecosystems, enabling operators to profitably evolve mobile networks by using complementary backhaul, fronthaul and networking alternatives.

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Our Products
Our portfolio of products utilizes microwave radio technology that provides our customers with a wireless connectivity that dynamically adapts to weather conditions and optimizes range and efficiency for a given frequency channel bandwidth. Our products are typically sold as a complete system comprised of four components: an outdoor unit, an indoor unit, a compact high-performance antenna and a network management system. We offer all-packet microwave radio links, with optional migration from TDM to Ethernet. Our products include integrated networking functions for both TDM and Ethernet.

Split-mount solutions consist of:
•
Indoor units which are used to convert the transmission signals from digital to intermediate frequency signals and vice versa, process and manage information transmitted to and from the outdoor unit, aggregate multiple transmission signals and provide a physical interface to wire-line networks.

•
Outdoor units or Radio Frequency Units (RFU), which are used to control power transmission, convert intermediate frequency signals to radio frequency signals and vice versa, and provide an interface between antennas and indoor units. They are contained in compact weather-proof enclosures fastened to antennas. Indoor units are connected to outdoor units by standard coaxial cables.

•
All-indoor solutions refer to solutions in which the entire system (indoor unit and RFU) reside in a single rack inside a transmission equipment room. A waveguide connection transports the radio signals to the antenna mounted on a tower. All indoor equipment is typically used in long-haul applications.

•
All-outdoor solutions combine the functionality of both the indoor and outdoor units in a single, compact device. This weather-proof enclosure is fastened to an antenna, eliminating the need for rack space or sheltering as well as the need for air conditioning.

•
Unique pointing accuracy solutions for high vibration environments. These are advanced microwave radio systems for use on moving rigs/vessels where the antenna is stabilized in one or two axes, azimuth or azimuth/elevation.

•
Antennas are used to transmit and receive microwave radio signals from one side of the wireless link to the other. These devices are mounted on poles typically placed on rooftops, towers or buildings. We rely on third party vendors to supply this component.

•
End-to-End Network Management.  Our network management system uses standard management protocol to monitor and control managed devices at both the element and network level and can be easily integrated into our customers’ existing network management systems.

An antenna, an RFU and an indoor unit comprise a terminal. Two terminals are required to form a radio link, which typically extends across a distance of several miles and can extend across a distance of over 100 miles. The specific distance depends upon the customer’s requirements and chosen modulation scheme, the frequency utilized, the available line of sight, local rain patterns and antenna size. Each link can be controlled by our network management system or can be interfaced to the network management system of the service provider. The systems are available in both split-mount, including an indoor and outdoor unit, all-indoor and all-outdoor installations.

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The diverse FibeAir ® product family offers products that address the complete hauling needs of IP-based, hybrid and circuit-switched networks:

Short-Haul
Network
Infrastructure
IP-based
Hybrid
Product
FibeAir IP-20C
FibeAir IP-10C
FibeAir IP-70
FibeAir
IP-10E
FibeAir 2500
FibeAir
IP-10Q
FibeAir
IP-10G
FibeAir
2000/4800
Description
Premium Ultra High-Capacity Compact All-Outdoor Solution
High-Capacity Compact All-Outdoor Solution
High-Capacity 70 GHz Hauling Solution
High-Capacity Ethernet Solution
Sub 6GHz, Point to Multi Point System
High-Capacity, High-Density solution for aggregation sites
High-Capacity
Multi-Service
Sub 6GHz, Point to Point system,
Multi-Service
Interfaces
Gigabit Ethernet, Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet, Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet, Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet, Fast Ethernet
Multiple Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet multiple E1/T1, Fast Ethernet multiple E1/T1
Gigabit Ethernet, Fast Ethernet multiple E1/T1
Typical Applications
Wireless backhaul /front haul, HetNet hauling, aggregation sites
Wireless backhaul at tail-sites and small-cell sites
Wireless hauling at tail-sites and small-cell sites
Wireless backhaul for carriers,   Private networks and Metro area networks
Private Networks, Business access, Wireless Hauling at small cells sites
Wireless backhaul at aggregation sites
Wireless backhaul for carriers and Private networks
Private Networks, Business access,  wireless backhaul at small cells sites
Type of Customers
Cellular operators, Wireless ISPs, Private Network providers
Cellular operators, Wireless ISPs, Private Network providers
Cellular operators, Wireless ISPs, Private Network providers
Cellular operators, WiMax carriers, Wireless ISPs, Incumbent local exchange carriers, Businesses, Public institutions
Cellular operators, Wireless ISPs, Businesses, Public institutions
Cellular operators, Wireless service providers, Incumbent local exchange carriers
Cellular operators, Wireless service providers, Incumbent local exchange carriers
Cellular operators, Wireless ISPs, Businesses, Public institutions

Our Evolution™ product family offers products that address the needs for high capacity all-IP, TDM or hybrid long-haul and backbone applications:

Long-Haul
Network
Infrastructure
IP/Hybrid All-Indoor
Split-Mount
Product
Evolution Long-Haul
FibeAir
3200
Evolution IP-10 Compact Long-Haul (CLH)
Evolution Long-Haul
PointLink
Description
Multi-channel High-Capacity
Long-Haul solution
High-Capacity Circuit-switched TDM
Compact all-indoor system for high capacity long distance applications.
4-channels High-Capacity
Long-Haul solution
High capacity offshore communication
Interfaces
6 Gigabit ports (SFP or electric),
nxSTM-1/OC-3, nxSTM-4/OC-12, 75xE1s/80xDS1s
Multiple STM-1/OC-3
Gigabit Ethernet multiple E1/T1, Fast Ethernet multiple E1/T1
6 Gigabit ports (SFP or electric),
nxSTM-1/OC-3, nxSTM-4/OC-12, 75xE1s/80xDS1s
Typical Applications
Wireless hauling, Wireless backbone, simple migration from TDM to IP long-haul
Wireless hauling, Long distance networks
Wireless hauling, Long distance networks in sites with limited ‘real-state’
Wireless hauling, Wireless backbone, simple migration from TDM to IP long-haul
Offshore oil/gas rigs in high vibration environment
Type of Customers
Wireless service providers, Incumbent local exchange carriers, Public institutions
Wireless service providers, Incumbent local exchange carriers
Wireless service providers, private network operators (utilities, rail, state & local government etc.)
Wireless service providers, Incumbent local exchange carriers, Public institutions
Oil and gas drilling companies, shipping industry

Our network management system (NMS) can be used to monitor network element status, provide statistical and inventory reports, download software and configuration to elements in the network, and provide end-to-end service management across the network. Our NMS solutions can support both the FibeAir and Evolution products through a single user interface.

Network Management System (NMS)
Description
User-friendly Network Management System designed for managing large scale wireless hauling networks. Optimized for centralized operation and maintenance of a complete network with an intuitive graphical interface for managing performance, end-to-end configuration, faults and system security.
Key Features
Managing wireless hauling networks; Fault management; Configuration & performance management; Network awareness; Full FCAPS Support Redundancy & Backup; Pay as you Grow with Software Key Mechanism; Northbound Interfaces; Multi-platform Operating System Support

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Our IP-based network products use native IP technology. Our hybrid products use our hybrid concept which allows them to transmit both native IP and native circuit-switched TDM traffic simultaneously over a single radio link. Native IP refers to systems that are designed to transport IP-based network traffic directly rather than adapting IP-based network traffic to existing circuit-switched systems. This approach increases efficiency and decreases latency. Our products provide effectively seamless migration to gradually evolve the network from an all circuit-switched and hybrid concept to an all IP-based packet.

As telecommunication networks and services become more demanding, there is an increasing need to match the indoor units’ advanced networking capabilities with powerful and efficient radio units. Our outdoor RFUs are designed with sturdiness, power, simplicity, and compatibility in mind. As such, they provide high-power transmission for both short and long distances and can be assembled and installed quickly and easily. The RFUs can operate with different Ceragon indoor units, according to the desired configuration, addressing any network need be it cellular, backbone, rural or private hauling networks.

Our RFUs deliver a maximum capacity over 3.5-56 MHz channels with configurable modulation schemes from QPSK to 2048QAM. High spectral efficiency is ensured by using the same bandwidth for double the capacity, using a single channel, with vertical and horizontal polarizations. This feature is implemented with a built-in cross polarization interference canceller (XPIC) mechanism.
Our Services
We are committed to providing high levels of service and implementation support to our customers. Our sales and network field engineering services personnel work closely with customers, system integrators and others to coordinate network design and ensure successful deployment of our solutions.

We offer our customers turnkey project services that include: advanced network and radio planning, site survey, solutions development, installation, maintenance, training and more.  We are increasingly engaged in projects in which we provide the requisite installation, supervision and testing services, either directly or through subcontractors.

We support our products with documentation and training courses tailored to our customers’ varied needs. We have the capability to remotely monitor the in-network performance of our products and to diagnose and address problems that may arise. We help our customers to integrate our network management system into their existing internal network operations control centers.
Our Customers
We have sold our products through a variety of channels to over 430 service providers and the operators of hundreds of private networks in more than 130 countries. Our principal customers are mobile operators, cellular operators and wireless service providers that use our products to expand hauling network capacity, reduce hauling costs and support the provision of advanced telecommunications services. In 2012, we maintained our positioning as the #1 specialist in the market in terms of unit shipments and global distribution of our business.  We were also named as the overall #1 global supplier of long haul solutions. This position, which we have achieved following our acquisition of Nera in 2011, enabled us to secure a number of long term agreements with a number of global Tier 1 operators. While most of our sales are direct, we do reach a number of these customers through OEM or distributor relationships. We also sell systems to large businesses and public institutions that operate their own private communications networks through system integrators, resellers and distributors. Our customer base is diverse in terms of both size and geographic location.  In 2012, customers from the Europe region contributed 22% of total yearly revenue. Our sales in Latin America and Africa have increased significantly following the acquisition of Nera, and reached 28% and 13% of yearly revenue in 2012 respectively. Our sales in Asia Pacific, North America and India in 2011 were 17%, 11% and 10%, respectively.

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The following table summarizes the distribution of our revenues by region, stated as a percentage of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, and the names of representative customers:

Year Ended December 31,
2010
2011
2012
Region
Representative Customers
North America
17%
11%
9%
Peg Bandwidth, Connectronics,
Hutton Communications, Conterra
Europe
23%
22%
22%
Hutchison 3, Telenor Serbia,  KPN, Tele2
Africa
4%
17%
13%
Airtel, Celtel, Globacom, DOPC,
Asia Pacific
11%
17%
16%
Digitel Mobile Philippines, ATI
India
38%
10%
12%
Bharti Airtel, IDEA Cellular, Reliance Communications, Tata Teleservices,
Latin America
7%
23%
28%
Telefonica, Telcel

Sales and Marketing

We sell our products through a variety of channels, including direct sales, OEMs, resellers, distributors and system integrators. Our sales and marketing staff includes approximately 657 employees in numerous countries worldwide, who work together with local agents, distributors and OEMs to expand our sales.

We are a supplier to three key OEMs, which together accounted for approximately 11.6% of our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2012. We are focusing our efforts on direct sales, which accounted for approximately 88.4% of our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2012, because we believe that this is the way to provide more value to our customers. We also plan to develop additional strategic relationships with equipment vendors, integrators, networking companies and other industry suppliers with the goal of gaining greater access to our target markets.

Our marketing efforts include advertising, public relations and participation in industry trade shows and conferences.
Manufacturing and Assembly

Our manufacturing process consists of materials planning and procurement, assembly of indoor units and outdoor units, final product assurance testing, quality control and packaging and shipping. With the goal of streamlining all manufacturing and assembly processes, we have implemented an outsourced, just-in-time manufacturing strategy that relies on contract manufacturers to manufacture and assemble circuit boards and other components used in our products and to assemble and test indoor units and outdoor units for us. The use of advanced supply chain techniques has enabled us to increase our manufacturing capacity, reduce our manufacturing costs and improve our efficiency.

We outsource most of our manufacturing operations to major contract manufacturers in Israel, Malaysia and the Philippines. Some of our manufacturing and warehousing is done in our production facility in Slovakia.  Most of our warehouse operations are outsourced to subcontractors in Israel and the Philippines. The raw materials for our products come primarily from the United States, Europe and Asia Pacific. In 2012 we opened an RMA (return merchandise authorization) center at our subcontractor site in the Philippines to improve cost efficiencies in handling repairs and in 2011, we opened an RMA  center in India at our New Delhi offices to provide quick and efficient repair services to our customers in that region.

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We comply with standards promulgated by the International Organization for Standardization and have received certification under the ISO 9001 and ISO 14000 standards. These standards define the procedures required for the manufacture of products with predictable and stable performance and quality, as well as environmental guidelines for our operations.   Our production plant in Slovakia is certified to OHSAS 18001 for Occupational Health and Safety assurance system.

Our activities in Europe require that we comply with European Union Directives with respect to product quality assurance standards and environmental standards including the “RoHS” (Restrictions of Hazardous Substances) Directive.
Research and Development
We place considerable emphasis on research and development to improve and expand the capabilities of our existing products, to develop new products, with particular emphasis on equipment for transitioning to IP-based networks, and to lower the cost of producing both existing and future products. We intend to continue to devote a significant portion of our personnel and financial resources to research and development. As part of our product development process, we maintain close relationships with our customers to identify market needs and to define appropriate product specifications. In addition, we intend to continue to comply with industry standards and, in order to participate in the formulation of European standards, we are full members of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute.

Our research and development activities are conducted mainly at our facilities in Tel Aviv, Israel  and Bergen, Norway and also at our subsidiaries in Greece and Romania. As of December 31, 2012, our research, development and engineering staff consisted of 268 employees. Our research and development team includes highly specialized engineers and technicians with expertise in the fields of millimeter wave design, modem and signal processing, data communications, system management and networking solutions.
Our research and development department provides us with the ability to design and develop most of the aspects of our proprietary solutions, from the chip-level, including both application specific integrated circuits, or ASICs and RFICs, to full system integration. Our research and development projects currently in process include extensions to our leading IP-based networking product lines and development of new technologies to support future product concepts. In addition, our engineers continually work to redesign our products with the goal of improving their manufacturability and testability while reducing costs.

Intellectual Property

To safeguard our proprietary technology, we rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws, confidentiality agreements and other contractual arrangements with our customers, third-party distributors, consultants and employees, each of which affords only limited protection. We have a policy which requires all of our employees to execute employment agreements which contain confidentiality provisions.

Our patent portfolio may not be as extensive as those of our competitors. As a result, we may have limited ability to assert any patent rights in negotiations with, or in counterclaiming against, competitors who assert intellectual property rights against us.  To date, we have 25 patents granted in the United States and other foreign jurisdictions,  29 patent applications pending in the United States and other foreign jurisdictions, four patents granted in the EPO (European Patent Office),  six patent applications pending in the EPO and four provisional patent applications. We cannot assure you that any patents will actually be issued or that the scope of any issued patent will adequately protect our intellectual property rights.

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We have registered trademarks as follows:

•
for the standard character mark Ceragon Networks and our logo in the United States, Israel, and the European Union;
•
for the standard character mark Ceragon Networks in Canada;
•
for the standard character mark CERAGON in Russia, Morocco, the Philippines and International Registration (protection granted in Australia, Iceland and Singapore)
•
for our design mark for FibeAir in the United States, Israel and the European Union;
•
for the standard character mark FibeAir in the United States;
•
for the standard character mark CeraView in the United States, Israel and the European Union; and
•
For the standard character mark Native 2 in India.

We have pending trademark applications s as follows:

•
for the standard character mark CERAGON in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Indonesia, India, Israel Mexico, Nigeria, Venezuela, United States, South Africa and International Registration (protection pending in Bosnia & Herzegovina, Switzerland, China, Egypt, Croatia, Kenya, South Korea, Macedonia, Norway, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine, Vietnam, CTM (European Union);
Competition
The market for wireless equipment is rapidly evolving, fragmented, highly competitive and subject to rapid technological change. We expect competition, which may differ from region to region, to persist, intensify and increase in the future, especially if rapid technological developments occur in the broadband wireless equipment industry or in other competing high-speed access technologies. We also expect consolidation to continue as some players are looking to exit the wireless hauling space in order to focus on other lines of their business. We believe that in a consolidating market the role of microwave specialists, such as ourselves, will be more significant.

We compete with a number of wireless equipment providers worldwide that vary in size and in the types of products and solutions they offer. Our primary competitors include industry “generalists” such as Alcatel-Lucent, Fujitsu Limited, Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., L.M. Ericsson Telephone Company, NEC Corporation, Nokia Siemens Networks B.V. (NSN) and ZTE Corporation. In addition to these primary competitors, a number of other smaller “specialist” microwave communications equipment suppliers, including Aviat Networks, DragonWave Inc., and SIAE Microelectronica S.p.A offer or are developing products that compete with our products.

Additionally, the telecommunications equipment industry has experienced significant consolidation among its participants, and we expect this trend to continue.  Recent examples include our acquisition of Nera in January 2011 and, more recently, the 2012 acquisition by DragonWave of the microwave division of NSN, which itself was formed as a joint venture between Nokia and Siemens. Other examples include the mergers of Alcatel and Lucent and the wireless divisions of Harris and Stratex Networks, and the acquisition by Ericsson of Marconi. These consolidations have increased the size and thus the competitive resources of these companies.
We believe we compete favorably on the basis of:

•
our focus on the mobile market and active involvement in shaping next generation standards and technologies

•
product performance, reliability and functionality;

•
range and maturity of product portfolio, including the ability to provide both circuit switch and IP solutions and therefore to provide a migration path for circuit-switched to IP-based networks;

•
cost structure;

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•
focus on high-capacity, point-to-point microwave technology, which allows us to quickly adapt to our customers’ evolving needs;

•
range of turnkey services offering for faster deployment of an entire network and reduced total cost of ownership; and

•
support and technical service, experience and commitment to high quality customer service.

Our products also indirectly compete with other high-speed communications solutions, including fiber optic lines and other wireless technologies.

Israeli Office of Chief Scientist

The Government of Israel encourages research and development projects through the Office of the Chief Scientist of the Israeli Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor, or the OCS, pursuant to the Law for the Encouragement of Industrial Research and Development, 1984, and the regulations promulgated thereunder, commonly referred to as the R&D Law.
Under the R&D Law, we applied for and were granted R&D grants. In exchange, we as a recipient of such grants were required to pay the OCS royalties from the revenues derived from products developed within the framework of such R&D programs.
In December 2006, we entered into an agreement with the OCS to conclude our R&D grant programs sponsored by the OCS and by 2008, retired all the debt remaining therefrom.  The R&D Law generally requires that the product developed under a program be manufactured in Israel. However, upon the approval of the OCS, some of the manufacturing volume may be performed outside of Israel, provided that the grant recipient pays royalties at an increased rate and at an increased total amount, which may be substantial.
The R&D Law also provides that know-how developed under an approved research and development program may not be transferred to third parties in Israel without the approval of the research committee.  Such approval is not required for the sale or export of any products resulting from such research or development. The R&D Law further provides that the know-how developed under such research and development program may not be transferred to any third parties outside Israel, except in certain circumstances and subject to prior OCS approval, which may be conditioned by payment of substantial payments or reciprocal exchange of know-how with the recipient or a cooperation program therewith.
The R&D Law imposes reporting requirements with respect to certain changes in the ownership of a grant recipient.  The law requires the grant recipient and its controlling shareholders and foreign interested parties to notify the OCS of any change in control of the recipient or a change in the holdings of the means of control of the recipient that results in a non-Israeli becoming an interested party directly in the recipient and requires the new interested party to undertake to the OCS to comply with the R&D Law.  In addition, the rules of the OCS may require additional information or representations in respect of certain of such events. For this purpose, “control” is defined as the ability to direct the activities of a company other than any ability arising solely from serving as an officer or director of the company.  A person is presumed to have control if such person holds 50% or more of the means of control of a company.  “Means of control” refers to voting rights or the right to appoint directors or the chief executive officer.  An “interested party” of a company includes a holder of 5% or more of its outstanding share capital or voting rights, its chief executive officer and directors, someone who has the right to appoint its chief executive officer or at least one director, and a company with respect to which any of the foregoing interested parties owns 25% or more of the outstanding share capital or voting rights or has the right to appoint 25% or more of the directors.  Accordingly, any non-Israeli who acquires 5% or more of our ordinary shares will be required to notify the OCS that it has become an interested party and to sign an undertaking to comply with the R&D Law.

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C.  Organizational Structure
We are an Israeli company that commenced operations in 1996.  The following is a list of our significant subsidiaries:
Company
Place of Incorporation
Ownership Interest
Ceragon Networks, Inc.
New Jersey
100%
Ceragon Networks, S.A. de C.V.
Mexico
100%
Ceragon Networks (India) Private Limited
Ceragon Networks AS
Ceragon Networks s.r.o.
Ceragon Argentina s.a.
Ceragon Telecommunicaciones Latin America S.A.
Ceragon America Latina Ltda.
India
Norway
Slovakia
Argentina
Venezuela
Brazil
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
D.  Property, Plants and Equipment.
Our corporate headquarters and principal administrative, finance and operations departments are located at a leased facility of approximately 73,680 square feet of office space in Tel Aviv, Israel.  The leases for the majority of this space expired December 2012.  We have agreed to terms in principle with our landlord and the new lease shall be for a five-year term, with an option to terminate early after three years.
We also lease the following space at the following properties:
·
in the United States, we lease approximately 5,800 square feet of office space in Paramus, New Jersey and approximately 12,000 square feet of office space in Richardson, Texas.  The lease in Paramus is valid until July 2013 and the lease in Texas is valid until May 2018;
·
in Norway, we lease approximately 113,710 square feet of office space in Bergen expiring in September 2013;
·
in India, we lease approximately 11,737 square feet of office space in New Delhi expiring in October 2013;
·
in Slovakia, we lease approximately 44,780 square feet manufacturing facility in Liptovsky Hradoc expiring in January 2014;
·
in Brazil we lease approximately 33,850 square feet in Barueri of office and warehouse space expiring in December 2013;
·
in Mexico, we lease approximately 15,150 square feet of office space in Mexico City expiring in August 2013; and
·
in Argentina we lease approximately 6,810 square feet of office space and approximately 23,310 square feet of warehouse space in Cordoba expiring in February 2014 and approximately 1,200 square feet of office space in Buenos Aires expiring in April 2013, which is currently in negotiations to extend.
We also lease space for other local subsidiaries to conduct pre-sales and marketing activities in their respective regions.
Not applicable.
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, the notes to those financial statements and other financial data that appear elsewhere in this annual report. In addition to historical information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements based on current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results and the timing of certain events may differ significantly from those projected in such forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those set forth in “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP.

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A.
Operating Results

Overview

We are the #1 wireless hauling specialist in terms of unit shipments and global distribution of our business.  We provide wireless hauling solutions that enable cellular operators and other wireless service providers to deliver voice and data services, enabling smart-phone applications such as Internet browsing, music and video applications.  Our wireless backhauling solutions use microwave technology to transfer large amounts of telecommunication traffic between base stations and small-cells and the core of the service provider’s network.
Designed for all- Internet Protocol  (IP) network  configurations, including risk-free migration from legacy to next-generation backhaul and fronthaul , our solutions provide fiber-like connectivity for next generation Ethernet/Internet Protocol, or IP-based, networks; for legacy circuit-switched, or SONET/SDH, networks and for hybrid networks that combine IP and circuit-switching. Our solutions support all wireless access technologies, including LTE-Advanced, LTE, HSPA, EV-DO, CDMA, W-CDMA and GSM. These solutions allow wireless service providers to cost-effectively and seamlessly evolve their networks from circuit-switched and hybrid concepts to all IP. In addition, our solutions allow for the proliferation of small-cell heterogeneous networks (HetNets), thereby meeting the increasing demands by the growing numbers of subscribers and the increasing needs for mobile data services. Our systems also serve evolving network architectures including all-IP long haul.

We also provide our solutions to other non-carrier vertical markets such as businesses and public institutions, broadcasters, energy utilities, oil and gas companies, public safety network operators and others that operate their own private communications networks. Our solutions are deployed by more than 430 service providers of all sizes, as well as in hundreds of private networks, in nearly 130 countries.

In March 2013, we received $113.7 million of credit facilities which replaced all of the Company’s existing credit facilities, including the agreement with Bank Hapoalim B.M. entered into in 2011 and other short term credit facilities with other banks, the  Credit Facility.  See Liquidity and Capital Resources below, for more detailed discussion.
We have grown our revenues from $217.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 to $446.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing a 20% compound annual growth rate, or CAGR. Our revenues for 2012 represent an increase of 0.3% compared to our revenues for 2011.  In 2012, approximately 16% of our revenues were derived from customers in Asia Pacific, 12% from India, 28% from Latin America, 22% from Europe, 13% from Africa and 9% from North America.

Industry Trends

Market trends have placed, and will continue to place, pressure on the selling prices for our products. Our objective is to continue to meet the rising demand for our solutions while at the same time increasing our profitability. We seek to achieve this objective by constantly reviewing and improving our execution in, among others, development, manufacturing and sales and marketing. Set forth below is a more detailed discussion of the trends affecting our business:

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Growing Number of Global Wireless Subscribers. Growth in the number of global wireless subscribers is being driven by the availability of inexpensive cellular phones and more affordable wireless service, particularly in developing countries and emerging markets, and is being addressed by expanding wireless networks and by building new networks.

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Increasing Demand for Mobile Data Services. Cellular operators and other wireless service providers are facing increasing demand from subscribers to deliver voice and data services, including Internet browsing, music and video applications.

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The emergence of small cells and HetNets present hauling challenges that differ from those of traditional macro-cells. Small cells and HetNet architectures can be used to provide a second layer of coverage in 3G and LTE networks, resulting in higher throughput and data rates for the end-user.

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Transition to IP-based Networks. Cellular operators and other wireless service providers are beginning to deploy all-IP networks and upgrade their infrastructure to interface with an IP-based core network in order to increase network efficiency, lower operating costs and more effectively deliver high-bandwidth data services.

We are also experiencing pressure on our sale prices as a result of several factors:

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Increased Competition: Our target market is characterized by vigorous, worldwide competition for market share and rapid technological development. These factors have resulted in aggressive pricing practices and downward pricing pressures, and growing competition from both start-up companies and well-capitalized telecommunication systems providers.

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Regional Pricing Pressures: A significant portion of our sales derives from India and Latin America in response to the rapid build-out of cellular networks in those regions. For the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, 38%, 10% and 12%, respectively, of our revenues were earned in India. In addition, for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, 7%, 23% and 28%, respectively, of our revenues were earned in Latin America. Sales of our products in these markets are generally at lower gross margins in comparison to other regions.  Recently, network operators have started to share parts of their network infrastructure through cooperation agreements rather than legal considerations, which may adversely affect demand for network equipment.

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Transaction Size: Competition for larger equipment orders is increasingly intense since the number of large equipment orders in any year is limited. Consequently, we generally experience greater pricing pressure when we compete for larger orders as a result of this increased competition and demand from purchasers for greater volume discounts. As an increasing portion of our revenues is derived from large orders, we believe that our business will be more susceptible to these pressures.

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Sales through OEMs: Sales through our OEM relationships result in lower gross margins than sales directly to end-users through distributors and re-sellers. By selling our products to OEMs, we rely in part on the sales and marketing efforts of the OEMs, as well as on their post-sale support. For the year ended December 31, 2012, approximately 11.6% of our sales were to our three key OEMs of wireless equipment, rather than directly to end users.

Although we have successfully reduced the cost of producing our equipment and continue to focus on operational improvements, these price pressures may have a negative impact on our gross margins.

As we continue to expand our geographic footprint, we are increasingly engaged in supplying installation and other services for our customers, often in emerging markets. In this context, we may act as prime contractor and equipment supplier for network build-out projects, providing installation, supervision and commissioning services required for these projects, or we may provide such services and equipment for projects handled by system integrators. In such cases, we typically bear the risks of loss and damage to our products until the customer has issued an acceptance certificate upon successful completion of acceptance tests. If our products are damaged or stolen, or if the network we install does not pass the acceptance tests, the end user or the system integrator, as the case may be, could delay payment to us and we would incur substantial costs, including fees owed to our installation subcontractors, increased insurance premiums, transportation costs and expenses related to repairing or manufacturing the products. Moreover, in such a case, we may not be able to repossess the equipment, thus suffering additional losses.  Also these projects are turn-key projects, which involve fixed-price contracts. We assume greater financial risks on fixed-price projects, which routinely involve the provision of installation and other services, versus short-term projects, which do not similarly require us to provide services or require customer acceptance certificates in order for us to recognize revenue.

Until 2012, our revenues had grown rapidly; we cannot assure you that we will be able to sustain growth in future periods, taking also into consideration that a large portion of the growth resulted from the Nera Acquisition.  You should not rely on our revenue growth in any prior quarterly or annual period as an indication of our future revenue growth.

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Results of Operations

Revenues. We generate revenues primarily from the sale of our products, and, to a lesser extent, services. The final price to the customer may vary based on various factors, including but not limited to the size of a given transaction, the geographic location of the customer, the specific application for which products are sold, the channel through which products are sold, the competitive environment and the results of negotiation.

Cost of Revenues. Our cost of revenues consists primarily of the prices we pay contract manufacturers for the products they manufacture for us, the costs of our manufacturing facility, estimated warranty costs, costs related to management of our manufacturing facility, supply chain and shipping. In addition, we pay salaries and related costs to our employees and fees to subcontractors relating to installation services with respect to our products.

Significant Expenses

Research and Development Expenses. Our research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and related costs for research and development personnel, subcontractors’ costs, costs of materials and depreciation of equipment. All of our research and development costs are expensed as incurred. We believe continued investment in research and development is essential to attaining our strategic objectives.

Selling and Marketing Expenses. Our selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for sales and marketing personnel, amortization of intangible assets, trade show and exhibit expenses, travel expenses, commissions and promotional materials.

General and Administrative Expenses. Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for executive, finance, information system and human resources personnel, professional fees (including legal and accounting fees), insurance, provisions for doubtful accounts and other general corporate expenses.

Restructuring costs. In order to meet our profitability plan in 2013, we initiated during the fourth quarter of 2012, a restructuring plan to improve our operating efficiency. Our restructuring expenses include mainly severance and other compensation related expenses associated with the termination of employment under the restructuring plan.

Acquisition related costs. The 2011 income statement includes Nera Acquisition related costs that consist primarily from fees associated with transaction financial advisors, as well as legal, accounting and tax related fees associated with the due diligence.

Financial Income (expenses), net.  Our financial income (expenses), net, consists primarily of interest earned on bank deposits and marketable securities, gains and losses arising from the remeasurement of transactions and balances denominated in non-dollar currencies into dollars, gains and losses from our currency hedging activity, amortization of marketable securities premium, net, interest on bank debts and other fees and commissions paid to banks.
Taxes.  Our tax expenses consist of current corporate tax expenses in various locations and changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These accounting principles require management to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions based upon information available at the time they are made, historical experience and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates, judgments and assumptions can affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented.

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Our management believes the accounting policies that affect its more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of its consolidated financial statements and which are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results include the following:

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Revenue recognition;
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Inventory valuation;
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Provision for doubtful accounts;
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Taxes on income;
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Stock-based compensation expense;
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Marketable securities;
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Business combinations and purchase price allocation; and
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Impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets
Revenue recognition. We generate revenues from selling products to end users, distributors, system integrators and original equipment manufacturers (“OEM”).

Revenues from product sales are recognized in accordance with ASC topic 605-10, "Revenue recognition" and with ASC 605-25 "Multiple-Element Arrangements" ("ASC 605"), when delivery has occurred, persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the vendor's fee is fixed or determinable, no future obligation exists and collectability is probable.

We record a provision for estimated sale returns and stock rotation granted to customers on products in the same period the related revenues are recorded in accordance with ASC 605. These estimates are based on historical sales returns, stock rotations and other know factors. Such provisions are immaterial as of December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively.

In October 2009, the FASB issued ASU 605-25 “Multiple-Deliverable Revenue Arrangements”. This standard changes the requirements for establishing separate units of accounting in a multiple element arrangement by elimination of the residual method and requires the allocation of arrangement consideration to each deliverable to be based on using the relative selling price method. We adopted this standard as of the beginning of fiscal year 2011 on a prospective basis for new and materially modified deals that include the sale of products and post delivery installation services, originating after January 1, 2011.

For  2011 and future periods, pursuant to the guidance of ASU 605-25, when a sales arrangement contains multiple elements, such as equipment and services,  we allocate revenues to each element based on a selling price hierarchy. The selling price for a deliverable is based on its vendor specific objective evidence (‘‘VSOE’’) if available, third party evidence (‘‘TPE’’) if VSOE is not available, or estimated selling price (‘‘ESP’’) if neither VSOE nor TPE is available. In multiple element arrangements, revenues are allocated to each separate unit of accounting for each of the deliverables using the relative estimated selling prices of each of the deliverables in the arrangement based on the aforementioned selling price hierarchy.

We consider the sale of equipment and its installation to be two separate units of accounting in the arrangement in which the installation is not essential to the functionality of the equipment, the equipment has value to the customer on a standalone basis and whenever the arrangement does not include a general right of return relative to the delivered item or delivery or performance of the undelivered item(s) is considered probable and substantially in the control of the company. In such an arrangement, revenues from the sale of equipment are recognized upon delivery, if all other revenue recognition criteria are met and the installation revenues are deferred to the period in which such installation occurs (but not less than the amount contingent upon completion of installation, if any) using relative selling prices of each of the deliverables based on the aforementioned selling price hierarchy.

We determine the selling price in our multiple-element arrangements by reviewing historical transactions, and considering internal factors including, but not limited to, pricing practices including discounting, margin objectives, and competition. The determination of ESP is made through consultation with   management, taking into consideration the pricing model and strategy.

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When sale arrangements include a customer acceptance provision, revenue is recognized when we demonstrate that the criteria specified in the acceptance provision has been satisfied or as the acceptance provision has lapsed and deemed to be attained.

To assess the probability of collection for revenue recognition purposes, we analyze historical collection experience, current economic trends and the financial position of our customers. On the basis of these criteria, we conclude whether revenue recognition should be deferred and recognized on a cash basis.

Deferred revenue includes unearned amounts received in our arrangements and amounts received from customers but not recognized as revenues due to the fact that these transactions did not meet the revenue recognition criteria.

Inventory valuation. Our inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market value. Cost is determined by using the moving average cost method. At each balance sheet date, we evaluate our inventory balance for excess quantities and obsolescence. This evaluation includes an analysis of slow-moving items and sales levels by product and projections of future demand. If needed, we write off inventories that are considered obsolete or excessive. If future demand or market conditions are less favorable than our projections, additional inventory write-downs may be required and would be reflected in cost of revenues in the period the revision is made.  As of December 31, 2012 our inventory write-off provision was $2.9 million.

Provision for doubtful accounts. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our trade receivables and maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts, based upon our judgment as to our ability to collect outstanding receivables. Allowance for doubtful accounts is made based upon a specific review of all the outstanding invoices. In determining the provisions, we analyze our historical collection experience, current economic trends, the financial position of our customers and the payment guarantees (such as letters of credit) that we receive from our customers. We also insure certain trade receivables under credit insurance policies. If the financial condition of our customers deteriorates, resulting in their inability to make payments, additional allowances might be required. As of December 31, 2012, our allowance for doubtful accounts was $5.4 million and our trade receivables were $149.1 million. Historically, our provision for doubtful accounts has been sufficient to account for our bad debts.

Taxes on income .  We utilize the liability method of accounting for income taxes. We record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount that we believe is more likely than not to be realized. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider all positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and recent financial performance. Forming a conclusion that a valuation allowance is not required is difficult when there is negative evidence such as cumulative losses in the past. As a result of our cumulative losses and the utilization of our loss carry forward opportunities, we have recorded valuation allowances to reduce our net deferred tax assets to the amount we believe is more likely than not to be realized. While we have considered future taxable income and ongoing tax planning strategies in assessing the need for any valuation allowance, in the event we were to determine that we will be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of the net recorded amount, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would increase income in the period such a determination is made. Likewise, should we determine that we would not be able to realize all or part of our net deferred tax assets in the future, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would be charged to expenses in the period such a determination is made. Following our determination that it is more likely than not that we will be able to realize a portion of our deferred tax assets.

We establish reserves for tax-related uncertainties based on estimates of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. These reserves are established when we believe that certain positions might be challenged despite our belief that our tax return positions are in accordance with applicable tax laws. As part of the determination of our tax liability, management exercises considerable judgment in evaluating tax positions taken by us in determining the income tax provision and establishes reserves for tax contingencies in accordance with ASC 740 "Income Taxes" guidelines. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit, new tax legislation or the change of an estimate based on new information. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different from the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. The provision for income taxes includes the effect of reserve provisions and changes to reserves that are considered appropriate, as well as the related interest and penalties.

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Management’s judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. The provision for income tax is calculated based on our assumptions as to our entitlement to various benefits under the applicable tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate. The entitlement to such benefits depends upon our compliance with the terms and conditions set out in these laws. Although we believe that our estimates are reasonable and that we have considered future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax strategies in estimating our tax outcome, there is no assurance that the final tax outcomes will not be different than those which are reflected in our historical income tax provisions and accruals. Such differences could have a material effect on our income tax provision, net income and cash balances in the period in which such determination is made.

Stock-based compensation expense. ASC 718, “Compensation- Stock Compensation”, requires companies to estimate the fair value of equity-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as an expense over the requisite service periods in our consolidated income statement.

We selected the binomial option pricing model as the most appropriate fair value method for our share-option awards based on the market value of the underlying shares at the date of grant. We recognize compensation expenses for the value of our awards, which have graded vesting, based on the accelerated attribution method over the requisite service period, net of estimated forfeitures. Estimated forfeitures are based on actual historical pre-vesting forfeitures and on management’s estimates. If actual forfeitures differ from our estimates, stock-based compensation expense and our results of operations would be impacted.

Stock-based compensation expense recognized under ASC 718 was $4.2 million, $6.6 million and $5.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively.

Marketable Securities. We account for investments in marketable securities in accordance with ASC topic 320, "Debt and Equity Securities", ("ASC 320"). Our management determines the appropriate classification of our investments in marketable debt securities at the time of purchase and reevaluates such determinations at each balance sheet date. During the last quarter of 2010, we classified our debt securities as available-for-sale in connection with the anticipated acquisition of Nera. As a result of the Nera Acquisition, we did not have the intent to hold the securities until maturity; we changed the classification of our investments from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale.  Available for sale securities are carried at fair value, with the unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported in “accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)” in shareholders’ equity. Realized gains and losses on sale of investments are included in “financial income, net” and are derived using the specific identification method for determining the cost of securities. The amortized cost of debt securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. Such amortization together with interest and dividends on securities are included in “financial income, net”.   We periodically review our marketable securities for impairment. If we conclude that any of our investments are impaired, we determine whether such impairment is "other-than-temporary" as defined under ASC 320-10-35. During 2010, 2011 and 2012 no other-than-temporary impairments were recorded.

Business combinations and purchase price allocation .  In accordance with ASC 805 “Business Combinations,” we allocate the purchase price of acquired companies to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, based on their estimated fair values.

We engage third-party appraisal firms to assist management in determining the fair values of certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Estimating the fair value of certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires judgment and often involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions, mainly with respect to intangible assets. Management makes estimates of fair value based upon market participants’ assumptions believed to be reasonable. These estimates are based on historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired companies and although they are deemed to be consistent with market participants’ highest and best use of the assets in the principal or most advantageous market, they are inherently uncertain. While there are a number of different methods for estimating the value of intangible assets acquired, the primary method used is the income approach. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions inherent in the income approach include projected future cash flows, including their timing, a discount rate reflecting the risk inherent in the future cash flows and a terminal growth rate. We also estimate the expected useful lives of the intangible assets, which requires judgment and can impact our results of operations. Unanticipated events and circumstances may occur that may affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results.

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To the extent intangible assets are assigned longer useful lives, there may be less amortization expense recorded in a given period. Because we operate in industries which are extremely competitive, the value of our intangible assets and their respective useful lives are exposed to future adverse changes, which can result in an impairment charge to our results of operations.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets . Our long-lived assets include property and equipment, goodwill and identifiable other intangible assets that are subject to amortization. In assessing the recoverability of our goodwill, property and equipment and other identifiable intangible assets that are held and used, we make judgments regarding whether impairment indicators exist based on our legal factors, market conditions and operating performances. Future events could cause us to conclude that impairment indicators exist and that the carrying values of the goodwill, property and equipment and other intangible assets are impaired. Any resulting impairment loss could have a material adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations.

ASC 350 "Intangible – Goodwill and Other," requires that goodwill be tested for impairment on an annual basis and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the company below its carrying value. These events or circumstances could include a significant change in the business climate, legal factors, operating performance indicators, competition or sale or disposition of a significant portion of the company. We have concluded that we have one reporting unit. The goodwill impairment test is a two-step test. Under the first step, the fair value of the company is compared with its carrying value (including goodwill). If the fair value of the company is less than its carrying value, an indication of goodwill impairment exists and we must perform step two of the impairment test (measurement). Under step two, an impairment loss is recognized for any excess of the carrying amount of the company’s goodwill over the implied fair value of that goodwill. If the fair value of the company exceeds its carrying value, step two does not need to be performed. The fair value of the company is estimated using a discounted cash flow methodology. This requires significant judgments including estimation of future cash flows, which is dependent on internal forecasts, estimation of our long-term rate of growth, the period over which cash flows will occur and determination of our weighted average cost of capital. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value and/or goodwill impairment for the company.

We are required to assess the impairment of long-lived assets, tangible and intangible, other than goodwill, under ASC 360 "Property, Plant, and Equipment," when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Impairment indicators include any significant changes in the manner of our use of the assets or the strategy of our overall business, significant negative industry or economic trends and significant decline in our share price for a sustained period.

Upon determination that the carrying value of a long-lived asset may not be recoverable based upon a comparison of aggregate undiscounted projected future cash flows to the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment charge is recorded for the excess of fair value over the carrying amount. We measure fair value using discounted projected future cash flows.

Comparison of Period to Period Results of Operations
The following table presents consolidated statement of operations data for the periods indicated as a percentage of total revenues.
Year Ended December 31,
2010
2011
2012
Revenues
100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 %
Cost of revenues
64.2 72.6 69.0
Gross profit
35.8 27.4 31.0
Operating expenses:
Research and development, net
10.1 11.3 10.6
Selling and marketing
14.9 18.4 17.3
General and administrative
4.9 6.0 6.2
Restructuring costs
-- 1.8 1.0
Acquisition related costs
0.3 1.1 --
Total operating expenses
30.2 38.5 35.1
Operating income (loss)
5.6 (11.1 ) (4.1 )
Financial income (expenses), net
0.5 (0.5 ) (0.8 )
Taxes on income
0.5 0.5 0.3
Net income (loss)
5.6 (12.0 ) (5.2 )

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Year ended December 31, 2011 compared to year ended December 31, 2012

Revenues. Revenues increased from $445.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 to $446.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, an increase of $1.4 million, or 0.3%. Revenues in the Latin America region increased to $125.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 as compared to $104.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, primarily due to initial deployments of a Tier1 operator. Revenues in the Asia Pacific region decreased to $55.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to $75.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, primarily due to several turn-key projects for which revenue was recognized in 2011.

Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues decreased from $323.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 to $308.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, a decrease of $14.8 million, or 4.6%. This decrease was attributable mainly to the following:

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Lower cost of inventory step-up adjustment of acquired deferred revenue and customer orders to be delivered as of the closing of the Nera Acquisition, in the amount of $10.9 million.
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Lower salary and related expenses as a result of the integration plan related to the Nera Acquisition in the amount of $4.9 million.
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Lower material cost related to our ongoing own product cost reduction efforts of $3.2 million
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Offset by a $2.3 million change in pre-acquisition indirect tax position in 2012
Gross Profit .  Gross profit as a percentage of revenues increased from 27.4% for the year ended December 31, 2011 to 31.0% for the year ended December 31, 2012. This increase was attributable mainly to our ability to reduce our cost of revenues following the Nera Acquisition and lower material cost related to our product cost reduction.

Research and Development Expenses. Our research and development expenses decreased from $50.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 to $47.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, a decrease of $3.0 million, or 5.9%. The decrease in our research and development expenses was attributable primarily to a reduction in subcontractor expenses of $1.7 million and a Norwegian governmental grant in an amount of $1.2 million deducted from expenses. Our research and development efforts are a key element of our strategy and are essential to our success. We intend to maintain our commitment to research and development an increase or a decrease in our total revenue would not necessarily result in a proportional increase or decrease in the levels of our research and development expenditures. As a percentage of revenues, research and development expenses decreased to 10.6% in the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to 11.3% for the year ended December 31, 2011.

Selling and Marketing Expenses . Selling and marketing expenses decreased from $81.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 to $77.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, a decrease of $4.4 million, or 5.4%. This decrease was primarily attributable to the decrease of approximately $3.5 million or 8.0% in salary and related expenses as a result of the integration plan related to Nera Acquisition. As a percentage of revenues, selling and marketing expenses were 17.3% in the year ended December 31, 2012 and 18.4% in the year ended December 31, 2011.

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General and Administrative Expenses . General and administrative expenses increased from $26.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 to $27.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, an increase of $1.0 million, or 3.8%. This increase was attributable primarily to the increase in doubtful debt expenses of $1.7 million or 804%  due to an increase in our accounts receivable balance and an increase in depreciation expenses of $1.1 million, due to higher depreciation expenses of investments in IT infrastructures, offset by a decrease in salary and related expenses as a result of the integration plan related to Nera Acquisition of $2.0 million. As a percentage of revenues, general and administrative expenses were 6.0% and 6.2% for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012 respectively.

Restructuring costs . Restructuring costs consist of employee one-time termination benefits and other termination costs related to organizational changes to integrate certain administrative functions and combine our two solution groups. Restructuring costs decreased from $7.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 to $4.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, a decrease of $3.2 million, or 41.2%.

Acquisition related costs . The acquisition related costs consist primarily of fees for Nera’s transaction financial advisors, as well as legal, accounting and tax related fees associated with the due diligence. Acquisition related costs were $4.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2011. The Company did not have any acquisition-related costs in the year ended December 31, 2012.
Financial expenses, Net . Financial expenses, net increased from $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 to $3.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, a change of $1.5 million. The increase in the financial expenses is mainly related to decrease in finance income from marketable securities and bank deposits in the amount of $1.7 million and an increase in interest expenses of our short-term loans in the amount of $0.4 million, offset by a decrease in currency revaluation expenses in the amount of $0.6 million. As a percentage of revenues, financial expenses, net changed to 0.8% in the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to 0.5% for the year ended December 31, 2011.

Taxes on income . Taxes on income decreased from $2.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 to $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, a decrease of $1.1 million, or 46.8%. Our effective tax rate was 4% in 2011 and 5% in 2012. This change was attributed to tax expenses related to lower taxable income in our sales, distribution and subcontracting manufacturing subsidiaries, where the local activities are profitable and taxable.

Net loss . Net loss decreased from $53.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 to $23.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. As a percentage of revenues, net loss decreased to 5.2% for the year ended December 31, 2012 from 12% for the year ended December 31, 2011. The decrease in net loss was attributable primarily to the decrease in operating expenses as a result of the integration plan, as well as an increase in gross profit as a result of step-up adjustment of acquired deferred revenue in 2011, both of which are  related to Nera Acquisition.

Year ended December 31, 2010 compared to year ended December 31, 2011
Revenues. Revenues increased from $249.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2010 to $445.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, an increase of $195.4 million, or 78.2%. This increase was attributable primarily to the Nera Acquisition . Revenues increased significantly in Europe, Africa and Latin America regions. Revenues in the Latin America region increased to $104.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 as compared to $17.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2010. Revenues in the Europe region increased to $101.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 compared to $56.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2010. Revenues in the Africa region increased to $57.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 compared to $10 million for the year ended December 31, 2010.

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Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues increased from $160.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2010 to $323.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, an increase of $162.7 million, or 101.4%. This increase was attributable mainly to the following:

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Higher revenues attributed to the Nera Acquisition resulting in an increase of purchased  products from our contract manufacturers of $56.0 million, or 66.8%, an increase of subcontractors’ expenses associated with the provision of our services of $23.3 million, or 257.6%, and an increase in payroll, payroll related expenses and other manufacturing overhead expenses of $25.2 million, or 307.4%.

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Cost of inventory step-up adjustment of acquired deferred revenue and customer orders to be delivered as of the closing of the Nera Acquisition, in the amount of $15.4 million.

·
Higher material expenses associated with certain of Nera’s legacy products in the first half of the year in the amount of $15.8 million prior to the completion of the migration of Nera’s customers to the Ceragon short-haul products.

Gross Profit. Gross profit as a percentage of revenues decreased from 35.8% for the year ended December 31, 2010 to 27.4% for the year ended December 31, 2011. This decrease was attributable mainly to incremental revenues from the Nera Acquisition at lower gross margins, an inventory step-up and a higher percentage of service revenues, which carry lower gross margins.

Research and Development Expenses. Our research and development expenses increased from $25.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2010 to $50.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, an increase of $25.3 million, or 101%. The increase in our research and development expenses was attributable primarily to the increase of approximately $18.3 million or 122% in payroll and payroll related expenses, mainly due to an increase in headcount following the Nera Acquisition and the higher cost structure of Nera’s research and development operations in Norway, as well as an increase of $1.6 million or 30% in subcontractors expenses. Our research and development efforts are a key element of our strategy and are essential to our success.  We intend to maintain our commitment to research and development An increase or a decrease in our total revenue would not necessarily result in a proportional increase or decrease in the levels of our research and development expenditures. As a percentage of revenues, research and development expenses increased to 11.3% in the year ended December 31, 2011 compared to 10.1% for the year ended December 31, 2010.

Selling and Marketing Expenses. Selling and marketing expenses increased from $37.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2010 to $81.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, an increase of $44.5 million, or 120%. This increase was attributable to the increase of approximately $22.9 million or 135% in payroll and payroll related expenses, as a result from the Nera Acquisition. As a percentage of revenues, selling and marketing expenses were 18.4% in the year ended December 31, 2011 and 14.9% in the year ended December 31, 2010.

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses increased from $12.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2010 to $26.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, an increase of $14.2 million, or 115%. This increase was attributable primarily to the increase in payroll and payroll related expenses of $5.2 million or 137%, as well as increase in financial consulting and audit fees expenses of $2.9 million or 403%.  As a percentage of revenues, general and administrative expenses were 4.9% and 6% for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2011 respectively.

Restructuring costs. Restructuring costs consist of severance payments for employees in entities to which they were previously not entitled. Restructuring costs were $7.8 million in 2011.

Acquisition related costs. The acquisition related costs consist primarily of fees for Nera’s transaction financial advisors, as well as legal, accounting and tax related fees associated with the due diligence.  Acquisition related costs increased from $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2010 to $4.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2011.

Financial income (expenses), Net. Financial income (expenses), net changed from $1.3 million income for the year ended December 31, 2010 to an expense of $(2.0) million for the year ended December 31, 2011, a change of $3.3 million. The increase in the financial expenses is mainly related to interest accrued and paid on the loan Agreement with Bank Hapoalim as part of the Nera Acquisition, in the amount of $1.3 million, an increase in currency revaluation expenses in the amount of $1.2 million, and an increase in bank charges and other expenses in the amount of $1.7 million, offset by an increase in interest on marketable securities and bank deposits in the amount of $0.9 million, all mainly due to the Nera Acquisition.  As a percentage of revenues, financial income (expenses), net changed to (0.5)% in the year ended December 31, 2011 compared to 0.5% for the year ended December 31, 2010.

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Taxes on income. Taxes on income increased from $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2010 to $2.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, an increase of $1.1 million, or 91.8%.   Our effective tax rate was 8% in 2010 and 4% in 2011.  This change was attributed to tax expenses related to higher taxable income in our sales, distribution and subcontracting manufacturing subsidiaries, where the local activities are profitable and taxable, partially offset with the increase in deferred tax assets, net.

Net Income (loss). Net income (loss) changed from net income of $14.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2010 to net loss of $(53.7) million for the year ended December 31, 2011. As a percentage of revenues, net income (loss) changed to (12) % for the year ended December 31, 2011 from 5.6% for the year ended December 31, 2010. The decrease in net results was attributable primarily to the increase in operating expenses partially offset by an increase in revenues and gross profit, mainly related to the Nera Acquisition.

Impact of Currency Fluctuations

We typically derive the majority of our revenues in U.S. dollars. Although the majority of our revenues were denominated in U.S. dollars, a significant portion of our expenses were denominated in NIS, NOK and Euros. Our NIS- and NOK-denominated expenses consist principally of salaries and related personnel expenses. We anticipate that a material portion of our expenses will continue to be denominated in NIS and NOK.
Part of our revenues and expenses in Europe are received or incurred in Euros. We are exposed to the risk of an appreciation of the Euro if our expenses in Euros exceed our sales in Euros. In addition, if the Euro devaluates relative to the dollar and sales in Euros exceed expenses incurred in Euros, our operating profit may be negatively affected as a result of a decrease in the dollar value of our sales.

Transactions and balances in currencies other than U.S. dollars are remeasured into U.S. dollars according to the principles in ASC topic 830, “Foreign Currency Matters”. Gains and losses arising from remeasurement are recorded as financial income or expense, as applicable.

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The following table presents information about the exchange rate of the NIS, NOK and Euro against the dollar:

Appreciation against US Dollar
Year ended December 31,
NIS (%)
NOK (%)
Euro (%)
2008
(1.1 ) 29.4 5.6
2009
(0.7 ) (17.7 ) (3.3 )
2010
(6.0 ) 1.6 8.0
2011
7.7 3.0 3.3
2012
(2.3 ) (7.5 ) (2.1 )

Since exchange rates between the NIS and the dollar, between the NOK and the dollar and between the Euro and the dollar, fluctuate continuously, exchange rate fluctuations would have an impact on our results and period-to-period comparisons of our results. We reduce this currency exposure by entering into hedging transactions. The effects of foreign currency re-measurements are reported in our consolidated financial statements of operations. For a discussion of our hedging transactions, please see “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.”
Effects of Government Regulations and Location on the Company’s Business

For a discussion of the effects of Israeli governmental regulation and our location in Israel on our business, see “Information on the Company – Business Overview – Conditions in Israel” in Item 4 and the “Risks Relating to Israel” as well as the Risk Factor “ Our international operations expose us to the risk of fluctuation in currency exchange rates and restrictions related to cash repatriation” in Item 3, above.

B.            Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our initial public offering in August 2000, we have financed our operations primarily through the proceeds of that initial public offering and a follow-on offering and through royalty-bearing grants from the OCS. In the initial public offering, we raised $97.8 million; and through December 31, 2006, we received a total of $18.5 million from the OCS. In a follow-on public offering completed in December 2007, we raised a net amount of $88.3 million.

In January 2011, we entered into a loan agreement with Bank Hapoalim B.M. in the principal amount of $35 million (the Bank Hapoalim Agreement) in order to help finance the Nera Acquisition. The Bank Hapoalim Agreement provides that the principal amount of $35 million bears interest at a rate of Libor + 3.15%, which Libor is updated every three months. The principal amount is to be repaid in 17 quarterly installments from February 19, 2012, through February 19, 2016 and the interest is to be paid in quarterly payments starting as of February 19, 2011.  As of December 31, 2012, the balance of the loan amounted to $26.8 million.

In March 2013, we entered into a Credit Facility with four banks: Bank Hapoalim B.M. (also the lead - arranger and securities trustee), HSBC Bank Plc, Bank Leumi Le’Israel Ltd., and First International Bank Israel Ltd., pursuant to which we received $113.7 million of committed credit facilities consisting of up to $73.5 million in credit loans as well as up to $40.2 million for bank guarantees.   The Credit Facility replaced all of the Company’s existing credit facilities, including the Bank Hapoalim Agreement, and other short term credit facilities with other banks.  The Credit Facility will terminate, and all borrowings shall be repaid, upon March 14, 2016.  Borrowings will bear floating interest at a base rate plus an applicable spread of up to 3% per annum.  The credit facilities are secured by (1) a floating charge over all our assets and (2) floating and fixed charges over our bank accounts with the banks.  In the framework of the Credit Facility, we undertook certain financial and other standard covenants.
See Item 19, Exhibit 4.4 for an English summary of the material terms of the Credit Facility.

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As of December 31, 2012, our short term debt from financial institutions amounted to $17.0 million.

As of December 31, 2012, we had approximately $51.6 million in cash and cash equivalents, short term bank deposits and  long-term marketable securities.

As of December 31, 2012, our cash investments were comprised of the following: 91% consisted of short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of up to three months,1% consisted of short-term bank deposits and 8% of our liquid assets is invested in long term corporate and government debt securities. Most of these investments are in US dollars.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $7.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 and net cash used in operating activities was $20.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. Net cash used in operating activities was $10.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2010.

In 2012, our cash provided by operating activities was affected by the following principal factors:

•
a $27.2 million decrease in inventories, net of write-off; and

•
a $17.7 million increase in trade payables, net of accrued expenses

These factors were offset by:

•
our net loss of $23.4 million;

•
a $9.5 million increase in trade receivables, net; and

•
a $21.6 million decrease in deferred revenues paid in advance.

In 2011, our cash used by operating activities was affected by the following principal factors:

•
our net loss of $53.7 million;

•
a $13.8 million decrease in other accounts payable and accrued liabilities, primarily attributed to a decrease in subcontractors accruals, a decrease in provision for collection fee, a decrease in provision for warranty and a decrease in provision for tax; and

•
a $11.9  million decrease in deferred revenues paid in advance.

These factors were offset by:

•
a $6.8  million decrease in other accounts receivable and prepaid expenses; and

•
a $40.6  million decrease in inventories, net of write-off.

In 2010, our cash used by operating activities was affected by the following principal factors:

•
our net income of $14.1 million;

•
a $3.3 million increase in other accounts payable and accrued expenses, primarily attributed to an increase in employees accruals, an increase in warranty provision and an unrealized loss in open forward foreign exchange contracts; and

•
a $2.1  million increase in deferred revenues paid in advance.

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These factors were partially offset by:

•
a $19.6 million increase in trade receivables, which was primarily attributable to our increased revenues;

•
a $11.7 million decrease in trade payables which was primarily attributable to advances paid to our contract manufacturers; and

•
a $7.7 million increase in other accounts receivable and prepaid expenses which was primarily attributable to an increase of $5.6 million in advances paid to our contract manufacturers and an increase of $1.1 million in prepaid expenses mainly subcontractors expenses for installation services for our turnkey projects for which revenues have not yet recognized.

Net cash provided by investing activities was approximately $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, as compared to net cash used in investing activities of approximately $28.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 and net cash provided by investing activities of approximately $5.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2010. In the year ended December 31, 2012, our investment in short-term bank deposits of $1.3 million and purchase of property and equipment of $14.5 million, were offset partially by proceeds from maturity of short-term bank deposits of $7.9 million and by proceeds from sales of marketable securities of $9.8 million. In the year ended December 31, 2011, our investment in short-term bank deposits of $7.3 million, purchase of property and equipment of $14.4 million and payment related to the Nera Acquisition of $42.5 million were offset partially by proceeds from maturity of short-term bank deposits of $25.7 million and by proceeds from maturities of marketable securities of $10.5 million.  In the year ended December 31. 2010, our proceeds from maturity of short-term bank deposits of $31.7 million and from maturities of marketable securities of $16.6 million were offset partially by investment in short and long-term bank deposits of $13.8 million and in marketable securities of $18.3 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $9.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 as compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $39.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 and net cash used in financing activities of $4.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2010. In the year ended December 31, 2012, our proceeds from exercises of share options of $0.7 million and proceeds from financial institutions, net of $27 million, were offset partially by repayment of a bank loan of $18.2 million.  In the year ended December 31, 2011, our cash provided by financing activities was affected by exercises of share options of $4.5 million and proceeds from financial institutions, net of $35 million.  In the year ended December 31, 2010, our cash provided by financing activities was affected by exercises of share options of $4.9 million.

As of December 31, 2012, our principal commitments consisted of $7.4 million for obligations outstanding under non-cancelable operating leases.

Our capital requirements are dependent on many factors, including working capital requirements to finance the growth of the Company, and the allocation of resources to our research and development efforts, as well as our marketing and sales activities. We anticipate continuing to engage in capital spending consistent with anticipated growth in our operations as a result, in part, from our increased participation in turnkey projects. We anticipate that our capital expenditures during 2013 will be primarily for a new enterprise resource planning, ERP, system to be implemented at our offices worldwide and other IT infrastructures.

We believe that current cash and cash equivalent balances, short-term bank deposits and short-term marketable securities will be sufficient for our requirements through at least the next 12 months.

C.            Research and Development
We place considerable emphasis on research and development to improve and expand the capabilities of our existing products, to develop new products, with particular emphasis on equipment for emerging IP-based networks, and to lower the cost of producing both existing and future products. We intend to continue to devote a significant portion of our personnel and financial resources to research and development. As part of our product development process, we maintain close relationships with our customers to identify market needs and to define appropriate product specifications. In addition, we intend to continue to comply with industry standards and, in order to participate in the formulation of European standards, we are full members of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute.

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Our research and development activities are conducted mainly at our facilities in Tel Aviv, Israel and Bergen, Norway and also at our subsidiaries in Greece and Romania. As of December 31, 2012, our research, development and engineering staff consisted of 268 employees. Our research and development team includes highly specialized engineers and technicians with expertise in the fields of millimeter wave design, modem and signal processing, data communications, system management and networking solutions.

Our research and development department provides us with the ability to design and develop most of the aspects of our proprietary solutions, from the chip-level, including both ASICs and RFICs, to full system integration. Our research and development projects currently in process include extensions to our leading IP-based networking product lines and development of new technologies to support future product concepts. In addition, our engineers continually work to redesign our products with the goal of improving their manufacturability and testability while reducing costs.

Our research and development expenses were approximately $47.5 million or 10.6% of revenues in 2012, $50.5 million or 11.3% of revenues in 2011 and $25.1 million or 10% of revenues in 2010.

Intellectual Property

See: “Item 4. History and Development of the Company–Intellectual Property” for a description of our intellectual property.

D.
Trend Information

See discussion in Parts A and B of Item 5 “Operating Results and Financial Review and Prospects” for a description of the trend information relevant to us.

E.
Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

We are not party to any material off-balance sheet arrangements. In addition, we have no unconsolidated special purpose financing or partnership entities that are likely to create material contingent liabilities.

F.
Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations

Payments due by period (in thousands of dollars)
Contractual Obligations
Total
Less than 1
year
1-3 years
3-5 years
More than
5 years
Operating lease obligations 1
10,505 5,990 3,660 855
Purchase obligations 2
47,240 41,879 5,361
Other long-term commitment 3
5,148 5,148
Uncertain income tax positions 4
26,549 26,549
Loan Agreement
26,768 8,232 16,464 2,072
Total
116,210 56,101 25,485 2,927 31,697
____________
(1)
Consists of operating leases for our facilities and for vehicles.
(2)
Consists of all outstanding purchase orders for our products from our suppliers.
(3)
Our obligation for accrued severance pay under Israel’s Severance Pay Law as of December 31, 2012 was approximately   $9.01 million, of which approximately $6.4 million was funded through deposits in severance pay funds, leaving a net commitment of approximately $2.6 million.  In addition, the commitment includes a net amount of approximately $2.5 million in pension accruals in other subsidiaries, mainly in Norway.
(4)
Uncertain income tax position under ASC 740-10, “Income Taxes,” are due upon settlement and we are unable to reasonably estimate the ultimate amount or timing of settlement. See Note 15j of our Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the Company’s liability under ASC 740-10.

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Effect of Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, in Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of Part II of this Report, for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects on financial condition and results of operations, which is incorporated herein by reference.


Directors and Senior Management
The following table lists our current directors and senior management:
Name
Age
Position
Zohar Zisapel
64
Chairman of the Board of Directors
Ira Palti
55
President and Chief Executive Officer
Aviram Steinhart
42
Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer
Gil Solovey
44
Executive Vice President, Global Operations
Eran Westman
42
Executive Vice President, Global Business
Sharon Ganot
44
Executive Vice President, Human Resources
Udi Gordon
46
Executive Vice President, Corporate Marketing and Business Development
Donna Gershowitz
49
Vice President and General Counsel and Corporate Secretary
Hagai Zyss
41
Executive Vice President, Global Products
Ole Lars Oye
51
VP Global Projects & Services
Joseph Atsmon
64
Director
Yael Langer
48
Director
Yair E. Orgler
73
Director
Avi Patir
64
Director
Zohar Zisapel has served as the Chairman of our board of directors since we were incorporated in 1996.  Mr. Zisapel is also a founder and a director of RAD Data Communications Ltd., of which he served as CEO from January 1982 until January 1998 and served as chairman from 1998 until 2012.  Mr. Zisapel also serves as chairman of RADCOM Ltd., as a director of Silicom Ltd., Amdocs, Limited and as chairman or director of several private companies. Mr. Zisapel received a B.Sc. and an M.Sc. in electrical engineering from the Technion, Israel Institute of Technology (“Technion”) and an M.B.A. from Tel Aviv University.
Ira Palti has been our President and Chief Executive Officer since August 2005. From January 2003 to August 2005, Mr. Palti was Chief Executive Officer of Seabridge Ltd., a Siemens company that is a global leader in the area of broadband services and networks. Prior to joining Seabridge, he was the Chief Operating Officer of VocalTec Communications Ltd., responsible for sales, marketing, customer support and product development. Among the positions he held before joining VocalTec was founder of Rosh Intelligent Systems, a company providing software maintenance and AI diagnostic solutions and one of the first startups in Israel. Mr. Palti received a B.Sc. in mathematics and computer science (magna cum laude) from Tel Aviv University.
Aviram Steinhart joined Ceragon in December 2011 from Lumenis Ltd., where he was the Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President from 2007. Prior to that, he served as the Corporate Vice President of Finance at Alvarion Ltd., as well as in a variety of senior financial positions at Siemens/UGS PLM solutions, Tecnomatix, and NetReality Communications.  Mr. Steinhart holds a B.A. from Haifa University and an M.B.A. from Tel Aviv University and is a qualified CPA.
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Gil Solovey joined Ceragon in May 2010. In his last position, Mr. Solovey served as VP Operations and a member of the management at Orbit Technology Group, an Israeli company that develops, manufactures and supplies communication equipment solutions. Prior to joining Orbit, Mr. Solovey served various position in HP Scitex, a pioneer and a leading worldwide developer of format printing equipment, including as VP Operations and managed the global supply chain group in HP Scitex. Before joining HP Scitex in 2004, Mr. Solovey managed the purchasing, Logistics and planning division at Applied Materials Israel. Mr. Solovey holds a B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering from the Technion, and an M.B.A. in marketing from Herriot Watt University in Scotland (Israel branch).

Eran Westman has served as our Executive Vice President, Global Operations since October 2008. From January 2004 to September 2008, Mr. Westman served as President Asia Pacific, and from July 2001 to December 2003, he was Vice President Sales for Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Mr. Westman holds a LL.B degree from the Herzog Faculty of Law at Bar Ilan University.
Sharon Ganot has served as our Executive Vice President, Human Resources since March 2000.  From December 1999 until March 2000, Ms. Ganot was the manager of our human resources department.  From April 1994 until December 1999, she was a personnel recruiter and training manager with RAD Data Communications Ltd.  Ms. Ganot received a B.A. in psychology and an M.A. in industrial studies from Tel Aviv University.
Udi Gordon has served as our Executive Vice President Marketing & Business Development since July 2009.  From October 2008 through June 2009, Mr. Gordon served as our Vice President, Business Development. From 2004 to 2008, Mr. Gordon headed our research and development department, his most recent position being Executive Vice President R&D. From 1997 until June 2004, he served as a senior manager in our research and development department.    Mr. Gordon received a B.Sc. in electrical engineering from the Technion (cum laude) and an M.B.A. from Bar-Ilan University.
Donna Gershowitz has served as our Vice President and General Counsel and Corporate Secretary since June 2009.  Prior to joining Ceragon, Ms. Gershowitz served as the General Counsel of Elron Electronic Industries Ltd. from March 2008 through April 2009, as the Regional General Counsel of SanDisk Corporation from November 2006 through March 2008 and as the Vice President and General Counsel of msystems Ltd. (prior to its acquisition by SanDisk Corporation) from June 2004 through November 2006.  Ms. Gershowitz has also held positions as legal counsel in other Israeli high tech companies.  Ms. Gershowitz holds a B.A. in Politics from Brandeis University and a J.D. from Boalt Hall School of Law, University of California, at Berkeley. Ms. Gershowitz is a member of the Israeli Bar and the California Bar.
Hagai Zyss has served as our Executive Vice President, Global Products since January 2013.  Prior thereto, he served as our  Executive Vice President and General Manager, Short-Haul Solutions Group since March, 2011 and as Vice President, Research and Development from October 2008 and served in our research and development from June 2000, his most recent position being Vice President Next Generation Networks. Mr. Zyss received B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees (cum laude) in electrical engineering and electronics from Tel-Aviv University.
Ole Lars Oye has served as our VP Global Projects & Services since January 2011.  Prior to the Nera Acquisition, Mr. Oye has served as Senior Vice President, Global Projects, of Nera since September 2009. Previously, Mr. Oye served in various positions at Nera, which he joined in 1987, including as VP Sales North Europe of Nera Networks, General Director of Nera Networks s.r.o. in Slovakia, VP Supply and Technical Director Americas.  Mr. Oye holds a B.Sc degree in Electronics/Telecommunication from Gjovik ingeniorhogskole in Norway.
Joseph Atsmon has served as a director since July 2001. Mr. Atsmon has also served as a director of Nice Systems Ltd. since July 2001 and served as a director of RADVision Ltd. from June 2003 until June 2012. From November 2005 until December 2008, Mr. Atsmon was a director of VocalTec Communications Ltd. From April 2001 until October 2002, he served as Chairman of Discretix Ltd.  From 1995 until 2000, he served as Chief Executive Officer of Teledata Communications Ltd., a public company acquired by ADC Telecommunications Inc. in 1998.  From 1986 until 1995, Mr. Atsmon served in various positions at Tadiran Ltd., among them a division president and Corporate Vice President for business development.  Mr. Atsmon received a B.Sc. in electrical engineering (summa cum laude) from the Technion.  Mr. Atsmon is one of our independent directors for the purposes of the Nasdaq Rules and is our audit committee chairman and financial expert.
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Yael Langer has served as a director since December 2000.  Ms. Langer served as our general counsel from July 1998 until December 2000.  Ms. Langer is General Counsel and Secretary of RAD Data Communications Ltd. and other companies in the RAD-BYNET group.  Since July 2009, Ms. Langer serves as a director in RADWARE Ltd. From December 1995 to July 1998, Ms. Langer served as Assistant General Counsel to companies in the RAD-BYNET group.  From September 1993 until July 1995, Ms. Langer was a member of the legal department of Poalim Capital Markets and Investments Ltd. Ms. Langer received an LL.B. from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.
Yair E. Orgler has served as an external director since March 2007. Prof. Orgler is Professor Emeritus at the Leon Recanati Graduate School of Business Administration, Tel Aviv University (the “Recanati School”). From 1996 to June 2006, Prof. Orgler was Chairman of the Board of the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange. From 2001 to 2004, he was President of the International Options Markets Association (IOMA). Prof. Orgler serves as a director at Israel Chemicals Ltd., Atidim-High Tech Industrial Park Ltd., ICL-IP Co. Ltd., ICL-IP Ltd., Itamar Medical Ltd. and Gazit-Globe Ltd. Other public positions held by Prof. Orgler in recent years include: Director at Bank Hapoalim, B.M., Director at Discount Investment Corporation Ltd., Founder and Chairman of “Maalot”, Israel’s first securities rating company; Chairman of the Wage Committee of the Association of University Heads in Israel; Chairman of the Executive Council of the Academic College of Tel-Aviv-Yaffo; and member of the Board of the United States-Israel Educational Foundation (USIEF). Previous academic positions held by Prof. Orgler include: Vice Rector of Tel-Aviv University and before that Dean of the Recanati School. For over 20 years he was the incumbent of the Goldreich Chair in International Banking at Tel-Aviv University and served frequently as a Visiting Professor of Finance at the Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University. Prof. Orgler holds a Ph.D. and Master’s degree in industrial administration from Carnegie Mellon University, an M.Sc. in industrial engineering from University of Southern California and a B.Sc. in industrial engineering from the Technion. Prof. Orgler is one of our independent directors for the purposes of the Nasdaq Rules and one of our external directors for purposes of the Companies Law .
Avi Patir has served as an external director since March 2007. Mr. Patir is Senior Vice President and CTO at Hot Mobile Ltd. (previously MIRS Communications Ltd.), a wholly-owned subsidiary of HOT Telecommunication.  From 2004 to 2006, Mr. Patir served as the Group COO and Head of the Wireline Division of “Bezeq” – The Israel Telecommunication Corp. Limited (“Bezeq”), Israel’s national telecommunications provider. From 2003 to 2004, Mr. Patir was President and CEO of American Israel Paper Mills Ltd., the leading Israeli manufacturer and marketer of paper and paper products. From 1996 to 2003, he was the President and CEO of Barak International Telecommunication Corporation Ltd., a leading provider of international telecommunications services in Israel, and from 1992 to 1996, he was Executive Vice President Engineering and Operations at Bezeq. Mr. Patir has been a board member of, among others, Bezeq International, Pelephone Communications Ltd. and Satlink Communications Ltd.  Mr. Patir holds an M.Sc. in electrical and electronic engineering from Columbia University and a B.Sc. in electrical and electronic engineering from the Technion. He is, in addition, a graduate of the Kellogg-Recanati executive management program. Mr. Patir is one of our independent directors for the purposes of the Nasdaq Rules and one of our external directors for purposes of the Companies Law.
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Compensation of Directors and Senior Management
The following table presents all compensation we paid to all of our directors and senior management as a group for the year ended December 31, 2012.  The table does not include any amounts we paid to reimburse any of such persons for costs incurred in providing us with services during this period.
Salaries, fees, commissions and bonuses
Pension, retirement and other similar benefits
All directors and senior management as a group, consisting of 15 1 persons
$ 3,006,000 $ 258,000

1 The group includes one who ceased to be a member of senior management at the end of 2012.

During 2012, we granted to our directors and senior management 540,000 options to purchase ordinary shares, in the aggregate, with exercise prices of $4.78 - $9.07 per share. The options expire 10 years after grant.
Currently, other than payment of fees to our external directors as required by the Companies Law, reimbursement for expenses and the award of stock options, we do not compensate our directors for serving on our board of directors.  We do, however, intend to allow payment of fees to another director, who is not an external director, in order to comply with certain requirements made under a recent amendment to the Companies Law.  For more information, please see “Remuneration of Directors” and “The Share Option Plan” below and Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included as Item 18 in this annual report.
Board Practices
Our board of directors presently consists of five members, the minimum number authorized by our Articles of Association. The board retains all the powers in running our company that are not specifically granted to the shareholders; for example, the board may make decisions to borrow money for our company, and may set aside reserves out of our profits, for whatever purposes it thinks fit.

The board may pass a resolution when a quorum is present, and by a vote of at least a majority of the directors present when the resolution is put to vote.  A quorum is defined as at least a majority of the directors then in office who are lawfully entitled to participate in the meeting but not less than two directors. The Chairman of the board is elected and removed by the board members. Minutes of the board meetings are recorded and kept at our offices.

Terms and Skills of Directors

Previously, our board of directors was divided into two classes: Class I and Class II. Each director (other than an external director), when elected, was designated as a member of one of the two classes of directors.  In December 2012, our shareholders approved an amendment to our Articles of Association removing the two classes and providing that directors, other than our external directors described below, be elected at our annual general meeting of shareholders by a vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power represented at that meeting and voting thereon, and serve a term ending on the date of the third annual general meeting following the general meeting at which they were elected, unless earlier terminated in the event of such director’s death, resignation or removal.  Our Articles of Association also includes a section that allows for the alignment of the appointment dates of our board members; members of the board, who will be appointed in any annual general meeting following the 2012 annual general meeting and prior to the third annual general meeting following the 2012 annual general meeting (i.e., the 2015 annual general meeting), shall be appointed for a term ending on the 2015 annual general meeting. Beginning with the 2015 annual general meeting, all directors (other than external directors) shall be appointed together on the same annual general meeting, for a term of three years.

Messrs. Zisapel and Atsmon were appointed for a three-year term in December 2012.  Ms. Langer was reelected to serve as our Class I director at the annual general meeting held in September 2011 for a term that will end at 2014 annual general meeting of shareholders.

According to the Companies Law, a person who does not possess the skills required and the ability to devote the appropriate time to the performance of the office of director in a company, taking into consideration, among other things, the special requirements and size of that company, shall neither be appointed as director nor shall serve as director in a public company. A public company shall not summon a general meeting whose agenda includes the appointment of a director, and a director shall not be appointed, unless the candidate has submitted a declaration that he or she possesses the skills required and the ability to devote the appropriate time to the performance of the office of director in the company, that sets forth the aforementioned skills and further states that the limitations set forth in the Companies Law regarding the appointment of a director do not apply in respect of such candidate.
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A director who ceases to possess any qualification required under the Companies Law for holding the office of director or who becomes subject to any ground for termination of his/her office must inform the company immediately and his/her office shall terminate on such notice.
Independent Directors

As a company organized in Israel whose ordinary shares are listed for quotation on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, we are required to comply with the rules of the SEC and the Nasdaq Rules applicable to listed companies, as well as with the Companies Law, which is applicable to all Israeli companies. Under the Nasdaq Rules, a majority of our directors is required to be independent. The independence standard under the Nasdaq Rules excludes, among others, any person who is a current or former (at any time during the past three years) employee of a company or its affiliates as well as the immediate family members of an executive officer (at any time during the past three years) of a company or its affiliates. Messrs. Joseph Atsmon, Yair Orgler and Avi Patir currently serve as our independent directors.

External Directors

Under the Companies Law, we are required to appoint at least two external directors. Each committee of a company’s board of directors which is authorized to exercise the board of directors’ authorities is required to include at least one external director, except for the audit and compensation committees, which are required to include all of the external directors.

Qualification

To qualify as an external director, an individual or his or her relative, partner, employer, any person to whom such person is directly or indirectly subject to, or any entity under his or her control may not have, as of the date of appointment, or may not have had, during the previous two years, any affiliation with the company, any entity controlling the company on the date of the appointment or with any entity controlled, at the date of the appointment or during the previous two years, by the company or by its controlling shareholder. In general, the term “affiliation” includes:

•      an employment relationship;

•      a business or professional relationship maintained on a regular basis;

•      control; and

•
service as an office holder; the Companies Law defines the term “office holder” of a company to include a director, the chief executive officer, the chief business manager, a vice general manager, deputy general manager and any officer that reports directly to the chief executive officer or any other person fulfilling any of the foregoing positions (even if such person’s title is different).
"Control" is defined in the Securities Law as the ability to direct the actions of a company but excluding a power that is solely derived from a position as a director of the company or any other position with the company; a person who is holding 50% or more of the "controlling power" in the company – voting rights or the right to appoint a director or a general manager – is automatically considered to possess control.

In addition, no person can serve as an external director if the person’s position or other business creates, or may create, conflicts of interest with the person’s responsibilities as an external director or may otherwise interfere with the person’s ability to serve as an external director.

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Election and Term of External Directors

External directors are elected by a majority vote at a shareholders’ meeting, provided that either:

•
majority of the shares voted at the meeting, which are not held by controlling shareholders or shareholders with personal interest in approving the appointment (excluding personal interest not resulting from contacts with the controlling shareholder), not taking into account any abstentions, vote in favor of the election; or

•
the total number of shares referred to above, voted against the election of the external director, does not exceed two percent of the aggregate voting rights in the company.

In a company in which, at the date of appointment of an external director, all the directors are of the same gender, the external director to be appointed shall be of the other gender.

An external director can be removed from office only by the same majority of shareholders that is required to elect an external director, or by a court, if the external director ceases to meet the statutory qualifications with respect to his or her appointment, or if he or she violates his or her duty of loyalty to the company. The court may also remove an external director from office if he or she is unable to perform his or her duties on a regular basis.

Each of our external directors serves a three-year term, and may be re-elected to serve in this capacity for two additional terms of three years each. Thereafter, he or she may be reelected by our shareholders for additional periods of up to three years each only if the audit committee, followed by the board, have approved that considering the expertise and special contribution of the external director to the work of the board and its committees, the appointment for a further term of service is beneficial to the company.

Financial and Accounting Expertise

Pursuant to the Companies Law and regulations promulgated thereunder, (1) each external director must have either “accounting and financial expertise” or “professional qualifications” and (2) at least one of the external directors must have “accounting and financial expertise”.  A director with “accounting and financial expertise” is a director whose education, experience and skills qualifies him or her to be highly proficient in understanding business and accounting matters and to thoroughly understand the company’s financial statements and to stimulate discussion regarding the manner in which financial data is presented. A director with “professional qualifications” is a person that meets any of the following criteria: (i) has an academic degree in economics, business management, accounting, law, public administration; (ii) has a different academic degree or has completed higher education in an area relevant to the company’s business or which is relevant to his or her position; or (iii) has at least five years’ experience in any of the following, or has a total of five years’ experience in at least two of the following: (A) a senior position in the business management of a corporation with substantial business activities, (B) a senior public position or a senior position in the public service, or (C) a senior position in the company’s main fields of business.

Our External Directors

Yair Orgler and Avi Patir were initially appointed in 2006 as our external directors. Their terms began in March 2007 and in December 2009 and again in December 2012, at the respective annual meeting of shareholders, Messrs. Orgler and Patir were appointed for a second and third terms as external directors.  Their third terms will expire in March 2016.  Our board of directors has determined that Prof. Orgler has the “accounting and financial expertise” required by the Companies Law, and that Mr. Patir has the required “professional qualifications.”

Audit Committee

Nasdaq Requirements

Under the Nasdaq Rules, we are required to have an audit committee consisting of at least three independent directors, all of whom are financially literate and one of whom has been determined by the board to be the audit committee financial expert. We have adopted an audit committee charter as required by the Nasdaq Rules. The responsibilities of the audit committee under the Nasdaq Rules include responsibilities relating to: (i) registered public accounting firms, (ii) complaints relating to accounting, internal controls and auditing matters, (iii) authority to engage advisors, and (iv) funding as determined by the audit committee.  Currently, Messrs. Joseph Atsmon, Yair Orgler and Avi Patir serve on our audit committee, each of whom has been determined by the board to be independent. Mr. Atsmon is the chairman of the audit committee and its financial expert.

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The Nasdaq Rules require that director nominees be selected or recommended for the board’s selection either by a nominations committee composed solely of independent directors or by a majority of independent directors, in a vote in which only independent directors participate, subject to certain exceptions. Similarly, the compensation payable to a company’s chief executive officer and other executive officers must be determined or recommended to the board for determination either by a majority of the independent directors on the board, in a vote in which only independent directors participate, or a compensation committee comprised solely of independent directors, subject to certain exceptions.  Until December 2012, the compensation committee carried out these functions, and submitted its recommendations in this respect to the audit committee, which is comprised solely of independent directors. Amendments to Israeli law, which came into effect on December 2012, require a different process of approvals for compensation payable to a company’s chief executive officer and other executive officers; for more details see in Compensation Committee below.

Companies Law Requirements

Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of any Israeli company whose shares are publicly traded must appoint an audit committee, comprised of at least three directors including all of the external directors.  In addition, the majority of the members must meet certain independence criteria and may not include the chairman of the board, any controlling shareholder or any director employed by, providing services to, or whose main livelihood is generated from, the Company or a controlling shareholder of the Company.

The role of our audit committee is (i) to identify irregularities and deficiencies in the management of our business, in consultation with the internal auditor and our independent auditors, and to suggest appropriate courses of action to amend such irregularities; (2) to define whether certain acts and transactions that involve conflicts of interest are material or not and whether transactions that involve interested parties are extraordinary or not, and to approve such transactions; (3) to oversee and approve the retention, performance and compensation of our independent auditors and to establish and oversee the implementation of procedures concerning our systems of internal accounting and auditing control; (4) to examine the performance of our internal auditor and whether he is provided with the required resources and tools necessary for him to fulfill his role, considering, among others, the Company's size and special needs; and (5) to set procedures for handling complaints made by Company's employees in connection with management deficiencies and the protection to be provided to such employees.

Those who are not entitled to be members, shall not attend audit committee's meetings or take part in its decisions, unless the chairman of the audit committee has determined that such person is required for the presentation of a certain matter.  Nevertheless an employee who is not a controlling shareholder or a relative thereof,  may be present at the discussion but not in the decision taking, and the legal counsel and secretary, not being controlling shareholders or relatives thereof, may be present during the discussion and decision making – pursuant to the Committee's request.

The quorum for discussions and decisions shall be the majority of the members, provided that the majority of the present members are independent directors and at least one of them is an external director.

Messrs. Yair Orgler and Avi Patir serve as our two external directors and meet the independence criteria defined in the Companies Law. As stated above, Mr. Atsmon is the chairman of our audit committee; According to the Companies Law, the chairman of the audit committee must be an external director. Mr. Atsmon is not an external director, but, in accordance with a transition provision included in applicable regulations, he is allowed to continue to hold such position until September 14, 2014.

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Amendment 20

Compensation Committee

According to a recent amendment to the Israeli Companies Law entered into effect in December 2012 ("Amendment 20"), the board of directors of any Israeli company whose shares are publicly traded, must appoint a compensation committee, comprised of at least three directors, including all of the external directors which shall be the majority of its members and one thereof must serve as the chairman of the committee. The remaining members of the Committee must satisfy the criteria for remuneration applicable to the external directors and qualified to serve as members of the audit committee pursuant to Companies Law requirements, as described above.

The attendance and participation in the meetings of the compensation committee is limited, similarly to the limitations on attendance and participation in meetings of the audit committee.

The quorum for discussions and decisions shall be the majority of the members, provided that the majority of the present members are independent directors and at least one of them is an external director.
The compensation committee is responsible for: (i) making recommendations to the board of directors with respect to the approval of the compensation policy (see below) and any extensions thereto; (ii) periodically reviewing the implementation of the compensation policy and providing the board of directors with recommendations with respect to any amendments or updates thereto; (iii) reviewing and resolving whether or not to approve arrangements with respect to the terms of office and employment of office holders; and (iv) determining whether or not to exempt a transaction with a candidate for chief executive officer from shareholder approval.

Until December 2012, our former compensation committee, comprised of Messrs. Zisapel and Patir, administered our 2003 Share Option Plan; The board of directors has delegated to the compensation committee the authority to grant options under the 2003 option plans, and to act as the share incentive committee pursuant to this plan, provided that such grants are within the framework determined by the board.

Shortly after Amendment 20 came into effect, we appointed a new compensation committee, including all of our external directors, Messrs. Yair Orgler and Avi Patir, and Mr. Atsmon, the chairman of our audit committee. As Mr. Atsmon’s current remuneration does not qualify him to be a member of the compensation committee under Amendment 20, we intend to propose to our shareholders to approve the payment of fees in cash to Mr. Atsmon, similarly to the payment received by our external directors, in order to qualify Mr. Atsmon as a compensation committee member under Amendment 20

Approval of Office Holders Terms of Employment
The terms of office and employment of office holders (other than directors and the chief executive officer) require the approval of the compensation committee and then of the board of directors, provided such terms are in accordance with the Company's compensation policy. If terms of employment of such officer are not in accordance with the compensation policy then shareholder approval is also required. However, in special circumstances the compensation committee and then the board of directors may nonetheless approve such compensation even if such compensation was not approved by the shareholders, following a further discussion and for detailed reasoning.
The terms of office and employment of the chief executive officer - regardless of whether such terms conform to the company's compensation policy or not - must be approved by the compensation committee, the board of directors and  then by the shareholders, by a special majority of either (i) at least a majority of the shareholders who are not controlling shareholders and who do not have a personal interest in the matter, present and voting (abstentions are disregarded), or (ii) the non-controlling shareholders and shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the matter who were present and voted against the matter hold two percent or less of the voting power of the company. Such shareholder approval will also be required with respect to determining the terms of office and employment of a director or the chief executive officer during the transition period until the Company adopts a compensation policy.
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Notwithstanding the above, in special circumstances the compensation committee and then the board of directors may nonetheless approve compensation for the chief executive officer, even if such compensation was not approved by the shareholders, following a further discussion and for detailed reasoning.

The terms of office and employment of our directors - regardless of whether such terms conform to the company's compensation policy or not - must be approved by the compensation committee, the board of directors and then by the shareholders, but, in case that such terms are inconsistent with the company's compensation policy – such shareholders' approval must be obtained by a special majority.

Compensation Policy

Amendment 20 also requires us to adopt a compensation policy by September 12, 2013, which will set forth company policy regarding the terms of office and employment of office holders, including compensation, equity awards, severance and other benefits, exemption from liability and indemnification,  and which must take into account, among other things, providing proper incentives to directors and officers, management of risks by the company, the officer’s contribution to achieving corporate objectives and increasing profits, and the function of the officer or director.

The compensation policy must be approved by the board of directors, after considering the recommendations of the compensation committee. The compensation policy must also be approved by a majority our shareholders, provided that (i) such majority includes at least a majority of the shareholders who are not controlling shareholders and who do not have a personal interest in the matter, present and voting (abstentions are disregarded), or (ii) the non-controlling shareholders and shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the matter who were present and voted against the policy hold two percent or less of the voting power of the company. The compensation policy must be reviewed from time to time by the board, and must be re-approved or amended by the board of directors and the shareholders at least every three years. If the compensation policy is not approved by the shareholders, the compensation committee and the board of directors may nonetheless approve the policy, following further discussion of the matter and for detailed reasons.

The company intends to take all necessary steps in order to complete the adoption of a compensation policy prior to September 12, 2013.

Internal Auditor

Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of a public company must appoint an internal auditor proposed by the audit committee. The internal auditor may be an employee of the company but may not be an interested party, an office holder or a relative of the foregoing, nor may the internal auditor be the company’s independent accountant or its representative. The role of the internal auditor is to examine, among other things, whether the company’s conduct complies with applicable law, integrity and orderly business procedure.  The internal auditor has the right to request that the chairman of the audit committee convene an audit committee meeting, and the internal auditor may participate in all audit committee meetings.

We have appointed the firm of Chaikin, Cohen, Rubin & Co., Certified Public Accountants (Isr.) as our internal auditor. Our internal auditor meets the independence requirements of the Companies Law, as detailed above.

Approval of Certain Transactions with Related Party

The Companies Law requires the approval of the audit committee or the compensation committee, thereafter, the approval of the board of directors and in certain cases — the approval of the shareholders, in order to effect specified actions and extraordinary transactions such as the following:

·
transactions with office holders and third parties (where an office holder has a personal interest in the transaction);

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·
employment terms of office holders who are not directors, and employment terms of directors (and terms of engagement with a director in other roles); and

·
extraordinary transactions with controlling parties, and extraordinary transactions with a third party - where a controlling party has a personal interest in the transaction, or any transaction with the controlling shareholder or his relative regarding terms of service provided directly or indirectly (including through a company controlled by the controlling shareholder)  and terms of employment (for a controlling shareholder who is not an office holder). A “relative” is defined in the Companies Law as spouse, sibling, parent, grandparent, descendant, spouse’s descendant, sibling or parent and the spouse of any of the foregoing.

Such extraordinary transactions with controlling shareholders require the approval of the audit committee or the compensation committee, the board of directors and the majority of the voting power of the shareholders present and voting at the general meeting of the company (not including abstentions), provided that either:

·
the majority of the shares of shareholders who have no personal interest in the transaction and who are present and voting, vote in favor; or

·
shareholders who have no personal interest in the transaction who vote against the transaction do not represent more than two percent of the aggregate voting rights in the company.
Any shareholder participating in the vote on approval of an extraordinary transaction with a controlling shareholder must inform the company prior to the voting whether or not he or she has a personal interest in the approval of the transaction, and if he or she fails to do so, his or her vote will be disregarded.

Further, transactions with a controlling shareholder or his relative concerning terms of service or employment need to be re-approved once every three years.

In accordance with regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, certain defined types of extraordinary transactions between a public company and its controlling shareholder(s) are exempt from the shareholder approval requirements.  However, such exemptions will not apply if one or more shareholders holding at least 1% of the issued and outstanding shares or voting rights, objects to the use of these exemptions in writing not later than 14 days from the date the company notifies the shareholders of the proposed adoption of such resolution approving the transaction.

In addition, the approval of the audit committee,  followed by the approval of the board of directors and the shareholders,  is required to effect a private placement of securities, in which either (i) 20% or more of the company’s outstanding share capital prior to the placement is offered, and the payment for which (in whole or in part) is not in cash, in tradable securities registered in a stock exchange or not under market terms, and which will result in an increase of the holdings of a shareholder that holds 5% or more of the company’s outstanding share capital or voting rights or will cause any person to become, as a result of the issuance, a holder of more than 5% of the company’s outstanding share capital or voting rights or (ii) a person will become a controlling shareholder of the company.

A “controlling party” is defined in the Securities Law and in the Companies Law for purposes of the provisions governing related party transactions as a person with the ability to direct the actions of a company, or a person who holds 25% or more of the voting power in a public company if no other shareholder owns more than 50% of the voting power in the company, but excluding a person whose power derives solely from his or her position as a director of the company or any other position with the company, provided that two or more persons holding voting rights in the company, who each have a personal interest in the approval of the same transaction, shall be deemed to be one holder.

Audit committee approval is also required (and thereafter, the approval of the board of directors and in certain cases – the approval of the shareholders) to approve the grant of an exemption from the responsibility for a breach of the duty of care towards the company, or for the provision of insurance or an undertaking to indemnify any office holder of the company; see below under “ Exemption, Insurance and Indemnification of Directors and Officers .”

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Remuneration of Directors

Directors’ remuneration requires the approval of the compensation committee, the board of directors and the shareholders (in that order). However, according to regulations promulgated under the Companies Law with respect to the remuneration of external directors, the compensation committee and shareholder’s approval may be waived if the remuneration to be paid to the external directors is between the fixed and maximum amounts set forth in the regulations .
As specified above, the terms of office and employment of our directors should be consistent with our compensation policy and require the approval of the compensation committee and the board of directors and must also be approved by shareholders, subject to limited exceptions.
Notwithstanding the above, under special circumstances, the compensation committee and the board of directors may approve an arrangement that deviates from the Company's compensation policy, provided that such arrangement is approved by a special majority of the company’s shareholders, including (i) at least a majority of the shareholders who are not controlling shareholders and who do not have a personal interest in the matter, present and voting (abstentions are disregarded), or (ii) the non-controlling shareholders and shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the matter who were present and voted against the matter hold two percent or less of the voting power of the company.
According to the regulations promulgated under the Companies Law concerning the remuneration of external directors (the “Remuneration Regulations”), external directors are generally entitled to an annual fee, a participation fee for each meeting of the board of directors or any committee of the board on which he or she serves as a member and reimbursement of travel expenses for participation in a meeting which is held outside of the external director’s place of residence. The minimum, fixed and maximum amounts of the annual and participation fees are set forth in the Remuneration Regulations, based on the classification of the company according to the amount of its capital. According to the Remuneration Regulations, the compensation committee and shareholder’s approval may be waived if the annual and participation fees to be paid to the external directors are within the range of the fixed annual fee or the fixed participation fee and the maximum annual fee or the maximum participation fee for the company’s level, respectively.  However, remuneration of an external director in an amount which is less than the fixed annual fee or the fixed participation fee, respectively, requires the approval of the compensation committee, the board of directors and the shareholders (in that order). The remuneration of external directors must be made known to the candidate for such office prior to his/her appointment and, subject to certain exceptions, will not be amended throughout the three-year period during which he or she is in office. A company may compensate an external director in shares or rights to purchase shares, other than convertible debentures which may be converted into shares, in addition to the annual remuneration, the participation award and the reimbursement of expenses, subject to certain limitations set forth in the Remuneration Regulations. We pay our external directors a fixed annual fee, a fixed participation fee and reimbursement of expenses. In addition, we have granted our external directors options to purchase the Company’s shares.
Additionally, according to other regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, shareholders’ approval for directors’ compensation and employment arrangements is not required if both the audit committee and the board of directors resolve that either (i) the directors’ compensation and employment arrangements are solely for the benefit of the company or (ii) the remuneration to be paid to any such director does not exceed the maximum amounts set forth in the Remuneration Regulations; provided however that no holder of 1% or more of the issued and outstanding share capital or voting rights in the company objects to such exemption from shareholders’ approval requirement such objection to be submitted to the company in writing not later than fourteen days from the date the company notifies its shareholders regarding the adoption of such resolution by the company. If such objection is duly and timely submitted, then the remuneration arrangement of the directors will require shareholders’ approval as detailed above.
Neither we nor any of our subsidiaries has entered into a service contract with any of our current directors that provide for benefits upon termination of their service as directors.

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Dividends

Dividends may be paid only out of accumulated retained earnings, as defined in the Companies Law, as of the end of the most recent fiscal period or as accrued over a period of two years, whichever is higher, and out of surplus derived from net profit and other surplus that is neither share capital nor premium, all as determined under the Companies Law (the “Profit Test”), in each case provided that there is no reasonable concern that payment of the dividend will prevent us from satisfying our existing and foreseeable obligations as they become due (the “Redemption Ability Test”). Notwithstanding the foregoing, dividends may be paid with the approval of a court even if the Profit Test is not met, provided that there is no reasonable concern that payment of the dividend will prevent us from satisfying the Redemption Ability Test. Dividends may be paid in cash, assets, shares or debentures. For further information, please see “Financial Information – Dividends.”  In connection with the 2013 Credit Facility, we undertook not to distribute dividends (unless certain terms are met) without the Banks’ prior written consent pursuant to the agreement.

Fiduciary Duties

The Companies Law imposes a duty of care and a duty of loyalty on all office holders of a company, including directors and officers. The duty of care requires an office holder to act with the level of care with which a reasonable office holder in the same position would have acted under the same circumstances. The duty of loyalty includes avoiding any conflict of interest between the office holder's position in the company and his personal affairs, avoiding any competition with the company, avoiding exploiting any business opportunity of the company in order to receive personal advantage for himself or others, and revealing to the company any information or documents relating to the company's affairs which the office holder has received due to his position as an office holder.
The company may approve an action by an office holder from which the office holder would otherwise have to refrain due to its violation of the office holder’s duty of loyalty if: (i) the office holder acts in good faith and the act or its approval does not cause harm to the company, and (ii) the office holder discloses the nature of his or her interest in the transaction to the company a reasonable time before the company’s approval.

Each person listed in the table under “—Directors and Senior Management” above is considered an office holder under the Companies Law.

Disclosure of Personal Interests of an Office Holder

The Companies Law requires that an office holder of a company promptly disclose any personal interest that he or she may have and all related material information and documents known to him or her relating to any existing or proposed transaction by the company. If the transaction is an extraordinary transaction, the office holder must also disclose any personal interest held by the office holder's spouse, siblings, parents, grandparents, descendants, spouse’s siblings, parents and descendants and the spouses of any of these people, or any corporation in which the office holder is a 5% or greater shareholder, director or general manager or in which he or she has the right to appoint at least one director or the general manager. An extraordinary transaction is defined as a transaction other than in the ordinary course of business; otherwise than on market terms; or that is likely to have a material impact on the company’s profitability, assets or liabilities.

In the case of a transaction which is not an extraordinary transaction, after the office holder complies with the above disclosure requirements, only board approval is required unless the articles of association of the company provide otherwise. The transaction must not be adverse to the company's interest.  Furthermore, if the transaction is an extraordinary transaction, then, in addition to any approval stipulated by the articles of association, it also must be approved by the company's audit committee and then by the board of directors, and, under certain circumstances, by a meeting of the shareholders of the company. A director who has a personal interest in a transaction, may be present if a majority of the members of the board of directors or the audit committee, as the case may be, has a personal interest. If a majority of the board of directors has a personal interest, then shareholders’ approval is also required.

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Duties of Shareholders

Under the Companies Law, a shareholder has a duty to act in good faith toward the company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing his or her power in the company, including, among other things, voting in a general meeting of shareholders on any amendment to the articles of association, an increase of the company's authorized share capital, a merger or approval of interested party transactions which require shareholders' approval.

In addition, any controlling shareholder, any shareholders who knows that it possess power to determine the outcome of a shareholder vote and any shareholder who, pursuant to the provisions of a company's articles of association, has the power to appoint or prevent the appointment of an office holder in the company, is under a duty to act with fairness towards the company. The Companies Law does not describe the substance of this duty but provides that a breach of his duty is tantamount to a breach of fiduciary duty of an office holder of the company

Exculpation, Insurance and Indemnification of Directors and Officers

Pursuant to the Companies Law and the Securities Law, the Israeli Securities Authority is authorized to impose administrative sanctions, including monetary fines, against companies like ours and their officers and directors for certain violations of the Securities Law or the Companies Law; and the Companies Law provides that companies like ours may indemnify their officers and directors and purchase an insurance policy to cover certain liabilities, if provisions for that purpose are included in their articles of association.
In the Company's annual general meeting of shareholders, held in September 2011, shareholders resolved to amend the Company's articles of association, in order to set the legal corporate framework that will allow the Company to continue to be able to indemnify and insure its office holders to the full extent permitted by law.
Office Holders' Exemption

Under the Companies Law, an Israeli company may not exempt an office holder from liability for a breach of his or her duty of loyalty, but may exempt in advance an office holder from his or her liability to the company, in whole or in part, for a breach of his or her duty of care (except in connection with distributions), provided that the Articles of Association allow it to do so. Our Articles of Association allow us to exempt our office holders to the fullest extent permitted by law.

Office Holders’ Insurance

Our Articles of Association provide that, subject to the provisions of the Companies Law, we may enter into a contract for the insurance of all or part of the liability of any of our office holders imposed on the office holder in respect of an act performed by him or her in his or her capacity as an office holder for, in respect of each of the following:

•
a breach of his or her duty of care to us or to another person;

•
a breach of his or her duty of loyalty to us, provided that the office holder acted in good faith and had reasonable cause to assume that his or her act would not prejudice our interests; and

•
a financial liability imposed upon him or her in favor of another person.
Without derogating from the aforementioned, subject to the provisions of the Companies Law and the Securities Law, we may also enter into a contract to insure an office holder, in respect of expenses, including reasonable litigation expenses and legal fees, incurred by an office holder in relation to an administrative proceeding instituted against such office holder or payment required to be made to an injured party, pursuant to certain provisions of the Securities Law.

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Office Holder's Indemnification

Our Articles of Association provide that, subject to the provisions of the Companies Law and the Securities Law, we may indemnify any of our office holders in respect of an obligation or expense specified below, imposed on or incurred by the office holder in respect of an act performed in his capacity as an office holder, as follows:

·
a financial liability imposed on him or her in favor of another person by any judgment, including a settlement or an arbitration award approved by a court. Such indemnification may be approved (i) after the liability has been incurred or (ii) in advance, provided that our undertaking to indemnify is limited to events that our board of directors believes are foreseeable in light of our actual operations at the time of providing the undertaking and to a sum or criterion that our board of directors determines to be reasonable under the circumstances, provided, that such event, sum or criterion shall be detailed in the undertaking;
·
reasonable litigation expenses, including attorney’s fees, incurred by the office holder as a result of an investigation or proceeding instituted against him by a competent authority which concluded without the filing of an indictment against him and without the imposition of any financial liability in lieu of criminal proceedings, or  which concluded without the filing of an indictment against him but with the imposition of a financial liability in lieu of criminal proceedings concerning a criminal offense that does not require proof of criminal intent or  in connection with a financial sanction (the phrases "proceeding concluded without the filing of an indictment" and "financial liability in lieu of criminal proceeding" shall have the meaning ascribed to such phrases in section 260(a)(1a) of the Companies Law);
·
reasonable litigation expenses, including attorneys’ fees, expended by an office holder or charged to the office holder by a court, in a proceeding instituted against the office holder by the Company or on its behalf or by another person, or in a criminal charge from which the office holder was acquitted, or in a criminal proceeding in which the office holder was convicted of an offense that does not require proof of criminal intent; and

·
expenses, including reasonable litigation expenses and legal fees, incurred by an office holder in relation to an administrative proceeding instituted against such office holder, or payment required to be made to an injured party,  pursuant to certain provisions of the Securities Law;

The Company may undertake to indemnify an office holder as aforesaid, (a) prospectively, provided that, in respect of the first act (financial liability) the undertaking is limited to events which in the opinion of the board of directors are foreseeable in light of the Company’s actual operations when the undertaking to indemnify is given, and to an amount or criteria set by the board of directors as reasonable under the circumstances, and further provided that such events and amount or criteria are set forth in the undertaking to indemnify, and (b) retroactively.

Limitations on Insurance and Indemnification

The Companies Law provides that a company may not exculpate or indemnify an office holder nor enter into an insurance contract which would provide coverage for any monetary liability incurred as a result of any of the following:

•
a breach by the office holder of his or her duty of loyalty, except that the company may enter into an insurance contract or indemnify an office holder if the office holder acted in good faith and had a reasonable basis to believe that the act would not prejudice the company;

•
a breach by the office holder of his or her duty of care if the breach was done intentionally or recklessly, unless it was committed only negligently;

•
any act or omission done with the intent to derive an illegal personal benefit; or

•
any fine levied against the office holder.

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In addition, under the Companies Law, exculpation and indemnification of, and procurement of insurance coverage for, our office holders must be approved by our compensation committee and our board of directors and, with respect to an office holder who is chief executive officer or a director, also by our shareholders.

New indemnification letters, which were extended to cover indemnification and insurance of those liabilities imposed under the Companies Law and the Securities Law discussed above, were granted to each of our present and were approved for future office holders. Hence, we indemnify our office holders to the fullest extent permitted under the Companies Law.
We currently hold directors and officers liability insurance for the benefit of our office holders, which includes directors. This policy was approved by our board of directors and by our shareholders at the annual general meeting of shareholders held on September 27 2011. Our shareholders further authorized the Company's board of directors to renew or replace such policy and/or to purchase alternative or additional policies for subsequent periods on terms which are similar to the terms of the current policy, for the benefit of all directors and officers of the Company who may serve from time to time.
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended, may be permitted to our directors, officers and controlling persons, we have been advised that, in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable.
Mergers and Acquisitions under Israeli Law

In general, a merger of a company requires the approval of the holders of a majority of 75% of the voting power represented at the annual or special general meeting in person or by proxy or by a written ballot, as shall be permitted, and voting thereon in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Law. Upon the request of a creditor of either party of the proposed merger, the court may delay or prevent the merger if it concludes that there exists a reasonable concern that as a result of the merger, the surviving company will be unable to satisfy the obligations of any of the parties to the merger. In addition, a merger may not be completed unless at least (i) 50 days have passed from the time that the requisite proposal for the merger has been filed by each party with the Israeli Registrar of Companies and (ii) 30 days have passed since the merger was approved by the shareholders of each party.

The Companies Law also provides that, an acquisition of shares in a public company must be made by means of a tender offer if as a result of the acquisition the purchaser would become a holder of a "control block" (i.e., shares conferring twenty-five percent or more of the voting rights at the general meeting),  or if as a result of the acquisition the purchaser would become a holder of 45% or more of the voting power in the company, unless there is already a holder of a "control block" , or  a holder of 45% or more of the voting power in the company, respectively. These requirements do not apply if, the acquisition (1) was made in a private placement that received shareholders’ approval (including approval of the purchaser becoming a holder of a "control block", or 45% or more, of the voting power in the company, unless there is already a holder of a "control block" or 45% or more, respectively, of the voting power in the company), (2) was from a holder of a "control block" in the company and resulted in the acquirer becoming a holder of a "control block" , or (3) was from a holder of 45% or more of the voting power in the company and resulted in the acquirer becoming a holder of 45% or more of the voting power in the company. The tender offer must be extended to all shareholders, but the offeror is not required to purchase more than 5% of the company's outstanding shares, regardless of how many shares are tendered by shareholders. The tender offer may be consummated only if (i) at least 5% of the company’s outstanding shares will be acquired by the offeror and (ii) the number of shares tendered in the offer exceeds the number of shares whose holders objected to the offer.

If as a result of an acquisition of shares, the acquirer will hold more than 90% of a company’s outstanding shares, the acquisition must be made by means of a tender offer for all of the outstanding shares. If as a result of such full tender offer the acquirer would own more than 95% of the outstanding shares, then all the shares that the acquirer offered to purchase will be transferred to it. The law provides for appraisal rights if any shareholder files a request in court within six months following the consummation of a full tender offer, but the acquirer will be entitled to stipulate that tendering shareholders forfeit their appraisal rights. If as a result of a full tender offer the acquirer would own 95% or less of the outstanding shares, then the acquirer may not acquire shares that will cause his shareholding to exceed 90% of the outstanding shares.

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Israel tax law treats share-for-share acquisitions between an Israeli company and another company less favorably than does U.S. tax law. For example, Israeli tax law may, under certain circumstances, subject a shareholder who exchanges his or her ordinary shares for shares in another corporation to taxation prior to the sale of the shares received for such share-for-share swap.

Employees
As of December 31, 2012, we had 1,117 employees worldwide, of whom 268 were employed in research, development and engineering, 657 in sales and marketing, 81 in management and administration and 111 in operations.  Of these employees, 328 were based in Israel, 43 were based in the United States, 390 were based in EMEA (not including Israel), 219 were based in Latin America and 137 were based in Asia Pacific.
As of December 31, 2011, we had 1,167 employees worldwide, of whom 280 were employed in research, development and engineering, 684 in sales and marketing, 83 in management and administration and 120 in operations.  Of these employees, 324 were based in Israel, 43 were based in the United States, 418 were based in EMEA (not including Israel), 222 were based in Latin America and 160 were based in Asia Pacific.  The significant increase in the number of employees in 2011 compared to 2010 was due to the Nera Acquisition.
As of December 31, 2010, we had 580 employees worldwide, of whom 166 were employed in research, development and engineering, 316 in sales and marketing, 46 in management and administration and 52 in operations.  Of these employees, 319 were based in Israel, 34 were based in the United States, 34 were based in EMEA (not including Israel), 28 were based in Latin America and 165 were based in Asia Pacific.
We and our Israeli employees are not parties to any collective bargaining agreements. However, with respect to our Israeli employees, we are subject to Israeli labor laws, regulations and collective bargaining agreements applicable to us by extension orders of the Israeli Ministry of Labor and Welfare, as are in effect from time to time with respect to our Israeli employees. Generally, we provide our employees with benefits and working conditions above the legally required minimums.

Israeli law generally and applicable extension orders require severance pay upon the retirement or death of an employee or termination without due cause, payment to pension funds or similar funds in lieu thereof and require us and our employees to make payments to the National Insurance Institute, which is similar to the U.S. Social Security Administration. Such amounts also include payments by the employee for mandatory health insurance.

Many of our employees in Norway are members of a union, and their terms of employment are generally covered by Norwegian labor laws and collective bargaining agreements, entered between us and the union.

Substantially all of our employment agreements include employees’ undertakings with respect to non-competition, assignment to us of intellectual property rights developed in the course of employment and confidentiality. However, it should be noted that the enforceability of non- competition undertakings is rather limited under the local laws in certain jurisdictions, including Israel and Norway.

To date, we have not experienced labor-related work stoppages and believe that our relations with our employees are good.

The employees of our other subsidiaries are subject to local labor laws and regulations that vary from country to country.

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Share Ownership
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the ordinary shares owned, and stock options held, by our directors and senior management as of March 15, 2013.  The percentage of outstanding ordinary shares is based on 36,805,168 ordinary shares outstanding as of March 15, 2013.
Name
Number of Ordinary Shares (1)
Percentage of
Outstanding
Ordinary Shares
Number of Stock Options Held (2)
Range of exercise prices per share of stock options
Zohar Zisapel (3)
5,145,149 14.0 200,000 $ 4.78 -$11.10
Ira Palti
836,245 2.3 1,130,000 $ 4.49 -$13.04
All directors and senior management as a group consisting of 14 people (4)
7,021,593 19.1 2,851,166 $ 3.89-$14.29
(1)
Consists of ordinary shares and options to purchase ordinary shares which are vested or shall become vested within 60 days of March 15, 2013.
(2)
Each stock option is exercisable into one ordinary share, and expires 10 years from the date of its grant.  Of the number of stock options listed, 200,000, 836,245 and 2,076,444 options, respectively, are vested or shall become vested within 60 days of March 15, 2013 for Mr. Zisapel, Mr. Palti and all directors and senior management as a group.
(3)
The number of ordinary shares held Zohar Zisapel includes 9,467 shares held by RAD Data Communications Ltd., of which Mr. Zisapel is a principal shareholder and chairman of the board.
(4)
Each of the directors and senior managers other than Messrs. Zohar Zisapel and Ira Palti beneficially owns less than 1% of the outstanding ordinary shares as of March 15, 2013 (including options held by each such person and which are vested or shall become vested within 60 days of March 15, 2013) and have therefore not been separately disclosed.
Stock Option Plan
The Amended and Restated Share Option and RSU Plan
In September 2003, our shareholders approved and adopted our 2003 share option plan. This plan complies with changes in Israeli tax law that was introduced in 2003 with respect to share options. The plan is designed to grant options pursuant to Section 102 or 3(i) of the Israeli Tax Ordinance (New Version), 1961. It is also intended to be a “qualified plan” as defined by U.S. tax law. Our worldwide employees, directors, consultants and contractors are eligible to participate in this plan. The compensation committee of our board of directors administers the plan. Generally, the options expire ten years from the date of grant. The compensation committee has authority to include in the notice of grant a provision regarding the acceleration of the vesting period of any option granted upon the occurrence of certain events. In addition, our board of directors has sole discretion to determine, in the event of a transaction with other corporation, as defined in the plan, that each option shall either: (i) be substituted for an option to purchase securities of the other corporation; (ii) be assumed by the other corporation; or (iii) automatically vest in full. In the event that all or substantially all of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company shall be sold, each option holder shall be obligated to participate in the sale and to sell his/her options at the price equal to that of any other share sold. In September, 2010, our board of directors amended the 2003 share option plan so as to enable to grant restricted share units ("RSUs") pursuant to such plan (the Amended and Restated Share Option and RSU Plan, or the Plan).  In December, 2012, our board of directors extended the Plan for an additional ten-year period through December 31, 2022.  The Plan has been approved by the Israeli Tax Authority as is required by applicable law. The following tables present option and RSUs grant information for the Plan as of December 31, 2012.
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Cumulative Ordinary Shares Reserved for Option Grants
Remaining Reserved Shares Available for Option Grants
Options Outstanding
Weighted Average Exercise Price
17,920,688 218,414 6,027,382 $8.52

Cumulative Ordinary Shares Reserved for RSU Grants
Remaining Reserved Shares Available for RSU Grants
RSUs Outstanding
Weighted Average Exercise Price
200,000 --- 100,000 $0


The following table presents certain option and RSU grant information concerning the distribution of options and RSUs (granted under the Plan) among directors and employees of the Company as of December 31, 2012:

Options and RSUs Outstanding
Unvested Options and RSUs
Directors and senior management
3,091,166
838,170
All other grantees
3,036,216
1,431,718

Amendment
Subject to applicable law, our board of directors may amend the Plan, provided that any action by our board of directors which will alter or impair the rights or obligations of an option holder requires the prior consent of that option holder.
Major Shareholders
The following table sets forth stock ownership information as of March 15, 2013 (unless otherwise noted below) with respect to each person who is known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of our outstanding ordinary shares, based on information provided to us by the holders or disclosed in public filings with the SEC.
Except where otherwise indicated, and except pursuant to community property laws, we believe, based on information furnished by such owners, that the beneficial owners of the ordinary shares listed below have sole investment and voting power with respect to such shares.  The shareholders listed below do not have any different voting rights from any of our other shareholders.  We know of no arrangements which would, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company.
Total shares beneficially owned in the table below include shares that may be acquired upon the exercise of options that are exercisable within 60 days.  The shares that may be issued under these options are treated as outstanding only for purposes of determining the percent owned by the person or group holding the options but not for the purpose of determining the percentage ownership of any other person or group.  Each of our directors and officers who is also a director or officer of an entity listed in the table below disclaims ownership of our ordinary shares owned by such entity.
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Name
Number of Ordinary Shares
Percentage of
Outstanding
Ordinary Shares (1)
Zohar Zisapel (2)
5,145,149 14.0 %
Yehuda and Nava Zisapel (2)(3)
2,247,467 6.1 %
EARNEST Partners, LLC (4)
3,415,172 9.3 %
Parnassus Investments (5)
3,003,724 8.2 %
Migdal Insurance & Financial Holdings Ltd (6)
3,033,257 8.2 %
Invicta Capital Management, LLC (7)
2,552,557 6.9 %
(1)
Based on 36,805,168 ordinary shares issued and outstanding as of March 15, 2013.

(2)
Yehuda Zisapel and Zohar Zisapel are brothers and Yehuda Zisapel and Nava Zisapel are husband and wife. Each shareholder’s address is 24 Raoul Wallenberg St., Tel Aviv 69719, Israel. The ordinary shares held by each of Yehuda and Nava Zisapel and Zohar Zisapel includes 9,467 shares held by RAD Data Communications Ltd., of which all Zisapels are principal shareholders and Zohar Zisapel serves as the chairman of its board.
(3)
Of the ordinary shares beneficially owned by Yehuda Zisapel and his wife Nava Zisapel, 1,119,000 are held directly by each of Yehuda Zisapel and Nava Zisapel. Yehuda and Nava Zisapel have an agreement which provides for certain coordination in respect of sales of shares of Ceragon as well as for tag along rights with respect to off-market sales of Ceragon.
(4)
Based on information provided in a Statement on Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on February 13, 2013 by EARNEST Partners, LLC (“Earnest”). Earnest is a Georgia limited liability company and an investment advisor.  Earnest’s principal office is located at 1180 Peachtree Street NE, Suite 2300, Atlanta, Georgia 30309.  The number of ordinary shares held by Earnest includes 2,483,525 ordinary shares over which it has sole voting power and 12,118 ordinary shares over which it has shared voting power.

(5)
Based on information provided in a Statement on Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on February 8, 2013 by Parnassus Investments (“Parnassus”).  Parnassus is a California investment advisor with a principal office at 1 Market Street, Suite 1600, San Francisco, California 94105.  The ordinary shares held by Parnassus include ordinary shares beneficially owned by clients of Parnassus, which include investment companies registered under the Investment Company Act.

(6)
Based on information provided in a Statement on Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on February 12, 2013 by Migdal Insurance & Financial Holdings Ltd (“Migdal”).  Migdal is an Israeli public company with a principal office at 4 Efal Street, P.O. Box 3063, Petach Tikva 49512, Israel.  Of the 3,033,257 ordinary shares beneficially owned by Migdal  (i) 2,591,567 ordinary shares are held for members of the public through, among others, provident funds, mutual funds, pension funds and insurance policies, which are managed by subsidiaries of Migdal, according to the following segmentation: 1,859,107 ordinary shares are held by Profit participating life assurance accounts; 1,130,377 ordinary shares are held by Provident funds and companies that manage provident funds and 40,081 ordinary shares are held by companies for the management of funds for joint investments in trusteeship, each of which subsidiaries operates under independent management and makes independent voting and investment decisions, and (ii) 3,692 are beneficially held for Migdal’s Nostro account.
(7)
Based on information provided by Invicta and Gregory A. Weaver, the controlling member of Invicta, in a Statement on Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on February 14, 2013.  Invicta is a New York limited liability company and Gregory A. Weaver is a U.S. citizen. The principal address of the parties is 60 East 42nd Street, New York, NY 10165. Invicta and Gregory A. Weaver share the power to vote or to direct the vote and to dispose or direct the disposition of 2,552,557 shares.

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As of March 15, 2013, approximately 93.02% of our ordinary shares were held in the United States and there were 54 record holders with addresses in the United States. These numbers are not representative of the number of beneficial holders of our shares nor are they representative of where such beneficial holders reside since many of these ordinary shares were held of record by brokers or other nominees (including one U.S. nominee company, CEDE & Co., which held approximately 92.98% of our outstanding ordinary shares as of said date).
Related Party Transactions
The RAD-BYNET Group of Companies
Yehuda Zisapel is a principal shareholder who, together with his wife Nava, as of March 15, 2013, beneficially owns 6.1% of our ordinary shares. Zohar Zisapel, the Chairman of our board of directors and a principal shareholder of our company, beneficially owns 14% of our ordinary shares as of March 15, 2013.  Zohar and Yehuda Zisapel are brothers who do not vote as a group and do not have a voting agreement.  Individually or together, they are also founders, directors or principal shareholders of several other companies which, together with us and the other affiliates, are known as the RAD-BYNET group.  These corporations include the following, as well as several other real estate, holding, biotech and pharmaceutical companies:
AB-NET Communications Ltd.
Chanellot Ltd
RADWARE Ltd.
BYNET Data Communications Ltd.
Internet Binat Ltd.
RADWIN Ltd.
BYNET Electronics Ltd.
Packetlight Networks Ltd.
SECURITYDAM Ltd.
BYNET SEMECH (Outsourcing) Ltd.
RAD-Bynet Properties and Services (1981) Ltd.
RADBIT Computers, Inc.
BYNET Software Systems Ltd.
RADCOM Ltd.
SILICOM Ltd.
BYNET Systems Applications Ltd.
RAD Data Communications Ltd. and its subsidiaries
RADiflow Ltd.

The above list does not constitute a complete list of the investments of Messrs. Yehuda and Zohar Zisapel.
Ms. Langer, one of our directors, acts as general counsel for several companies in the RAD- BYNET group and serves as a director of RADWARE Ltd.
In addition to engaging in other businesses, members of the RAD-BYNET group are actively engaged in designing, manufacturing, marketing and supporting data communications products, none of which currently compete with our products.  Some of the products of members of the RAD-BYNET group are complementary to, and may be used in connection with, our products.
Members of the RAD-BYNET group provide us on an as-needed basis with management information systems, marketing and administrative services, and we reimburse each company for its costs in providing these services. Members of the RAD-BYNET provide us and other RAD-BYNET companies with logistics services such as transportation and cafeteria facilities. The aggregate amount of these expenses was approximately $1.5 million in 2012.
The Company purchases certain property and equipment from members of the RAD-BYNET group, the aggregate purchase price of these assets was approximately $1.1 million in 2012.
We generally ascertain the market prices for goods and services that can be obtained at arms’ length from unaffiliated third parties before entering into any transaction with a member of the RAD-BYNET group for those goods and services.  In addition, all of our transactions to date with members of the RAD-BYNET group were approved by our audit committee and then our board of directors.  As a result, we believe that the terms of the transactions in which we have engaged and are currently engaged with other members of the RAD-BYNET group are beneficial to us and no less favorable to us than terms which might be available to us from unaffiliated third parties.  Any future transaction and arrangement with entities, including other members of the RAD-BYNET group, in which our office holders have a personal interest will require approval by our audit committee, our board of directors and, if applicable, our shareholders.
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Lease Arrangements
We lease most of our office space for our current headquarters and principal administrative, finance, marketing and sales operations from real estate holding companies controlled by Yehuda and Zohar Zisapel.  The leased facility, located in Tel Aviv, Israel is approximately 73,680 square feet in size.  The leases for the majority of this facility expired December 2012.  We have agreed to terms in principle with our landlord and the new lease shall be for a five-year term, with an option to terminate early after three years.   Additionally, we lease space in Paramus New Jersey, U.S. from a real estate holding company controlled by Yehuda Zisapel and Zohar Zisapel.  This facility is approximately 5,800 square feet in size.  The lease for this facility is valid until July 2013.  The aggregate amount of rent and maintenance expenses related to these properties was approximately $2.1 million in 2012.
Supply Arrangement
We purchase components and products from RAD Data Communications Ltd., RADWIN Ltd. and other members of the RAD-BYNET group which we integrate into our products or product offerings.  The aggregate purchase price of these components was approximately $4.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2012.
Registration Rights
In connection with the private placement of preferred shares before our initial public offering in August 2000, several of our shareholders were granted registration rights with respect to ordinary shares which resulted following conversion of their preferred shares immediately prior to the completion of our initial public offering.  The agreement grants registration rights to each of:
·
the holders of the ordinary shares resulting from the conversion of such preferred shares; and
·
Yehuda Zisapel and Zohar Zisapel.
Under the agreement, each of these shareholders has the right to have its ordinary shares included in certain of our registration statements.
Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information
The annual financial statements required by this item are found at the end of this annual report, beginning on Page F-1.
Export Sales
In 2012, our sales to end users located outside of Israel amounted to $444.3 million, or 99% of our $446.6 million revenues for that year.
Legal Proceedings
We are not a party to any material legal proceedings, nor have there been any material legal proceedings in which any of our directors, members of senior management, or affiliates is either a party adverse to us or has a material interest adverse to us.  There are no material legal or governmental proceedings which we know to be pending against us.
Dividends
We have never declared or paid any dividend on our ordinary shares and we do not anticipate paying any dividends on our ordinary shares in the future, except for the share dividend that was paid as a result of a 250-for-1 share recapitalization that took place immediately prior to our initial public offering.  We currently intend to retain all future earnings to finance our operations and to expand our business. In connection with the loan agreement entered into with the Bank to finance the Nera Acquisition, we undertook not to distribute dividends (unless certain terms are met) without the Bank’s prior written consent.
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Significant Changes
See Item 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS; Liquidity and Capital Resources for a description of the Credit Facility .
Offer and Listing Details
Our ordinary shares have been listed on the Nasdaq Global Market, or Nasdaq, since August 4, 2000 and on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, or TASE, since September 12, 2004, both under the symbol “CRNT.”  In December 2010, we were notified that the Nasdaq Listing Qualification determined that we were eligible for inclusion in the Nasdaq Global Select Market, which became effective January 3, 2011.
The table below sets forth for the periods indicated the high and low market prices of our ordinary shares as reported on Nasdaq.
Ordinary Shares
High
Low
2008 (Annual)
$ 11.59 $ 4.30
2009(Annual)
11.77 3.90
2010 (Annual)
13.42 6.88
2011 (Annual)
14.34 7.25
2012 (Annual)
9.76 3.91
2011
First Quarter
$ 14.34 $ 10.50
Second Quarter
12.71 10.12
Third Quarter
13.76 9.07
Fourth Quarter
10.83 7.25
2012
First Quarter
9.69 7.68
Second Quarter
9.76 8.14
Third Quarter
9.36 5.06
Fourth Quarter
5.86 3.91

2013
First Quarter (through March 15, 2013)
5.15 4.41

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The table below sets forth the high and low market prices for our shares on Nasdaq during the most recent six-month period:

High
Low
September 2012
$ 6.90 $ 5.06
October 2012
5.86 3.91
November 2012
5.51 4.04
December 2012
5.38 4.22
January 2013 .
5.15 4.31
February 2013
4.95 4.47
March 2013 (through March 15, 2013)
4.88 4.41
The table below sets forth for the periods indicated the high and low market prices of our ordinary shares on the TASE.  The translation from NIS into U.S. dollars for the following tables is based on representative rates of exchange published by the Bank of Israel on March 15, 2013.
High
Low
2008 (Annual)
$ 11.56 $ 4.57
2009 (Annual)
11.80 4.20
2010(Annual)
13.28 6.87
2011 (Annual)
14.52 7.20
2012 (Annual)
9.74 4.05
2011
First Quarter
$ 13.98 $ 9.89
Second Quarter
11.65 8.29
Third Quarter
12.54 8.82
Fourth Quarter
10.69 7.31
2012
First Quarter
$ 9.74 $ 7.67
Second Quarter
9.73 8.33
Third Quarter
8.55 5.52
Fourth Quarter
5.41 4.28
2013
First Quarter  (through March 15, 2013)
4.76 4.44

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The table below sets forth the high and low market prices for our shares on the TASE during the most recent six-month period:
High
Low
September 2012
$ 5.86 $ 5.52
October 2012
4.91 4.49
November 2012
5.41 5.27
December 2012
4.37 4.28
January 2013
4.76 4.72
February 2013
4.58 4.50
March 2013 (through March 15, 2013)
4.72 4.44

Markets
See “Offer and Listing Details” above.
Memorandum and Articles of Association
A description of our memorandum and articles of association was previously provided in our registration statement on Form F-1 (Registration Statement 333-12312) filed with the SEC on August 3, 2000, and is incorporated herein by reference. The memorandum of association as amended in October 2007 and September 2011 was previously provided in our annual report on Form 20-F for the years 2007 and 2011, respectively and are incorporated herein by reference.  The articles of association as amended in December 2012 are included as Exhibit 1.2 to this annual report.
Material Contracts
None.
Exchange Controls
There are currently no Israeli currency control restrictions on payments of dividends or other distributions with respect to our ordinary shares or the proceeds from the sale of the shares, except for the obligation of Israeli residents to file reports with the Bank of Israel regarding certain transactions.  However, legislation remains in effect pursuant to which currency controls can be imposed by administrative action at any time.
The ownership or voting of our ordinary shares by non-residents of Israel, except with respect to citizens of countries which are in a state of war with Israel, is not restricted in any way by our memorandum of association or articles of association or by the laws of the State of Israel.
Taxation
The following is a short summary of the tax environment to which shareholders may be subject.  The following is not intended, and should not be construed, as legal or professional tax advice and is not exhaustive of all possible tax considerations.  Each individual should consult his or her own tax or legal advisor.
This summary is based on the current provisions of tax law and, except for the foregoing, does not anticipate any possible changes in law, whether by legislative, regulatory, administrative or judicial action.  Holders of our ordinary shares should consult their own tax advisors as to the United States, Israeli or other tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of ordinary shares.
General Corporate Tax Structure in Israel
Taxable income of Israeli company is subject to tax at the rate of 25% in 2012.
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However, the effective tax rate payable by a company that derives income from an approved enterprise and beneficiary enterprise, discussed further below, may be considerably lower.  See “The Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959” below.
The Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959
Tax Benefits before the 2005 amendment
The Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959, commonly referred to as the Investments Law, provides that a proposed capital investment in eligible facilities may be designated as an approved enterprise. See “Tax Benefits under the 2005 Amendment” below regarding an amendment to the Investments Law that came into effect in 2005 and the new amendments to the Investment Law that came into effect in 2011.
Each certificate of approval for an approved enterprise, received upon application to the Investment Center of the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor of the State of Israel, or the Investment Center, relates to a specific investment program delineated both by its financial scope, including its capital sources, and by its physical characteristics, for example, the equipment to be purchased and utilized under the program.  The tax benefits derived from any certificate of approval relate only to taxable income attributable to the specific approved enterprise.  If a company has more than one approval or only a portion of its capital investments is approved, its effective tax rate is the result of a weighted average of the applicable rates.
Taxable income of a company derived from an approved enterprise is subject to reduced corporate tax at the rate of 10% - 25% for the benefit period.  This period is ordinarily seven or ten years depending upon the geographic location of the approved enterprise within Israel, and whether the company qualifies as a foreign investors’ company as described below, commencing with the year in which the approved enterprise first generates taxable income after the commencement of production. Tax benefits under the Investments Law may also apply to income generated by a company from the grant of a usage right with respect to know-how developed by the approved enterprise, income generated from royalties, and income derived from a service which is auxiliary to such usage right or royalties, provided that such income is generated within the approved enterprise’s ordinary course of business.
A company owning an approved enterprise may elect to forego certain government grants extended to an approved enterprise in return for an alternative package of benefits.  Under the alternative package of benefits, a company’s undistributed income derived from an approved enterprise will be exempt from corporate tax for a period of between two and ten years from the first year of taxable income after the commencement of production, depending on the geographic location of the approved enterprise within Israel, and the company will be eligible for a reduced tax rate for the remainder of the benefits period. However, this period is limited to twelve years from commencement of production or fourteen years from the date of approval, whichever is earlier. This limitation does not apply to the exemption period.
A company that has an approved enterprise program is eligible for further tax benefits if it qualifies as a foreign investors’ company.  A foreign investors’ company is a company in which more than 25% of its share capital and combined share and loan capital is owned by non-Israeli residents.  A company that qualifies as a foreign investors’ company and has an approved enterprise program is eligible for tax benefits for a ten-year benefit period (instead of seven).  Depending on the geographic location of the approved enterprise within Israel, income derived from the approved enterprise program may be exempt from tax on its undistributed income for a period of between two and ten years and will be subject to a reduced tax rate for rest of the benefits period (up to eight years).  The tax rate for the additional benefits period is 25%, unless the level of foreign investment exceeds 49%, in which case the tax rate is 20% if the foreign investment is 49% or more and less than 74%; 15% if 74% or more and less than 90%; and 10% if 90% or more. A company that has elected the alternative package of benefits and that subsequently pays a dividend out of income derived from the approved enterprise during the tax exemption period will be subject to tax on the gross amount distributed.  The tax rate will be the rate which would have been applicable had the company not elected the alternative package of benefits.  This rate is generally 10%-25%, depending on the percentage of the company’s shares held by foreign shareholders.  The dividend recipient is subject to withholdings of tax at the source by the company at the reduced rate applicable to dividends from approved enterprises, which is 15% if the dividend is distributed during the tax exemption period or within 12 years after the period. This limitation does not apply to a foreign investors’ company.
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The benefits available to an approved enterprise are conditional upon the fulfillment of conditions stipulated in the Investments Law and its regulations and the criteria in the specific certificate of approval, as described above.  If a company does not meet these conditions, in whole or in part, it would be required to refund the amount of tax benefits, with the addition of the consumer price index linkage adjustment and interest.
The Investment Center has granted approved enterprise status to three investment programs at our former facility in Tel Aviv and we have derived and expect to continue to derive a substantial portion of our income from these programs.  We have elected the alternative package of benefits under these approved enterprise programs.  The portion of our income derived from these approved enterprise programs will be exempt from tax for a period of two years commencing in the first year in which there is taxable income after the commencement of production and will be subject to a reduced company tax of between 10% and 25% for the subsequent period of five years, or up to eight years if the percentage of non-Israeli investors who hold our ordinary shares exceeds 25%.  The period of tax benefits for our approved enterprise programs has not yet commenced, because we have yet to realize taxable income.
Tax Benefits under the 2005 Amendment
On April 1, 2005, an amendment to the Investments Law (the “Amendment”) came into force. The Amendment includes revisions to the criteria for investments qualified to receive tax benefits as an approved enterprise. The Amendment applies to new investment programs and investment programs commencing after 2004, and does not apply to investment programs approved prior to December 31, 2004, whose benefits will remain as they were on the date of such approval. However, a company that was granted benefits according to section 51 of the Investments Law (prior to the amendment) would not be allowed to choose a new tax year as a year of election (as described below) under the new amendment for a period of 2 years from the company’s previous year of commencement under the old Investment Law.
The Company will continue to enjoy its current tax benefits in accordance with the provisions of the Investment Law prior to its revision. However, if the Company is granted any new benefits in the future, they will be subject to the provisions of the amended Investment Law. Therefore, the above discussion is a summary of the Investment Law prior to its amendment and the following is a discussion of the relevant changes contained in the new legislation.
The Amendment simplifies the approval process: according to the Amendment, only approved enterprises receiving cash grants require the approval of the Investment Center.
Tax benefits are available under the Amendment to production facilities (or other eligible facilities), which are generally required to derive more than 25% of their business income from export (referred to as a “Beneficiary Enterprise”). In order to receive the tax benefits, the Amendment states that the company must make an investment in the Benefited Enterprise exceeding a certain percentage or a minimum amount specified in the Investments Law. Such investment may be made over a period of no more than three years ending at the end of the year in which the company requested to have the tax benefits apply to the Beneficiary Enterprise (the “Year of Election”). A company wishing to receive the tax benefits afforded to a Beneficiary Enterprise is required to select the tax year from which the period of benefits under the Investments Law are to commence by notifying the Israeli Tax Authority within 12 months of the end of that year. Companies are also granted the right to approach the Israeli Tax Authority for a pre-ruling regarding their eligibility for benefits under the Amendment. Where the company requests to have the tax benefits apply to an expansion of existing facilities, then only the expansion will be considered a Beneficiary Enterprise and the company’s effective tax rate will be the result of a weighted combination of the applicable rates. In this case, the minimum investment required in order to qualify as a Beneficiary Enterprise is required to exceed a certain percentage or a minimum amount of the company’s production assets before the expansion.
The duration of tax benefits is subject to a limitation of the earlier of 7 to 10 years from the Commencement Year, or 12 years from the first day of the Year of Election. The tax benefits granted to a Benefited Enterprise are determined, as applicable to its geographic location within Israel, according to one of the following new tax routes, which may be applicable to us:
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Similar to the currently available alternative route, exemption from corporate tax on undistributed income for a period of two to ten years, depending on the geographic location of the Benefited Enterprise within Israel, and a reduced corporate tax rate of 10% to 25% for the remainder of the benefits period, depending on the level of foreign investment in each year.  Benefits may be granted for a term of seven to ten years, depending on the level of foreign investment in the company.  If the company pays a dividend out of income derived from the Benefited Enterprise during the tax exemption period, such income will be subject to corporate tax at the applicable rate (10%-25%) in respect of the gross amount of the dividend that we may distribute. The company is required to withhold tax at the source at a rate of 15% from any dividends distributed from income derived from the Benefited Enterprise; and
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A special tax route, which enables companies owning facilities in certain geographical locations in Israel to pay corporate tax at the rate of 11.5% on income of the Benefited Enterprise. The benefits period is ten years. Upon payment of dividends, the company is required to withhold tax at source at a rate of 15% for Israeli residents and at a rate of 4% for foreign residents.
Generally, a company that is Abundant in Foreign Investment (owned by at least 74% foreign shareholders and has undertaken to invest a minimum sum of $20 million in the Beneficiary Enterprise) is entitled to an extension of the benefits period by an additional five years, depending on the rate of its income that is derived in foreign currency.
The Amendment changes the definition of “foreign investment” in the Investments Law so that the definition now requires a minimal investment of NIS 5 million by foreign investors. Furthermore, such definition now also includes the purchase of shares of a company from another shareholder, provided that the company’s outstanding and paid-up share capital exceeds NIS 5 million. Such changes to the definition of “foreign investment” took effect retroactively from 2003.
Among the results of the Amendment are that (a) tax-exempt income generated under the provisions of the new law will subject us to taxes upon distribution or liquidation and (b) we may be required to record a deferred tax liability with respect to such tax-exempt income. As of December 31, 2011, we did not generate income under the provisions of the new law.
Tax Benefits under the 2011 Amendment

As of January, 1 st 2011 new legislation amending to the Investment Law came into effect. The new legislation introduced a new status of "Preferred Company" and "Preferred Enterprise", replacing the existed status of "Beneficiary Company" and "Beneficiary Enterprise". Similarly to "Beneficiary Company", a Preferred Company is an industrial company owning a Preferred Enterprise which meets certain conditions (including a minimum threshold of 25% export). However, under this new legislation the requirement for a minimum investment in productive assets was cancelled.

Under the new legislation, a uniform corporate tax rate will apply to all qualifying income of the Preferred Company, as opposed to the former law, which was limited to income from the Approved Enterprises during the benefits period.  The uniform corporate tax rate will be 10% in areas in Israel designated as Development Zone A and 15% elsewhere in Israel during 2011-2012, 7% and 12.5%, respectively, in 2013-2014, and 6% and 12% respectively thereafter. Certain "Special Industrial Companies" that meet certain criteria will enjoy further reduced tax rates of 5% in Zone A and 8% elsewhere.

Dividend distributed from income which is attributed to "Preferred Enterprise"/"Special Preferred Enterprise" will be subject to withholding tax at source at the following rates: (i) Israeli resident corporation – 0%, (ii) Israeli resident individual – 15% (iii) non-Israeli resident - 15%, subject to a reduced tax rate under the provisions of an applicable double tax treaty.

The provisions of the new legislation shall not apply to a company already owning "Beneficiary Enterprise" or "Approved Enterprise" which will continue to benefit from the tax benefits under the Investment Law in effect prior to the new legislation, unless such company has otherwise elected to implement the new legislation.

We examined the possible effect of the amendment on our financial statements, if at all, and at this time do not believe we will opt to apply the amendment.

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Tax Benefits and Grants for Research and Development

Israeli tax law allows, under specific conditions, a tax deduction in the year incurred for expenditures, including capital expenditures, relating to scientific research and development projects, for the year in which they are incurred if:
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the expenditures are approved by the relevant Israeli government ministry, determined by the field of research;
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the research and development is for the promotion or development of the company; and
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the research and development is carried out by or on behalf of the company seeking the deduction.
However, the amount of such deductible expenses shall be reduced by the sum of any funds received through government grants for the finance of such scientific research and development projects. Expenditures not so approved are deductible over a three-year period if the R&D is for the promotion or development of the company.
Tax Benefits under the Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969
According to the Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969, generally referred to as the Industry Encouragement Law, an industrial company is a company resident in Israel, at least 90% of the income of which, in a given tax year, determined in Israeli currency exclusive of income from specified government loans, capital gains, interest and dividends, is derived from an industrial enterprise owned by it.  An industrial enterprise is defined as an enterprise whose major activity in a given tax year is industrial production activity.
Under the Industry Encouragement Law, industrial companies are entitled to the following preferred corporate tax benefits, among others:
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deduction of purchases of know-how, patents and the right to use a patent over an eight-year period for tax purposes;
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deduction over a three-year period of specified expenses incurred with the issuance and listing of shares on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange or on a recognized stock exchange outside of Israel (including Nasdaq);
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the right to elect, under specified conditions, to file a consolidated tax return with additional related Israeli industrial companies; and
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accelerated depreciation rates on equipment and buildings.
Eligibility for benefits under the Industry Encouragement Law is not subject to receipt of prior approval from any governmental authority.
We believe that we currently qualify as an industrial company within the definition of the Industry Encouragement Law.  We cannot assure you that we will continue to qualify as an industrial company or that the benefits described above will be available to us in the future.
Special Provisions Relating to Taxation under Inflationary Conditions
Under the Income Tax (Inflationary Adjustments) Law, 1985 , results for tax purposes were measured in real terms in accordance with the changes in the Israeli Consumer Price Index (“Israeli CPI”). Accordingly, until 2002, results for tax purposes were measured in terms of earnings in NIS after certain adjustments for increases in the Israeli CPI. Commencing in fiscal year 2003, we have elected to measure our taxable income and file our tax return under the Israeli Income Tax Regulations (Principles Regarding the Management of Books of Account of Foreign Invested Companies and Certain Partnerships and the Determination of Their Taxable Income), 1986. Such an election obligated us for three years. Accordingly, commencing with fiscal year 2003, results for tax purposes are measured in terms of earnings in dollars. Since 2006, we file for extensions on an annual basis. Beginning January 1, 2008, the Inflationary Adjustments Law was repealed.
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Israeli Capital Gains Tax on Sales of Shares
Israeli law imposes a capital gains tax on the sale of any capital assets by residents of Israel, as defined for Israeli tax purposes, and on the sale of assets located in Israel, including shares in Israeli companies, by non-residents of Israel, unless a specific exemption is available or unless a tax treaty between Israel and the shareholder’s country of residence provides otherwise. The law distinguishes between real gain and inflationary surplus. The inflationary surplus is a portion of the total capital gain that is equivalent to the increase of the relevant asset’s purchase price which is attributable to the increase in the Israeli consumer price index or, in certain circumstances, a foreign currency exchange rate, between the date of purchase and the date of sale. The real gain is the excess of the total capital gain over the inflationary surplus.
Generally, the tax rate applicable to capital gains derived from the sale of shares, whether listed on a stock market or not, is 20% for Israeli individuals, retroactive from January 1, 2003 through December 31, 2011 and 25% thereafter. Additionally, if such individual shareholder is considered a “significant shareholder” at any time during the 12-month period preceding such sale (i.e. such shareholder holds directly or indirectly, including jointly with others, at least 10% of any means of control in the company) the tax rate will be 25% retroactive from January 1, 2003 through December 31, 2011, and 30% thereafter  Israeli companies are subject to the corporate tax rate on capital gains derived from the sale of publicly-traded shares.
The tax basis of publicly-traded shares acquired prior to January 1, 2003, will be determined in accordance with the average closing share price in the three trading days preceding January 1, 2003.  However, a request may be made to the tax authorities to consider the actual adjusted cost of the shares as the tax basis if it is higher than such average price.
Generally, non-Israeli residents are exempt from Israeli capital gains tax on any gains derived from the sale of shares publicly traded on the TASE, provided such gains did not derive from a permanent establishment of such shareholders in Israel, and are exempt from Israeli capital gains tax on any gains derived from the sale of shares of Israeli companies publicly traded on a recognized stock market outside of Israel (including Nasdaq), provided however that such capital gains are not derived from a permanent establishment in Israel and that such shareholders did not acquire their shares prior to an initial public offering. However, non-Israeli corporations will not be entitled to such exemption if an Israeli resident (i) has a controlling interest of 25% or more in such non-Israeli corporation, or (ii) is the beneficiary of or is entitled to 25% or more of the revenues or profits of such non-Israeli corporation, whether directly or indirectly.
In some instances where our shareholders may be liable to Israeli tax on the sale of their ordinary shares, the payment of the consideration may be subject to the withholding of Israeli tax at the source.
Under the convention between the United States and Israel concerning taxes on income, as amended (the “U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty”), generally, Israeli capital gains tax will not apply to the sale, exchange or disposition of ordinary shares by a person who:
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holds the ordinary shares as a capital asset; and
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qualifies as a resident of the United States within the meaning of the U.S.-Israel tax treaty; and
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is entitled to claim the benefits available to the person by the U.S.-Israel tax treaty.
However, this exemption will not apply if (i) the treaty U.S. resident holds, directly or indirectly, shares representing 10% or more of our voting power during any part of the 12-month period preceding the sale, exchange or disposition, subject to specified conditions, or (ii) the capital gains from such sale, exchange or disposition can be allocated to a permanent establishment in Israel.  In this case, the sale, exchange or disposition would be subject to Israeli tax, to the extent applicable. However, under the U.S.-Israel tax treaty, the treaty U.S. resident would be permitted to claim a credit for the taxes against the U.S. federal income tax imposed on the sale, exchange or disposition, subject to the limitations in U.S. laws applicable to foreign tax credits.  The U.S.-Israel tax treaty does not relate to U.S. state or local taxes.
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Israeli Taxation of Dividends Distributed to Non-Resident Holders of Our Shares
Non-residents of Israel are subject to income tax on income accrued or derived from sources in Israel.  These sources of income include passive income, including dividends, royalties and interest, as well as non-passive income from services provided in Israel.  On distributions of dividends other than bonus shares or stock dividends, income tax is withheld at source at the following rates: 25% or 30% for a shareholder that is considered a significant shareholder at any time during the 12-month period preceding such distribution; unless a different rate is provided in a treaty between Israel and the shareholder’s country of residence. According to the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, the tax withholding rate on dividends distributed by an Israeli corporation to a U.S. individual and a U.S. corporation is 25%. If the U.S company is holding 10% or more of the voting power of the Israeli company during the part of the tax year which precedes the date of payment of the dividend and during the whole of the preceding tax year, the tax withholding rate is reduced to 12.5%.  As stated earlier, dividends of income generated by an approved enterprise and beneficiary enterprise are subject to withholding tax at a rate of 15%.
Israeli Transfer Pricing Regulations
On November 29, 2006, Income Tax Regulations (Determination of Market Terms), 2006, promulgated under Section 85A of the Tax Ordinance, came into effect (the “TP Regs”). Section 85A of the Tax Ordinance and the TP Regs generally requires that all cross-border transactions carried out between related parties be conducted on an arm’s length principle basis and will be taxed accordingly. The TP Regs have not had a material effect on the Company.
U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations
Subject to the limitations described below, the following discussion summarizes certain U.S. federal income tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares to a U.S. holder that owns our ordinary shares as a capital asset (generally, for investment).  A U.S. holder is a holder of our ordinary shares that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:
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an individual citizen or resident of the United States;
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a corporation (or other entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in the United States or under the laws of the United States, any political subdivision thereof or the District of Columbia;
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an estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source; or
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a trust if (i) a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over its administration and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all of its substantial decisions or (ii) that has in effect a valid election under applicable U.S. Treasury Regulations to be treated as a U.S. person.
If a partnership (or any other entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds our ordinary shares, the tax treatment of the partnership and a partner in such partnership will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership.  Such a partner or partnership should consult its own tax advisor as to its tax consequences.
Certain aspects of U.S. federal income taxes relevant to a holder of our ordinary shares (other than a partnership) that is not a U.S. holder (a “Non-U.S. holder”) are also discussed below.
This discussion is based on current provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), current and proposed Treasury Regulations, and administrative and judicial decisions as of the date of this annual report, all of which are subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis.  This discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to any particular U.S. holder in light of such holder’s individual circumstances.  In particular, this discussion does not address the potential application of the U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders that are subject to special treatment, including U.S. holders that:
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are broker-dealers or insurance companies;
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have elected mark-to-market accounting;
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are tax-exempt organizations or retirement plans;
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are grantor trusts;
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are S corporations;
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are certain former citizens or long-term residents of the United States;
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are financial institutions;
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hold ordinary shares as part of a straddle, hedge or conversion transaction with other investments;
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acquired their ordinary shares upon the exercise of employee stock options or otherwise as compensation;
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are real estate investment trusts or regulated investment companies;
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own directly, indirectly or by attribution at least 10% of our voting power; or
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have a functional currency that is not the U.S. dollar.
This discussion is not a comprehensive description of all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to each person’s decision to purchase our ordinary shares.  For example, this discussion does not address any aspect of state, local or non-U.S. tax laws, the possible application of the alternative minimum tax or United States federal gift or estate taxes.
Each holder of our ordinary shares is advised to consult his or her own tax advisor with respect to the specific tax consequences to him or her of purchasing, owning or disposing of our ordinary shares, including the applicability and effect of federal, state, local and foreign income and other tax laws to his or her particular circumstances.
Taxation of Distributions Paid on Ordinary Shares
Subject to the discussion below under “Tax Consequences if We Are a Passive Foreign Investment Company,” a U.S. holder will be required to include in gross income as dividend income the amount of any distribution paid on our ordinary shares, including any non-U.S. taxes withheld from the amount paid, to the extent the distribution is paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Distributions in excess of earnings and profits will be applied against and will reduce the U.S. holder’s tax basis in its ordinary shares and, to the extent in excess of that basis, will be treated as gain from the sale or exchange of ordinary shares.  The dividend portion of such distribution generally will not qualify for the dividends received deduction otherwise available to corporations.
Dividends that are received by U.S. holders that are individuals, estates or trusts will be taxed at the rate applicable to long-term capital gains  for taxable years beginning on or before December 31, 2012 (currently a maximum rate of 20% for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012), provided that such dividends meet the requirements of “qualified dividend income.”  Subject to the holding period and risk-of-loss requirements discussed below generally, dividends paid by a foreign corporation that is not a passive foreign investment company (as discussed below) will generally be qualified dividend income if either the stock with respect to which the dividend is paid is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States such as the Nasdaq Global Select Market or such corporation is eligible for the benefits of an income tax treaty with the United States which the United States Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) determines is satisfactory and which includes an exchange of information program.  Dividends that fail to meet such requirements, and dividends received by corporate U.S. holders, are taxed at ordinary income rates.  No dividend received by a U.S. holder will be a qualified dividend if  (1) the U.S. holder held the ordinary share with respect to which the dividend was paid for less than 61 days during the 121-day period beginning on the date that is 60 days before the ex-dividend date with respect to such dividend, excluding for this purpose, under the rules of Code Section 246(c), any period during which the U.S. holder has an option to sell, is under a contractual obligation to sell, has made and not closed a short sale of, is the grantor of a deep-in-the-money or otherwise nonqualified option to buy, or has otherwise diminished its risk of loss by holding other positions with respect to, such ordinary share (or substantially identical securities) or (2) the U.S. holder is under an obligation (pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to positions in property substantially similar or related to the ordinary share with respect to which the dividend is paid.  If we were to be a passive foreign investment company (as such term is defined in the Code) for any year, dividends paid on our ordinary shares in such year or in the following year would not be qualified dividends.  In addition, a non-corporate U.S. holder will be able to take a qualified dividend into account in determining its deductible investment interest (which is generally limited to its net investment income) only if it elects to do so; in such case the dividend will be taxed at ordinary income tax rates.
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Distributions of current or accumulated earnings and profits paid in foreign currency to a U.S. holder (including any non-U.S. taxes withheld from the distributions) will generally be includible in the income of a U.S. holder in a dollar amount calculated by reference to the exchange rate on the date of the distribution.  A U.S. holder that receives a foreign currency distribution and converts the foreign currency into dollars after the date of distribution may have foreign exchange gain or loss based on any appreciation or depreciation in the value of the foreign currency against the dollar, which will generally be U.S. source ordinary income or loss.
U.S. holders generally will have the option of claiming the amount of any non-U.S. income taxes withheld at source either as a deduction from gross income or as a dollar-for-dollar credit against their U.S. federal income tax liability.  Individuals who do not claim itemized deductions, but instead utilize the standard deduction, may not claim a deduction for the amount of the non-U.S. income taxes withheld, but the amount may be claimed as a credit against the individual’s U.S. federal income tax liability.  The amount of non-U.S. income taxes that may be claimed as a credit in any year is subject to complex limitations and restrictions, which must be determined on an individual basis by each shareholder.  These limitations include rules which limit foreign tax credits allowable for specific classes of income to the U.S. federal income taxes otherwise payable on each such class of income. The total amount of allowable foreign tax credits in any year cannot generally exceed the pre-credit U.S. tax liability for the year attributable to non-U.S. source taxable income.  Distributions of current or accumulated earnings and profits will generally be non-U.S. source passive income for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes.
A U.S. holder will be denied a foreign tax credit for non-U.S. income taxes withheld from a dividend received on the ordinary shares if (1) the U.S. holder has not held the ordinary shares for at least 16 days of the 31-day period beginning on the date which is 15 days before the ex-dividend date with respect to such dividend or (2) to the extent the U.S. holder is under an obligation to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property.  Any days during which a U.S. holder has substantially diminished its risk of loss on the ordinary shares are not counted toward meeting the required 16-day holding period.
Taxation of the Disposition of Ordinary Shares
Subject to the discussion below under “Tax Consequences if We Are a Passive Foreign Investment Company,” upon the sale, exchange or other disposition of our ordinary shares, a U.S. holder will recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the U.S. holder’s basis in the ordinary shares, which is usually the cost to the U.S. holder of the ordinary shares, and the amount realized on the disposition.  Capital gain from the sale, exchange or other disposition of ordinary shares held more than one year will be long-term capital gain and may, in the case of non-corporate U.S. holders, be subject to a reduced rate of taxation (long-term capital gains are currently taxable at a maximum rate of 20% for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012, and 20% thereafter).  Gain or loss recognized by a U.S. holder on a sale, exchange or other disposition of ordinary shares will generally be treated as U.S. source income for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes.  The deductibility of a capital loss recognized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of ordinary shares may be subject to limitations.
A U.S. holder that uses the cash method of accounting calculates the dollar value of the proceeds received on the sale as of the date that the sale settles.  However, a U.S. holder that uses the accrual method of accounting is required to calculate the value of the proceeds of the sale as of the trade date and may therefore realize foreign currency gain or loss.  A U.S. holder may avoid realizing foreign currency gain or loss if he or she has elected to use the settlement date to determine its proceeds of sale for purposes of calculating the foreign currency gain or loss.  In addition, a U.S. holder that receives foreign currency upon disposition of ordinary shares and converts the foreign currency into dollars after the settlement date or trade date (whichever date the U.S. holder is required to use to calculate the value of the proceeds of sale) may have foreign exchange gain or loss based on any appreciation or depreciation in the value of the foreign currency against the dollar, which will generally be U.S. source ordinary income or loss.
With respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012, certain non-corporate U.S. holders will be subject to an additional 3.8% Medicare tax on all or a portion of their “net investment income,” which may include dividends on, or capital gains recognized from the disposition of, our ordinary shares.  U.S. holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the implications of the additional Medicare tax on their investment in our ordinary shares.
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Tax Consequences if We Are a Passive Foreign Investment Company
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, we will be classified as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for any taxable year in which, after applying certain look-through rules, either (i) 75% or more of our gross income is passive income or (ii) at least 50% of the average value of our total assets (determined on a quarterly basis) for the taxable year produce or are held for the production of passive income.  For this purpose, cash is considered to be an asset which produces passive income.  Passive income includes dividends, interest, royalties, rents, annuities and the excess of gains over losses from the disposition of certain assets which produce passive income.
Based on our income, assets, activities and market capitalization, we do not believe that we were a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2012.  However, there can be no assurances that the IRS will not challenge this conclusion.  If we were not a PFIC for 2012, U.S. holders who acquired our ordinary shares in 2012 will not be subject to the PFIC rules described below (regardless of whether we were a PFIC in any prior year) unless we are classified as a PFIC in future years.  The tests for determining PFIC status are applied annually and it is difficult to make accurate predictions of our future income, assets, activities and market capitalization, including fluctuations in the price of our ordinary shares, which are relevant to this determination.
If we are a PFIC, a U.S. holder of our ordinary shares could be subject to increased tax liability upon the sale or other disposition (including gain deemed recognized if the ordinary shares are used as security for a loan) of its ordinary shares or upon the receipt of distributions that are treated as “excess distributions,” which could result in a reduction in the after-tax return to such U.S. holder.  In general, an excess distribution is the amount of distributions received during a taxable year that exceed 125% of the average amount of distributions received by a U.S. holder in respect of the ordinary shares during the preceding three taxable years, or if shorter, during the U.S. holder’s holding period prior to the taxable year of the distribution.  Under these rules, the distribution that are excess distributions and any gain on the disposition of ordinary shares would be allocated ratably over the U.S. holder’s holding period for the ordinary shares.  The amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable year prior to the first taxable year in which we were a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income.  The amount allocated to each of the other taxable years would be subject to tax at the highest marginal rate in effect for the applicable class of taxpayer for that taxable year, and an interest charge for the deemed deferral benefit would be imposed on the resulting tax allocated to such other taxable years.  The tax liability with respect to the amount allocated to taxable years prior to the year of the disposition or distribution cannot be offset by net operating losses.  In addition, holders of stock in a PFIC may not receive a “step-up” in basis on shares acquired from a decedent.  Furthermore, if we are a PFIC, each U.S. holder will generally be required to file an annual report with the IRS.
As an alternative to the tax treatment described above, a U.S. holder could elect to treat us as a “qualified electing fund” (“QEF”), in which case the U.S. holder would be required to include in income, for each taxable year that we are a PFIC, its pro rata share of our ordinary earnings as ordinary income and its pro rata share of our net capital gains as capital gain, subject to a separate election to defer payment of taxes where such deferral is subject to an interest charge. We will supply U.S. holders that make a request in writing with the information needed to report income and gain under a QEF election if we are a PFIC. Any income inclusion will be required whether or not such U.S. holder owns our ordinary shares for an entire taxable year or at the end of our taxable year.  The amount so includible will be determined without regard to our prior year losses or the amount of cash distributions, if any, received from us.  Special rules apply if a U.S. holder makes a QEF election after the first year in its holding period in which we are a PFIC. A U.S. holder’s basis in its ordinary shares will increase by any amount included in income and decrease by any amounts not included in income when distributed because such amounts were previously taxed under the QEF rules.  So long as a U.S. holder’s QEF election is in effect beginning with the first taxable year in its holding period in which we were a PFIC, any gain or loss realized by such holder on the disposition of its ordinary shares held as a capital asset ordinarily would be capital gain or loss.  Such capital gain or loss ordinarily would be long-term if such U.S. holder had held such ordinary shares for more than one year at the time of the disposition.  The QEF election is made on a shareholder-by-shareholder basis, applies to all ordinary shares held or subsequently acquired by an electing U.S. holder and can be revoked only with the consent of the IRS.
85
As an alternative to making a QEF election, a U.S. holder of PFIC stock which is “marketable stock” (e.g., “regularly traded” on the Nasdaq Global Select Market) may in certain circumstances avoid certain of the tax consequences generally applicable to holders of stock in a PFIC by electing to mark the stock to market as of the beginning of such U.S. holder’s holding period for the ordinary shares.  As a result of such election, in any taxable year that we are a PFIC, a U.S. holder would generally be required to report gain or loss to the extent of the difference between the fair market value of the ordinary shares at the end of the taxable year and such U.S. holder’s tax basis in its ordinary shares at that time.  Any gain under this computation, and any gain on an actual disposition of the ordinary shares in a year in which we are a PFIC, would be treated as ordinary income.  Any loss under this computation, and any loss on an actual disposition of the ordinary shares in a year in which we are a PFIC, generally would be treated as ordinary loss to the extent of the cumulative net-mark-to-market gain previously included.  Any remaining loss from marking ordinary shares to market will not be allowed, and any remaining loss from an actual disposition of ordinary shares generally would be capital loss.  A U.S. holder’s tax basis in its ordinary shares is adjusted annually for any gain or loss recognized under the mark-to-market election.  There can be no assurances that there will be sufficient trading volume with respect to the ordinary shares for the ordinary shares to be considered “regularly traded” or that our ordinary shares will continue to trade on the Nasdaq Global Select Market.  Accordingly, there are no assurances that the ordinary shares will be marketable stock for these purposes.  As with a QEF election, a mark-to-market election is made on a shareholder-by-shareholder basis, applies to all ordinary shares held or subsequently acquired by an electing U.S. holder and can only be revoked with consent of the IRS (except to the extent the ordinary shares no longer constitute “marketable stock”).
The U.S. federal income tax consequences to a U.S. holder if we were to be classified as a PFIC in 2012 or any previous taxable year are complex.  A U.S. holder should consult with his or her own advisor with regard to those consequences, as well as with regard to whether he or she should make either of the elections described above.
Tax Consequences for Non-U.S. Holders of Ordinary Shares
Except as described in “Information Reporting and Back-up Withholding” below, a Non-U.S. holder of our ordinary shares will not be subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax on the payment of dividends on, and the proceeds from the disposition of, our ordinary shares, unless, in the case of U.S. federal income taxes:
·
the item is effectively connected with the conduct by the Non-U.S. holder of a trade or business in the United States and in the case of a resident of a country which has a treaty with the United States, the item is attributable to a permanent establishment, or in the case of an individual, the item is attributable to a fixed place of business in the United States; or
·
the Non-U.S. holder is an individual who holds the ordinary shares as a capital asset and is present in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable year of the disposition, and certain other conditions are met.
Information Reporting and Back-up Withholding
U.S. holders generally are subject to information reporting requirements with respect to dividends on, or proceeds from the disposition of, our ordinary shares.  In addition, a U.S. holder may be subject, under certain circumstances, to backup withholding at a rate of up to 28% with respect to dividends paid on, or proceeds from the disposition of, our ordinary shares unless the U.S. holder provides proof of an applicable exemption or correct taxpayer identification number, and otherwise complies with the applicable requirements of the backup withholding rules.  A U.S. holder of our ordinary shares who provides an incorrect taxpayer identification number may be subject to penalties imposed by the IRS.  Amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules are not an additional tax and may be refunded or credited against the U.S. holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the required information is furnished to the IRS.
Non-U.S. holders generally are not subject to information reporting or back-up withholding with respect to dividends paid in the United States on, or proceeds from the disposition of, our ordinary shares, provided that the Non-U.S. holder provides a taxpayer identification number, certifies to its foreign status, or establishes another exemption to the information reporting or back-up withholding requirements.
86
Documents on Display
We are subject to the informational requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, applicable to foreign private issuers and fulfill the obligations with respect to such requirements by filing reports with the SEC.  These reports include certain financial and statistical information about us, and may be accompanied by exhibits.  You may read and copy any document we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington D.C. 20549.  Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference rooms.
The SEC maintains an Internet website at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy statements, information statements and other material that are filed through the SEC’s Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval (“EDGAR”) system.
You may also visit us on the Internet at www.ceragon.com. However, information contained on our website does not constitute a part of this annual report.
We do not use derivative financial instruments for trading purposes.  Accordingly, we have concluded that there is no material market risk exposure of the type contemplated by Item 11, and that no quantitative tabular disclosures are required.  We are exposed to certain other types of market risks, as described below.
We are exposed to financial market risk associated with changes in foreign currency exchange rates. A majority of our revenue is generated, and a substantial portion of our expenses is incurred, in dollars. A portion of our expenses, however, is denominated mainly in NIS and NOK. Since our financial results are reported in dollars, fluctuations in the rates of exchange between the dollar and non-dollar currencies may have an effect on our results of operations. In order to reduce such effect, we hedge a portion of certain cash flow transactions denominated in non-dollar currencies as well as a portion of certain monetary items in the balance sheet, such as trade receivables and trade payables, denominated in non-dollar currencies. The following sensitivity analysis assumes an instantaneous 10% change in foreign currency exchange rates from year-end levels, with all other variables held constant. At December 31, 2012, a 10% strengthening of the U.S. dollar versus other currencies would have resulted in an increase of approximately $2.6 million in our net assets position, while a 10% weakening of the dollar versus all other currencies would have resulted in a decrease of approximately $2.6 million in our net assets position.
The counter-parties to our hedging transactions are major financial institutions with high credit ratings.  As of December 31, 2012, we had outstanding forward contracts in the amount of $54 million for a period of up to twelve months.  During the year ended December 31, 2012 we recognized a gain of $1.5 million as a result of derivative instruments.
We invest in investment grade corporate and government bonds and dollar deposits with banks.  Since these investments typically carry fixed interest rates, financial income over the holding period is not sensitive to changes in interest rates.
We do not invest in interest rate derivative financial instruments.
Not applicable.
87
PART II
None.
Amendment to Articles
In December 2012, our shareholders approved an amendment to our Articles of Association to reflect revisions allowing us to revise the manner in which our board members are appointed and remove the division of directors into classes.
This amendment was described in Item A of our Notice and Proxy Statement for the Annual General Meeting of our shareholders held on December 19, 2012, included in our report on Form 6-K, furnished to the SEC on November 13, 2012, which is incorporated herein by reference. The text of the amendments to our Memorandum and Articles of Association as amended in December 2012 are incorporated herein by reference.
Use of Proceeds
As of December 31, 2012, approximately 92% of the net offering proceeds remaining from our initial public offering and from our follow-on offering were invested in short-term investments.  The 8% balance of the net offering proceeds was invested in long-term investments.  During fiscal year 2012, we used the proceeds for capital expenditures and general corporate purposes.
(a) Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Company performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that the material financial and non-financial information required to be disclosed to the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported timely.  Based on the Company’s evaluation, the Company’s management, including the CEO and CFO, has concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of the end of the period covered by this report are effective. Notwithstanding the foregoing, there can be no assurance that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures will detect or uncover all failures of persons within Ceragon to disclose material information otherwise required to be set forth in the Company’s reports.
(b) Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company.
The Company performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting that is designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers, and effected by the Company’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:
(i)  Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;
(ii)  Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and
88
(iii)  Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our CEO and CFO, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012 based on the framework for Internal Control-Integrated Framework set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
Based on the Company’s evaluation, our management, including the CEO and CFO, has concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of the end of the period covered by this report are effective. Notwithstanding the foregoing, there can be no assurance that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting will detect or uncover all failures of persons within Ceragon to comply with these procedures.
(c) Attestation Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer, a Member of Ernst & Young Global, our independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, appearing under “Item 18. Financial Statements” on pages F-3 – F-4, and such report is incorporated herein by reference.

(d) Changes in Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2012 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
The Company’s board of directors has determined that Mr. Joseph Atsmon is the audit committee financial expert. Mr. Atsmon is one of our independent directors for the purposes of the Nasdaq Rules.
In November 2003, the Company’s board of directors adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to the chief executive officer, chief financial officer and controller. In October 2008, we amended our Code of Ethics in order to update it and expand its applicability to additional senior officers. In December 2009, we combined the Code of Ethics together with certain Standards of Business Conduct to strengthen the Company’s Ethics Compliance Program.  A copy of the Company’s Code of Ethics may be obtained, without charge, upon a written request addressed to the Company’s investor relations department, 24 Raoul Wallenberg Street, Tel Aviv 69719, Israel (Telephone no. +972-3-645-5733) (e-mail: ir@ceragon.com ).  In addition, it is also available on the Internet at www.ceragon.com. However, information contained on our website does not constitute a part of this annual report.
89
Fees Paid to Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The following table sets forth, for each of the years indicated, the fees billed by our independent registered public accounting firm and the percentage of each of the fees out of the total amount billed by the auditors.
Year Ended December 31,
2011
2012
Services Rendered
Fees
Percentages
Fees
Percentages
68
Audit Fees (1)
$ 1,017,000 68 $ 683,000 74
Tax Fees (2)
285,000 19 109,000 12
Other Services (3)
202,000 13 130,000 14
Total
$ 1,504,000 100 $ 922,000 100

(1)
Audit fees consist of services that would normally be provided in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements, including services that generally only the independent accountant can reasonably provide.
(2)
Tax fees relate to tax compliance, planning and advice
(3)
Other Services relate to transactional activities.

Policies and Procedures
Our audit committee has adopted a policy and procedures for approval of audit and non-audit services rendered by our independent auditors, Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer, a Member of Ernst & Young Global.  The policy requires the audit committee’s approval of the scope of the engagement of our independent auditor.  The policy prohibits retention of the independent auditors to perform the prohibited non-audit functions defined in Section 201 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 or the rules of the SEC, and also considers whether proposed services are compatible with the independence of the public auditors.  All of the fees listed in the table above were approved by our audit committee.
None.
None.

Not applicable.

The Nasdaq Rules provide that foreign private issuers may follow home country practice in lieu of the certain qualitative listing requirements subject to certain exceptions and except to the extent that such exemptions would be contrary to U.S. federal securities laws, so long as the foreign issuer discloses that it does not follow such listing requirement and describes the home country practice followed in its reports filed with the SEC. The practices we follow in lieu of Nasdaq Rules are described below:

The Nasdaq Rules require shareholder approval of stock option plans available to officers, directors or employees. We have decided to follow home country practice in lieu of obtaining shareholder approval for our share option plans. We seek shareholder approval for the adoption or amendment of share option plans only as required by our share option plans and Articles of Association and under Israeli law. Subject to exceptions permitted under the Companies Law, we are required to seek shareholder approval of any grants of share options to directors and controlling shareholders or plans that require shareholder approval for other reasons.
90

Not Applicable.
PART III
Not applicable.
The Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes thereto required by this item are contained on pages F-1 through F-51 hereof.
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
PAGE
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
F-2 – F-4
Consolidated Balance Sheets
F-5 – F-6
Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss)
F-7
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
F-8
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity
F-9
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
F-10 – F-11
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
F-12 – F-54

1.1
Memorandum of Association, as amended October 25, 2007 (English translation)*
1.2
Articles of Association, as amended December 19, 2012
4.1
Tenancy Agreement, dated as of February 22, 2000, by and among the Company, Zisapel Properties Ltd. and Klil & Michael Properties Ltd. (English translation)**
4.2
Share Purchase Agreement, dated as of January 19, 2011, by and among the Company and Ceragon (UK) Ltd., and Eltek ASA, Networks Holdings AS and Nera Networks AS***
4.3
Escrow Agreement dated as of January 19, 2011 by and among Ceragon (UK) Ltd., Networks Holdings AS and Advokatfirmaet Schjødt DA***
4.4
Credit Facility, dated as of March 14, 2013 by and among the Company and Bank Hapoalim B.M., HSBC Bank Plc, Bank Leumi Le’Israel Ltd. and First International Bank of Israel Ltd.  (English summary of the material terms)
8.1
List of Significant Subsidiaries
10.1
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
12.1
Certification by Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
12.2
Certification by Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.1
Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101
The following financial information from Ceragon Networks Ltd.’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2012, formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010; (ii) Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2012 and 2011; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010; and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Users of this data are advised, in accordance with Rule 406T of Regulation S-T promulgated by the SEC, that this Interactive Data File is deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, is deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, and otherwise is not subject to liability under these sections.

* Previously filed as exhibits 1.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year 2008 and incorporated herein by reference.
** Previously filed as exhibit 10.3 in connection with the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (Registration Statement 333-12312) on August 3, 2000 and incorporated herein by reference.
*** Previously filed as exhibits 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year 2010 and incorporated herein by reference.
91

SIGNATURE
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD.
By: /s/ Ira Palti
Name:
Ira Palti
Title:
President and Chief Executive Officer
Date:
April 3, 2013
92
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2012

IN U.S. DOLLARS

INDEX

REPORT OF INDEPE NDE NT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of

Ceragon Networks Ltd.
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Ceragon Networks Ltd. (the "Company") and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2011 and 2012, and the related consolidated statements of income (loss), statements of comprehensive income (loss), changes in shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2012. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above, present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2011 and 2012, and the consolidated results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2012, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated April 3, 2013 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Tel-Aviv, Israel
KOST FORER GABBAY & KASIERER
April 3, 2013
A Member of Ernst & Young Global

F - 2

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of
Ceragon Networks Ltd.

We have audited Ceragon Networks Ltd.'s (the "Company") internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the "COSO criteria"). The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying management's report on internal control over financial reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

F - 3

In our opinion, the Company maintained in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2011 and 2012, and the related consolidated statements of net Income (loss), statements of comprehensive income (loss), changes in shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2012 and our report dated April 3, 2013 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Tel-Aviv, Israel
KOST FORER GABBAY & KASIERER
April 3, 2013
A Member of Ernst & Young Global

F - 4
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALA NCE SHEETS
U.S. dollars in thousands
December 31,
Note
2011
2012
ASSETS
CURRENT ASSETS:
Cash and cash equivalents
$ 28,991 $ 47,099
Short-term bank deposits
7,159 422
Marketable securities
3 9,665 -
Trade receivables (net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $ 3,595 and $ 5,435 at December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively)
143,247 149,120
Other accounts receivable and prepaid expenses
4 37,281 38,743
Deferred tax assets, net
8,622 8,589
Inventories
5 93,465 65,554
Total current assets
328,430 309,527
NON-CURRENT ASSETS:
Marketable securities
3 3,716 4,068
Deferred tax assets, net
8,898 9,140
Severance pay and pension fund
6,360 7,163
Other non-current assets
5,257 4,964
PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET
6 30,465 33,642
INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET
7 13,439 9,809
GOODWILL
8 14,593 15,283
Total long-term assets
82,728 84,069
Total assets
$ 411,158 $ 393,596

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements
F - 5
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
December 31,
Note
2011
2012
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Current maturities of long-term loan
10 $ 8,232 $ 8,232
Short-term loans
10 - 17,000
Trade payables
77,395 102,079
Deferred revenues
38,308 16,719
Other accounts payable and accrued expenses
9 49,508 36,090
Total current liabilities
173,443 180,120
LONG-TERM LIABILITIES:
Long-term loans, net of current maturities
10 26,768 18,536
Accrued severance pay and pensions
12 11,996 12,311
Other long-term liabilities
13d,15j 37,900 38,920
Total long-term liabilities
76,664 69,767
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
13
SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY:
14
Share capital -
Ordinary shares of NIS 0.01 par value -
Authorized: 60,000,000 shares at December 31, 2011 and 2012; Issued: 39,806,520 and 40,046,691 shares at December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively; Outstanding: 36,324,997 and 36,565,168 shares at December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively
97 98
Additional paid-in capital
311,911 318,106
Treasury shares at cost – 3,481,523 Ordinary shares as of December 31, 2011 and 2012.
(20,091 ) (20,091 )
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss), net of taxes
(343 ) (490 )
Accumulated deficit
(130,523 ) (153,914 )
Total shareholders' equity
161,051 143,709
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
$ 411,158 $ 393,596

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements
F - 6
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEM ENT S OF INCOME (LOSS)
U.S. dollars in thousands (except per share data)
Year ended December 31,
Note
2010
2011
2012
Revenues
16b $ 249,852 $ 445,269 $ 446,651
Cost of revenues
160,470 323,191 308,354
Gross profit
89,382 122,078 138,297
Operating expenses:
Research and development, net
25,115 50,456 47,487
Selling and marketing
37,179 81,716 77,326
General and administrative
12,328 26,524 27,519
Restructuring costs
2x - 7,834 4,608
Acquisition related costs
1b 775 4,919 -
Total operating expenses
75,397 171,449 156,940
Operating profit (loss)
13,985 (49,371 ) (18,643 )
Financial income (expenses), net
17a 1,255 (2,024 ) (3,547 )
Income (loss) before taxes on income
15,240 (51,395 ) (22,190 )
Taxes on income
15e 1,178 2,259 1,201
Net income (loss)
$ 14,062 $ (53,654 ) $ (23,391 )
Net income (loss) per share:
17b
Basic net income (loss) per share
$ 0.40 $ (1.49 ) $ (0.64 )
Diluted net income (loss) per share
$ 0.38 $ (1.49 ) $ (0.64 )
Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in computing
basic net income or loss per share
34,854,657 35,975,434 36,457,989
Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in computing
diluted net income or loss per share
36,564,830 35,975,434 36,457,989
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F - 7

CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE I N COME (LOSS)
U.S. dollars in thousands (except per share data)
Year ended December 31,
2010
2011
2012
Net income (loss)
$ 14,062 $ (53,654 ) $ (23,391 )
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized gain from available-for-sale marketable securities
$ 159 $ 234 $ (44 )
Change in unrealized loss from hedging activities
(100 ) (492 ) 700
Foreign currency translation differences
- (244 ) (803 )
Total of comprehensive income (loss)
$ 14,121 $ (54,156 ) $ (23,538 )
F - 8
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHA R EHOLDERS' EQUITY
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)

Ordinary shares
Share
capital
Additional
paid-in
capital
Treasury shares at cost
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Accumulated deficit
Total shareholders' equity
Balance as of January 1, 2010
34,287,893 $ 92 $ 291,736 $ (20,091 ) $ 100 $ (90,931 ) $ 180,906
Exercise of options
979,982 3 4,932 - - - 4,935
Share-based compensation expense
- - 4,207 - - - 4,207
Other comprehensive income, net
59 59
Net income
- - - - - 14,062 14,062
Balance as of December 31, 2010
35,267,875 95 300,875 (20,091 ) 159 (76,869 ) 204,169
Exercise of options
1,057,122 2 4,472 - - - 4,474
Share-based compensation expense
- - 6,564 - - - 6,564
Other comprehensive loss, net
(502 ) (502 )
Net loss
- - - - - (53,654 ) (53,654 )
Balance as of December 31, 2011
36,324,997 97 311,911 (20,091 ) (343 ) (130,523 ) 161,051
Exercise of options
240,171 1 735 - - - 736
Share-based compensation expense
- - 5,460 - - - 5,460
Other comprehensive loss, net
(147 ) (147 )
Net loss
- - - - - (23,391 ) (23,391 )
Balance as of December 31, 2012
36,565,168 98 318,106 (20,091 ) (490 ) (153,914 ) 143,709

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F - 9
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOW S
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
Year ended December 31,
2010
2011
2012
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)
$ 14,062 $ (53,654 ) $ (23,391 )
Adjustments required to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization
4,712 14,393 15,030
Share-based compensation expense
4,207 6,564 5,460
Accrued severance pay and pensions, net
358 (1,125 ) (488 )
Decrease (increase) in accrued interest and exchange rate on bank deposits
(276 ) (271 ) 84
Accrued interest and amortization of premium on marketable securities
144 647 (323 )
Increase in trade receivables, net
(19,622 ) (3,342 ) (9,459 )
Decrease (increase) in other accounts receivable and prepaid expenses
(7,607 ) 6,782 (2,294 )
Decrease in inventories, net of write-off
4 40,643 27,210
Increase (decrease) in trade payables
(11,670 ) (3,753 ) 24,986
Increase (decrease) in deferred revenues
2,113 (11,925 ) (21,589 )
Increase in deferred tax asset, net
(469 ) (1,237 ) (743 )
Increase (decrease) in other accounts payable and accrued expenses (including other long term liabilities)
3,347 (13,847 ) (7,274 )
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
(10,697 ) (20,125 ) 7,209
Cash flows from investing activities :
Purchase of property and equipment
(9,798 ) (14,447 ) (14,530 )
Payment of business acquired, net of cash ( Schedule A )
(1,232 ) (42,405 ) -
Investment in short and long-term bank deposits
(13,754 ) (7,304 ) (1,266 )
Proceeds from maturities of short and long-term bank deposits
31,680 25,664 7,920
Investment in marketable securities
(18,339 ) - (64 )
Proceeds from maturities of marketable securities
16,591 4,258 -
Proceeds from sale of marketable securities
- 6,201 9,781
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
5,148 (28,033 ) 1,841

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F - 10
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
Year ended December 31,
2010
2011
2012
Cash flows from financing activities :
Proceeds from financial institutions
- 35,000 27,000
Repayment of bank loan
- - (18,232 )
Proceeds from exercise of options
4,935 4,474 736
Net cash provided by financing activities
4,935 39,474 9,504
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash
- (50 ) (446 )
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
(614 ) (8,734 ) 18,108
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year
38,339 37,725 28,991
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year
$ 37,725 $ 28,991 $ 47,099

Supplemental disclosures of non cash financing and investing activities:
Purchase of property and equipment
$ 672 $ 617 $ 140
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information :
Cash paid during the year for income taxes
$ 856 $ 3,849 $ 2,326
Cash paid during the year for interest
$ - $ 1,029 $ 2,113

Schedule A:
Acquisitions of subsidiaries and business operations (see Note 1b).
Estimated net fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition was as follows:
Working capital, net (excluding cash and cash equivalents)
$ 132 $ 44,551 $ -
Property, plant and equipment
7 9,500 -
Other long-term assets
- 8,581 -
Goodwill and other intangible assets
1,093 31,358 -
Deferred income taxes, net
- 3,550 -
Long-term liabilities
- (55,135 ) -
$ 1,232 $ 42,405 $ -
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F - 11
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANC IAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 1:-
GENERAL
a.
Ceragon Networks Ltd. ("the Company") is a hauling specialist.  The Company provides wireless hauling solutions that enable cellular operators and other wireless service providers to deliver voice and data services, enabling smart-phone applications such as Internet browsing, music and video applications.  The company's wireless backhaul solutions use microwave technology to transfer large amounts of telecommunication traffic between base stations and small-cells and the core of the service provider's network.

The Company's solutions support all wireless access technologies, including LTE-Advanced, LTE, HSPA, EV-DO, CDMA, W-CDMA and GSM. The Company's systems also serve evolving network architectures including all-IP long haul networks.

The Company sells its products through a direct sales force, systems integrators, distributors and original equipment manufacturers.

The Company has thirty nine wholly-owned subsidiaries worldwide. The subsidiaries provide research and development, marketing, manufacturing, distribution, sales and technical support to the Company's customers worldwide.

As to principal markets and major customers, see Note 16.

b.
Acquisitions:
On January 19, 2011 ("acquisition date"), the Company completed the purchase of all the share capital of Nera Networks AS (now called Ceragon Networks AS) and its subsidiaries (the "Nera") from Eltek ASA, pursuant to a Share Purchase Agreement dated January 19, 2011 (the "SPA"). At the time of the acquisition, Nera was a privately-owned Norwegian company, headquartered in Bergen, Norway, a leading manufacturer of microwave radio systems and a leading expert in long distance microwave links. The acquisition of Nera expanded the Company's position as part of its overall strategy to become a premier microwave backhaul specialist at a crucial juncture for the industry.
The consideration for all of the shares of Nera was $ 57,175, which was funded through a combination of cash on hand and $ 35,000 of bank debt (For more information see note 10). An amount of $ 10,000 out of the consideration was deposited in escrow for 18 months from the date of the sale of Nera’s shares. January 19, 2011 was considered to be the acquisition date, as control was obtained, assets were received and liabilities assumed.
Eltek ASA undertook not to compete with the Company for a period of five years.
F - 12

CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 1:-
GENERAL (Cont.)

In connection with the SPA and on the same day, Nera entered into: (i) a Trademark Purchase Agreement with Nera Telecommunications Ltd. ("Neratel"), a subsidiary of  Eltek ASA, under which it sold to NeraTel certain trade names and domain names of Nera, while retaining a right to use the name "Nera" for the first two years, and Neratel undertook a three year period non-compete; and (ii) a non-exclusive OEM Agreement with a subsidiary of Neratel, under which such subsidiary shall purchase products from Nera for their resale under its private label, in the region of the Middle East, North Africa and Asia-Pacific and provide certain sub-contract services to customers of Nera in the Middle East.

The acquisition was accounted for by the acquisition method and accordingly, the purchase price has been allocated according to the estimated fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed of Nera. The excess of the purchase price over the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets was assigned to goodwill. The results of the Nera operations have been included in the consolidated financial statements since January 19, 2011.

The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed:

Current assets *)
$ 172,334
Property, plant and equipment, net
9,500
Non-current assets
8,581
Deferred tax assets, net
3,550
Intangible assets
17,700
Goodwill **)
13,658
Total assets acquired
225,323
Current liabilities
(113,013 )
Long-term liabilities
(55,135 )
Total liabilities assumed
(168,148 )
Net assets acquired
$ 57,175

*)
Current assets includes step-up related to inventory and deferred revenue in total aggregate amount of $4,185 and $16,226, respectively.
**)
See also Note 8.

F - 13

CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 1:-
GENERAL (Cont.)

Intangible assets:

In performing the purchase price allocation, the Company management considered, among other factors, analyses of historical financial performance, highest and best use of the acquired assets and estimates of future performance of Nera's products. The fair value of intangible assets was determined based on an appraisal performed by management with the assistance of independent appraisers, and was based on an income approach.

The following table sets forth the components of intangible assets associated with the Nera Acquisition:

Fair value
Useful
life *)
Amortization method
Customer relationships
$ 8,300
7 years
Acceleration
Technology
8,600
7 years
Straight-line
Trade names
800
2 years
Straight-line
Total intangible assets
$ 17,700

*)          Weighted average amortization period of 6.8 years.

Customer relationships represent relationships with customer through whom Nera generates its revenue, capable of being separated or divided from the entity and sold, or transferred.

Technology includes Nera's internally developed proprietary technologies, features, platforms, and offerings, capable of being separated or divided from the entity and sold, transferred, or licensed.

Trade names value consists of the right to use for two years Nera's trade names, trademarks, logos and URLs, capable of being separated or divided from the entity and sold, transferred, or licensed.

Unaudited pro forma condensed results of operations:

The following represents the unaudited consolidated pro forma revenue and net loss for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2011 assuming that the acquisitions of Nera occurred on January 1, 2010. The pro forma information is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations, which actually would have occurred had the acquisitions been consummated on those dates, nor does it purport to represent the results of operations for future periods.
F - 14

CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 1:-
GENERAL (Cont.)
Year ended
December 31,
2010
2011
Unaudited
Revenues
$ 523,889 $ 449,094
Net loss
$ 38,611 $ 44,796
Acquisition costs include investment banking fees, legal and accounting fees and other external costs directly related to the acquisition for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2011 amounted to $ 775 and $ 4,919, respectively, and were included in operating expenses, as acquisition related cost.

During the first quarter of fiscal year 2011, the Company approved a plan to restructure certain operations of the Company to eliminate redundant costs resulting from the acquisition and improve efficiencies in operations. The restructuring charges recorded were based on restructuring plan that have been committed to by the Company management.

The total estimated restructuring costs associated with exiting activities of the Company were $ 7,834, consisting primarily from employee severance and recorded in operating expenses, as a restructuring cost. As of December 31, 2011, the total liability balance for the restructuring plan was $ 1,330. As of December 31 2012, there is no outstanding liability.

c.
During the fourth quarter of 2012, and in order to meet the profitability plan in 2013 the Company initiated a restructuring plan to improve its operating efficiency. The restructuring expenses include mainly severance and other compensation related expenses associated with the termination of employment under a restructuring plan. The total estimated restructuring costs associated with exiting activities of the Company were $ 4,608, recorded in operating expenses, as a restructuring cost. As of December 31, 2012, the total liability balance for the restructuring plan was $ 3,712.

F - 15

CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 1:-
GENERAL (Cont.)
d.
In March 2013, the Company entered into a syndicated credit agreement (the “Credit Facility”) with several financial institutions. Such agreement provides the Company with revolving credit facilities in the form of loans and bank guarantees, under which an aggregate sum of up to $113.7 million shall be available. The new agreement replaced all of the Company’s existing credit facilities. Each C redit F acility will be operated by its furnishing financial institution. Borrowings and repayments shall be made directly with the relevant financial institution. Any amounts repaid during the term of the Credit Facility may be re-borrowed up to the amount available under the relevant C redit F acility . In the framework of the Credit Facility, the Company undertook certain financial and other covenants. The Credit Facilities shall terminate, and all borrowings shall be repaid, upon March 14, 2016. Repayment may be accelerated by the financial institutions in certain events of default including in insolvency events, failure to comply with financial covenants or an event in which a current or future shareholder acquires control (as defined under the Israel Securities Law) of the Company.
NOTE 2:-          SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

a.
Basis of presentation:

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. ("U.S. GAAP").

b.
Use of estimates:

The preparation of the financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make judgments, assumptions, and estimates that affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes. The Company bases its estimates and assumptions on current facts, historical experience, and various other factors that it believes are reasonable under the circumstances, to determine the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. To the extent there are material differences between the Company's estimates and the actual results, the Company's future consolidated results of operation may be affected.

c.
Financial statements in U.S. dollars:

A majority of the revenues of the Company and certain of its subsidiaries are generated in U.S. dollars ("dollars"). In addition, a substantial portion of the Company's and certain of its subsidiaries' costs is incurred in dollars. Since management believes that the dollar is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company and its subsidiaries operate and considers the non-U.S. subsidiaries to be a direct, integral extension of the parent company's operations, the dollar is its functional and reporting currency. Accordingly, amounts in currencies other than U.S dollars have been remeasured in accordance with ASC topic 830, "Foreign Currency Matters" ("ASC 830") as follows:
Monetary balances - at the exchange rate in effect on the balance sheet date.
F - 16
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 2:-
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)
Statement of income items - average exchange rates prevailing during the year.

All exchange gains and losses from the re-measurement mentioned above are reflected in the statement of Income (Loss) in financial income, net.

The financial statements of the Company's Brazilian subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the dollar, have been re-measured and translated into dollars.  All amounts on the balance sheets have been translated into the dollar using the exchange rates in effect on the relevant balance sheet dates.  All amounts in the statements of operations have been translated into the dollar using the average exchange rate for the relevant periods. The resulting translation adjustments are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders' equity.

d.
Principles of consolidation:

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries ("the Group"). Intercompany balances and transactions including profits from intercompany sales not yet realized outside the Group, have been eliminated upon consolidation.

e.
Cash equivalents:

Cash equivalents include short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to cash with original maturities of three months or less.

f.
Short-term bank deposits:

Short-term bank deposits are deposits with maturities of more than three months and up to one year. The short-term bank deposits are in New Israeli Shekel (“NIS”), EURO, Norwegian Kroner (“NOK”) and U.S. dollars and bear interest at an average rate of 2.29% as of December 31, 2011 and 2012. The short-term bank deposits are presented at their cost, including accrued interest.

As of December 31, 2012, the short-term bank deposits in the amount of up to $ 422 are restricted for a period of up to 6 months against bank guarantees provided to customers (see also Note 13b.)

g.
Marketable securities:

The Company accounts for investments in marketable securities in accordance with ASC topic 320, "Debt and Equity Securities", ("ASC 320").

Management determines the appropriate classification of its investments in marketable securities at the time of purchase and reevaluates such determinations at each balance sheet date.
F - 17
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)

NOTE 2:-
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

During the last quarter of 2010, the Company classified its marketable securities as available-for-sale in connection with the anticipated acquisition of Nera (see also note 1b2). As a result of the acquisition, the Company may not have the ability to hold all its securities until maturity, and therefore the Company changed the classification of its investments from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale.

Available for sale securities are carried at fair value, with the unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported in "accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" in shareholders' equity and in "total of comprehensive income (loss)" in consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). Realized gains and losses on sale of investments are included in "financial income, net" and are derived using the specific identification method for determining the cost of securities. The amortized cost of debt securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. Such amortization together with interest and dividends on securities are included in "financial income (expenses), net".

The Company periodically reviews its marketable securities for impairment. If the Company concludes that any of these investments are impaired, the Company determines whether such impairment is "other-than-temporary" as defined under ASC 320-10-35. The Company accounts for investments in marketable securities in accordance with, ASC 320-10-65-1, "Recognition and Presentation of Other-Than-Temporary Impairments", that changed the impairment and presentation model for debt securities. Under the amended impairment model, an other-than-temporary impairment loss is recognized in earnings if the entity has the intent to sell the debt security, or if it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. However, if an entity does not expect to sell a debt security, it still needs to evaluate expected cash flows to be received and determines if a credit loss exists. In the event of a credit loss, only the amount of impairment associated with the credit loss is recognized currently in earnings. As of December 31, 2012 the Company does not intend to sell the debt security and it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. During 2010, 2011 and 2012 no other-than-temporary impairments were recorded.

h.
Inventories:

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market value . Inventory write-downs are provided to cover risks arising from slow-moving items, technological obsolescence, excess inventories, discontinued products and for market prices lower than cost, if any. The Company periodically evaluates the quantities on hand relative to historical and projected sales volume (which is determined based on an assumption of future demand and market conditions) and the age of the inventory. At the point of the loss recognition, a new lower cost basis for that inventory is established. In addition, if required the Company records a liability for firm non-cancelable and unconditional purchase commitments with contract manufacturers for quantities in excess of the Company's future demands forecast consistent with its valuation of excess and obsolete inventory.
F - 18

CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 2:-
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

Inventory includes costs of products delivered to customers and not recognized as cost of sales, as a result of revenue in the related arrangements not yet being recognized.

Cost is determined for all types of inventory using the moving average cost method plus indirect costs.

i.
Property and equipment:

Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, at the following annual rates:
%
Computers, manufacturing and peripheral equipment
6 - 33
Office furniture and equipment
Mainly 7
Leasehold improvements
Over the shorter of the term of the lease or useful life of the asset
In 2012, the company began an implementation of new Enterprise Resource Planning systems (“ERP”). The company capitalizes costs incurred related to the system according to of FASB ASC 350-40, Accounting for the Costs of Computer Software Developed or Obtained for Internal Use. As of December 31, 2012 the Company capitalized a total of $ 3,400. As of December 31, 2012 the implementation was not yet completed and therefore the company did not start the amortization of the ERP system.

j.
Impairment of long-lived assets:

The Company's and its subsidiaries' long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment in accordance with ASC topic 360," Property Plant and Equipment", ("ASC 360"), whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If an asset is considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value. During 2010, 2011 and 2012, no impairment losses have been recognized.
F - 19
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 2:-
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

k.
Income taxes:

The Company and its subsidiaries account for income taxes in accordance with ASC topic 740, "Income Taxes", ("ASC 740"). This Statement prescribes the use of the liability method whereby deferred tax asset and liability account balances are determined based on differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and for carryforward losses deferred taxes are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. The Company and its subsidiaries provide a valuation allowance, if necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to their estimated realizable value if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. For more information see note 15f.

The Company adopted ASC topic 740-10, "Income Taxes", ("ASC 740-10"). ASC 740-10 contains a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions accounted for in accordance with ASC 740. The first step is to evaluate the tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that, on an evaluation of the technical merits, the tax position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company elected to classify interest expenses and penalties recognized in the financial statements as income taxes. For more information see note 15j.
l.
Goodwill and other intangible assets:

Goodwill and certain other purchased intangible assets have been recorded in the Company's financial statements as a result of acquisitions. Goodwill represents excess of the costs over the net tangible and intangible assets acquired of businesses acquired Under ASC topic 350, "Intangible - Goodwill and Other", ("ASC 350") according to which goodwill is not amortized. In addition, the costs of intangible assets that were purchased from others for use in research and development activities were recorded as assets to the extent that they have alternative future use.

ASC 350 requires goodwill to be tested for impairment at least annually or between annual tests in certain circumstances, and written down when impaired. The Company operates as one reporting unit. Therefore, goodwill is tested for impairment by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying value. The Company elects to perform an annual impairment test of goodwill as of October 1 of each year, or more frequently if impairment indicators are present.
F - 20

CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 2:-
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

Intangible assets that are considered to have definite useful life are amortized using the straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which range from 2 to 7 years. The carrying amount of these assets is reviewed whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable.  Recoverability of these assets is measured by comparison of the carrying amount of the asset to the future undiscounted cash flows the asset is expected to generate.  If the asset is considered to be impaired, the amount of any impairment is measured as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the impaired asset. As of December 31, 2011 and 2012, no impairment losses have been recognized.

m.
Revenue recognition:

The Company and its subsidiaries generate revenues from selling products to end users, distributors, system integrators and original equipment manufacturers ("OEM").

Revenues from product sales are recognized in accordance with ASC topic 605-10, "Revenue recognition" and with ASC 605-25 "Multiple-Element Arrangements", ("ASC 605"), when delivery has occurred, persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the vendor's fee is fixed or determinable, no future obligation exists and collectability is probable.

In addition, when required, the Company complies with ASU 605-25, "Multiple-Deliverable Revenue Arrangements". This standard changes the requirements for establishing separate units of accounting in a multiple element arrangement by elimination of the residual method and requires the allocation of arrangement consideration to each deliverable to be based on using the relative selling price method.

The Company adopted this standard as of the beginning of fiscal 2011 on a prospective basis for new and materially modified deals that include the sale of products and post delivery installation services, originating after January 1, 2011. For the year ended December 31, 2011 the impact of the adoption of this standard was an increase in revenues in an amount of approximately $23,900.

Pursuant to the guidance of ASU 605-25, when a sales arrangement contains multiple elements, such as equipment and services,  the Company allocates revenues to each element based on a selling price hierarchy. The selling price for a deliverable is based on its vendor specific objective evidence (''VSOE'') if available, third party evidence (''TPE'') if VSOE is not available, or estimated selling price (''ESP'') if neither VSOE nor TPE is available. In multiple element arrangements, revenues are allocated to each separate unit of accounting for each of the deliverables using the relative estimated selling prices of each of the deliverables in the arrangement based on the aforementioned selling price hierarchy.
F - 21

CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 2:-
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

The Company considers the sale of equipment and its installation to be two separate units of accounting in the arrangement in which the installation is not essential to the functionality of the equipment, the equipment has value to the customer on a standalone basis and whenever the arrangement does not include a general right of return relative to the delivered item or delivery or performance of the undelivered item is considered probable and substantially in the control of the Company. In such arrangement, revenues from the sale of equipments are recognized upon delivery, if all other revenue recognition criteria are met and the installation revenues are deferred to the period in which such installation occurs (but not less than the amount contingent upon completion of installation, if any) using relative selling prices of each of the deliverables based on the aforementioned selling price hierarchy.

The Company determines the selling price in its multiple-element arrangements by reviewing historical transactions, and considering internal factors including, but not limited to, pricing practices including discounting, margin objectives, and competition. The determination of estimated selling price ("ESP") is made through consultation with management, taking into consideration the pricing model and strategy.

When sale arrangements include a customer acceptance provision, revenue is recognized when the Company has demonstrated that the criteria specified in the acceptance provision have been satisfied or as the acceptance provision has lapsed and deemed to be attained.

To assess the probability of collection for revenue recognition purposes, the Company analyzes historical collection experience, current economic trends and the financial position of its customers. On the basis of these criterions, the Company concludes whether revenue recognition should be deferred and recognized on a cash basis.

The Company records a provision for estimated sale returns and stock rotation granted to customers on products in the same period the related revenues are recorded in accordance with ASC 605. These estimates are based on historical sales returns, stock rotations and other known factors. Such provisions are immaterial as of December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively.

Deferred revenue includes unearned amounts received in its arrangements, and amounts received from customers but not recognized as revenues due to the fact that these transactions did not meet the revenue recognition criteria.
n.
Research and development costs:

Research and development costs are charged to the statement of Income (Loss) as incurred.
F - 22
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 2:-
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

o.
Warranty costs:

The Company generally offers a standard limited warranty, including parts and labor for periods of 12 to 36 months for its products. The Company estimates the costs that may be incurred under its basic limited warranty and records a liability in the amount of such costs at the time product revenue is recognized. Factors that affect the Company's warranty liability include the number of installed units, historical and anticipated rates of warranty claims, and cost per claim. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty liability and adjusts the amounts as necessary. Warranty expenses (income) for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 were approximately $ 643, $ (666) and $ (1,753) respectively.

p.
Derivative instruments:

The Company has instituted a foreign currency cash flow hedging program using foreign currency forward contracts ("derivative instruments") in order to hedge the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows resulting from changes in related foreign currency exchange rates. These transactions are designated as cash flow hedges, as defined under ASC topic 815, "Derivatives and Hedging".

ASC 815 requires companies to recognize all of their derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities in the statement of financial position at fair value. The Company measured the fair value of the contracts in accordance with ASC topic 820, "Fair value Measurement and Disclosures" at level 2 (see also Note 2W). The accounting for changes in the fair value (i.e., gains or losses) of a derivative instrument depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging relationship and further, on the type of hedging relationship.

For those derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as hedging instruments, a company must designate the hedging instrument, based upon the exposure being hedged, as a fair value hedge, cash flow hedge or a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation.
For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge (i.e., hedging the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows that is attributable to a particular risk), the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes and reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. The non effective portion of the derivative's change in fair value is recognized in earnings.

F - 23

CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 2:-
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

The Company's cash flow hedging program is to hedge against the risk of overall changes in cash flows resulting from forecasted foreign currency salary payments during the year. The Company hedges portions of its forecasted expenses denominated in NIS and NOK with forward exchange contracts. These forward exchange contracts are designated as cash flow hedges, as defined by ASC 815 and Derivative Implementation Group No. G20, "Cash Flow Hedges: Assessing and Measuring the Effectiveness of a Purchased option Used in a Cash Flow Hedge" ("DIG 20") and are all effective.

q.
Concentrations of credit risk:

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company and its subsidiaries to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, short-term bank deposits, marketable securities, trade receivables and trade payables.

The majority of the Company's cash and cash equivalents and short-term bank deposits are invested in U.S. dollar instruments with major banks worldwide. Such cash and cash equivalents and deposits in the United States may be in excess of insured limits and are not insured in other jurisdictions. Generally, these cash and cash equivalents and deposits may be redeemed upon demand and, therefore, bear minimal risk. Management believes that the financial institutions that hold the Company's and its subsidiaries' investments are institutions with high credit standing, and accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to these investments.

The Company's marketable securities consist of securities issued by debentures of corporations and Venezuelan government. The Company's investment policy limits the amount the Company may invest in any one type of investment or issuer, thereby reducing credit risk concentrations.
The Company's trade receivables are geographically diversified and derived from sales to customers mainly in the Europe, Latin America and Asia. The Company and its subsidiaries generally do not require collateral; however, in certain circumstances, the Company and its subsidiaries may require letters of credit, additional guarantees or advance payments. The Company and its subsidiaries perform ongoing credit evaluations of their customers and insure certain trade receivables under credit insurance policies.

r.
Allowance for doubtful debt:

An allowance for doubtful accounts is determined with respect to specific receivables, of which the collection may be doubtful. The Company charges off receivables when they are deemed uncollectible.

Allowance for doubtful accounts amounted to $ 3,595 and $ 5,435 as of December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively.

Total doubtful debt expenses during 2010, 2011 and 2012 amounted to $ 614, $ 212 and $ 1,727, respectively. Total write offs were immaterial in 2010, 2011 and 2012.
F - 24

CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 2:-
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

s .
Transfers of financial assets:

ASC 860 "Transfers and Servicing", ("ASC 860"), establishes a standard for determining when a transfer of financial assets should be accounted for as a sale. The Company's arrangements are such that the underlying conditions are met for the transfer of financial assets to qualify for accounting as a sale. The transfers of financial assets are typically performed by the factoring of receivables to three Israeli financial institutions.

As of December 31, 2011 and 2012, the Company sold trade receivables to Israeli financial institutions in a total amount of $ 5,866 and $ 15,126, respectively. Control and risk of those trade receivables were fully transferred in accordance with ASC 860.

The agreements, pursuant to which the Company sells its trade receivables, are structured such that the Company (i) transfers the proprietary rights in the receivable from the Company to the financial institution; (ii) legally isolates the receivable from the Company's other assets, and presumptively puts the receivable beyond the lawful reach of the Company and its creditors, even in bankruptcy or other receivership; (iii) confers on the financial institution the right to pledge or exchange the receivable; and (iv) eliminates the Company's effective control over the receivable, in the sense that the Company is not entitled and shall not be obligated to repurchase the receivable other than in case of failure by the Company to fulfill its commercial obligation.

t.
Severance pay:

The Company's severance pay liability for its Israeli employees is calculated pursuant to Israel's Severance Pay Law based on the most recent salary of the employees multiplied by the number of years of employment, as of the balance sheet date. Employees are entitled to one month's salary for each year of employment or a portion thereof. The Company's liability for all of its employees in Israel is fully covered by monthly deposits with pension funds, insurance policies and an accrual. The value of the funds deposited into pension funds and insurance policies is recorded as an asset - severance pay fund - in the Company's balance sheet.

The severance pay fund includes the deposited funds and accumulated adjustments to the Israeli Consumer Price Index up to the balance sheet date. The deposited funds may be withdrawn only upon the fulfillment of the obligation pursuant to Israel's Severance Pay Law or labor agreements. The value of the deposited funds in insurance policies, is based on the cash surrendered value of these policies, and includes profits / losses.
F - 25

CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 2:-
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

Starting April 2009, the Company's agreements with new employees in Israel are under section 14 of the Severance Pay Law -1963. The Company's contributions for severance pay shall replace its severance obligation, no additional calculations shall be conducted between the parties regarding the matter of severance pay and no additional payments shall be made by the Company to the employee. Further, the related obligation and amounts deposited on behalf of such obligation are not stated on the balance sheet, as the Company is legally released from obligation to employees once the deposit amounts have been paid.

Severance expense for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, amounted to approximately $ 1,519, $ 1,747 and $ 1,613, respectively.

u.
Pension accrual:

The Company accounts, for its obligations for pension and other postretirement benefits, in accordance with ASC 715, "Compensation - Retirement Benefits". For more information refer to Note 12.

v.
Accounting for stock-based compensation:

ASC topic 718, "Compensation - Stock Compensation", ("ASC 718"), requires companies to estimate the fair value of equity-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as an expense over the requisite service periods in the Company's consolidated statements of operations.
The Company estimates the fair value of stock options granted under ASC 718 using the binomial model with the following weighted-average assumptions for 2010, 2011 and 2012:

December 31,
2010
2011
2012
Dividend yield
0 % 0 % 0 %
Volatility
41%-66 % 37%-60 % 40%-64 %
Risk free interest
0.25%-3.9 % 0.1%-3.48 % 0.1%-2.30 %
Early exercise multiple
2.0-2.50 1.85-2.60 1.55-1.85

Risk-free interest rates are based on the yield from U.S. Treasury zero-coupon bonds with a term equivalent to the contractual life of the options; volatility of price of the Company's shares based upon actual historical stock price movements. The Early exercise factor is representing the value of the underlying stock as a multiple of the exercise price of the option which, if achieved, results in exercise of the option.
F - 26

CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 2:-
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

Early exercise multiple is based on actual historical exercise activity. The expected term of the options granted is derived from output of the option valuation model and represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding.

The Company recognizes compensation expense using the accelerated method for all awards ultimately expected to vest. Estimated forfeitures are based on historical pre-vesting forfeitures and on management's estimates. ASC topic 718 requires forfeitures to be estimated and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

w.
Fair value of financial instruments:

The Company applies ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures". Under this standard, fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the "exit price") in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.

In determining fair value, the Company uses various valuation approaches. ASC 820 establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company's assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.

The hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the inputs as follows:

Level 1 -
Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets that the Company has the ability to access. Valuation adjustments and block discounts are not applied to Level 1 instruments. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of these products does not entail a significant degree of judgment.

Level 2 -
Valuations based on one or more quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3 -
Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.

The availability of observable inputs can vary from investment to investment and is affected by a wide variety of factors, including, for example, the type of investment, the liquidity of markets and other characteristics particular to the transaction. To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment and the investments are categorized as Level 3. (See also note 18).

F - 27
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 2:-
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company and its subsidiaries in estimating their fair value disclosures for financial instruments:

The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, short-term bank deposits, trade receivables , other accounts receivable, trade payables, and other accounts payable approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturities of such instruments.

The marketable securities fair value, based on quoted market prices, classified within Level 1 (see also note 3).

The derivative instruments are classified within Level 2 as the valuation inputs are based on quoted prices and market observable data of similar instruments.

x.
Restructuring costs:

The Company accounts for restructuring activities in accordance to ASC topic 420, "Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations" and ASC 712 "Compensation-Nonretirement Postemployment Benefits" ("ASC 712"), which requires that a liability for a cost associated with an exit or disposal activity be recognized and measured, initially at fair value, only when the liability is incurred and for contractual postemployment benefits under ASC 712 when it is probable that the employees will be entitled to the benefits, the amount is estimable.
y.
Comprehensive income:

The Company accounts for comprehensive income in accordance with ASC topic 220, "Comprehensive Income". This statement establishes standards for the reporting and display of comprehensive income and its components in a full set of general purpose financial statements. Comprehensive income generally represents all changes in stockholders' equity during the period except those resulting from investments by, or distributions to, stockholders. As of December 31, 2011 and 2012 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), related to unrealized gains from available-for-sale securities, net of taxes, in amount of $ 393 and $ 349, loss on hedging derivative instruments, net of taxes, in amount of $ (492) and $ 208 foreign currency translation differences and in amount of $ (244) and $ (1,047).

z.
Treasury shares:

The Company repurchased its Ordinary shares on the open-market and holds such shares as Treasury shares. The Company presents the cost of repurchased treasury shares as a reduction of shareholders' equity.

F - 28

CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 2:-
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

aa.
Basic and diluted net earnings per share:

Basic net earnings per share is computed based on the weighted average number of Ordinary shares outstanding during each year. Diluted net earnings per share is computed based on the weighted average number of Ordinary shares outstanding during each year, plus dilutive potential Ordinary shares considered outstanding during the year, in accordance with ASC topic 260, "Earnings Per Share" ("ASC 260").

The total weighted average number of shares related to the outstanding options excluded from the calculations of diluted net earnings per share due to their anti-dilutive effect was 940,060, 5,154,612 and 5,743,458 for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively.

ab.
Reclassification:

Certain amounts in prior years' statement of Income (Loss) have been reclassified to conform to the current year's presentation. In prior years expenses of the company's information system department were allocated to cost of revenues and operating expenses while in 2010 management decided to include all expenses in general and administrative expenses.
ac.
Impact of recently issued Accounting Standards:

1.
In July 2012, the FASB issued Accounting Standards 2012-02 "Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Testing Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets for Impairment", which introduced an optional qualitative assessment for testing intangible asset for impairment. ASU 2011-02 allows companies to qualitatively assess whether it is more likely than not (i.e., a likelihood of greater than 50%) that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. If that is the case, the company would have to perform the annual quantitative impairment test. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after 15 September 2012. The Company did not adapt the optional qualitative assessment during 2012.
2.
In February 2013, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2013-02, Topic 350 - Comprehensive Income ("ASU 2013-02"), which amends Topic 220 to improve the reporting of reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income to the respective line items in net income. ASU 2013-02 is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2012. The Company intends to adopt this standard in the first quarter of 2013 and does not expect the adoption will have a material impact on its consolidated results of operations or financial condition.

F - 29


CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)

NOTE 3:-          MARKETABLE SECURITIES
The following is a summary of marketable securities at December 31, 2011 and 2012:

2011
2012
Amortized
Gross unrealized
Fair
market
Amortized
Gross unrealized
Fair
market
Cost
gains
value
cost
gains
value
Corporate debentures
$ 204 $ 15 $ 219 $ 204 $ 99 $ 303
Government bonds
12,784 378 13,162 3,515 250 3,765
$ 12,988 $ 393 $ 13,381 $ 3,719 $ 349 $ 4,068

Aggregate maturities of marketable securities for years subsequent to December 31, 2012 are:

Amortized cost
Gross unrealized gain
Fair market value
Less than 1 year
$ - $ - $ -
1-3 years
3,515 250 3,765
3-5 years
91 46 137
More than 5 years
113 53 166
$ 3,719 $ 349 $ 4,068

During 2012, the Company recorded net proceeds from sales of these securities in amount of $ 9,717 and income from sale of marketable securities in an amount of $ 57.

As of December 31, 2011 and 2012, interest receivable amounted to $ 213 and $ 81, respectively, and is included within other accounts receivable in the balance sheets.
NOTE 4:-
OTHER ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE AND PREPAID EXPENSES

December 31,
2011
2012
Government authorities
$ 13,789 $ 14,150
Advances to suppliers
7,126 3,140
Prepaid expenses
12,358 16,636
Other
4,008 4,817
$ 37,281 $ 38,743


F - 30

CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 5:-
INVENTORIES

December 31,
2011
2012
Raw materials
$ 14,418 21,360
Work in progress
1,723 4,441
Finished products
77,324 39,753
$ 93,465 65,554

Finished products include products shipped to customers for which revenues were not recognized as of December 31, 2012. Such products amounted to $ 49,101 and $ 19,266 at December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, the Company recorded inventory write-offs for excess inventory and slow moving inventory in a total amount of $ 1,963, $ 3,483 and $ 904, respectively that have been included in cost of revenues.

Inventory write-off provision as of December 31, 2011 and 2012 amounted of $ 3,505 and $ 2,887, respectively.

NOTE 6:-          PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET

December 31,
2011
2012
Cost:
Computers, manufacturing, peripheral equipment
$ 78,367 $ 90,724
Office furniture and equipment
4,391 4,566
Leasehold improvements
1,823 2,388
84,581 97,678
Accumulated depreciation:
Computers, manufacturing, peripheral equipment
49,995 59,536
Office furniture and equipment
2,837 3,081
Leasehold improvements
1,284 1,419
54,116 64,036
Depreciated cost
$ 30,465 $ 33,642

Depreciation expenses for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 were $ 4,712, $ 10,231 and $ 11,493 respectively.
F - 31
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)

NOTE 7:-          INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET

a.
Intangible assets:
December 31,
2011
2012
Original amounts:
Technology
$ 8,600 $ 8,600
Trademarks
800 800
Customer relationships *)
8,200 8,107
17,600 17,507
Accumulated amortization:
Technology
1,165 2,397
Trademarks
379 780
Customer relationships
2,617 4,521
4,161 7,698
Intangible assets, net
$ 13,439 $ 9,809

*)
Including functional currency translation adjustments related to Brazilian subsidiary.
b.
Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012 amounted to $ 4,161 and $ 3,537, respectively.

c.
The estimated future amortization expense of purchased intangible assets as of December 31, 2012 is as follows:

December 31,
2013
$ 2,541
2014
2,134
2015
1,862
2016
1,672
2017 and thereafter
1,600
$ 9,809

F - 32

CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 8:-
GOODWILL

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012 are as follows:

Year ended December 31,
2011
2012
January 1,
$ 1,093 $ 14,593
Acquisition of Nera
13,658 -
Functional currency translation adjustments (1) (2) (3)
(158 ) 690
December 31,
$ 14,593 $ 15,283
(1)
The allocation period of Nera's acquisition ended in July 2012.
(2)
Adjustment of goodwill related to acquisition of Nera.
(3)
Foreign currency translation differences resulting from goodwill allocated to subsidiaries, whose functional currency has been determined to be other than the U.S. dollar and adjustment related to provisions.
NOTE 9:-          OTHER ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED EXPENSES

December 31,
2011
2012
Employees and payroll accruals
$ 13,650 $ 13,199
Provision for warranty costs
6,655 4,801
Government authorities
5,156 5,507
Accrued expenses
20,291 9,676
Other accounts payables
3,756 2,907
$ 49,508 $ 36,090
NOTE 10:-        LOAN AND CREDIT LINES

In 2011 the Company entered into a loan agreement with Bank Hapoalim Ltd (the "Loan Agreement", the "Bank", respectively) for a loan in the principal amount of $ 35,000.

The Loan Agreement provides that the principal amount of $ 35,000 bear effective interest at a rate of Libor + 3.15%, which Libor is updated every three months. As of December 31, 2012 the accrued interest is $105 and is recorded as part of the accrued expenses. The principal amount is to be repaid in 17 quarterly installments from February 19, 2012, through February 19, 2016 and the interest is to be paid in quarterly payments starting as of February 19, 2011.

The loan is secured by a floating charge over all Company assets as well as several customary fixed charges on specific assets and subject to certain financial covenants.
F - 33

CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)

NOTE 10:-        LOAN AND CREDIT LINES (Cont.)
The maturities of the principal amount for periods after December 31, 2012 are as follows:

2013 - current maturities
$ 8,232
2014
8,232
2015
8,232
2016
2,072
$ 26,768

To cover its short term working capital needs, as of December 31, 2012 the Company utilized $15 million out of $40 million of available credit lines from several banks and $2 million from other financial institution. The credit lines carry interest rates of LIBOR+2.75% to LABOR+3.9% and expire between March 31, 2013 and September 23, 2013.

The Company undertook to maintain certain financial covenants regarding the above loan and credit lines. Repayment of the loan and credit lines may be accelerated by the Bank in certain events of default including in insolvency events, failure to comply with the financial covenants and an event whereby we will no longer be a traded company. As of December 31, 2012 the Company has maintained all the financial covenants. Subsequent to the balance date, in according with the new facility loan the covenants were revised. The terms of the loan were not changed in the new credit facility.
NOTE 11:-
DERIVATIVE  INSTRUMENTS

As of December 31, 2012, the Company had outstanding forward exchange contracts designated as cash flow hedge for the acquisition of NIS 133,737 and NOK 108,013 in consideration for $ 54,487 maturing in a period of up to one year. As of December 31, 2011 and 2012, the company recorded accumulated unrealized gain (loss) in other comprehensive income, net of taxes, in the amount of $ (492) and $ 208, respectively, from its forward contracts with respect to anticipated payroll payment expected in 2012.

Fair value hedging program - The Company enters into forward exchange contracts to hedge a portion of its certain monetary items in the balance sheet, such as trade receivables and trade payables denominated in foreign currencies for a period of up to five months. The purpose of the Company's foreign currency hedging activities is to protect the fair value of the monetary assets from foreign exchange rates fluctuations.
F - 34

CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 11:-
DERIVATIVE  INSTRUMENTS (Cont.)

Gain recognized in other
comprehensive
Gain (loss) recognized
Income , net
in statements of income , net
December 31,
Statement of
Year ended
December 31,
2012
income item
2010
2011
2012
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign exchange option and forward contract
$ 208
Operating expenses
$ 503 $ (267 ) $ 72
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign exchange forward contracts
Financial expenses
(375 ) (287 ) 1,424
Total
$ 208 $ 128 $ (554 ) $ 1,496
NOTE 12:-
PENSION LIABILITIES , NET

The Norwegian subsidiary Ceragon Networks AS (formerly "Nera Networks AS") has both defined benefit scheme (overfunded and underfunded) and defined contribution schemes.

Defined contribution - overfunded - Under the defined contributions scheme Ceragon Networks AS makes a payment to the insurance company who administer the fund on behalf of the employee. Ceragon Networks AS has no liabilities relating to such schemes after the payment to the insurance company. As of December 31, 2012 almost all active employees are in this scheme. The contribution and the corresponding social security taxes are recognized as payroll expenses in the period to which the employee's services are rendered. The defined pension contribution schemes meet the requirements of the law on compulsory occupational pension.

Defined benefit scheme - overfunded - Defined benefit scheme was stopped for admission from December 1, 2007, and persons that were employed after that date were automatically entered into the defined contribution scheme. The schemes give right to defined future benefits. These are mainly dependent on the number of qualifying employment years, salary level at pension age, and the amount of benefits from the national insurance scheme. The commitment related to the pension scheme is covered through an insurance company. As of December 31, 2012 the pension scheme has 139 members out of which 133 are retired. The fair value of plan assets exceeds the defined benefit obligation.

Defined benefit scheme - underfunded - The underfunded defined benefit scheme mainly consists of a pension agreement for former executives and of early retirement pensions (the "AFP"). The Pension scheme for former executives is stopped for admission. The scheme gives right to defined future benefits. These are mainly dependent on the number of qualifying employment years, salary level at pension age, and the amount of benefits from the national insurance scheme.
F - 35
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)

NOTE 12:-
PENSION LIABILITIES, NET (Cont.)

The AFP arrangement has been terminated in 2010. The AFP-liability following the old scheme was recognized in the balance sheet as debt and was recognized as income in 2010, with the exception of the liability relating to previous employees who are now retirees in this scheme.

With the termination of the old AFP (early retirement) scheme there was a deficit. The liability is set to best estimates, the present value of estimated future premium payments in the period 2013-2015.

Additionally, Ceragon Networks AS has an agreed early retirement scheme (AFP). The new AFP-scheme, in force from 1 January 2011, is a defined benefit multi-enterprise scheme, but is recognized in the accounts as a defined contribution scheme until reliable and sufficient information is available for the group to recognize its proportional share of pension cost, pension liability and pension funds in the scheme. Ceragon Networks AS's liabilities are therefore not recognized as liability in the balance sheet.

The difference between the liability (the Projected Benefit Obligation or PBO as defined in ASC No. 715 "Compensation - Retirement Benefits" ("ASC 715") and the market value of the plan assets is accounted for on the financial statements of the Company.
The liabilities in respect of Ceragon Networks AS's pension plans have been recalculated based on updated employee numbers and asset values at December 31, 2012. These plans together represent 100% of the PBO of the entire group. The value for the other liabilities has been projected from the results of the valuation on the date of Acquisition and updated for changes in discount rate.
F - 36

CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 12:-
PENSION LIABILITIES, NET (Cont.)

The following tables provide a reconciliation of the changes in the plans' benefits obligation and fair value of assets for the year ended December 31, 2012, and the statement of funded status as of December 31, 2012:
December 31,
2011
2012
Accumulated benefit obligation
$ 9,860 $ 9,643
Change in projected benefit obligation
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year
$ - $ 9,992
Liability assumed at the acquisition date of Nera
11,532 -
Service cost
59 63
Interest cost
323 349
Expenses paid
(1,296 ) (992 )
Exchange rates differences
- 565
Actuarial gain
(626 ) (268 )
Projected benefit obligation at end of year
$ 9,992 $ 9,709
Change in plan assets
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year
$ - $ 7,122
Acquisition of Nera
7,500 -
Actual return on plan assets
272 294
Employer contributions to plan
52 95
Expenses paid
(702 ) (524 )
Exchange rates differences
- 525
Actuarial gain
- (116 )
Fair value of plan assets at end of year
$ 7,122 $ 7,396
The assumptions used in the measurement of the Company' benefits obligations as of December 31, 2012 is as follows:

December 31, 2011
December 31, 2012
Weighted-average assumptions
Discount rate
3.80 % 4.20 %
Expected return on plan assets
4.10 % 3.60 %
Rate of compensation increase
3.50 % 3.25 %

F - 37

CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 12:-
PENSION LIABILITIES, NET  (Cont.)

The amounts reported for net periodic pension costs and the respective benefit obligation amounts are dependent upon the actuarial assumptions used.  The Company reviews historical trends, future expectations, current market conditions and external data to determine the assumptions. The discount rate is determined considering the yield of government bonds.  For purposes of calculating the 2012 net periodic benefit cost and the benefit obligation, the Company used a discount rate of 4.2 %.  The rate of compensation increase is determined by the Company, based upon its long-term plans for such increases.

The following table provides the components of net periodic benefits cost for the year ended December 31, 2012:
December 31, 2011
December 31, 2012
Components of net periodic benefit cost
Service cost
$ 59 $ 63
Interest cost
323 349
Expected return on plan assets
(272 ) (294 )
Amortization of net loss
- -
Exchange rates differences
- 5
Settlement gain recognized
- -
Net periodic benefit cost
$ 110 $ 123
Benefit payments are expected to be paid as follows:

December 31, 2011
December 31, 2012
2013
$ 817 $ 763
2014
561 261
2015
361 229
2016
223 199
2017 and thereafter
908 1,050
$ 2,870 $ 2,502

The plan asset allocations at December 31, 2012 is as follows:

December 31, 2011
December 31, 2012
Bonds
49 % 56 %
Real estate
16 % 14 %
Cash
17 % 20 %
Shares
18 % 10 %
100 % 100 %
F - 38
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 12:-
PENSION LIABILITIES, NET (Cont.)
Regarding the policy for amortizing actuarial gains or losses for pension and post-employment plans, the Company has chosen to charge the actuarial gains or losses to statement of income (loss) .
For the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012, an actuarial gain of $325 and $158, respectively, was recognized in statements of income (loss).
NOTE 13:-
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES

a.
Lease commitments:

The Company and its subsidiaries lease their facilities and motor vehicles under various operating lease agreements that expire on various dates. Aggregate minimum rental commitments under non-cancelable leases at December 31, 2012, are as follows:

Year ended December 31,
Facilities
Motor vehicles
Total
2013
4,548 1,442 5,990
2014
1,365 993 2,358
2015
824 478 1,302
2016
672 183 855
2017 and thereafter
- - -
7,409 3,096 10,505

Expenses for lease of facilities for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 were approximately $ 2,466, $ 10,334 and $ 8,473, respectively.

Expenses for the lease of motor vehicles for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 were approximately $ 1,206, $ 1,514 and $ 1,404, respectively.

b.
Charges and guarantees:

As of December 31, 2012, the Company provided bank guarantees in an aggregate amount of $ 31,692 with respect to tender offer guarantees and performance guarantees to its customers.

c.
Litigations:

The Company is currently involved in various claims and legal proceedings. The Company reviews the status of each matter and assesses its potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from any claim or legal proceeding is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, the Company accrues a liability for the estimated loss.
F - 39
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 13:-
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES (Cont.)

The Company cannot estimate the exposure amount, and in any case, these allegations have not resulted in any action brought against the Company. The Company's management does not believe that it is probable that the above mentioned allegations will result in a loss to the Company. Accordingly, no provision was recorded with respect to these allegations.

d.
Indirect taxes:

The Company recorded a provision for indirect tax liabilities in Latin America, mainly related to VAT and Custom duties for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012, in the amount of approximately $26 and $26 . 5 million, respectively. In addition to the amount currently reserved, the Company may be subject to loss contingencies related to these matters estimated to be up to an additional $26 million. We believe that such undiscounted unreserved losses are reasonably possible but are not currently considered to be probable of occurrence.
NOTE 14:-
SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

The Ordinary shares of the Company are traded on Nasdaq Global Market and on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, under the symbol "CRNT".

a.
General:

The ordinary shares entitle their holders to receive notice to participate and vote in general meetings of the Company, the right to share in distributions upon liquidation of the Company, and to receive dividends, if declared.

b.
Stock options plans:

1.
Under the Company's 2003 Share Option Plan ("the Plan"), options may be granted to officers, directors, employees and consultants of the Company or its subsidiaries. The options vest primarily over four years. The options expire ten years from the date of grant. On December 2012, the Company extended the term of the Plan for an additional period of ten years.

Upon adoption of the Plan, the Company reserved for issuance 17,920,688 ordinary shares in accordance with the respective terms thereof. As of December 31, 2012, the Company has 218,414 Ordinary shares available for future grant under the Plan. Any options, which are canceled or forfeited before the expiration date, become available for future grants.

2.
On September 6, 2010, the Company's board of directors amended the Plan so as to enable to grant Restricted share Units ("RSUs") pursuant to such Plan.

F - 40
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 14:-
SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (Cont.)

3.
The following is a summary of the Company's stock options and RSUs granted among the various plans:

Year ended December 31, 2010
Number
of options and RSUs
Weighted
average
exercise
price
Weighted average remaining contractual term
(in years)
Aggregate
intrinsic
value
Outstanding at beginning of year
5,388,323 $ 5.87
Granted *)
922,500 $ 8.27
Exercised
(979,982 ) $ 5.04
Forfeited or expired
(402,605 ) $ 9.92
Outstanding at end of the year
4,928,236 $ 6.15 6.38 $ 34,698
Options exercisable at end of the year
3,192,108 $ 5.53 5.33 $ 24,455
Vested and expected to vest
4,836,371 $ 6.12 6.38 $ 34,193

*)   Including 200,000 RSUs granted

Year ended December 31, 2011
Number
of options and RSUs
Weighted
average
exercise
price
Weighted average remaining contractual term
(in years)
Aggregate
intrinsic
value
Outstanding at beginning of year *)
4,928,236 $ 6.15
Granted
1,795,502 $ 11.79
Exercised (**)
(1,057,122 ) $ 4.24
Forfeited or expired
(210,272 ) $ 9.92
Outstanding at end of the year
5,456,344 $ 8.23 7.01 $ 7,256
Options exercisable at end of the year
2,928,548 $ 6.58 5.55 $ 5,547
Vested and expected to vest
5,198,660 $ 8.08 6.91 $ 7,204
*)  Including 200,000 RSUs granted
**) Including 50,000 RSUs exercised

F - 41
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 14:-
SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (Cont.)


Year ended December 31, 2012
Number
of options and RSUs
Weighted
average
exercise
price
Weighted average remaining contractual term
(in years)
Aggregate
intrinsic
value
Outstanding at beginning of year *)
5,456,344 $ 8.23
Granted
1,217,499 $ 8.45
Exercised (**)
(240,171 ) $ 3.04
Forfeited or expired
(306,290 ) $ 10.17
Outstanding at end of the year
6,127,382 $ 8.38 7.95 $ 492
Options exercisable at end of the year
3,801,244 $ 7.62 5.52 $ 50
Vested and expected to vest
5,827,744 $ 8.32 7.94 $ 477

*)   Including 200,000 RSUs granted
**) Including 50,000 RSU’s exercised
The Company's options are generally granted at exercise prices which are equal to the average market value of the Ordinary shares in the period of 30 trading day prior to the grant date. The weighted average grant date fair values of the options granted during 2010, 2011 and 2012 were $ 5.89, $ 5.63 and $ 3.82, respectively. Grant date fair value of the RSUs granted during 2010 was $ 9.39.

The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total intrinsic value (the difference between the Company's closing stock price on the last trading day of fiscal 2012 and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options on December 31, 2012. This amount is impacted by the changes in the fair market value of the Company's shares. Total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012 were $ 7,278 and $ 874, respectively. As of December 31, 2012, there was $ 4,614 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements granted under the Company's stock option plans and $ 790 under the Company's RSUs plan.

That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately one year.
F - 42

CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 14:-
SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (Cont.)

The following is a summary of the Company's stock options and RSUs granted separated into ranges of exercise price:

Exercise price
(range)
Options and RSUs outstanding
as of
December 31, 2011
Weighted
average
remaining
contractual
life (years)
Weighted
average
exercise
price
Options and RSUs exercisable
as of
December 31, 2011
Remaining contractual life (years for exercisable options
Weighted
average
exercise
price
$
$
$
RSUs 0.0
150,000 - -
0.00-2.00 76,275 0.51 1.48 76,275 0.51 1.48
2.34-3.90 98,475 2.93 3.89 98,475 2.93 3.89
4.09-5.98 2,044,894 5.05 5.16 1,794,049 4.79 5.10
6.12-7.96 60,864 6.11 6.80 39,639 5.09 6.75
8.16-9.98 1,184,004 8.26 9.11 588,290 7.59 9.13
10.19-14.3 1,841,832 8.90 12.31 331,820 7.99 11.98
5,456,344 7.01 8.23 2,928,548 5.55 6.58
Exercise price
(range)
Options and RSUs outstanding
as of
December 31, 2012
Weighted
average
remaining
contractual
life (years)
Weighted
average
exercise
price
Options and RSUs exercisable
as of
December 31, 2012
Remaining contractual life (years for exercisable options
Weighted
average
exercise
price
$
$
$
RSUs 0.0
100,000 -
0.00-2.00 - - - - - -
2.34-3.90 94,975 2.00 3.89 94,975 2.00 3.89
4.02-5.98 2,035,969 4.30 5.13 1,998,447 4.23 5.12
6.12-7.96 98,364 6.86 6.87 43,264 3.79 6.79
8.16-9.98 2,095,088 8.08 9.02 757,064 6.86 9.12
10.19-14.3 1,702,986 7.86 12.33 907,494 7.66 12.29
6,127,382 6.52 8.52 3,801,244 5.51 7.62

The total equity-based compensation expense related to all of the Company's equity-based awards, recognized for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, was comprised as follows:
Year ended December 31,
2010
2011
2012
Cost of revenues
$ 315 $ 255 $ 197
Research and development *)
814 1,536 1,638
Selling and marketing
1,177 2,460 1,975
General and administrative
1,901 2,313 1,650
Total stock-based compensation expenses
$ 4,207 $ 6,564 $ 5,460

*)
Including $133, $ 460 and $ 473 compensation expenses related to RSUs for the year ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively.
F - 43
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 14:-
SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (Cont.)

c.
Treasury shares:

In October 2008, the Company initiated a share repurchase program, under which, the Company is authorized to purchase its outstanding Ordinary shares up to aggregate value of $ 20,000. The purchases may be performed in the open market or in negotiated or block transactions, all subject to regulatory requirements. As of December 31, 2009, the Company had completed the share purchase program with a total purchase of 3,481,523 of its outstanding Ordinary shares, at a weighted average price per share of $ 5.74, for the total consideration of approximately $ 20,091 (including commission and broker fees).

d.
Dividends:

In the event that cash dividends are declared in the future, such dividends will be paid in NIS or in foreign currency subject to any statutory limitations. The Company does not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future.
NOTE 15:-       TAXES ON INCOME

a.
Tax benefits under the Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969:

The Company currently qualifies as an "industrial company" under the above law and, as such, is entitled to certain tax benefits, mainly accelerated depreciation of machinery and equipment, and amortization of costs relating to know-how and patents over eight years, as a deduction for tax purposes.

b.
Corporate tax structure:

Taxable income of Israeli company is subject to tax at the rate of 25% in 2012.

c.
Measurement of taxable income:

The Company has elected to file its tax return under the Israeli Income Tax Regulations 1986 (Principles Regarding the Management of Books of Account of Foreign Invested Companies and Certain Partnerships and the Determination of Their Taxable Income). Accordingly, starting tax year 2003, results of operations in Israel are measured in terms of earnings in U.S. dollar.
F - 44
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 15:-
TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.)

d.
Tax benefits under the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959 (the "Law"):

According to the Law, the Company is entitled to various tax benefits by virtue of the "approved enterprise" and/or "beneficiary enterprise" status granted to part of their enterprises, as implied by this Law. The principal benefits by virtue of the Law are:
According to the provisions of the Law, the Company has chosen to enjoy the "Alternative" track. Under this track, the Company is tax exempt in the first two years of the benefit period and subject to tax at the reduced rate of 10%-25% for the remaining benefit period.
For receiving the benefits under the alternative track, there is a minimum qualifying investment. This condition requires an investment in the acquisition of productive assets such as machinery and equipment which must be carried out within three years. The minimum qualifying investment required for setting up a plant is NIS 300 thousand. As for plant expansions, the minimum qualifying investment is the higher of NIS 300 thousand and an amount equivalent to the "qualifying percentage" of the value of the productive assets. Productive assets that are used by the plant but not owned by it will also be viewed as productive assets. The Company was eligible under the terms of minimum qualifying investment and elected 2006 and 2009 as its "years of election".
The qualifying percentage of the value of the productive assets is as follows:

The value of productive
assets before the expansion
(NIS in millions)
The new proportion that the
required investment bears to the
value of productive assets
Up to NIS 140
12%
NIS 140 - NIS 500
7%
More than NIS 500
5%

The income qualifying for tax benefits under the alternative track is the taxable income of a company that has met certain conditions as determined by the Law ("a beneficiary company"), and which is derived from an industrial enterprise. The Law specifies the types of qualifying income that is entitled to tax benefits under the alternative track with respect of an industrial enterprise, whereby income from an industrial enterprise includes, among others, revenues from the production and development of software products and revenues from industrial research and development activities performed for a foreign resident (and approved by the Head of the Administration of Industrial Research and Development).

F - 45

CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 15:-
TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.)

The benefit period starts with the first year the beneficiary enterprise earns taxable income, provided that 14 years have not passed since the approval was granted and 12 years have not passed since the enterprise began operating. In respect of expansion programs pursuant to Amendment No. 60 to the Law, the benefit period starts at the later of the year elected and the first year the Company earns taxable income provided that 12 years have not passed since the beginning of the year of election. The respective benefit period has not yet begun.

The above benefits are conditional upon the fulfillment of the conditions stipulated by the Law, regulations published thereunder and the letters of approval for the investments in the approved enterprises, as above. Non-compliance with the conditions may cancel all or part of the benefits and refund of the amount of the benefits, including interest. The management believes that the Company is meeting the aforementioned conditions.

The Company is also a "foreign investors' company", as defined by the Capital Investments Law, and, as such, is entitled to a 10-year period of benefits and may be entitled to reduced tax rates of between 10% to 25% (depending on the percentage of foreign ownership in each tax year).

The Company has three capital investment programs that have been granted approved enterprise status, under the Law and two programs under beneficiary enterprise status pursuant to the Amended Legislation.

Income from sources other than the "Approved Enterprise" and "Beneficiary Enterprise" during the benefit period will be subject to the tax at the regular tax rate.

Amendments to the Law:

In December 2010, the "Knesset" (Israeli Parliament) passed the Law for Economic Policy for 2011 and 2012 (Amended Legislation), which prescribes, among others, amendments to the Law. The amendment became effective as of January 1, 2011. According to the amendment, the benefit tracks in the Law were modified and a flat tax rate applies to the Company's entire preferred income. The Company will be able to opt to apply (the waiver is non-recourse) the amendment and from then on it will be subject to the amended tax rates that are: 2011 and 2012 - 15% (in development area A - 10%), 2013 and 2014 - 12.5% (in development area A - 7%) and in 2015 and thereafter - 12% (in development area A - 6%).

The Company examined the possible effect of the amendment in the future. At this time the Company does not elect to apply the amendment, buy may consider to do so in the future.

F - 46

CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 15:-
TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.)

e.
The income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 consisted of the following:

Year ended
December 31,
2010
2011
2012
Current
$ 1,647 $ 3,065 $ 1,944
Deferred
(469 ) (806 ) (743 )
$ 1,178 $ 2,259 $ 1,201
Domestic (Israel)
$ (234 ) $ 2,313 $ 5,470
Foreign
1,412 (54 ) (4,269 )
$ 1,178 $ 2,259 $ 1,201


f.
Deferred income taxes:

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

December 31,
2011
2012
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carry forward
$ 33,344 $ 50,276
Research & Development
10,531 12,266
Other temporary differences relating to reserve and allowances
34,401
28,821
Deferred tax asset before valuation allowance
78,276 91,363
Valuation allowance
(59,018 ) (72,588 )
Deferred tax asset
19,258 18,775
Deferred tax liabilities:
Acquired intangibles
(1,738 ) (1,046 )
Deferred tax asset, net
17,520 17,729

F - 47
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 15:-
TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.)

In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized in each tax jurisdiction. The ultimate realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which temporary differences are deductible and net operating losses are utilized. Based on consideration of these factors, the Company recorded a valuation allowance amounting $ 59,018 and $ 72,588 at December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively.

g.
Net operating loss carryforward and capital loss:

The Company has accumulated net operating losses and capital loss for Israeli income tax purposes as of December 31, 2012 in the amount of approximately $ 60 million and $ 3.2 million, respectively. The net operating losses may be carried forward and offset against taxable income in the future for an indefinite period.

As of December 31, 2012, the Company's U.S. subsidiary had a U.S. federal net operating loss carryforward of approximately $ 2.3 million that can be carried forward and offset against taxable income and that expires during the years 2017 to 2026. Utilization of U.S. net operating losses may be subject to substantial annual limitations due to the "change in ownership" provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and similar state law provisions. The annual limitations may result in the expiration of net operating losses before utilization.

As of December 31, 2012, the Company's Norwegian subsidiary had a net operating loss carryforward of approximately $ 98 million that can be carried forward. The net operating losses may be carried forward and offset against taxable income in the future for an indefinite period.

As of December 31, 2012, the Company's Brazilian subsidiary had a net operating loss carryforward of approximately $ 11.3 million that can be carried forward. The net operating losses may be carried forward and offset against taxable income in the future for an indefinite period. The offset is limited to a maximum 30% of the annual taxable income.

h.
Income (loss) before taxes is comprised as follows:

Year ended
December 31,
2010
2011
2012
Domestic
$ 12,369 $ (35,797 ) $ (46,207 )
Foreign
2,871 (15,598 ) 24,017
$ 15,240 $ (51,395 ) $ (22,190 )

F - 48
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 15:-
TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.)

i.
Reconciliation of the theoretical tax expense to the actual tax expense:

Reconciliation between the theoretical tax expense, assuming all income is taxed at the statutory tax rate applicable to income of the Company and the actual tax expense as reported in the Statement of Income (Loss) is as follows:

Year ended
December 31,
2010
2011
2012
Income (loss) before taxes as reported in the consolidated statements of operations
$ 15,240 $ (51,395 ) $ (22,190 )
Statutory tax rate
25 % 24 % 25 %
Theoretical tax expenses (income) on the above amount at the Israeli statutory tax rate
$ 3,810 $ (12,335 ) $ (5,548 )
Non-deductible expenses
647 3,061 193
Non-deductible expenses related to employee stock options
1,052 1,575 1,366
Changes in valuation allowance, net
(4,798 ) 8,984 5,415
Other
467 974 (225 )
Actual tax expense
$ 1,178 $ 2,259 $ 1,201

j.
The Company adopted the provisions of ASC topic 740-10, "Income Taxes".

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

December 31,
2011
2012
Uncertain tax positions, beginning of year
$ 673 $ 9,741
Uncertain tax positions acquired during the year
9,266 -
Increases in tax positions for prior years
556 -
Decreases in tax positions for prior years
(987 ) (23 )
Increases in tax positions for current year
233 -
Uncertain tax positions, end of year
$ 9,741 $ 9,718

The Company has further accrued $ 1,624 and $ 51 due to interest and penalty related to uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively.

As of December 31, 2012, the Company is subject to Israeli income tax audits for the tax years 2008 through 2011, to U.S. federal income tax audits for the tax years of 2008 through 2011 and to other income tax audits for the tax years of 2007 through 2011.
F - 49
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 16:-
SEGMENTS, CUSTOMERS AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

a.
The Company applies ASC topic 280, "Segment Reporting", ("ASC 820"). The Company operates in one reportable segment (see Note 1 for a brief description of the Company's business). The total revenues are attributed to geographic areas based on the location of the end customer.

b.
The following tables present total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 and long-lived assets as of December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012:

Year ended
December 31,
2010
2011
2012
Revenues from sales to unaffiliated customers:
North America
$
41,450
$ 46,442 $ 40,496
Europe
56,923 101,324 97,133
Africa
9,968 57,701 58,212
Asia-Pacific and Middle East
28,119 90,461 70,704
India
95,674
44,608 54,358
Latin America
17,718 104,733 125,748
$ 249,852 $ 445,269 $ 446,651
Property and equipment, net, by geographic areas:
Israel
$ 15,325 $ 22,502 $ 27,837
Others
886
7,963
5,805
$ 16,211 $
30,465
$ 33,642

c.
Major customer data as a percentage of total revenues:

Year ended December 31,
2010
2011
2012
%
Customer A
19 *) - *) -
Customer B
17 *) - *) -

*)
Less than 10% of total revenues

In 2011 and 2012, we had revenues from a single group of affiliated companies that accounted for approximately 13.4% and 11.6%, respectively, of total revenues.

F - 50
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 17:-
SELECTED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS DATA

a.
Financial income, net:

Year ended
December 31,
2010
2011
2012
Financial income:
Interest on marketable securities and bank deposits
$ 1,713 $ 2,643 $ 644
Foreign currency translation differences and derivatives
424 2,563 2,839
2,137 5,206 3,483
Financial expenses:
Bank charges and interest on loans
(495 ) (3,448 ) (3,850 )
Foreign currency translation differences
(103 ) (3,434 ) (3,180 )
Amortization of premium on marketable securities
(284 ) (348 ) -
(882 ) (7,230 ) (7,030 )
$ 1,255 $ (2,024 ) $ (3,547 )

b.
Net income per share:

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net earnings per share:

Year ended
December 31,
2010
2011
2012
Numerator:
Numerator for basic and diluted net income (loss) per share - income (loss) available to shareholders of Ordinary shares
$ 14,062 $ (53,654 ) $ (23,391 )
Denominator:
Denominator for basic net income (loss) per share - weighted average number of shares
34,854,657 35,975,434 36,457,989
Effect of dilutive securities:
Employee stock options and RSU
1,710,173 - -
Denominator for diluted net income (loss) per share - adjusted weighted average number of shares
36,564,830 35,975,434 36,457,989

F - 51
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 18:- FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT:

The Company's financial assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis, excluding accrued interest components, consisted of the following types of instruments:

Year ended December 31, 2011
Fair value measurements using input type
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
Marketable securities
13,381 - - 13,381
Derivatives designated as hedging instrument (net of tax effect of  $ 164)
- (492 ) - (492 )
Pension liability, net *)
- - (2,870 ) (2,870 )
Total assets (liabilities)
13,381 (492 ) (2,870 ) 10,091

Year ended December 31, 2012
Fair value measurements using input type
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
Marketable securities
4,068 - - 4,068
Derivatives designated as hedging instrument (net of tax effect of  $ 257)
- 276 - 276
Pension liability, net *)
- - (2,247 ) (2,247 )
Total assets (liabilities)
4,068 276 (2,247 ) 2,097

*)
See also Note 12.

NOTE 19:-      RELATED PARTY BALANCES AND TRANSACTIONS

Most of the related party balances and transactions are with related companies and principal shareholders. Yehuda Zisapel is a principal shareholder of the Company. Zohar Zisapel is the Chairman of the Board of Directors and a principal shareholder of the Company. Yehuda and Zohar Zisapel are brothers who do not have a voting agreement between them. Jointly or severally, they are also founders, directors and principal shareholders of several other companies that are known as the RAD-BYNET group.

Members of the RAD-BYNET group provide the Company on an as-needed basis with information systems, marketing, and administrative services, the Company reimburses each company for its costs in providing these services. The aggregate amount of these expenses was approximately $ 1,333, $ 1,476 and $ 1,476 in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively.

F - 52

CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)
NOTE 19:-        RELATED PARTY BALANCES AND TRANSACTIONS (Cont.)

The Company leases its offices in Israel from real estate holding companies controlled by Yehuda and Zohar Zisapel. In 2011, the Company extended its facility lease agreement until December 2012. As of December 31, 2012 the company is in a negotiation process on its offices leases. Additionally, the Company leases the U.S. subsidiary's office space from a real estate holding company controlled by Yehuda and Zohar Zisapel. The lease for this facility is valid until July 2013. The aggregate amount of rent and maintenance expenses related to these properties was approximately $ 1,757 in 2010, $ 2,059 in 2011 and $ 2,121 in 2012.

The Company has an OEM arrangement with RADWIN, a member of RAD-BYNET group, according to which the Company purchases RADWIN products which are then resold to our customers. In addition, the Company purchases certain inventory components from other members of the RAD-BYNET group, which are integrated into its products. The aggregate purchase price of these components was approximately $ 6,380, $ 1,305 and $ 4,310 for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively.

The Company purchases certain property and equipment from members of the RAD-BYNET group, the aggregate purchase price of these assets was approximately $ 206, $ 275 and $ 1,130 for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively.

Transactions with related parties:
Year ended
December 31,
2010
2011
2012
Cost of revenues
$ 6,853 $ 1,819 $ 4,974
Research and development expenses
$ 951 $ 1,010 $ 1,032
Selling and marketing expenses
$ 1,152 $ 1,308 $ 1,233
General and administrative expenses
$ 514 $ 704 $ 684
Purchase of property and equipment
$ 206 $ 275 $ 1,130

Balances with related parties:

December 31,
2011
2012
Trade payables, other accounts payable and accrued expenses
$ 1,432 $ 3, 024
F - 53
CERAGON NETWORKS LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share and per share data)

NOTE 20:-       NONRECOGNIZED SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

1.
On February 13, 2013, the Venezuelan government announced a devaluation of the Central Bank of Venezuela regulated currency exchange system rate from 4.3 bolivars per U.S. dollar to 6.3 bolivars per U.S. dollar.

As of December 31, 2012, the Company had a Bolivar-denominated net monetary asset position of $7,549. As a result of the devaluation, the Company expects to record net of tax charges ranging between $1.6 to $2.4 million in the first quarter of 2013 related to the re-measurement of the local currency-denominated balance sheet to the new exchange rate.

2.
In March 2013, the Company entered into a syndicated credit agreement (see Note 1d).
F- 54
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part IItem 1. Identity Of Directors, Senior Management and AdvisersItem 2. Offer Statistics and Expected TimetableItem 3. Key InformationItem 4. Information on The CompanyItem 4A. Unresolved Staff CommentsItem 5. Operating and Financial Review and ProspectsItem 6. Directors, Senior Management and EmployeesItem 7 . Major Shareholders and Related Party TransactionsItem 8: Financial InformationItem 9. The Offer and ListingItem 10. Additional InformationItem 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk -Item 12. Description Of Securities Other Than Equity SecuritiesPart IIItem 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and DelinquenciesItem 14. Material Modifications To The Rights Of Security Holders and Use Of ProceedsItem 15. Controls and ProceduresItem 16. [reserved]Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial ExpertItem 16B. Code Of EthicsItem 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and ServicesItem 16D. Exemptions From The Listing Standards For Audit CommitteesItem 16E. Purchases Of Equity Securities By The Issuer and Affiliated PurchasersItem 16F. Change in Registrant S Certifying AccountantItem 16G. Corporate GovernanceItem 16H. Mine Safety DisclosurePart IIIItem 17. Financial StatementsItem 18. Financial StatementsItem 19. ExhibitsNote 1:- GeneralNote 1:- General (cont.)Note 2:- Significant Accounting PoliciesNote 2:- Significant Accounting Policies (cont.)Note 3:- Marketable SecuritiesNote 4:- Other Accounts Receivable and Prepaid ExpensesNote 5:- InventoriesNote 6:- Property and Equipment, NetNote 7:- Intangible Assets, NetNote 8:- GoodwillNote 9:- Other Accounts Payable and Accrued ExpensesNote 10:- Loan and Credit LinesNote 10:- Loan and Credit Lines (cont.)Note 11:- Derivative InstrumentsNote 11:- Derivative Instruments (cont.)Note 12:- Pension Liabilities , NetNote 12:- Pension Liabilities, Net (cont.)Note 13:- Commitments and Contingent LiabilitiesNote 13:- Commitments and Contingent Liabilities (cont.)Note 14:- Shareholders' EquityNote 14:- Shareholders' Equity (cont.)Note 15:- Taxes on IncomeNote 15:- Taxes on Income (cont.)Note 16:- Segments, Customers and Geographic InformationNote 17:- Selected Statements Of Operations DataNote 18:- Fair Value Measurement:Note 19:- Related Party Balances and TransactionsNote 19:- Related Party Balances and Transactions (cont.)Note 20:- Nonrecognized Subsequent Events