FRO 20-F DEF-14A Report Dec. 31, 2013 | Alphaminr
ALPHAMINR

FRO 20-F Report ended Dec. 31, 2013

Balance Sheet
Cash Flow
Income Statement
Debt
20-F 1 froltd-201320f.htm 20-F Fro Ltd - 2013 20F


UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC. 20549
FORM 20-F

(Mark One)
o
REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR
ý
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended
December 31, 2013
OR
o
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _________________ to _________________
OR
o
SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Date of event requiring this shell company report _______________________________
Commission file number
001-16601
Frontline Ltd.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
(Translation of Registrant's name into English)
Bermuda
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
Par-la-Ville Place, 14 Par-la-Ville Road, Hamilton, HM 08, Bermuda
(Address of principal executive offices)
Georgina Sousa, Telephone: (1) 441 295 6935, Facsimile: (1) 441 295 3494,
Par-la-Ville Place, 14 Par-la-Ville Road, Hamilton, HM 08, Bermuda
(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act
Title of each class
Name of each exchange on which registered
Ordinary Shares, Par Value $1.00 Per Share
New York Stock Exchange
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.

None
(Title of Class)
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.
Ordinary Shares, Par Value $1.00 Per Share
(Title of Class)
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer's classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

86,511,713 Ordinary Shares, Par Value $1.00 Per Share

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes o No ý

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes o No ý

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ý No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes ý No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of "accelerated filer and large accelerated filer" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer o
Accelerated filer x
Non-accelerated filer o
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
U.S. GAAP x
International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the
International Accounting Standards Board o
Other o

If "Other" has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow:
Item 17 o
Item 18 o

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes
o
No
ý




INDEX TO REPORT ON FORM 20-F
PAGE



CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Matters discussed in this report and the documents incorporated by reference may constitute forward-looking statements. The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides safe harbor protections for forward-looking statements, which include statements concerning plans, objectives, goals, strategies, future events or performance, and underlying assumptions and other statements, which are other than statements of historical facts.

Frontline Ltd. and its subsidiaries, or the Company, desires to take advantage of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and is including this cautionary statement in connection with this safe harbor legislation. This report and any other written or oral statements made by us or on our behalf may include forward-looking statements, which reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance. The words "believe," "anticipate," "intend," "estimate," "forecast," "project," "plan," "potential," "will," "may," "should," "expect" and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements.

The forward-looking statements in this report are based upon various assumptions, including without limitation, management's examination of historical operating trends, data contained in our records and data available from third parties. Although we believe that these assumptions were reasonable when made, because these assumptions are inherently subject to significant uncertainties and contingencies which are difficult or impossible to predict and are beyond our control, we cannot assure you that we will achieve or accomplish these expectations, beliefs or projections. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

In addition to these important factors and matters discussed elsewhere herein and in the documents incorporated by reference herein, important factors that, in our view, could cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include the strength of world economies, fluctuations in currencies and interest rates, general market conditions, including fluctuations in charterhire rates and vessel values, changes in demand in the tanker market, changes in world wide oil production and consumption and storage, changes in the Company's operating expenses, including bunker prices, drydocking and insurance costs, the market for the Company's vessels, availability of financing and refinancing, changes in governmental rules and regulations or actions taken by regulatory authorities, potential liability from pending or future litigation, general domestic and international political conditions, potential disruption of shipping routes due to accidents, political events or acts by terrorists, and other important factors described from time to time in the reports filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission or Commission.

We caution readers of this report not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of their dates. These forward looking statements are not guarantees of our future performance, and actual results and future developments may vary materially from those projected in the forward looking statements. Please see our Risk Factors in Item 3 of this report for a more complete discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties.


1


PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

Throughout this report, the "Company," "we," "us" and "our" all refer to Frontline Ltd. and its subsidiaries. We use the term deadweight ton, or dwt, in describing the size of vessels. Dwt, expressed in metric tons, each of which is equivalent to 1,000 kilograms, refers to the maximum weight of cargo and supplies that a vessel can carry. The Company operates tankers of two sizes: very large crude carriers, or VLCCs, which are between 200,000 and 320,000 deadweight tons, or dwt, and Suezmax tankers, which are vessels between 120,000 and 170,000 dwt. Unless otherwise indicated, all references to "USD","US$" and "$" in this report are U.S. dollars.

A. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The selected statement of operations data of the Company with respect to the fiscal years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 and the selected balance sheet data of the Company as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, have been derived from the Company's consolidated financial statements included herein and should be read in conjunction with such statements and the notes thereto. The selected statement of operations data with respect to the fiscal years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009 and the selected balance sheet data as of December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 have been derived from consolidated financial statements of the Company not included herein. The following table should also be read in conjunction with Item 5. "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects" and the Company's consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included herein. The Company's accounts are maintained in U.S. dollars.

Fiscal year ended December 31,
2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

(in thousands of $, except ordinary shares, per share data and ratios)
Statement of Operations Data (1) (2) :
Total operating revenues
517,190

578,361

723,495

1,028,303

1,008,303

Total operating expenses
641,182

594,212

849,476

812,047

822,437

Net operating (loss) income
(100,434
)
18,908

(406,784
)
247,191

188,927

Net (loss) income from continuing operations
(189,878
)
(71,231
)
(530,741
)
114,091

67,722

Net (loss) income from discontinued operations
(1,204
)
(12,544
)
1,731

50,131

38,111

Net (loss) income
(191,082
)
(83,775
)
(529,010
)
164,004

105,472

Net (loss) income attributable to Frontline Ltd.
(188,509
)
(82,754
)
(529,601
)
161,407

102,701

Basic (loss) income per share from continuing operations, excluding loss attributable to noncontrolling interest ($)
$
(2.35
)
$
(0.90
)
$
(6.82
)
$
1.43

$
0.83

Diluted (loss) income per share from continuing operations, excluding loss attributable to noncontrolling interest ($)
$
(2.35
)
$
(0.90
)
$
(6.82
)
$
1.33

$
0.83

Basic (loss) income per share attributable to Frontline Ltd. ($)
$
(2.36
)
$
(1.06
)
$
(6.80
)
$
2.07

$
1.32

Diluted (loss) income per share attributable to Frontline Ltd. ($)
$
(2.36
)
$
(1.06
)
$
(6.80
)
$
2.01

$
1.32

Cash dividends per share declared
$
—

$
—

$
0.22

$
2.00

$
0.90



2


Fiscal year ended December 31,
2013
2012

2011

2010

2009

(in thousands of $, except ordinary shares and ratios)
Balance Sheet Data (at end of year) (2) :
Cash and cash equivalents
53,759

137,603

160,566

176,639

82,575

Newbuildings
29,668

26,913

13,049

224,319

413,968

Vessels and equipment, net
264,804

282,946

312,292

1,430,124

678,694

Vessels and equipment under capital lease, net
704,808

893,089

1,022,172

1,427,526

1,740,666

Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries and associated companies
58,658

40,633

27,340

3,408

3,923

Total assets
1,367,605

1,688,221

1,840,569

3,797,920

3,715,218

Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt
22,706

20,700

19,521

173,595

123,884

Current portion of obligations under capital leases
46,930

52,070

55,805

193,379

285,753

Long-term debt
436,372

463,292

493,992

1,190,763

760,698

Obligations under capital leases
742,418

898,490

957,431

1,336,908

1,579,708

Share capital
86,512

194,646

194,646

194,646

194,646

Total (deficit) equity attributable to Frontline Ltd.
(26,952
)
119,675

200,984

747,133

741,340

Ordinary shares outstanding
86,511,713

77,858,502

77,858,502

77,858,502

77,858,502

Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding
79,750,505

77,858,502

77,858,502

77,858,502

77,858,502

Other Financial Data:
Equity to assets ratio (percentage) (3)
(2.0
)%
7.1
%
10.9
%
19.7
%
20.0
%
Debt to (deficit) equity ratio (4)
(46.3)

12.0

7.6

3.9

3.7

Price earnings ratio (5)
(1.6
)
(3.1
)
(0.6
)
12.3

20.7

Time charter equivalent revenue ( 6)
191,695

282,731

411,002

731,092

777,624


Notes:

1.
The Company terminated the lease on its final OBO carrier in March 2013 at which time it recorded the results of its OBO carriers as discontinued operations. The statement of operations data for all years presented above has been presented on a similar basis.
2.
The Company completed a restructuring of its business in December 2011, which involved the sale of 15 wholly-owned special purpose companies (which owned six VLCCs, including one on time charter, four Suezmax tankers and five newbuilding contracts) to an equity method investee of the Company, and the renegotiation of the majority of the Company's charter parties relating to vessels chartered in by the Company. A summary of the major changes to the balance sheet at December 31, 2011  is as follows;
a.
The net book value of  'Vessels and equipment, net' was reduced by $864.9 million.
b.
The net book value of 'Vessels and equipment under capital lease, net' was reduced by $156.3 million.
c.
Capital lease obligations with Ship Finance International Limited (NYSE: SFL), a related party, or Ship Finance, were reduced by $232.5 million and capital lease obligations with other counter parties were reduced by $29.8 million.
d.
Bank debt was eliminated.
e.
The net book value of 'Newbuildings' was reduced by $237.1 million.
f.
Newbuilding commitments were reduced by $325.5 million.

3.
Equity-to-assets ratio is calculated as total equity attributable to Frontline Ltd. divided by total assets.

4.
Debt-to-(deficit) equity ratio is calculated as total interest bearing current and long-term liabilities, including obligations under capital leases, divided by total (deficit) equity attributable to Frontline Ltd..

5.
Price earnings ratio is calculated by dividing the closing year end share price by basic earnings per share.

3



6.
A reconciliation of time charter equivalent revenues to total operating revenues as reflected in the consolidated statements of operations is as follows:
2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

(in thousands of $)
Total operating revenues
517,190

578,361

723,495

1,028,303

1,008,303

Less:
Other income
(25,754
)
(25,785
)
(20,969
)
(20,678
)
(17,068
)
Voyage expense
(299,741
)
(269,845
)
(291,524
)
(276,533
)
(213,611
)
Time charter equivalent revenue
191,695

282,731

411,002

731,092

777,624


Consistent with general practice in the shipping industry, the Company uses time charter equivalent revenue, which represents operating revenues less other income and voyage expenses, as a measure to compare revenue generated from a voyage charter to revenue generated from a time charter. Time charter equivalent revenue, a non-GAAP measure, provides additional meaningful information in conjunction with operating revenues, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, because it assists Company management in making decisions regarding the deployment and use of its vessels and in evaluating the Company's financial performance.

B. CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS

Not applicable.

C. REASONS FOR THE OFFER AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Not applicable.

D. RISK FACTORS
We are engaged in the seaborne transportation of crude oil and oil products. The following summarizes the risks that may materially affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Risks Related to Our Industry
Tankers
If the tanker industry, which historically has been cyclical and volatile, continues to be depressed or declines further in the future, our revenues, earnings and available cash flow may be adversely affected
Historically, the tanker industry has been highly cyclical, with volatility in profitability, charter rates and asset values resulting from changes in the supply of, and demand for, tanker capacity. After reaching highs during the summer of 2008, charter rates for crude oil carriers fell dramatically in connection with the commencement of the global financial crisis and current rates continue to remain at relatively low levels compared to the rates achieved in the years preceding the global financial crisis. Fluctuations in charter rates and tanker values result from changes in the supply of and demand for tanker capacity and changes in the supply of and demand for oil and oil products. These factors may adversely affect the rates payable and the amounts we receive in respect of our vessels. Our ability to re-charter our vessels on the expiration or termination of their current spot and bareboat charters and the charter rates payable under any renewal or replacement charters will depend upon, among other things, economic conditions in the tanker market and we cannot guarantee that any renewal or replacement charters we enter into will be sufficient to allow us to operate our vessels profitably.

The factors that influence demand for tanker capacity include:

•
supply and demand for oil and oil products;
•
global and regional economic and political conditions, including developments in international trade, national oil reserves policies, fluctuations in industrial and agricultural production and armed conflicts;
•
regional availability of refining capacity;
•
environmental and other legal and regulatory developments;

4


•
the distance oil and oil products are to be moved by sea;
•
changes in seaborne and other transportation patterns, including changes in the distances over which tanker cargoes are transported by sea;
•
increases in the production of oil in areas linked by pipelines to consuming areas, the extension of existing, or the development of new, pipeline systems in markets we may serve, or the conversion of existing non-oil pipelines to oil pipelines in those markets;
•
currency exchange rates;
•
weather and acts of God and natural disasters;
•
competition from alternative sources of energy and from other shipping companies and other modes of transport;
•
international sanctions, embargoes, import and export restrictions, nationalizations, piracy and wars; and
•
regulatory changes including regulations adopted by supranational authorities and/or industry bodies, such as safety and environmental regulations and requirements by major oil companies.

The factors that influence the supply of tanker capacity include:

•
current and expected purchase orders for tankers;
•
the number of tanker newbuilding deliveries;
•
any potential delays in the delivery of newbuilding vessels and/or cancellations of newbuilding orders;
•
the scrapping rate of older tankers;
•
the successful implementation of the phase-out of single-hull tankers;
•
technological advances in tanker design and capacity;
•
tanker freight rates, which are affected by factors that may effect the rate of newbuilding, swapping and laying up of tankers;
•
port and canal congestion;
•
price of steel and vessel equipment;
•
conversion of tankers to other uses or conversion of other vessels to tankers;
•
the number of tankers that are out of service; and
•
changes in environmental and other regulations that may limit the useful lives of tankers.

The factors affecting the supply and demand for tankers have been volatile and are outside of our control, and the nature, timing and degree of changes in industry conditions are unpredictable, including those discussed above. While market conditions have improved, continued volatility may reduce demand for transportation of oil over longer distances and increase supply of tankers to carry that oil, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, ability to pay dividends and existing contractual obligations.

The international tanker industry has experienced volatile charter rates and vessel values and there can be no assurance that these charter rates and vessel values will return to their previous levels
Charter rates in the tanker industry are volatile. We anticipate that future demand for our vessels, and in turn our future charter rates, will be dependent upon economic growth in the world's economies, as well as seasonal and regional changes in demand and changes in the capacity of the world's fleet. We believe that the relatively high charter rates that were paid prior to 2008 were the result of economic growth in the world economies that exceeded growth in global vessel capacity. Since 2008 charter rates have been volatile, and there can be no assurance that economic growth will not stagnate or decline leading to a decrease in vessel values and charter rates. A decline in vessel values and charter rates would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operation and ability to pay dividends.
Any decrease in shipments of crude oil may adversely affect our financial performance
The demand for our oil tankers derives primarily from demand for Arabian Gulf, West African, North Sea and Caribbean crude oil, which, in turn, primarily depends on the economies of the world's industrial countries and competition from alternative energy sources. A wide range of economic, social and other factors can significantly affect the strength of the world's industrial economies and their demand for crude oil from the mentioned geographical areas. Any decrease in shipments of crude oil from the above mentioned geographical areas would have a material adverse effect on our financial performance. Among the factors which could lead to such a decrease are:

•
increased crude oil production from other areas;
•
increased refining capacity in the Arabian Gulf or West Africa;
•
increased use of existing and future crude oil pipelines in the Arabian Gulf or West Africa;

5


•
a decision by Arabian Gulf or West African oil-producing nations to increase their crude oil prices or to further decrease or limit their crude oil production;
•
armed conflict in the Arabian Gulf and West Africa and political or other factors; and
•
the development and the relative costs of nuclear power, natural gas, coal and other alternative sources of energy.

In addition, continuing volatile economic conditions affecting the United States and world economies may result in reduced consumption of oil products and a decreased demand for our vessels and lower charter rates, which could have a material adverse effect on our earnings and our ability to pay dividends.
An over-supply of tanker capacity may lead to reductions in charter rates, vessel values and profitability
In recent years, shipyards have produced a large number of new tankers. If the capacity of new vessels delivered exceeds the capacity of tankers being scrapped and converted to non-trading tankers, tanker capacity will increase. If the supply of tanker capacity increases and the demand for tanker capacity does not increase correspondingly, charter rates could materially decline. A reduction in charter rates and the value of our vessels may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, our ability to pay dividends and our compliance with loan covenants in any loan agreements we may enter into in the future.
Shipping Generally
Risks involved with operating ocean-going vessels could affect our business and reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition
The operation of an ocean-going vessel carries inherent risks.  These risks include the possibility of:

•
a marine disaster;
•
terrorism;
•
environmental accidents;
•
cargo and property losses or damage; and
•
business interruptions caused by mechanical failure, human error, war, terrorism, piracy, political action in various countries, labor strikes, or adverse weather conditions.

Any of these circumstances or events could increase our costs or lower our revenues. The involvement of our vessels in an oil spill or other environmental disaster may harm our reputation as a safe and reliable tanker operator.
If economic conditions throughout the world do not improve, it will have an adverse impact on our operations and financial results
Negative trends in the global economy that emerged in 2008 continue to adversely affect global economic conditions. In addition, the world economy continues to face a number of challenges, including the recent turmoil and hostilities in the Middle East, North Africa and other geographic areas and countries and continuing economic weakness in the European Union. There has historically been a strong link between the development of the world economy and demand for energy, including oil and gas. An extended period of deterioration in the outlook for the world economy could reduce the overall demand for oil and gas and for our services. While market conditions have improved, continued and developing economic and governmental factors, together with the concurrent volatility in charter rates and vessel values, have had a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, and could cause the price of our ordinary shares to decline.
The economies of the United States, the European Union and other parts of the world continue to experience relatively slow growth and exhibit weak economic trends. The credit markets in the United States and Europe have over the past five years experienced significant contraction, deleveraging and reduced liquidity. While credit conditions are beginning to stabilize, global financial markets have been, and continue to be, disrupted and volatile. Since 2008, lending by financial institutions worldwide remain at low levels compared to the period preceeding 2008.

6


The continued economic slowdown in the Asia Pacific region, especially in Japan and China, may exacerbate the effect on us of the recent slowdown in the rest of the world. Before the global economic financial crisis that began in 2008, China had one of the world's fastest growing economies in terms of gross domestic product, or GDP, which had a significant impact on shipping demand. The growth rate of China's GDP for the year ended December 31, 2013, is estimated to remain around 7.7%, approximately the same growth rate as for the year ended December 31, 2012, remaining below pre-2008 levels. China has imposed measures to restrain lending, which may further contribute to a slowdown in its economic growth. China and other countries in the Asia Pacific region may continue to experience slowed or even negative economic growth in the future. Moreover, the current economic slowdown in the economies of the United States, the European Union and other Asian countries may further adversely affect economic growth in China and elsewhere. Our financial condition and results of operations, as well as our future prospects, would likely be impeded by a continuing or worsening economic downturn in any of these countries.

The inability of countries to refinance their debts could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, profitability and financial position
As a result of the credit crisis in Europe, in particular in Greece, Italy, Ireland, Portugal and Spain, the European Commission created the European Financial Stability Facility, or the EFSF, and the European Financial Stability Mechanism, or the EFSM, to provide funding to Eurozone countries in financial difficulties that seek such support. In March 2011, the European Council agreed on the need for Eurozone countries to establish a permanent stability mechanism, the European Stability Mechanism, or the ESM, which was established on September 27, 2012, to assume the role of the EFSF and the EFSM in providing external financial assistance to Eurozone countries. As of the end of 2013, financial assistance disbursements under the ESM and EFSF were being made to Greece, Portugal and Cyprus, with Ireland and Spain exiting the EFSF in December 2013. Despite these measures, concerns persist regarding the debt burden of certain Eurozone countries and their ability to meet future financial obligations. Potential adverse developments in the outlook for European countries could reduce the overall demand for oil cargoes and for our services. Market perceptions concerning these and related issues, could affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flow.
The current state of the global financial markets and current economic conditions may adversely impact our ability to obtain financing on acceptable terms and otherwise negatively impact our business
Global financial markets and economic conditions have been, and continue to be, volatile.  Businesses in the global economy have faced tightening credit, weakening demand for goods and services, deteriorating international liquidity conditions, and declining markets. There has been a general decline in the willingness by banks and other financial institutions to extend credit, particularly in the shipping industry, due to the historically volatile asset values of vessels. As the shipping industry is highly dependent on the availability of credit to finance and expand operations, it has been negatively affected by this decline.
Also, as a result of concerns about the stability of financial markets generally and the solvency of counterparties specifically, the cost of obtaining money from the credit markets has increased as many lenders have increased interest rates, enacted tighter lending standards, refused to refinance existing debt at all or on terms similar to current debt and reduced, and in some cases ceased, to provide funding to borrowers. Due to these factors, we cannot be certain that financing will be available if needed and to the extent required, on acceptable terms. If financing is not available when needed, or is available only on unfavorable terms, we may be unable to meet our obligations as they come due or we may be unable to enhance our existing business, complete additional vessel acquisitions or otherwise take advantage of business opportunities as they arise.
In addition, at times, lower demand for crude oil as well as diminished trade credit available for the delivery of such crude oil have led to decreased demand for tankers creating downward pressure on charter rates.
If the current global economic environment persists or worsens, we may be negatively affected in the following ways:

•
we may not be able to employ our vessels at charter rates as favorable to us as historical rates or at all or operate our vessels profitably; and
•
the market value of our vessels could decrease, which may cause us to recognize losses if any of our vessels are sold or if their values are impaired.

The occurrence of any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and ability to pay dividends.


7


Acts of piracy on ocean-going vessels could adversely affect our business

Acts of piracy have historically affected ocean-going vessels trading in regions of the world such as the South China Sea, the Indian Ocean and in the Gulf of Aden off the coast of Somalia. Although the frequency of sea piracy worldwide decreased during 2013 to its lowest level since 2007, sea piracy incidents continue to occur, particularly in the Gulf of Aden off the coast of Somalia and increasingly in the Gulf of Guinea, with tankers particularly vulnerable to such attacks. If these piracy attacks result in regions in which our vessels are deployed being characterized by insurers as "war risk" zones by insurers or Joint War Committee "war and strikes" listed areas, premiums payable for such coverage could increase significantly and such insurance coverage may be more difficult to obtain. In addition, crew costs, including costs which may be incurred to the extent we employ onboard security guards, could increase in such circumstances. We may not be adequately insured to cover losses from these incidents, which could have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, detention hijacking as a result of an act of piracy against our vessels, or an increase in cost, or unavailability of insurance for our vessels, could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and ability to pay dividends and may result in loss of revenues, increased costs and decreased cash flows to our customers, which could impair their ability to make payments to us under our charters.
World events could affect our results of operations and financial condition
Continuing conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa, and the presence of United States and other armed forces in Afghanistan, may lead to additional acts of terrorism and armed conflict around the world, which may contribute to further economic instability in the global financial markets. These uncertainties could also adversely affect our ability to obtain financing on terms acceptable to us or at all. In the past, political conflicts have also resulted in attacks on vessels, mining of waterways and other efforts to disrupt international shipping, particularly in the Arabian Gulf region. Acts of terrorism and piracy have also affected vessels trading in regions such as the South China Sea and the Gulf of Aden off the coast of Somalia. Any of these occurrences, or the perception that our vessels are potential terrorist targets, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and ability to pay dividends.
Our vessels may call on ports located in countries that are subject to restrictions imposed by the U.S. or other governments, which could adversely affect our reputation and the market for our ordinary shares
From time to time on charterers' instructions, our vessels may call on ports located in countries subject to sanctions and embargoes imposed by the United States government and countries identified by the U.S. government as state sponsors of terrorism, such as Cuba, Iran, Sudan and Syria. In the past, certain of our vessels have made port calls to Iran, however, none of our vessels made any port calls to Iran during 2013. The U.S. sanctions and embargo laws and regulations vary in their application, as they do not all apply to the same covered persons or proscribe the same activities, and such sanctions and embargo laws and regulations may be amended or strengthened over time. With effect from July 1, 2010, the U.S. enacted the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions Accountability and Divestment Act, or CISADA, which expanded the scope of the Iran Sanctions Act. Among other things, CISADA expands the application of the prohibitions to companies, such as ours, and introduces limits on the ability of companies and persons to do business or trade with Iran when such activities relate to the investment, supply or export of refined petroleum or petroleum products. In addition, on May 1, 2012, President Obama signed Executive Order 13608 which prohibits foreign persons from violating or attempting to violate, or causing a violation of any sanctions in effect against Iran or facilitating any deceptive transactions for or on behalf of any person subject to U.S. sanctions. Any persons found to be in violation of Executive Order 13608 will be deemed a foreign sanctions evader and will be banned from all contacts with the United States, including conducting business in U.S. dollars. Also in 2012, President Obama signed into law the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012, or the Iran Threat Reduction Act, which created new sanctions and strengthened existing sanctions. Among other things, the Iran Threat Reduction Act intensifies existing sanctions regarding the provision of goods, services, infrastructure or technology to Iran's petroleum or petrochemical sector. The Iran Threat Reduction Act also includes a provision requiring the President of the United States to impose five or more sanctions from Section 6(a) of the Iran Sanctions Act, as amended, on a person the President determines is a controlling beneficial owner of, or otherwise owns, operates, or controls or insures a vessel that was used to transport crude oil from Iran to another country and (1) if the person is a controlling beneficial owner of the vessel, the person had actual knowledge the vessel was so used or (2) if the person otherwise owns, operates, or controls, or insures the vessel, the person knew or should have known the vessel was so used. Such a person could be subject to a variety of sanctions, including exclusion from U.S. capital markets, exclusion from financial transactions subject to U.S. jurisdiction, and exclusion of that person's vessels from U.S. ports for up to two years.

On November 24, 2013, the P5+1 (the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Russia and China) entered into an interim agreement with Iran entitled the “Joint Plan of Action” (“JPOA”). Under the JPOA it was agreed that, in exchange for Iran taking certain voluntary measures to ensure that its nuclear program is used only for peaceful purposes, the U.S. and EU would voluntarily suspend certain sanctions for a period of six months. On January 20, 2014, the U.S. and E.U. indicated that they would begin implementing the temporary relief measures provided for under the JPOA. These measures include, among other things, the

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suspension of certain sanctions on the Iranian petrochemicals, precious metals, and automotive industries from January 20, 2014 until July 20, 2014.

Although we believe that we have been in compliance with all applicable sanctions and embargo laws and regulations, and intend to maintain such compliance, there can be no assurance that we will be in compliance in the future, particularly as the scope of certain laws may be unclear and may be subject to changing interpretations. Any such violation could result in fines, penalties or other sanctions that could severely impact our ability to access U.S. capital markets and conduct our business, and could result in some investors deciding, or being required, to divest their interest, or not to invest, in us. In addition, certain institutional investors may have investment policies or restrictions that prevent them from holding securities of companies that have contracts with countries identified by the U.S. government as state sponsors of terrorism. The determination by these investors not to invest in, or to divest from, our common stock may adversely affect the price at which our common stock trades. Moreover, our charterers may violate applicable sanctions and embargo laws and regulations as a result of actions that do not involve us or our vessels, and those violations could in turn negatively affect our reputation. In addition, our reputation and the market for our securities may be adversely affected if we engage in certain other activities, such as entering into charters with individuals or entities in countries subject to U.S. sanctions and embargo laws that are not controlled by the governments of those countries, or engaging in operations associated with those countries pursuant to contracts with third parties that are unrelated to those countries or entities controlled by their governments. Investor perception of the value of our common stock may be adversely affected by the consequences of war, the effects of terrorism, civil unrest and governmental actions in these and surrounding countries.

Compliance with safety and other vessel requirements imposed by classification societies may be costly and could reduce our net cash flows and net income
The hull and machinery of every commercial vessel must be certified as being "in class" by a classification society authorized by its country of registry. The classification society certifies that a vessel is safe and seaworthy in accordance with the applicable rules and regulations of the country of registry of the vessel and the Safety of Life at Sea Convention.

A vessel must undergo annual surveys, intermediate surveys and special surveys. In lieu of a special survey, a vessel's machinery may be placed on a continuous survey cycle, under which the machinery would be surveyed periodically over a five-year period. We expect our vessels to be on special survey cycles for hull inspection and continuous survey cycles for machinery inspection. Every vessel is also required to be drydocked every two and a half to five years for inspection of its underwater parts.
Compliance with the above requirements may result in significant expense. If any vessel does not maintain its class or fails any annual, intermediate or special survey, the vessel will be unable to trade between ports and will be unemployable, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and ability to pay dividends.
We are subject to complex laws and regulations, including environmental laws and regulations that can adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition
Our operations will be subject to numerous laws and regulations in the form of international conventions and treaties, national, state and local laws and national and international regulations in force in the jurisdictions in which our vessels operate or are registered, which can significantly affect the ownership and operation of our vessels. These requirements include, but are not limited to, European Union regulations, the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990, or OPA, the U.S. Clean Air Act, the U.S. Clean Water Act, the International Maritime Organization, or IMO, International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage of 1969, generally referred to as CLC, the IMO International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, the IMO International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships of 1973, generally referred to as MARPOL, the IMO International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea of 1974, generally referred to as SOLAS, the IMO International Convention on Load Lines of 1966 and the U.S. Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002.  Compliance with such laws and regulations, where applicable, may require installation of costly equipment or operational changes and may affect the resale value or useful lives of our vessels.  Compliance with such laws and regulations may require us to obtain certain permits or authorizations prior to commencing operations.  Failure to obtain such permits or authorizations could materially impact our business results of operations, financial conditions and ability to pay dividends by delaying or limiting our ability to accept charterers.  We may also incur additional costs in order to comply with other existing and future regulatory obligations, including, but not limited to, costs relating to air emissions including greenhouse gases, the management of ballast waters, maintenance and inspection, development and implementation of emergency procedures and insurance coverage or other financial assurance of our ability to address pollution incidents. Additionally, we cannot predict the cost of compliance with any new regulations that may be promulgated as a result of the 2010 BP plc Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.  These costs could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition and our available cash.

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The IMO adopted an International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, or the BWM Convention, in February 2004. The BWM Convention's implementing regulations call for a phased introduction of mandatory ballast water exchange requirements, to be replaced in time with mandatory concentration limits. The BWM Convention will not become effective until 12 months after it has been adopted by 30 states, the combined merchant fleets of which represent not less than 35% of the gross tonnage of the world's merchant shipping. To date, there has not been sufficient adoption of this standard for it to take force. However, Panama may adopt this standard in the relatively near future, which would be sufficient for it to take force. If mid-ocean ballast exchange is made mandatory, or if ballast water treatment requirements or options are instituted, the cost of compliance could increase for ocean carriers, and the costs of ballast water treatment may be material.

A failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations may result in administrative and civil penalties, criminal sanctions or the suspension or termination of our operations. Environmental laws often impose strict liability for remediation of spills and releases of oil and hazardous substances, which could subject us to liability, without regard to whether we were negligent or at fault.  Under OPA, for example, owners, operators and bareboat charterers are jointly and severally strictly liable for the discharge of oil in U.S. waters, including the 200-nautical mile exclusive economic zone around the United States.  An oil spill could also result in significant liability, including fines, penalties, criminal liability and remediation costs for natural resource damages under other international and U.S. Federal, state and local laws, as well as third-party damages, including punitive damages, and could harm our reputation with current or potential charterers of our tankers.  We will be required to satisfy insurance and financial responsibility requirements for potential oil (including marine fuel) spills and other pollution incidents.  Although our technical manager will arrange for insurance to cover our vessels with respect to certain environmental risks, there can be no assurance that such insurance will be sufficient to cover all such risks or that any claims will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
If we fail to comply with international safety regulations, we may be subject to increased liability, which may adversely affect our insurance coverage and may result in a denial of access to, or detention in, certain ports
The operation of our vessels is affected by the requirements set forth in the IMO's International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and Pollution Prevention, or the ISM Code. The ISM Code requires shipowners, ship managers and bareboat charterers to develop and maintain an extensive "Safety Management System" that includes the adoption of a safety and environmental protection policy setting forth instructions and procedures for safe operation and describing procedures for dealing with emergencies. If we fail to comply with the ISM Code, we may be subject to increased liability, may invalidate existing insurance or decrease available insurance coverage for our affected vessels and such failure may result in a denial of access to, or detention in, certain ports.
Maritime claimants could arrest one or more of our vessels, which could interrupt our cash flow
Crew members, suppliers of goods and services to a vessel, shippers of cargo and other parties may be entitled to a maritime lien against a vessel for unsatisfied debts, claims or damages. In many jurisdictions, a maritime lienholder may enforce its lien by "arresting" or "attaching" a vessel through foreclosure proceedings. The arrest or attachment of one or more of our vessels could result in a significant loss of earnings for the related off-hire period.
In addition, in jurisdictions where the "sister ship" theory of liability applies, such as South Africa, a claimant may arrest the vessel which is subject to the claimant's maritime lien and any "associated" vessel, which is any vessel owned or controlled by the same owner. In countries with "sister ship" liability laws, claims might be asserted against us or any of our vessels for liabilities of other vessels that we own.
Governments could requisition our vessels during a period of war or emergency resulting in a loss of earnings
A government of a vessel's registry could requisition for title or seize one or more of our vessels. Requisition for title occurs when a government takes control of a vessel and becomes the owner. A government could also requisition one or more of our vessels for hire. Requisition for hire occurs when a government takes control of a vessel and effectively becomes the charterer at dictated charter rates. Generally, requisitions occur during a period of war or emergency. Government requisition of one or more of our vessels could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and ability to pay dividends.


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Risks Related to Our Business
The volatility in tanker charter rates, and vessel values, may affect our ability to comply with covenants in any loan agreements we may enter into in the future
In December 2011, we completed the sale of 15 wholly-owned special purpose companies, or SPCs, which together owned five VLCC newbuilding contracts, six VLCCs (including one on time charter), and four Suezmax tankers, to Frontline 2012 Ltd., or Frontline 2012, a related-party entity, at a fair market value of $1,120.7 million, in exchange for which Frontline 2012 assumed the obligation to pay $666.3 million in bank debt related to the vessels and $325.5 million in remaining commitments to the yard under the newbuilding contracts, which we refer to as the Restructuring. As part of the Restructuring, Frontline 2012 has agreed to fully reimburse and indemnify the Company for all payments made under any guarantees issued by the Company to the shipyard in connection with the VLCC newbuilding contracts acquired from the Company and to reimburse the Company for all costs incurred in connection with these guarantees. Two of the five contracts have been cancelled by Frontline 2012 and Frontline 2012 has received reimbursement of installments paid and accrued interest. The remaining three contracts have been cancelled by Frontline 2012 and are in arbitration. The Company has not recorded any liability in respect of these guarantees as the Company does not believe that it will be required to make any payments in relation to them. Following the Restructuring and private placements by Frontline 2012, we own approximately 5.4% of the outstanding ordinary shares of Frontline 2012 and our majority shareholder, Hemen Holding Ltd., or Hemen, a Cyprus holding company indirectly controlled by trusts established by our Chairman and President, Mr. Fredriksen, owns approximately 46% of the outstanding ordinary shares of Frontline 2012.
Our bank debt was eliminated following (i) the Restructuring, (ii) a $12.9 million prepayment of a loan associated with a vessel, which was not part of the Restructuring, and (iii) the $33.0 million prepayment of a loan associated with Independent Tankers Corporation Limited, or ITCL, one of the Company's majority owned subsidiaries. In the event we enter into loan agreements or other financing arrangements in the future, which are secured by liens on our vessels, we may be subject to various financial covenants, including requirements relating to our financial position, operating performance and liquidity. For example, we may be required to maintain (i) a minimum value adjusted equity that is based, in part, upon the market value of the vessels securing the loans; (ii) minimum levels of free cash; and (iii) a positive working capital. The loan associated with our convertible bonds imposes operating and negative covenants on us and our subsidiaries. A violation of these covenants constitutes an event of default under our convertible bonds, which would, unless waived by our bondholders, provide our bondholders with the right to require the principal amounts under the convertible bonds including accrued interest and expenses due for immediate payment and accelerate our indebtedness, which would impair our ability to continue to conduct our business.

The market value of tankers is sensitive, among other things, to changes in the tanker charter market with vessel values deteriorating in times when tanker charter rates are falling and improving when charter rates are anticipated to rise. Such conditions may make it difficult for us to comply with financial covenants we may have in the future. In such a situation, unless our lenders were willing to provide waivers of covenant compliance or modifications to our covenants, or would be willing to refinance our indebtedness, we might have to sell vessels in our fleet and/or seek to raise additional capital in the equity markets in order to comply with the loan covenants.  Furthermore, if the value of our vessels deteriorates significantly, we may have to record an impairment adjustment in our financial statements, which would adversely affect our financial results and further hinder our ability to raise capital.
We are dependent on the spot market and any decrease in spot market rates in the future may adversely affect our earnings and our ability to pay dividends
As of December 31, 2013, we operated a fleet of 33 vessels, including nine vessels owned through our majority owned subsidiary, ITCL. We also had 12 vessels under commercial management. Of our vessels, 27 vessels are currently employed in the spot market exposing us to fluctuations in spot market charter rates. We have also agreed to acquire two newbuilding Suezmax tankers, which are expected to be delivered to us during 2014. We may operate our newbuilding vessels in the spot market following their delivery to us and may enter into the spot market for any additional vessels that we may acquire in the future.
Historically, the tanker market has been volatile as a result of the many conditions and factors that can affect the price, supply and demand for tanker capacity. The spot market may fluctuate significantly based upon supply and demand of vessels and cargoes. The successful operation of our vessels in the competitive spot market depends upon, among other things, obtaining profitable charters and minimizing, to the extent possible, time spent waiting for charters and time spent in ballast. The spot market is very volatile, and, in the past, there have been periods when spot rates have declined below the operating cost of vessels. If future spot market rates decline, then we may be unable to operate our vessels trading in the spot market profitably, meet our obligations, including payments on indebtedness, or to pay dividends in the future. Furthermore, as charter rates in the spot market are fixed for a single voyage, which may last up to several weeks, during periods in which charter rates are rising, we will generally experience delays in realizing the benefits from such increases.

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Our ability to renew the charters on our vessels on the expiration or termination of our current charters, or on vessels that we may acquire in the future, the charter rates payable under any replacement charters and vessel values will depend upon, among other things, economic conditions in the sectors in which our vessels operate at that time, changes in the supply and demand for vessel capacity and changes in the supply and demand for the seaborne transportation of energy resources.

A drop in spot market rates may provide an incentive for some charterers to default on their charters
When we enter into a time charter or bareboat charter, charter rates under that charter are fixed for the term of the charter.  If the spot market rates or short-term time charter rates in the tanker industry become significantly lower than the time charter equivalent rates that some of our charterers are obligated to pay us under our existing charters, the charterers may have incentive to default under that charter or attempt to renegotiate the charter. If our charterers fail to pay their obligations, we would have to attempt to re-charter our vessels at lower charter rates, which would affect our ability to operate our vessels profitably and may affect our ability to comply with covenants contained in any loan agreements we may enter into in the future.
Fuel, or bunker, prices may adversely affect our profits
For vessels on voyage charters, fuel oil, or bunkers, is a significant, if not the largest, expense. Changes in the price of fuel may adversely affect our profitability to the extent we have vessels on voyage charters. The price and supply of fuel is unpredictable and fluctuates based on events outside our control, including geopolitical developments, supply and demand for oil and gas, actions by OPEC and other oil and gas producers, war and unrest in oil producing countries and regions, regional production patterns and environmental concerns. Further, fuel may become much more expensive in the future, which may reduce the profitability and competitiveness of our business versus other forms of transportation, such as truck or rail.
The operation of tankers involve certain unique operational risks
The operation of tankers has unique operational risks associated with the transportation of oil.  An oil spill may cause significant environmental damage, and a catastrophic spill could exceed the insurance coverage available. Compared to other types of vessels, tankers are exposed to a higher risk of damage and loss by fire, whether ignited by a terrorist attack, collision, or other cause, due to the high flammability and high volume of the oil transported in tankers.
If we are unable to adequately maintain or safeguard our vessels we may be unable to prevent these events. Any of these circumstances or events could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.  In addition, the loss of any of our vessels could harm our reputation as a safe and reliable vessel owner and operator.
Purchasing and operating secondhand vessels may result in increased operating costs and vessels off-hire, which could adversely affect our earnings
Even following a physical inspection of secondhand vessels prior to purchase, we do not have the same knowledge about their condition and cost of any required (or anticipated) repairs that we would have had if these vessels had been built for and operated exclusively by us. Accordingly, we may not discover defects or other problems with such vessels prior to purchase. Any such hidden defects or problems, when detected may be expensive to repair, and if not detected, may result in accidents or other incidents for which we may become liable to third parties. Also, when purchasing previously owned vessels, we do not receive the benefit of any builder warranties if the vessels we buy are older than one year.

In general, the costs to maintain a vessel in good operating condition increase with the age of the vessel. Older vessels are typically less fuel efficient than more recently constructed vessels due to improvements in engine technology. Governmental regulations, safety and other equipment standards related to the age of vessels may require expenditures for alterations or the addition of new equipment to some of our vessels and may restrict the type of activities in which these vessels may engage. We cannot assure you that, as our vessels age, market conditions will justify those expenditures or enable us to operate our vessels profitably during the remainder of their useful lives.  As a result, regulations and standards could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and ability to pay dividends.
Our ability to obtain debt financing may be dependent on the performance of our then-existing charters and the creditworthiness of our charterers
Following the Restructuring and as of the date hereof, we do not have any outstanding bank debt. We may, however, incur bank debt in the future to fund, among other things, our general corporate purposes or the expansion of our fleet.  The actual or perceived credit quality of our charterers, and any defaults by them, may materially affect our ability to obtain the capital resources required

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to purchase additional vessels or may significantly increase our costs of obtaining such capital. Our inability to obtain financing at anticipated costs or at all may materially affect our results of operation and our ability to implement our business strategy.
Because the market value of our vessels may fluctuate significantly, we may incur losses when we sell vessels which may adversely affect our earnings
The fair market value of vessels may increase and decrease depending on but not limited to the following factors:

•
general economic and market conditions affecting the shipping industry;
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competition from other shipping companies;
•
types and sizes of vessels;
•
the availability of other modes of transportation;
•
cost of newbuildings;
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shipyard capacity;
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governmental or other regulations;
•
age of vessels;
•
prevailing level of charter rates;
•
the need to upgrade secondhand and previously owned vessels as a result of charterer requirements; and
•
technological advances in vessel design or equipment or otherwise.

During the period a vessel is subject to a charter, we will not be permitted to sell it to take advantage of increases in vessel values without the charterers' agreement. If we sell a vessel at a time when ship prices have fallen, the sale may be at less than the vessel's carrying amount on our financial statements, with the result that we could incur a loss and a reduction in earnings. In addition, if we determine at any time that a vessel's future limited useful life and earnings require us to impair its value on our financial statements, that could result in a charge against our earnings and a reduction of our shareholders' equity. We recorded an impairment charge of $103.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2013. It is possible that the market value of our vessels will continue to decline in the future and could adversely affect our ability to comply with financial covenants contained in any loan agreements or other financing arrangements we may enter into in the future.
Conversely, if vessel values are elevated at a time when we wish to acquire additional vessels, the cost of acquisition may increase and this could adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
We may be unable to successfully compete with other vessel operators for charters, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial position
The operation of tankers and transportation of crude and petroleum products is extremely competitive. Through our operating subsidiaries we compete with other vessel owners (including major oil companies as well as independent companies), and, to a lesser extent, owners of other size vessels. The tanker market is highly fragmented. It is possible that we could not obtain suitable employment for our vessels, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial position.
Our bareboat charters may limit our ability to benefit from any improvement in charter rates, and at the same time, our revenues may be adversely affected if we do not successfully employ our vessels on the expiration of our charters
As of December 31, 2013, six of our vessels are contractually committed bareboat charters. Although our bareboat charters generally provide reliable revenues, they also limit the portion of our fleet available for spot market voyages during an upswing in the tanker industry cycle, when spot market voyages might be more profitable. By the same token, we cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully employ our vessels in the future or renew our existing charters at rates sufficient to allow us to operate our business profitably or meet our obligations. A decline in charter or spot rates or a failure to successfully charter our vessels could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operation and ability to pay dividends.
Delays or defaults by the shipyards in the construction of our newbuildings could increase our expenses and diminish our net income and cash flows
We have newbuilding contracts for the construction of two Suezmax tankers with the Chinese shipyard, Jiangsu Rongsheng Heavy Industries Group Co. Ltd., or Rongsheng. As of December 31, 2013, we are committed to making newbuilding installments of $87.9 million with expected payment in 2014. These projects are subject to the risk of delay or default by the shipyard caused by, among other things, unforeseen quality or engineering problems, work stoppages or other labor disturbances at the shipyard, bankruptcy of or other financial crisis involving the shipyard, weather interference, unanticipated cost increases, delays in receipt of necessary equipment, political, social or economic disturbances, inability to finance the construction of the vessels and inability

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to obtain the requisite permits or approvals. In accordance with industry practice, in the event the shipyards are unable or unwilling to deliver the vessels, we may not have substantial remedies. Failure to construct or deliver the ships by the shipyards or any significant delays could increase our expenses and diminish our net income and cash flows.
We may be unable to locate suitable vessels for acquisition which would adversely affect our ability to expand our fleet
Changing market and regulatory conditions may limit the availability of suitable vessels because of customer preferences or because they are not or will not be compliant with existing or future rules, regulations and conventions. Additional vessels of the age and quality we desire may not be available for purchase at prices we are prepared to pay or at delivery times acceptable to us, and we may not be able to dispose of vessels at reasonable prices, if at all. If we are unable to purchase and dispose of vessels at reasonable prices in response to changing market and regulatory conditions, our business may be adversely affected.

As we expand our fleet, we may not be able to recruit suitable employees and crew for our vessels which may limit our growth and cause our financial performance to suffer
As we expand our fleet, we will need to recruit suitable crew, shoreside, administrative and management personnel.  We may not be able to continue to hire suitable employees as we expand our fleet of vessels.  If we are unable to recruit suitable employees and crews, we may not be able to provide our services to customers, our growth may be limited and our financial performance may suffer.
We are subject to certain risks with respect to our counterparties on contracts, and failure of such counterparties to meet their obligations could cause us to suffer losses or otherwise adversely affect our business
We have entered into various contracts, including charter parties with our customers and newbuilding contracts with shipyards, which subject us to counterparty risks. The ability of each of the counterparties to perform its obligations under a contract with us or contracts entered into on our behalf will depend on a number of factors that are beyond our control and may include, among other things, general economic conditions, the condition of the shipping sector, the overall financial condition of the counterparty, charter rates received for tankers and the supply and demand for commodities. Should a counterparty fail to honor its obligations under any such contracts, we could sustain significant losses which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Charterers are sensitive to the commodity markets and may be impacted by market forces affecting commodities. In addition, in depressed market conditions, there have been reports of charterers, including some of our charterers, renegotiating their charters or defaulting on their obligations under charters. Our charterers may fail to pay charter hire or attempt to renegotiate charter rates. Should a charterer fail to honor its obligations under agreements with us, it may be difficult to secure substitute employment for such vessel, and any new charter arrangements we secure on the spot market or on charters may be at lower rates, depending on the then existing charter rate levels, compared to the rates currently being charged for our vessels. In addition, if the charterer of a vessel in our fleet that is used as collateral under any loan agreement we may enter into defaults on its charter obligations to us, such default may constitute an event of default under such loan agreement, which could allow the bank to exercise remedies under the loan agreement. If our charterers fail to meet their obligations to us or attempt to renegotiate our charter agreements, we could sustain significant losses which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, as well as our ability to pay dividends, if any, in the future, and compliance with covenants in any loan agreements we may enter into. Further, if we had to find a replacement technical manager, we may need approval from our lenders to change the technical manager.
Declines in charter rates and other market deterioration could cause us to incur impairment charges
The carrying values of our vessels are reviewed whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the vessel may no longer be recoverable. We assess recoverability of the carrying value by estimating the future net cash flows expected to result from the vessel, including eventual disposal. If the future net undiscounted cash flows and the estimated fair market value of the vessel are less than the carrying value, an impairment loss is recorded equal to the difference between the vessel's carrying value and fair value. Any impairment charges incurred as a result of declines in charter rates and other market deterioration could negatively affect our business, financial condition, operating results or the trading price of our ordinary shares. We recorded an impairment loss of $103.7 million in 2013 (2012: $32.0 million (including $27.3 million recorded in discontinued operations) and 2011: $121.4 million).

Operational risks and damage to our vessels could adversely impact our performance

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Our vessels and their cargoes will be at risk of being damaged or lost because of events such as marine disasters, bad weather and other acts of God, business interruptions caused by mechanical failures, grounding, fire, explosions and collisions, human error, war, terrorism, piracy and other circumstances or events. Changing economic, regulatory and political conditions in some countries, including political and military conflicts, have from time to time resulted in attacks on vessels, mining of waterways, piracy, terrorism, labor strikes and boycotts. These hazards may result in death or injury to persons, loss of revenues or property, the payment of ransoms, environmental damage, higher insurance rates, damage to our customer relationships and market disruptions, delay or rerouting.
If our vessels suffer damage, they may need to be repaired at a drydocking facility. The costs of drydock repairs are unpredictable and may be substantial. We may have to pay drydocking costs that our insurance does not cover at all or in full. The loss of revenues while these vessels are being repaired and repositioned, as well as the actual cost of these repairs, may adversely affect our business and financial condition. In addition, space at drydocking facilities is sometimes limited and not all drydocking facilities are conveniently located. We may be unable to find space at a suitable drydocking facility or our vessels may be forced to travel to a drydocking facility that is not conveniently located relative to our vessels' positions. The loss of earnings while these vessels are forced to wait for space or to travel to more distant drydocking facilities may adversely affect our business and financial condition. Further, the total loss of any of our vessels could harm our reputation as a safe and reliable vessel owner and operator.  If we are unable to adequately maintain or safeguard our vessels, we may be unable to prevent any such damage, costs or loss which could negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and ability to pay dividends.
Increased inspection procedures, tighter import and export controls and new security regulations could increase costs and cause disruption of our business
International shipping is subject to security and customs inspection and related procedures in countries of origin, destination and trans-shipment points. Under the U.S. Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002, or MTSA, the U.S. Coast Guard issued regulations requiring the implementation of certain security requirements aboard vessels operating in waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. These security procedures can result in delays in the loading, offloading or trans-shipment and the levying of customs duties, fines or other penalties against exporters or importers and, in some cases, carriers. Future changes to the existing security procedures may be implemented that could affect the tanker sector. These changes have the potential to impose additional financial and legal obligations on carriers and, in certain cases, to render the shipment of certain types of goods uneconomical or impractical. These additional costs could reduce the volume of goods shipped, resulting in a decreased demand for vessels and have a negative effect on our business, revenues and customer relations.
Failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act could result in fines, criminal penalties and an adverse effect on our business
We may operate in a number of countries throughout the world, including countries known to have a reputation for corruption. We are committed to doing business in accordance with applicable anti-corruption laws and have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics which is consistent and in full compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977. We are subject, however, to the risk that we, our affiliated entities or our or their respective officers, directors, employees and agents may take actions determined to be in violation of such anti-corruption laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Any such violation could result in substantial fines, sanctions, civil and/or criminal penalties, curtailment of operations in certain jurisdictions, and might adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition. In addition, actual or alleged violations could damage our reputation and ability to do business. Furthermore, detecting, investigating, and resolving actual or alleged violations is expensive and can consume significant time and attention of our senior management.

Risks Related to Our Company

We cannot assure you that we will be able to raise equity sufficient to meet our future capital and operating needs.

We expect that the net proceeds of an at-the-market ("ATM") offering for up to $40.0 million launched in June 2013 and increased to up to $100.0 million in January 2014 will be approximately $97.6 million, after deducting estimated commissions and offering expenses; however we cannot assure you that we will be able to sell that amount of our ordinary shares. Furthermore, even if we raise the net proceeds discussed above, we cannot assure you that such proceeds will be sufficient to meet our ongoing capital and operating needs (including our convertible bond loan, which matures in April 2015).

Investors may experience significant dilution as a result of the ATM offering and future offerings.

As of December 31, 2013, 2,178,384 of our ordinary shares have been sold for gross proceeds of $6,204,296 pursuant to the equity distribution agreement. Per the ATM offering prospectus, based on an assumed offering price of $4.84 per share, which was the

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last reported closing price of our ordinary shares on the NYSE on January 16, 2014, the offering of approximately an additional $93.8 million of our ordinary shares would result in the offer and sale of 19,379,278 ordinary shares, following which we would have 105,890,991 ordinary shares outstanding, which as of December 31, 2013 represents an increase of approximately 22% in our issued and outstanding ordinary shares. Because the sales of the shares offered hereby will be made directly into the market or in negotiated transactions, the prices at which we sell these shares will vary and these variations may be significant. Purchasers of the shares we sell, as well as our existing shareholders, will experience significant dilution if we sell shares at prices significantly below the price at which they invested. In addition, we may offer additional ordinary shares in the future, which may result in additional significant dilution.
Incurrence of expenses or liabilities may reduce or eliminate distributions
Our policy is to make distributions to shareholders based on earnings and cash flow, and our dividends have fluctuated based on such factors. In 2013, we made no dividend distributions and we have not paid a dividend since the third quarter of 2011. The amount and timing of dividends will depend on our earnings, financial condition, cash position, Bermuda law affecting the payment of distributions and other factors.  However, we could incur other expenses or contingent liabilities that would reduce or eliminate the cash available for distribution by us as dividends.  In addition, the timing and amount of dividends, if any, is at the discretion of our Board of Directors, or Board. We cannot assure you that we will pay dividends.
We may not be able to finance our future capital commitments
We cannot guarantee that we will be able to obtain financing at all or on terms acceptable to us.  If adequate funds are not available, we may have to reduce expenditures for investments in new and existing projects, which could hinder our growth and prevent us from realizing potential revenues from prior investments which will have a negative impact on our cash flows and results of operations.
In addition, as of December 31, 2013, we had purchase commitments of $87.9 million relating to our two Suezmax tankers under construction with expected payments in 2014. We expect to finance these payments with cash on hand, operating cash flow and bank debt that we intend to arrange. Should such financing not be available, this could severely impact our ability to meet our obligations and finance future obligations.
The aging of our fleet may result in increased operating costs in the future, which could adversely affect our earnings
In general, the cost of maintaining a vessel in good operating condition increases with the age of the vessel. The average age of our tanker fleet is approximately 14.9 years. As our fleet ages, we will incur increased costs. Older vessels are typically less fuel efficient and more costly to maintain than more recently constructed vessels due to improvements in engine technology. Cargo insurance rates also increase with the age of a vessel, making older vessels less desirable to charterers. Governmental regulations, including environmental regulations, safety or other equipment standards related to the age of vessels may require expenditures for alterations, or the addition of new equipment, to our vessels and may restrict the type of activities in which our vessels may engage. As our vessels age, market conditions might not justify those expenditures or enable us to operate our vessels profitably during the remainder of their useful lives.
If we do not set aside funds and are unable to borrow or raise funds for vessel replacement at the end of a vessel's useful life our revenue will decline, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and ability to pay dividends
If we do not set aside funds and are unable to borrow or raise funds for vessel replacement, we will be unable to replace the vessels in our fleet upon the expiration of their remaining useful lives. Our cash flows and income are dependent on the revenues earned by the chartering of our vessels. If we are unable to replace the vessels in our fleet upon the expiration of their useful lives, our business, results of operations, financial condition and ability to pay dividends would be adversely affected. Any funds set aside for vessel replacement will not be available for dividends.

Hemen may be able to exercise significant influence over us and may have conflicts of interest with our other shareholders

As of March 10, 2014, Hemen, a Cyprus holding company indirectly controlled by trusts established by our Chairman and President, Mr. Fredriksen, for the benefit of his immediate family, owns approximately 28% of our outstanding ordinary shares. For so long as Hemen owns a significant percentage of our outstanding ordinary shares, it may be able to exercise significant influence over us and will be able to strongly influence the outcome of shareholder votes on other matters, including the adoption or amendment of provisions in our articles of incorporation or bye-laws and approval of possible mergers, amalgamations, control transactions and other significant corporate transactions. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying, deferring or

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preventing a change in control, merger, amalgamations, consolidation, takeover or other business combination. This concentration of ownership could also discourage a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us, which could in turn have an adverse effect on the market price of our ordinary shares. Hemen, may not necessarily act in accordance with the best interests of other shareholders. The interests of Hemen may not coincide with the interests of other holders of our ordinary shares. To the extent that conflicts of interests may arise, Hemen may vote in a manner adverse to us or to you or other holders of our securities.
We may be unable to attract and retain key management personnel in the tanker industry, which may negatively impact the effectiveness of our management and our results of operation
Our success depends to a significant extent upon the abilities and efforts of our senior executives, and particularly Mr. Fredriksen, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, for the management of our activities and strategic guidance. While we believe that we have an experienced management team, the loss or unavailability of one or more of our senior executives, and particularly Mr. Fredriksen, for any extended period of time could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
If labor interruptions are not resolved in a timely manner, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and available cash
As of December 31, 2013 , we employed approximately 96 people in our offices in Bermuda, London, Oslo, Singapore and India. We contract with independent ship managers to manage and operate our vessels, including the crewing of those vessels. If not resolved in a timely and cost-effective manner, industrial action or other labor unrest could prevent or hinder our operations from being carried out as we expect and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and available cash.
We may not have adequate insurance to compensate us if our vessels are damaged or lost
We procure insurance for our fleet against those risks that we believe the shipping industry commonly insures. These insurances include hull and machinery insurance, protection and indemnity insurance, which include environmental damage and pollution insurance coverage, and war risk insurance. We can give no assurance that we will be adequately insured against all risks and we cannot guarantee that any particular claim will be paid.
Although we do not anticipate any difficulty in having our technical manager initially obtain insurance policies for us, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain adequate insurance coverage for our vessels in the future or renew such policies on the same or commercially reasonable terms, or at all. For example, more stringent environmental regulations have in the past led to increased costs for, and in the future may result in the lack of availability of, protection and indemnity insurance against risks of environmental damage or pollution. Any uninsured or underinsured loss could harm our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and ability to pay dividends. In addition, our insurance may be voidable by the insurers as a result of certain of our actions, such as our vessels failing to maintain certification with applicable maritime self-regulatory organizations. Further, we cannot assure you that our insurance policies will cover all losses that we incur, or that disputes over insurance claims will not arise with our insurance carriers. Any claims covered by insurance would be subject to deductibles, and since it is possible that a large number of claims may be brought, the aggregate amount of these deductibles could be material. In addition, our insurance policies may be subject to limitations and exclusions, which may increase our costs or lower our revenues, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and ability to pay dividends.

We may be subject to calls because we obtain some of our insurance through protection and indemnity associations
We may be subject to increased premium payments, or calls, if the value of our claim records, the claim records of our fleet managers, and/or the claim records of other members of the protection and indemnity associations through which we receive insurance coverage for tort liability (including pollution-related liability) significantly exceed projected claims. In addition, our protection and indemnity associations may not have enough resources to cover claims made against them. Our payment of these calls could result in significant expense to us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and ability to pay dividends.
Because we are a foreign corporation, you may not have the same rights that a shareholder in a United States corporation may have
We are a Bermuda company. Our memorandum of association and bye-laws and the Bermuda Companies Act 1981, as amended, govern our affairs. Investors may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions by management, directors or controlling shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a United States jurisdiction. Under Bermuda

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law a director generally owes a fiduciary duty only to the company; not to the company's shareholders. Our shareholders may not have a direct course of action against our directors. In addition, Bermuda law does not provide a mechanism for our shareholders to bring a class action lawsuit under Bermuda law. Further, our bye-laws provide for the indemnification of our directors or officers against any liability arising out of any act or omission except for an act or omission constituting fraud, dishonesty or illegality.
Because our offices and most of our assets are outside the United States, you may not be able to bring suit against us, or enforce a judgment obtained against us in the United States
Our executive offices, administrative activities and assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be more difficult for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon us, or to enforce both in the United States and outside the United States judgments against us in any action, including actions predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States.

United States tax authorities could treat the Company as a "passive foreign investment company," which could have adverse United States federal income tax consequences to United States shareholders
A foreign corporation will be treated as a "passive foreign investment company," or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income for any taxable year consists of certain types of "passive income" or (2) at least 50% of the average value of the corporation's assets produce or are held for the production of those types of "passive income."  For purposes of these tests, "passive income" includes dividends, interest, and gains from the sale or exchange of investment property and rents and royalties other than rents and royalties which are received from unrelated parties in connection with the active conduct of a trade or business.  For purposes of these tests, income derived from the performance of services does not constitute "passive income."  United States shareholders of a PFIC are subject to a disadvantageous United States federal income tax regime with respect to the distributions they receive from the PFIC and the gain, if any, they derive from the sale or other disposition of their shares in the PFIC.
Based on our current and proposed method of operation, we do not believe that we are, have been or will be a PFIC with respect to any taxable year. In this regard, we intend to treat the gross income we derive or are deemed to derive from our time chartering and voyage chartering activities as services income, rather than rental income.  Accordingly, we believe that our income from these activities does not constitute "passive income," and the assets that we own and operate in connection with the production of that income do not constitute assets that produce, or are held for the production of, "passive income."
Although there is no direct legal authority under the PFIC rules addressing our method of operation there is substantial legal authority supporting our position consisting of case law and United States Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, pronouncements concerning the characterization of income derived from time charters and voyage charters as services income for other tax purposes.  However, it should be noted that there is also authority which characterizes time charter income as rental income rather than services income for other tax purposes. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the IRS or a court of law will accept our position, and there is a risk that the IRS or a court of law could determine that we are a PFIC.  Moreover, no assurance can be given that we would not constitute a PFIC for any future taxable year if there were to be changes in the nature and extent of our operations.

If the IRS were to find that we are or have been a PFIC for any taxable year, our United States shareholders will face adverse United States federal income tax consequences.  Under the PFIC rules, unless those shareholders make an election available under the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code (which election could itself have adverse consequences for such shareholders, as discussed below under "Taxation-United States Federal Income Tax Considerations"), such shareholders would be liable to pay United States federal income tax at the then prevailing income tax rates on ordinary income plus interest upon excess distributions and upon any gain from the disposition of our ordinary shares, as if the excess distribution or gain had been recognized ratably over the shareholder's holding period of our ordinary shares.  See "Taxation-Passive Foreign Investment Company Status and Significant Tax Consequences" for a more comprehensive discussion of the United States federal income tax consequences to United States shareholders if we are treated as a PFIC.
We may have to pay tax on United States source income, which would reduce our earnings
Under the Code, 50% of the gross shipping income of a vessel owning or chartering corporation, such as ourselves and our subsidiaries, that is attributable to transportation that begins or ends, but that does not both begin and end, in the United States, may be subject to a 4% United States federal income tax without allowance for deduction, unless that corporation qualifies for exemption from tax under Section 883 of the Code and the applicable Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder.

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We expect that we and each of our subsidiaries will qualify for this statutory tax exemption and we will take this position for United States federal income tax return reporting purposes. However, there are factual circumstances beyond our control that could cause us to lose the benefit of this tax exemption and become subject to United States federal income tax on our United States source shipping income.  For example, we would no longer qualify for exemption under Section 883 of the Code for a particular taxable year if shareholders with a 5% or greater interest in the our ordinary shares owned, in the aggregate, 50% or more of our outstanding ordinary shares for more than half the days during the taxable year.  Due to the factual nature of the issues involved, there can be no assurances on our tax-exempt status or that of any of our subsidiaries.
If we or our subsidiaries are not entitled to exemption under Section 883 of the Code for any taxable year, we, or our subsidiaries, could be subject during those years to an effective 2% United States federal income tax on gross shipping income derived during such a year that is attributable to the transport of cargoes to or from the United States. The imposition of this tax would have a negative effect on our business and would result in decreased earnings available for distribution to our shareholders.
Our ordinary share price may be highly volatile and future sales of our ordinary shares could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline
Our ordinary shares commenced trading on the New York Stock Exchange in August 2001.  We cannot assure you that an active and liquid public market for our ordinary shares will continue.  The market price of our ordinary shares has historically fluctuated over a wide range and may continue to fluctuate significantly in response to many factors, such as actual or anticipated fluctuations in our operating results, changes in financial estimates by securities analysts, economic and regulatory trends, general market conditions, rumors and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. Since 2008, the stock market has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. If the volatility in the market continues or worsens, it could have an adverse affect on the market price of our ordinary shares and impact a potential sale price if holders of our ordinary shares decide to sell their shares.



ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A.  HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY

The Company
We are Frontline Ltd., an international shipping company incorporated in Bermuda as an exempted company under the Bermuda Companies Law of 1981 on June 12, 1992 (Company No. EC-17460). Our registered and principal executive offices are located at Par-la-Ville Place, 14 Par-la-Ville Road, Hamilton, HM 08, Bermuda, and our telephone number at that address is +(1) 441 295 6935.

We are engaged primarily in the ownership and operation of oil tankers. We operate oil tankers of two sizes: VLCCs, which are between 200,000 and 320,000 dwt, and Suezmax tankers, which are vessels between 120,000 and 170,000 dwt. We operate through subsidiaries and partnerships located in the Bahamas, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, India, the Isle of Man, Liberia, Norway, the United Kingdom and Singapore. We are also involved in the charter, purchase and sale of vessels. Since 1996, we have emerged as a leading tanker company within the VLCC and Suezmax size sectors of the market.

We have our origin in Frontline AB, which was founded in 1985, and which was listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange from 1989 to 1997. In May 1997, Frontline AB was redomiciled from Sweden to Bermuda and its shares were listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange under the symbol "FRO". The change of domicile was executed through a share-for-share exchange offer from the then-newly formed Bermuda company, Frontline Ltd, or Old Frontline. In September 1997, Old Frontline initiated an amalgamation with London & Overseas Freighters Limited, or LOF, also a Bermuda company. This process was completed in May 1998. As a result of this transaction, Frontline became listed on the London Stock Exchange and on the NASDAQ National Market (in the form of American Depositary Shares, or ADSs, represented by American Depositary Receipts, or ADRs) in addition to its listing on the Oslo Stock Exchange.
The ADR program was terminated on October 5, 2001 and the ADSs were de-listed from the NASDAQ National Market on August 3, 2001. The Company's ordinary shares began trading on the New York Stock Exchange on August 6, 2001 under the symbol "FRO".

Restructuring


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On December 31, 2011 in conjunction with a Board approved restructuring plan to meet the challenges created by a very weak tanker market, the Company completed the sale of 15 wholly-owned SPCs to Frontline 2012. These SPCs owned six VLCCs (Front Kathrine, Front Queen, Front Eminence, Front Endurance, Front Cecilie and Front Signe, one of which was on time charter), four Suezmax tankers (Northia, Front Odin, Naticina and Front Njord) and five VLCC newbuilding contracts. The SPCs were sold at fair market value of $1,120.7 million, which was the average of three independent broker valuations. As part of the transaction, Frontline 2012 assumed the obligation to pay $666.3 million in bank debt and $325.5 million in remaining commitments to the yard under the newbuilding contracts.

On December 16, 2011, Frontline 2012 completed a private placement of 100,000,000 new ordinary shares of par value $2.00 per share at a subscription price of $2.85, raising $285.0 million in gross proceeds, subject to certain closing conditions. These conditions were subsequently fulfilled and Frontline 2012 was registered on the Norwegian over-the-counter market, or NOTC, in Oslo on December 30, 2011. The Company was allocated 8,771,000 shares, representing approximately 8.8% of the share capital of Frontline 2012 for which it paid consideration of $25.0 million. The Company has accounted for its investment in Frontline 2012 under the equity method. There are no discontinued operations associated with this transaction.

The Company will initially manage Frontline 2012 through its wholly owned subsidiary, Frontline Management (Bermuda) Ltd.. Frontline 2012 plans to establish its own management team in the future.

Following the Restructuring, the Company's operating fleet was reduced from 58 vessels to 48 vessels, including the nine vessels owned through ITCL. In addition, newbuilding commitments were reduced from $437.9 million to $112.4 million relating to two Suezmax tanker newbuilding contracts. Bank debt was eliminated following a prepayment of a $12.9 million loan associated with a vessel, which was not part of the transaction with Frontline 2012, and the prepayment of ITCL's $33.0 million bank loan.

As part of the Restructuring, the Company obtained agreements with its major counterparties to reduce the gross charter payment commitments under the then existing chartering arrangements by approximately $293 million for the period from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2015. The Company will compensate the counterparties with 100% of any difference between the renegotiated rates and the average vessel earnings up to the original contract rates. Some of the counterparties will receive additional compensation for earnings achieved above the original contract rates.

In May 2012, the Company paid $13.3 million for 3,546,000 shares in a private placement by Frontline 2012 of 56 million new ordinary shares at a subscription price of $3.75 per share. In January 2013, the Company paid $6.0 million for 1,143,000 shares in a private placement by Frontline 2012 of 59 million new ordinary shares at a subscription price of $5.25 per share. Following the private placement, the Company’s ownership in Frontline 2012 was 6.3%. In September 2013, Frontline 2012 completed a private placement of 34.1 million new ordinary shares of $2.00 par value at a subscription price of $6.60 . The Company did not buy any of the shares and its ownership decreased from 6.3% to 5.4% .

Vessel Acquisitions, Disposals and Other Significant Transactions

We entered into the following acquisitions and disposals in 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 to date:

Newbuilding Contracts

In December 2011, newbuilding contracts for five VLCCs were sold to Frontline 2012, as part of the Restructuring described above. As of December 31, 2013, the Company's newbuilding program was comprised of two Suezmax tankers and we were committed to making newbuilding installments of $87.9 million with expected payment in 2014.

Acquisitions and Disposals

In January 2011, we sold the VLCC Front Shanghai for net sale proceeds of $91.2 million. In connection with the sale, we agreed to time charter back the vessel from the new owner for approximately two years at a rate of $35,000 per day. Delivery to the new owners was completed on January 26, 2011 and the vessel was renamed Gulf Eyadah.

In February 2011, we agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long-term charter parties for the two single hull VLCCs, Ticen Sun (ex-Front Highness) and Front Ace, and Ship Finance simultaneously sold the vessels. The termination of the charter parties took place in February 2011 and March 2011, respectively, and Ship Finance made a compensation payment to the Company of $5.3 million for the early termination of the charter parties.


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In March 2011, we exercised our option to acquire the 2002-built VLCC Front Eagle and simultaneously sold the vessel to an unrelated third party for $67.0 million. Delivery to the new owners took place in the second quarter of 2011. In connection with the sale, we agreed to time charter back the vessel from the new owner for approximately two years at a rate of $32,500 per day.

In April 2011, we agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long-term charter party for the OBO carrier Front Leader and Ship Finance simultaneously sold the vessel. The termination of the charter party took place in the second quarter of 2011 and we made a compensation payment to Ship Finance of $7.7 million for the early termination of the charter party.
In May 2011, we agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long-term charter party for the OBO carrier Front Breaker and Ship Finance simultaneously sold the vessel. The termination of the charter party took place in the second quarter of 2011 and we made a compensation payment to Ship Finance of $6.6 million for the early termination of the charter party.

In October 2011, we agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long-term charter party for the OBO carrier Front Striver and Ship Finance simultaneously sold the vessel. The termination of the charter party took place in the third quarter of 2011 and we made a compensation payment to Ship Finance in 2012 of $8.1 million for the early termination of the charter party.
In October 2011, we sold the Suezmax Front Fighter to an unrelated third party and recognized a loss of $0.1 million in the fourth quarter of 2011. An impairment loss for this vessel of $27.1 million was recorded in the third quarter of 2011.

In November 2011, we sold the Suezmax Front Hunter to a related party and recognized a gain of $0.05 million in the fourth quarter of 2011. An impairment loss for this vessel of $30.6 million was recorded in the third quarter of 2011.
In December 2011, we sold the Suezmax Front Delta to an unrelated third party and recognized a gain of $0.01 million in the fourth quarter of 2011. An impairment loss for this vessel of $18.5 million was recorded in the third quarter of 2011.
In December 2011, we sold the Suezmax Front Beta to an unrelated third party and recognized a loss of $0.4 million in the fourth quarter of 2011. An impairment loss for this vessel of $20.4 million was recorded in the third quarter of 2011.
In December 2011, as part of the Restructuring described above, we sold 15 wholly-owned SPCs, which together owned six VLCCs (Front Kathrine, Front Queen, Front Eminence, Front Endurance, Front Cecilie and Front Signe, one of which was on time charter), four Suezmax tankers (Northia, Front Odin, Naticina and Front Njord) and five VLCC newbuilding contracts to Frontline 2012, a related party, for a sale price of $1,120.7 million. The sales of these SPCs resulted in a loss of $307.0 million, which was recorded in 2011.

In March 2012, we sold the Suezmax Front Alfa to an unrelated third party and recognized a loss of $2.1 million in the first quarter of 2012. An impairment loss for this vessel of $24.8 million was recorded in the third quarter of 2011.

In June 2012, we agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long-term charter party for the OBO carrier Front Rider and Ship Finance simultaneously sold the vessel. The termination of the charter party took place in the third quarter of 2012. The Company recorded an impairment loss of $4.9 million in the second quarter of 2012.

In August 2012, we agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long-term charter party for the OBO carrier Front Climber and Ship Finance simultaneously sold the vessel. The termination of the charter party took place in the fourth quarter of 2012. The Company recorded an impairment loss of $4.2 million in the second quarter of 2012.

In October 2012, we agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long term charter party for the OBO carrier Front Driver and Ship Finance simultaneously sold the vessel. The termination of the charter party took place in the fourth quarter of 2012. The Company recorded an impairment loss of $4.0 million in the second quarter and a loss of $0.8 million in gain (loss) of sale of assets and amortization of deferred gains in the fourth quarter.

In December 2012, we agreed to an early termination of the time charter out contracts on the two OBO carriers, Front Viewer and Front Guider, and received a compensation payment in December 2012 from the charterers for loss of hire due to the early termination of $35.0 million. We also agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long term charter parties for these two OBO carriers. The charter party for Front Viewer terminated in December 2012. The charter party for the Front Guider was terminated and the vessel was sold in March 2013. The Company paid $23.5 million to Ship Finance as compensation for the early termination of the charters and the estimated loss of contingent rentals relating to the two vessels. We recorded a loss of $16.5 million in the fourth quarter of 2012 on the termination of the lease for Front Viewer and a vessel impairment loss of $14.2 million on the expected loss on termination of the lease on Front Guider in March 2013.


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In February 2013, we agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long term charter party for the Suezmax tanker Front Pride and Ship Finance simultaneously sold the vessel. The termination of the charter party took place in the first quarter of 2013. We made a compensation payment to Ship Finance of $2.1 million for the early termination of the charter. We recorded an impairment loss of $4.7 million in the fourth quarter of 2012.

In November 2013, we agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long term charter parties for the 1998 and 1999 built VLCCs Front Champion and Golden Victory and Ship Finance simultaneously sold the vessels to unrelated third parties. The charter parties were terminated in November 2013 upon the redelivery of the vessels to Ship Finance. We recorded an impairment loss of $88.1 million in 2013 and a net gain of $13.8 million on the termination of the leases in the fourth quarter of 2013. We agreed to a compensation payment to Ship Finance of $89.9 million for the early termination of the charter parties, of which $10.9 million was paid upon termination and the balance was recorded as notes payable, with similar amortization profiles to the current lease obligations, with reduced rates until 2015 and full rates from 2016. Front Champion and Golden Victory had the highest charter rates among the vessels we chartered in from Ship Finance and the level of compensation is a reflection of this.

In March 2014, a subsidiary of ITCL entered into an agreement to sell the VLCC Ulysses (ex-Phoenix Voyager) to an unrelated third party. The vessel was delivered to the buyer on March 11, 2014 and we expect to record a loss of approximately $15.3 million in the first quarter of 2014.

Charters and Redeliveries

In January 2011, the bareboat charter with BP Shipping Limited for the VLCC Pioneer (ex-British Pioneer) terminated and the vessel was redelivered to the Company. The vessel is currently operating in the spot market.

In January 2011, the chartered-in VLCC Desh Ujaala was redelivered to its owners.

In March 2011, the bareboat charter out contract for the single hull VLCC Ticen Ocean (ex-Front Lady) was extended until August 2013.

In May 2011, the chartered-in VLCC Kensington was redelivered to its owner.

In September 2011, we negotiated the early termination of bareboat charters on three single hull VLCCs, Titan Orion (ex-Front Duke), Titan Aries (ex-Edinburgh) and Ticen Ocean (ex-Front Lady), which were being chartered in from Ship Finance. These three vessels were subsequently sold by Ship Finance with deliveries during 2012 and 2013. The Titan Orion (ex-Front Duke) was delivered, and the charter party with Ship Finance was terminated, on March 27, 2012.
In December 2011, we left the Gemini pool, a Suezmax tanker pool that was comprised of 36 vessels operated by us, Teekay Corporation, NATS, Koenig & Cie and Hyundai Merchant Marine, and established the Orion Tankers pool with NATS. The Orion Tankers pool had 29 double hull Suezmax tankers, including nine vessels operated by us.
We redelivered the Suezmax Front Warrior on December 12, 2011 at which time the Orion Pool assumed its commercial management. We redelivered the VLCCs Front Commander, Front Chief and Front Crown on December 11, 2011, December 28, 2011 and January 11, 2012, respectively. All of these vessels were on time charter-in to us under operating leases.

In April 2012, the chartered-in VLCC Hampstead was redelivered to its owner.

In September 2012, we agreed with NAT that our nine Suezmax vessels would leave the Orion Tankers pool due to our wish to be more flexible in the operation of our vessels. All of our vessels left the pool during the fourth quarter of 2012.

In October 2012, we terminated the bareboat charters on the two single hull VLCCs Ticen Ocean and Titan Aries and the vessels were delivered to the buyers in November 2012 and January 2013, respectively.

We redelivered the Suezmax vessels Front Odin and Front Njord in October 2012 and November 2012, respectively, to Frontline 2012. These vessels had been operating in the Orion Tankers pool and had been chartered-in on floating rate time charters whereby the charter hire expense was equal to the pool earnings.

In December 2012, the chartered-in VLCC Gulf Eyadah was redelivered to its owner.


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In January 2013, the charterer of the VLCC British Progress gave twelve months notice of its intention to terminate the bareboat charter for the vessel. The termination was expected to take effect on February 2, 2014 and was subsequently delayed to March 12, 2014 at which time the vessel commenced trading in the spot market.

In March 2013, the VLCC Ulysses (ex-Phoenix Voyager) was redelivered from its bareboat charter and commenced trading in the spot market.

In May 2013, we redelivered the chartered-in VLCC DHT Eagle to its owners.
B.  BUSINESS OVERVIEW

As of December 31, 2013, our tanker fleet consisted of 33 vessels, including nine vessels owned through our majority-owned subsidiary, ITCL, comprised of 23 VLCCs and 10 Suezmax tankers, which were either owned or chartered in. We also had two Suezmax newbuildings on order, six VLCCs and six Suezmax tankers under commercial management. As of December 31, 2013, our tanker fleet had total tonnage of approximately 11.3 million dwt, including 2.8 million dwt under our commercial management, and an average age of approximately 14.9 years.

Although there has been a trend towards consolidation over the past 15 years, the tanker market remains highly fragmented. We estimate, based on available industry data that we currently own or operate approximately 4.7% of the world VLCC fleet and 3.6% of the world Suezmax tanker fleet.

We operate in the tanker market as an international provider of seaborne transportation of crude oil. Following the termination of the lease on our final OBO carrier in March 2013, the results of our OBO carriers have been recorded as discontinued operations. An analysis of revenues (excluding other income) from continuing operations is as follows:
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

2011

Total operating revenues – tanker market
491,436

552,576

702,526


Our vessels operate worldwide and therefore management does not evaluate performance by geographical region as this information is not meaningful.

We own various vessel owning and operating subsidiaries. Our operations take place substantially outside of the United States. Our subsidiaries, therefore, own and operate vessels that may be affected by changes in foreign governments and other economic and political conditions. We are engaged primarily in transporting crude oil and, in addition, raw materials like coal and iron ore and our vessels operate in the spot and time charter markets. Our VLCCs are specifically designed for the transportation of crude oil and, due to their size, are primarily used to transport crude oil from the Middle East Gulf to the Far East, Northern Europe, the Caribbean and the Louisiana Offshore Oil Port, or LOOP. Our Suezmax tankers are similarly designed for worldwide trading, but the trade for these vessels is mainly in the Atlantic Basin, Middle East and Southeast Asia.
In December 2008, Teekay Corporation, or Teekay, and the Company announced an agreement to commercially combine their Suezmax tankers within the Gemini pool. Effective from January 1, 2009, we placed our Suezmax tankers within the Gemini pool, bringing the total number of vessels in the pool to 36. In December 2011, we left the Gemini pool and established the Orion Tankers pool with Nordic American Tankers Limited (NYSE: NAT), or NAT. This Suezmax pool had 29 double hull Suezmax tankers. We left the Orion Tankers pool in the fourth quarter of 2012.
We are committed to providing quality transportation services to all of our customers and to developing and maintaining long-term relationships with the major charterers of tankers. Increasing global environmental concerns have created a demand in the petroleum products/crude oil seaborne transportation industry for vessels that are able to conform to the stringent environmental standards currently being imposed throughout the world.

The tanker industry is highly cyclical, experiencing volatility in profitability, vessel values and freight rates. Freight rates are strongly influenced by the supply of tanker vessels and the demand for oil transportation. Refer to Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects-Overview" for a discussion of the tanker market in 2012 and 2013.


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Similar to structures commonly used by other shipping companies, our vessels are all owned by, or chartered to, separate subsidiaries or associated companies. Frontline Management AS and Frontline Management (Bermuda) Limited, both wholly-owned subsidiaries, which we refer to collectively as Frontline Management, support us in the implementation of our decisions. Frontline Management is responsible for the commercial management of our shipowning subsidiaries, including chartering and insurance. Each of our vessels is registered under the Bahamas, Liberian, Cypriot, Singaporean, Isle of Man, Marshall Islands or Hong Kong flag.

In August 2009, the Company established SeaTeam Management, a ship management company in Singapore. SeaTeam Management is a complement to the external ship management companies currently offering services to the Company and is not a change in the Company's outsourcing strategy. However, we would like to strengthen our position towards our service providers to enhance and secure delivery of high quality service at low cost in the future. SeaTeam Management was certified and received its ISM Document of Compliance by Det Norske Veritas on February 3, 2010 and is an approved ship management company. In addition, a crewing company was formally opened in Chennai, India, in January 2010 and an office was opened in the Philippines in October 2013.

Our principal executive offices are located at Par-la-Ville Place, 14 Par-la-Ville Road in Hamilton, Bermuda.

Strategy

Our principal focus is the transportation of crude oil and its related refined dirty petroleum cargoes for major oil companies and major oil trading companies. We seek to optimize our income and adjust our exposure through actively pursuing charter opportunities whether through time charters, bareboat charters, sale and leasebacks, straight sales and purchases of vessels, newbuilding contracts and acquisitions.

We presently operate VLCCs and Suezmax tankers in the tanker market. Our preferred strategy is to have some fixed charter income coverage for our fleet, predominantly through time charters, and trade the balance of the fleet on the spot market. Due to the very limited availability of time charter contracts, however, our fleet is mainly trading in the spot market. We focus on minimizing time spent on ballast by "cross trading" our vessels, typically with voyages loading in the Persian Gulf discharging in Northern Europe, followed by a trans-Atlantic voyage to the U.S. Gulf of Mexico and, finally, a voyage from either the Caribbean or West Africa to the Far East/Indian Ocean. We believe that operating a certain number of vessels in the spot market, enables us to capitalize on a potentially stronger spot market as well as to serve our main customers on a regular non term basis. We believe that the size of our fleet is important in negotiating terms with our major clients and charterers. We also believe that our large, high-quality VLCC and Suezmax fleet enhances our ability to obtain competitive terms from suppliers and ship repairers and builders and to produce cost savings in chartering and operations.

Our business strategy is primarily based upon the following principles:

•
emphasizing operational safety and quality maintenance for all of our vessels;
•
complying with all current and proposed environmental regulations;
•
outsourcing technical operations and crewing;
•
continuing to achieve competitive operational costs;
•
operating a homogeneous fleet of tankers;
•
achieving high utilization of our vessels;
•
achieving competitive financing arrangements;
•
achieving a satisfactory mix of term charters, contracts of affreightment, or COAs, and spot voyages; and
•
developing and maintaining relationships with major oil companies and industrial charterers.

We have a strategy of extensive outsourcing, which includes the outsourcing of management, crewing and accounting services to a number of independent and competing suppliers. Our vessels are managed by independent ship management companies. Pursuant to management agreements, each of the independent ship management companies provides operations, ship maintenance, crewing, technical support, shipyard supervision and related services to us. A central part of our strategy is to benchmark operational performance and cost level amongst our ship managers. Independent ship managers provide crewing for our vessels. Currently, our vessels are crewed with Russian, Ukrainian, Croatian, Romanian, Indian and Filipino officers and crews, or combinations of these nationalities. Accounting services for each of our ship-owning subsidiaries are also provided by the ship managers.

Seasonality


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Historically, oil trade and, therefore, charter rates increased in the winter months and eased in the summer months as demand for oil in the Northern Hemisphere rose in colder weather and fell in warmer weather. The tanker industry, in general, has become less dependent on the seasonal transport of heating oil than a decade ago as new uses for oil and oil products have developed, spreading consumption more evenly over the year. This is most apparent from the higher seasonal demand during the summer months due to energy requirements for air conditioning and motor vehicles.

Customers

During the year ended December 31, 2013 , no customer represented more than 10% of consolidated operating revenues (2012: one customers, which represented 18% and 2011: one customer, which represented 24%). No other customers represent more than 10% of consolidated operating revenues for the periods presented.

Competition

The market for international seaborne crude oil transportation services is highly fragmented and competitive. Seaborne crude oil transportation services generally are provided by two main types of operators: major oil company captive fleets (both private and state-owned) and independent ship-owner fleets. In addition, several owners and operators pool their vessels together on an ongoing basis, and such pools are available to customers to the same extent as independently owned-and-operated fleets. Many major oil companies and other oil trading companies, the primary charterers of the vessels owned or controlled by us, also operate their own vessels and use such vessels not only to transport their own crude oil but also to transport crude oil for third-party charterers in direct competition with independent owners and operators in the tanker charter market. Competition for charters is intense and is based upon price, location, size, age, condition and acceptability of the vessel and its manager. Competition is also affected by the availability of other size vessels to compete in the trades in which the Company engages. Charters are, to a large extent, brokered through international independent brokerage houses that specialize in finding the optimal ship for any particular cargo based on the aforementioned criteria. Brokers may be appointed by the cargo shipper or the ship owner.

Environmental and Other Regulations

Government regulations and laws significantly affect the ownership and operation of our vessels. We are subject to international conventions, national, state and local laws and regulations in force in the countries in which our vessels may operate or are registered and compliance with such laws, regulations and other requirements may entail significant expense.

Our vessels are subject to both scheduled and unscheduled inspections by a variety of government, quasi-governmental and private organizations including local port authorities, national authorities, harbor masters or equivalents, classification societies, flag state administrations (countries of registry) and charterers. Our failure to maintain permits, licenses, certificates or other approvals required by some of these entities could require us to incur substantial costs or temporarily suspend operation of one or more of our vessels.

We believe that the heightened levels of environmental and quality concerns among insurance underwriters, regulators and charterers have led to greater inspection and safety requirements on all vessels and may accelerate the scrapping of older vessels throughout the industry. Increasing environmental concerns have created a demand for vessels that conform to stricter environmental standards.  We believe that the operation of our vessels is in substantial compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations and that our vessels have all material permits, licenses, certificates or other authorizations necessary for the conduct of our operations; however, because such laws and regulations are frequently changed and may impose increasingly stricter requirements, we cannot predict with certainty the ultimate cost of complying with these requirements, or the impact of these requirements on the resale value or useful lives of our vessels. In addition, a future serious marine incident that results in significant oil pollution or otherwise causes significant adverse environmental impact, such as the 2010 BP plc Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, could result in additional legislation or regulation that could negatively affect our profitability.
International Maritime Organization

The International Maritime Organization, or the IMO, is the United Nations agency for maritime safety and the prevention of pollution by ships.  The IMO has adopted several international conventions that regulate the international shipping industry, including but not limited to the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage of 1969, amended and replaced by the 1992 protocol, generally referred to as CLC, the International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage of 2001, and the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships of 1973, or the MARPOL Convention. The MARPOL Convention is broken into six Annexes, each of which establishes environmental standards relating to different sources of pollution: Annex I relates to oil leakage or spilling; Annexes II and III relate to harmful substances carried, in bulk, in

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liquid or packaged form, respectively; Annexes IV and V relate to sewage and garbage management, respectively; and Annex VI relates to air emissions.

The operation of our vessels is also affected by the requirements contained in the International Safety Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention, or ISM Code, promulgated by the IMO under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea of 1974, or SOLAS. The ISM Code requires the party with operational control of a vessel to develop an extensive safety management system that includes, among other things, the adoption of a safety and environmental protection policy setting forth instructions and procedures for operating its vessels safely and describing procedures for responding to emergencies. We intend to rely upon the safety management system that our appointed ship managers have developed.

Noncompliance with the ISM Code or with other IMO regulations may subject a shipowner or bareboat charterer to increased liability, may lead to decreases in available insurance coverage for affected vessels and may result in the denial of access to, or detention in, some ports including United States and European Union ports.
United States

The U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act

The U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990, or OPA, established an extensive regulatory and liability regime for environmental protection and cleanup of oil spills. OPA affects all "owners and operators" whose vessels trade with the United States or its territories or possessions, or whose vessels operate in the waters of the United States, which include the U.S. territorial sea and the 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone around the United States. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, or CERCLA, imposes liability for cleanup and natural resource damage from the release of hazardous substances (other than oil) whether on land or at sea.  OPA and CERCLA both define "owner and operator" in the case of a vessel as any person owning, operating or chartering by demise, the vessel.  Accordingly, both OPA and CERCLA impact our operations.

Under OPA, vessel owners and operators are responsible parties who are jointly, severally and strictly liable (unless the spill results solely from the act or omission of a third party, an act of God or an act of war) for all containment and clean-up costs and other damages arising from oil spills from their vessels. OPA contains statutory caps on liability and damages; such caps do not apply to direct cleanup costs.  OPA limits the liability of responsible parties with respect to tankers over 3,000 gross tons to the greater of $2,000 per gross ton or $17.088 million per double hull tanker, and with respect to non-tank vessels, the greater of $1,000 per gross ton or $854,000 for any non-tank vessel, respectively.  These limits of liability do not apply if an incident was proximately caused by the violation of an applicable U.S. federal safety, construction or operating regulation by a responsible party (or its agent, employee or a person acting pursuant to a contractual relationship), or a responsible party's gross negligence or willful misconduct.  The limitation on liability similarly does not apply if the responsible party fails or refuses to (i) report the incident where the responsible party knows or has reason to know of the incident; (ii) reasonably cooperate and assist as requested in connection with oil removal activities; or (iii) without sufficient cause, comply with an order issued under the Federal Water Pollution Act (Section 311 (c), (e)) or the Intervention on the High Seas Act.

OPA permits individual states to impose their own liability regimes with regard to oil pollution incidents occurring within their boundaries, provided they accept, at a minimum, the levels of liability established under OPA. Some states have enacted legislation providing for unlimited liability for discharge of pollutants within their waters, however, in some cases, states which have enacted this type of legislation have not yet issued implementing regulations defining tanker owners' responsibilities under these laws.

The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico may also result in additional regulatory initiatives or statutes, including the raising of liability caps under OPA.  For example, effective October 22, 2012, the U.S. Bureau of Safety and Environment Enforcement (BSEE) implemented a final drilling safety rule for offshore oil and gas operations that strengthens the requirements for safety equipment, well control systems, and blowout prevention practices. Compliance with any new requirements of OPA may substantially impact our cost of operations or require us to incur additional expenses to comply with any new regulatory initiatives or statutes.

CERCLA contains a similar liability regime whereby owners and operators of vessels are liable for cleanup, removal and remedial costs, as well as damage for injury to, or destruction or loss of, natural resources, including the reasonable costs associated with assessing same, and health assessments or health effects studies.  There is no liability if the discharge of a hazardous substance results solely from the act or omission of a third party, an act of God or an act of war.  Liability under CERCLA is limited to the greater of $300 per gross ton or $5 million for vessels carrying a hazardous substance as cargo and the greater of $300 per gross ton or $500,000 for any other vessel.  These limits do not apply (rendering the responsible person liable for the total cost of response and damages) if the release or threat of release of a hazardous substance resulted from willful misconduct or negligence, or the primary cause of the release was a violation of applicable safety, construction or operating standards or regulations.  The limitation

26


on liability also does not apply if the responsible person fails or refuses to provide all reasonable cooperation and assistance as requested in connection with response activities where the vessel is subject to OPA.

OPA and CERCLA have no effect on the availability of damages under existing law, including maritime tort law. We believe that we are in substantial compliance with OPA, CERCLA and all applicable state regulations in the ports where our vessels call.

OPA and CERCLA both require owners and operators of vessels to establish and maintain with the U.S. Coast Guard evidence of financial responsibility sufficient to meet the maximum amount of liability to which the particular responsible person may be subject. Vessel owners and operators may satisfy their financial responsibility obligations by providing a proof of insurance, a surety bond, qualification as a self-insurer or a guarantee. Under OPA and CERCLA, an owner or operator of more than one tanker is required to demonstrate evidence of financial responsibility for the entire fleet in an amount equal only to the financial responsibility requirement of the tanker having the greatest maximum liability. We have provided such evidence and received certificates of financial responsibility from the U.S. Coast Guard for each of our vessels required to have one.

Other U.S. Environmental Initiatives

The U.S. Clean Water Act, or CWA, prohibits the discharge of oil, hazardous substances and ballast water in U.S. navigable waters unless authorized by a duly-issued permit or exemption, and imposes strict liability in the form of penalties for any unauthorized discharges. The CWA also imposes substantial liability for the costs of removal, remediation and damages and complements the remedies available under OPA and CERCLA. Furthermore, many U.S. states that border a navigable waterway have enacted environmental pollution laws that impose strict liability on a person for removal costs and damages resulting from a discharge of oil or a release of a hazardous substance. These laws may be more stringent than U.S. federal law.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, has enacted rules requiring a permit regulating ballast water discharges and other discharges incidental to the normal operation of certain vessels within United States waters under the Vessel General Permit for Discharges Incidental to the Normal Operation of Vessels, or VGP. For a new vessel delivered to an owner or operator after September 19, 2009 to be covered by the VGP, the owner must submit a Notice of Intent, or NOI, at least 30 days before the vessel operates in United States waters. On March 28, 2013, EPA re-issued the VGP for another five years; this 2013 VGP took effect December 19, 2013. This permit focuses on authorizing discharges incidental to operations of commercial vessels, and the new permit is also expected to contain numeric ballast water discharge limits for most vessels to reduce the risk of invasive species in US waters, more stringent requirements for exhaust gas scrubbers and the use of environmentally acceptable lubricants.

Compliance with the VGP could require the installation of equipment on our vessels to treat ballast water before it is discharged or the implementation of other disposal arrangements, and/or otherwise restrict our vessels from entering United States waters. In addition, certain states have enacted more stringent discharge standards as conditions to their required certification of the VGP. We submit NOIs for our vessels where required and do not believe that the costs associated with obtaining and complying with the VGP have a material impact on our operations.

U.S. Coast Guard regulations adopted under the U.S. National Invasive Species Act, or NISA, also impose mandatory ballast water management practices for all vessels equipped with ballast water tanks entering or operating in U.S. waters. As of June 21, 2012, the U.S. Coast Guard implemented revised regulations on ballast water management by establishing standards on the allowable concentration of living organisms in ballast water discharged from ships in U.S. waters. The revised ballast water standards are consistent with those adopted by the IMO in 2004.  Compliance with the EPA and the U.S. Coast Guard regulations could require the installation of certain engineering equipment and water treatment systems to treat ballast water before it is discharged or the implementation of other port facility disposal arrangements or procedures at potentially substantial cost, or may otherwise restrict our vessels from entering U.S. waters.

At the international level, the IMO adopted an International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments in February 2004, or the BWM Convention. The BWM Convention provides for a phased introduction of mandatory ballast water exchange requirements, to be replaced in time with mandatory concentration limits. The BWM Convention will not enter into force until 12 months after it has been adopted by 30 states, the combined merchant fleets of which represent not less than 35% of the gross tonnage of the world's merchant shipping. To date, there has not been sufficient adoption of this standard for it to take force.  However, Panama may adopt this standard in the relatively near future, which would be sufficient for it to take force.  Upon entry into force of the BWM Convention, mid-ocean ballast exchange would be mandatory, and the cost of compliance could increase for ocean carriers.  Although we do not believe that the costs of compliance with a mandatory mid-ocean ballast exchange would be material, it is difficult to predict the overall impact of such a requirement on our operations.

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The U.S. Clean Air Act, or the CAA, requires the EPA to promulgate standards applicable to emissions of volatile organic compounds and other air contaminants. Our vessels are subject to vapor control and recovery requirements for certain cargoes when loading, unloading, ballasting, cleaning and conducting other operations in regulated port areas. Our vessels that operate in such port areas with restricted cargoes are equipped with vapor recovery systems that satisfy these requirements. The CAA also requires states to draft State Implementation Plans, or SIPs, designed to attain national health-based air quality standards in each State. Although state-specific, SIPs may include regulations concerning emissions resulting from vessel loading and unloading operations by requiring the installation of vapor control equipment. As indicated above, our vessels operating in covered port areas are already equipped with vapor recovery systems that satisfy these existing requirements.

Compliance with the EPA and the U.S. Coast Guard regulations could require the installation of certain engineering equipment and water treatment systems to treat ballast water before it is discharged or the implementation of other port facility disposal arrangements or procedures at potentially substantial cost, or may otherwise restrict our vessels from entering U.S. waters.

European Union

In October 2009, the European Union amended a directive to impose criminal sanctions for illicit ship-source discharges of polluting substances, including minor discharges, if committed with intent, recklessly or with serious negligence and the discharges individually or in the aggregate result in deterioration of the quality of water. Aiding and abetting the discharge of a polluting substance may also lead to criminal penalties. Member States were required to enact laws or regulations to comply with the directive by the end of 2010. Criminal liability for pollution may result in substantial penalties or fines and increased civil liability claims.

The European Union has adopted several regulations and directives requiring, among other things, more frequent inspections of high-risk ships, as determined by type, age, and flag as well as the number of times the ship has been detained. The European Union also adopted and then extended a ban on substandard ships and enacted a minimum ban period and a definitive ban for repeated offenses. The regulation also provided the European Union with greater authority and control over classification societies, by imposing more requirements on classification societies and providing for fines or penalty payments for organizations that failed to comply.

Greenhouse Gas Regulation

Currently, the emissions of greenhouse gases from ships are not subject to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which entered into force in 2005 and pursuant to which adopting countries have been required to implement national programs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

As of January 1, 2013, all ships must comply with mandatory requirements adopted by the MEPC in July 2011 relating to greenhouse gas emissions. All ships are required to follow the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plans. Now the minimum energy efficiency levels per capacity mile, outlined in the Energy Efficiency Design Index, applies to all new ships. These requirements could cause us to incur additional compliance costs. The IMO is also considering the implementation of market-based mechanisms to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ships at an upcoming MEPC session. The European Union has indicated that it intends to propose an expansion of the existing European Union emissions trading scheme to include emissions of greenhouse gases from marine vessels, and in January 2012 the European Commission launched a public consultation on possible measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ships. In the United States, the EPA has issued a finding that greenhouse gases endanger the public health and safety and has adopted regulations to limit greenhouse gas emissions from certain mobile sources and large stationary sources. Although the mobile source emissions regulations do not apply to greenhouse gas emissions from vessels, such regulation of vessels is foreseeable, and the EPA has in recent years received petitions from the California Attorney General and various environmental groups seeking such regulation. Any passage of climate control legislation or other regulatory initiatives by the IMO, European Union, the U.S. or other countries where we operate, or any treaty adopted at the international level to succeed the Kyoto Protocol, that restrict emissions of greenhouse gases could require us to make significant financial expenditures which we cannot predict with certainty at this time.

International Labor Organization

The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of the UN with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. The ILO has adopted the Maritime Labor Convention 2006 (MLC 2006). A Maritime Labor Certificate and a Declaration of Maritime Labor Compliance will be required to ensure compliance with the MLC 2006 for all ships above 500 gross tons in international trade. The MLC 2006 will enter into force one year after 30 countries with a minimum of 33% of the world's tonnage have ratified it. On August 20, 2012, the required number of countries met and MLC 2006 entered into force on August 20, 2013. The ratification of MLC 2006 will require us to develop new procedures to ensure full compliance with its requirements.

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Vessel Security Regulations

Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, there have been a variety of initiatives intended to enhance vessel security.  On November 25, 2002, the U.S. Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002, or the MTSA, came into effect.  To implement certain portions of the MTSA, in July 2003, the U.S. Coast Guard issued regulations requiring the implementation of certain security requirements aboard vessels operating in waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.  The regulations also impose requirements on certain ports and facilities, some of which are regulated by the EPA.

Similarly, in December 2002, amendments to SOLAS created a new chapter of the convention dealing specifically with maritime security.  The new Chapter V became effective in July 2004 and imposes various detailed security obligations on vessels and port authorities, and mandates compliance with the ISPS Code.  The ISPS Code is designed to enhance the security of ports and ships against terrorism.  Amendments to SOLAS Chapter VII, made mandatory in 2004, apply to vessels transporting dangerous goods and require those vessels be in compliance with the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code.
To trade internationally, a vessel must attain an International Ship Security Certificate, or ISSC, from a recognized security organization approved by the vessel's flag state. Among the various requirements are:

•
on-board installation of automatic identification systems to provide a means for the automatic transmission of safety-related information from among similarly equipped ships and shore stations, including information on a ship's identity, position, course, speed and navigational status;
•
on-board installation of ship security alert systems, which do not sound on the vessel but only alert the authorities on shore;
•
the development of vessel security plans;
•
ship identification number to be permanently marked on a vessel's hull;
•
a continuous synopsis record kept onboard showing a vessel's history, including the name of the ship, the state whose flag the ship is entitled to fly, the date on which the ship was registered with that state, the ship's identification number, the port at which the ship is registered and the name of the registered owner(s) and their registered address; and
•
compliance with flag state security certification requirements.

A ship operating without a valid certificate, may be detained at port until it obtains an ISSC, or it may be expelled from port, or refused entry at port.

The U.S. Coast Guard regulations, intended to align with international maritime security standards, exempt from MTSA vessel security measures non-U.S. vessels that have on board, as of July 1, 2004, a valid ISSC attesting to the vessel's compliance with SOLAS security requirements and the ISPS Code. We believe that our fleet is currently in compliance with applicable security requirements.

Inspection by Classification Societies

Every oceangoing vessel must be "classed" by a classification society. The classification society certifies that the vessel is "in-class," signifying that the vessel has been built and maintained in accordance with the rules of the classification society and complies with applicable rules and regulations of the vessel's country of registry and the international conventions of which that country is a member. In addition, where surveys are required by international conventions and corresponding laws and ordinances of a flag state, the classification society will undertake them on application or by official order, acting on behalf of the authorities concerned.

Most insurance underwriters make it a condition for insurance coverage that a vessel be certified as "in-class" by a classification society which is a member of the International Association of Classification Societies. All our vessels are certified as being "in-class" by a recognized classification society.

Risk of Loss and Insurance


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The operation of any ocean-going vessel carries an inherent risk of catastrophic marine disasters and property losses caused by adverse weather conditions, mechanical failures, human error, war, terrorism and other circumstances or events. In addition, the transportation of crude oil is subject to the risk of spills, and business interruptions due to political circumstances in foreign countries, hostilities, labor strikes and boycotts. OPA has made liability insurance more expensive for ship owners and operators imposing potentially unlimited liability upon owners, operators and bareboat charterers for oil pollution incidents in the territorial waters of the United States. We believe that our current insurance coverage is adequate to protect us against the principal accident-related risks that we face in the conduct of our business.

Our protection and indemnity insurance, or P&I insurance, covers third-party liabilities and other related expenses from, among other things, injury or death of crew, passengers and other third parties, claims arising from collisions, damage to cargo and other third-party property and pollution arising from oil or other substances. Our current P&I insurance coverage for pollution is the maximum commercially available amount of $1.0 billion per tanker per incident and is provided by mutual protection and indemnity associations. Each of the vessels currently in our fleet is entered in a protection and indemnity association which is a member of the International Group of Protection and Indemnity Mutual Assurance Associations. The 13 protection and indemnity associations that comprise the International Group insure approximately 90% of the world's commercial tonnage and have entered into a pooling agreement to reinsure each association's liabilities. The pool provides a mechanism for sharing all claims in excess of $9 million up to, currently, approximately $7.5 billion. As a member of protection and indemnity associations, which are, in turn, members of the International Group, we are subject to calls payable to the associations based on its claim records as well as the claim records of all other members of the individual associations and members of the pool of protection and indemnity associations comprising the International Group.
Our hull and machinery insurance covers actual or constructive total loss from covered risks of collision, fire, heavy weather, grounding and engine failure or damages from same. Our war risks insurance covers risks of confiscation, seizure, capture, vandalism, terrorism, sabotage and other war-related risks. Our loss-of-hire insurance covers loss of revenue for not less than $20,000 per day for Suezmax tankers and $25,000 per day for VLCCs for not less than 180 days resulting from an accident covered by the terms of our hull and machinery insurance for each of our vessels, with a 60 day deductible for all Suezmax tankers and VLCCs.

C.  ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

See Exhibit 8.1 to this Form 20-F for a list of our significant subsidiaries.

D.  PROPERTY, PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT

The Company's Vessels

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the fleet that we operated as of December 31, 2013 (including contracted newbuildings not yet delivered):
Vessel
Built
Approximate Dwt.
Construction
Flag
Type of Employment
Tonnage Owned Directly
VLCCs
Ulriken (ex-Antares Voyager)
1998
310,000
Double-hull
BA
Spot market
Ulysses (ex-Phoenix Voyager) (1)
1999
308,500
Double-hull
BA
Spot market
Pioneer (ex-British Pioneer)
1999
307,000
Double-hull
IoM
Spot market
British Pride (2)
2000
307,000
Double-hull
IoM
Bareboat charter
British Progress (3)
2000
307,000
Double-hull
IoM
Bareboat charter
British Purpose
2000
307,000
Double-hull
IoM
Bareboat charter
Suezmax Tankers
Cygnus Voyager (4)
1993
157,000
Double-hull
BA
Bareboat charter
Altair Voyager (4)
1993
136,000
Double-hull
BA
Bareboat charter
Sirius Voyager (4)
1994
156,000
Double-hull
BA
Bareboat charter
Hull 1161 (Newbuilding)
2014
157,000
Double-hull
n/a
n/a
Hull 1162 (Newbuilding)
2014
157,000
Double-hull
n/a
n/a


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Tonnage Chartered in from
Ship Finance
VLCCs
Front Vanguard
1998
300,000
Double-hull
MI
Spot market
Front Century
1998
311,000
Double-hull
MI
Spot market
Front Comanche
1999
300,000
Double-hull
LIB
Spot market
Front Circassia
1999
306,000
Double-hull
MI
Spot market
Front Opalia
1999
302,000
Double-hull
MI
Spot market
Front Commerce
1999
300,000
Double-hull
LIB
Spot market
Front Scilla
2000
303,000
Double-hull
MI
Spot market
Front Ariake
2001
299,000
Double-hull
BA
Spot market
Front Serenade
2002
299,000
Double-hull
LIB
Spot market
Front Hakata
2002
298,000
Double-hull
BA
Spot market
Front Stratus
2002
299,000
Double-hull
LIB
Spot market
Front Falcon
2002
309,000
Double-hull
BA
Spot market
Front Page
2002
299,000
Double-hull
LIB
Spot market
Front Energy
2004
305,000
Double-hull
CYP
Spot market
Front Force
2004
305,000
Double-hull
MI
Spot market
Suezmax Tankers
Front Glory
1995
150,000
Double-hull
MI
Spot market
Front Splendour
1995
150,000
Double-hull
MI
Spot market
Front Ardenne
1997
150,000
Double-hull
MI
Spot market
Front Brabant
1998
150,000
Double-hull
MI
Spot market
Mindanao
1998
150,000
Double-hull
SG
Spot market
Tonnage Chartered in from
Third Parties
VLCCs
Front Tina (5)
2000
299,000
Double-hull
LIB
Spot market
Front Commodore (5)
2000
299,000
Double-hull
LIB
Spot market
Suezmax Tankers
Front Melody (5)
2001
150,000
Double-hull
LIB
Spot market
Front Symphony (5)
2001
150,000
Double-hull
LIB
Spot market
Tonnage under Commercial Management
VLCCs
Front Kathrine
2009
297,974
Double-hull
MI
Spot market
Front Queen
2009
297,000
Double-hull
MI
Spot market
Front Eminence
2009
321,300
Double-hull
MI
Time charter
Front Endurance
2009
321,300
Double-hull
MI
Spot market
Front Cecilie
2010
297,000
Double-hull
HK
Spot market
Front Signe
2010
297,000
Double-hull
HK
Spot market


31


Suezmax Tankers
Northia
2010
156,000
Double-hull
MI
Spot related time charter
Naticina
2010
156,000
Double-hull
MI
Spot related time charter
Front Odin
2010
156,000
Double-hull
MI
Spot market
Front Njord
2010
156,000
Double-hull
HK
Spot market
Glorycrown
2009
156,000
Double-hull
HK
Spot market
Everbright
2010
156,000
Double-hull
HK
Spot market

(1) The vessel was sold in March 2014 and was delivered to the buyer on March 11, 2014.
(2) In July 2013, the charterer provided twelve months irrevocable notice of termination of the bareboat charter and the vessel will be redelivered to the Company on July 30, 2014.
(3) The charterer gave twelve months notice of its intention to terminate the bareboat charter in January 2013. The termination was expected to take effect on February 2, 2014 and was subsequently delayed to March 12, 2014 at which time the vessel commenced trading in the spot market.
(4) Vessel is owned by a majority-owned subsidiary, which is a variable interest entity and is accounted for under the equity method as the Company has determined that it is not the primary beneficiary of the variable interest entity.
(5) The lessor has a fixed price option to sell this vessel to us at the end of the lease on December 31, 2015.

Our chartered in fleet is contracted to us under leasing arrangements with fixed terms of between two and fifteen years.

Key to Flags:

BA – Bahamas, IoM – Isle of Man, LIB - Liberia, SG - Singapore, MI – Marshall Islands, CYP – Cyprus, HK – Hong Kong.

Other than our interests in the vessels described above, we do not own any material physical properties. We lease office space in Hamilton, Bermuda from an unaffiliated third party. Frontline Management AS leases office space, at market rates, in Oslo, Norway from Bryggegata AS, a company indirectly affiliated with Hemen, our principal shareholder.

ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

A. OPERATING RESULTS

Overview

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with Item 3, "Selected Financial Data", Item 4, "Information on the Company" and our audited Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included herein.

As of December 31, 2013, our tanker fleet consisted of 33 vessels, including nine vessels owned through our majority-owned subsidiary, ITCL, comprised of 23 VLCCs and 10 Suezmax tankers, which were either owned or chartered in. We also had two Suezmax newbuildings on order, six VLCCs and six Suezmax tankers under commercial management.

A full fleet list is provided in Item 4.D. "Information on the Company" showing the vessels that we currently own and charter-in.


32


Fleet Changes

Refer to Item 4 for discussion on acquisitions and disposals of vessels. A summary of our fleet changes for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 is as follows:
2013

2012

2011

VLCCs
At start of period
27

31

44

Acquisitions
—

—

1

Dispositions
(2
)
(2
)
(10
)
Chartered in
(2
)
(2
)
(4
)
At end of period
23

27

31


Suezmax
At start of period
11

12

21

Acquisitions
—

—

—

Dispositions
(1
)
(1
)
(8
)
Chartered in
—

—

(1
)
At end of period
10

11

12

Suezmax OBOs
At start of period
1

5

8

Acquisitions
—

—

—

Dispositions
(1
)
(4
)
(3
)
Chartered in
—

—

—

At end of period
—

1

5

Total fleet
At start of period
39

48

73

Acquisitions
—

—

1

Dispositions
(4
)
(7
)
(21
)
Chartered in
(2
)
(2
)
(5
)
At end of period
33

39

48



33


Summary of Fleet Employment

As discussed below, our vessels are operated under time charters, bareboat charters and voyage charters.
As of December 31,
2013
2012
2011
Number of vessels

Percentage of fleet

Number of vessels

Percentage
of fleet

Number of vessels

Percentage of fleet

VLCCs
Spot or pool
20

87
%
21

78
%
15

48
%
Spot related time charter
—

—

—

—

8

26
%
Time charter
—

—

1

4
%
1

3
%
Bareboat charter
3

13
%
5

18
%
7

23
%
Total
23

100
%
27

100
%
31

100
%
Suezmax
Spot or pool
7

70
%
7

64
%
6

50
%
Spot related time charter
—

—

1

9
%
2

17
%
Time charter
—

—

—

—

1

8
%
Bareboat charter
3

30
%
3

27
%
3

25
%
Total
10

100
%
11

100
%
12

100
%
Suezmax OBOs




Spot or pool
—

—

1

100
%
—

—

Time charter
—

—

—

—

5

100
%
Total
—

—

1

100
%
5

100
%
Total fleet




Spot or pool
27

82
%
29

74
%
21

44
%
Spot related time charter
—

—

1

3
%
10

21
%
Time charter
—

—

1

3
%
7

15
%
Bareboat charter
6

18
%
8

20
%
10

20
%
Total
33

100
%
39

100
%
48

100
%

Market Overview and Trend Information

The market rate for a VLCC trading on a standard ‘TD3’ voyage between the Arabian Gulf and Japan in the fourth quarter of 2013 was WS 53, representing an increase of WS 17 points from the third quarter of 2013 and an increase of WS 10 points from the fourth quarter of 2012. The flat rate increased by 9.1 percent from 2012 to 2013.

The market rate for a Suezmax trading on a standard 'TD5' voyage between West Africa and Philadelphia in the fourth quarter of 2013 was WS 66, representing an increase of WS 10 points from the third quarter of 2013 and an increase of WS 5 points from the fourth quarter of 2012. The flat rate increased by 9.3 percent from 2012 to 2013.

Bunkers at Fujairah averaged $615/mt in the fourth quarter of 2013 compared to $660/mt in the third quarter of 2013. Bunker prices varied between a high of $629/mt on November 1 and a low of $604.5/mt on October 2.

The International Energy Agency's ("IEA") February 2014 report stated an OPEC crude production, including Iraq, of 29.8 million barrels per day (mb/d) in the fourth of 2013. This was a decrease of 0.8 mb/d compared to the third quarter of 2013 due to Libyan production collapsing and Iraq being unable to sustain the record levels seen earlier in the year.

The IEA estimates that world oil demand averaged 92.2 mb/d in the fourth quarter of 2013, which is an increase of 0.2 mb/d compared to the previous quarter. IEA estimates that world oil demand in 2014 will be 92.6 mb/d, representing an increase of 1.4 percent or 1.3 mb/d from 2013.


34


The VLCC fleet totaled 623 vessels at the end of 2013 compared with 622 vessels at the end of 2012. The order book counted 82 vessels at the end of 2013, which represents approximately 13 percent of the VLCC fleet. According to industry sources, there is one remaining single hull vessel.

The Suezmax fleet totaled 446 vessels at the end of 2013 compared with 468 vessels at the end of 2012. The order book counted 40 vessels at the end of 2013, which represents approximately nine percent of the Suezmax fleet. According to industry sources, there are three remaining single hull vessels.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of our financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires that management make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.

Management believes that the following accounting policies are the most critical in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results as they require a higher degree of judgment in their application resulting from the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. See Note 2 to our audited Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for details of all of our material accounting policies.

Revenue and expense recognition

Revenues and expenses are recognized on the accruals basis. Revenues are generated from voyage charter, time charter and bareboat charter hires. Voyage revenues are recognized ratably over the estimated length of each voyage and, therefore, are allocated between reporting periods based on the relative transit time in each period. Voyage expenses are recognized as incurred. Probable losses on voyages are provided for in full at the time such losses can be estimated. Time charter and bareboat charter revenues are recorded over the term of the charter as service is provided. The Company uses a discharge-to-discharge basis in determining percentage of completion for all spot voyages and voyages servicing contracts of affreightment whereby it recognizes revenue ratably from when product is discharged (unloaded) at the end of one voyage to when it is discharged after the next voyage. However, the Company does not recognize revenue if a charter has not been contractually committed to by a customer and the Company, even if the vessel has discharged its cargo and is sailing to the anticipated load port on its next voyage.

Profit share expense represents amounts due to Ship Finance based on 20% (increased to 25% with effect from January 1, 2012) of the excess of vessel revenues earned by the Company over the base hire paid to Ship Finance for chartering in the vessels.
Revenues and voyage expenses of the vessels operating in pool arrangements are pooled and the resulting net pool revenues, calculated on a time charter equivalent basis, are allocated to the pool participants according to an agreed formula on the basis of the number of days a vessel operates in the pool. The pools are responsible for paying voyage expenses and distribute net pool revenues to the participants. Pool revenues are reported net of voyage expenses as voyage charter revenue for all periods presented.

Vessels and equipment

The cost of the vessels less estimated residual value is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the vessels' estimated remaining economic useful lives. The estimated economic useful life of the Company's vessels is 25 years. Other equipment is depreciated over its estimated remaining useful life, which approximates five years. The residual value for owned vessels is calculated by multiplying the lightweight tonnage of the vessel by the market price of scrap per tonne. The market price of scrap per tonne is calculated as the 10 year average, up to the date of delivery of the vessel, across the three main recycling markets (Far East, Indian sub continent and Bangladesh). Residual values are reviewed annually.


35


Vessel Impairment

The carrying values of the Company's vessels may not represent their fair market value at any point in time since the market prices of second-hand vessels tend to fluctuate with changes in charter rates and the cost of newbuildings. Historically, both charter rates and vessel values tend to be cyclical. The carrying amounts of vessels held and used by the Company and newbuildings are reviewed for potential impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of a particular vessel may not be fully recoverable. Such indicators may include depressed spot rates and depressed second hand tanker values. In such instances, an impairment charge would be recognized if the estimate of the undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the vessel and its eventual disposition is less than the vessel's carrying amount. The impairment charge is measured as the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value. This assessment is made at the individual vessel level as separately identifiable cash flow information for each vessel is available.

In developing estimates of future cash flows, the Company must make assumptions about future performance, with significant assumptions being related to charter rates, ship operating expenses, utilization, drydocking requirements, residual value, the estimated remaining useful lives of the vessels and the probability of lease terminations for vessels held under capital lease. These assumptions are based on historical trends as well as future expectations. Specifically, in estimating future charter rates, management takes into consideration rates currently in effect for existing time charters and estimated daily time charter equivalent rates for each vessel class for the unfixed days over the estimated remaining lives of each of the vessels. The estimated daily time charter equivalent rates used for unfixed days are based on a combination of (i) time charter forecasts, and (ii) the trailing 20-year historical average rates, based on quarterly average rates published by an independent third party maritime research service. Recognizing that the transportation of crude oil is cyclical and subject to significant volatility based on factors beyond the Company's control, management believes the use of estimates based on the combination of internally forecasted rates and 20-year historical average rates calculated as of the reporting date to be reasonable.

Estimated outflows for operating expenses and drydocking requirements are based on historical and budgeted costs and are adjusted for assumed inflation. Finally, utilization is based on historical levels achieved and estimates of a residual value are consistent with the pattern of scrap rates used in management's evaluation of salvage value.

The more significant factors that could impact management's assumptions regarding time charter equivalent rates include (i) loss or reduction in business from significant customers, (ii) unanticipated changes in demand for transportation of crude oil and dry bulk cargoes, (iii) changes in production of or demand for oil, generally or in particular regions, (iv) greater than anticipated levels of tanker newbuilding orders or lower than anticipated levels of tanker scrappings, and (v) changes in rules and regulations applicable to the tanker industry, including legislation adopted by international organizations such as IMO and the EU or by individual countries. Although management believes that the assumptions used to evaluate potential impairment are reasonable and appropriate at the time they were made, such assumptions are highly subjective and likely to change, possibly materially, in the future. There can be no assurance as to how long charter rates and vessel values will remain at their current low levels or whether they will improve by a significant degree. If charter rates were to remain at depressed levels future assessments of vessel impairment would be adversely affected.

The following table summarizes the actual rates used by the Company in its impairment testing at December 31, 2013 , together with the actual rates achieved in the fourth quarter of 2013, for its VLCCs and Suezmax tankers;
Rates Used (1)
($ per day)
First three years

Thereafter
Actual rate (2)

VLCC
25,800

38,000 and 41,500
22,400

Suezmax
19,800

30,400 and 32,800
12,900

1.
The Company uses time charter rates for three years and a 20-year historical average rate thereafter. The Company uses different historical average rates to reflect the fact that vessels may trade at lower rates once they reach the age of 15 years.
2.
The actual rate is the average rate achieved by the Company's vessels in the fourth quarter of 2013.

36


During 2013, the Company identified three vessels held under capital lease where they believed that future cash flows for each vessel was less than the carrying value and, therefore, not fully recoverable. The Company recorded an impairment loss of $103.7 million in 2013. The loss relates to three vessels leased from Ship Finance and recorded as vessels under capital lease - Golden Victory ( $45.6 million ), Front Champion ( $42.5 million ) and Front Century ( $15.6 million ). The impairment loss recorded on each vessel is equal to the difference between the asset's carrying value and estimated fair value. The leases on Front Champion and Golden Victory were terminated in November 2013 and a 100% lease termination probability was assigned to these two vessels as of September 30, 2013. The fair value of Front Century was determined using expected future cash flows from the leased vessel.

If the trailing 1-year and 3-year historical average rates had been used in the cash flow forecasts then the carrying values of 21 and eight of the Company's VLCCs and Suezmax tankers (owned and held under capital lease) would not have been recovered. This would have resulted in an impairment loss in 2013 of approximately $540.1 million and approximately $530.7 million, respectively, when using trailing 1-year and 3-year historical average rates.

If the trailing 5-year historical average rates had been used in the cash flow forecasts then the carrying values of 15 and three of the Company's VLCCs and Suezmax tankers (owned and held under capital lease), respectively, would not have been recovered. This would have resulted in an impairment loss in 2013 of approximately $292.8 million.

If the trailing 1-year, 3-year and 5-year historical average rates had been used in the cash flow forecasts then the carrying values of the two newbuildings would not have been recovered. This would have resulted in an impairment loss in 2013 of approximately $10.2 million.

Our Fleet – Comparison of Possible Excess of Carrying Value Over Estimated Charter-Free Market Value of Certain Vessels
In "Critical Accounting Policies – Vessel Impairment" we discuss our policy for impairing the carrying values of our vessels. During the past few years, the market values of vessels have experienced particular volatility, with substantial declines in many vessel classes. As a result, the charter-free market value, or basic market value, of certain of our vessels may have declined below those vessels' carrying value, even though we did not impair those vessels' carrying value under our accounting impairment policy, due to our belief that future undiscounted cash flows expected to be earned by such vessels over their operating lives would exceed such vessels' carrying amounts.

Our estimates of basic market value assume that our vessels are all in good and seaworthy condition without need for repair and, if inspected, would be certified in class without notations of any kind. Our estimates are based on the estimated market values for our vessels that we have received from independent ship brokers and are inherently uncertain. In addition, vessel values are highly volatile; as such, our estimates may not be indicative of the current or future basic market value of our vessels or prices that we could achieve if we were to sell them.

The table set forth below indicates the carrying value of each of our owned vessels as of December 31, 2013 and 2012. As of December 31, 2013 , 2012 and the date of this annual report, we were not holding any of the vessels listed in the table below as held for sale. We believe that the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be earned by those vessels, which have experienced a decline in charter-free market value below such vessels' carrying value, over their operating lives would exceed such vessels' carrying values as of December 31, 2013 , and accordingly, have not recorded an impairment charge.
Carrying Value at Dec 31
Vessel
Built
Approximate
Dwt.

2013

2012

VLCCs


Ulriken
1998
310,000

40.6

43.5

Ulysses (ex-Phoenix Voyager )
1999
308,500

41.7

44.6

Pioneer
1999
307,000

43.6

46.5

British Progress
2000
307,000

45.2

48.1

British Pride
2000
307,000

46.6

49.5

British Purpose
2000
307,000

45.7

48.7

263.4

280.9



37


We believe the basic charter-free market value for each of the six vessels owned at December 31, 2013 as shown in the table above is lower than the vessel's carrying value. We believe that the aggregate carrying value of these vessels exceeds their aggregate basic charter-free market value by $106.9 million. We refer you to the risk factor entitled "Because the market value of our vessels may fluctuate significantly, we may incur losses when we sell vessels which may adversely affect our earnings" and the discussion herein under the heading "Business Overview".

In March 2014, a subsidiary of ITCL entered into an agreement to sell the VLCC Ulysses (ex-Phoenix Voyager) to an unrelated third party. The vessel was delivered to the buyer on March 11, 2014 and we expect to record a loss of approximately $15.3 million in the first quarter of 2014.

Vessels and equipment under capital lease

The Company charters in certain vessels and equipment under leasing agreements. Leases of vessels and equipment, where the Company has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership, are classified as capital leases. Capital leases are capitalized at the inception of the lease at the lower of the fair value of the leased assets and the present value of the minimum lease payments.

Each lease payment is allocated between liability and finance charges to achieve a constant rate on the finance balance outstanding. The interest element of the finance cost is charged to the income statement over the lease period.

When the terms of a lease are modified, other than by renewing the lease or extending its term, the lease is reassessed as if the new terms where in place at inception of the lease. If this results in a different classification of the lease then the modification is considered a new agreement and accounted for as such from the date the modification came into effect. If the provisions of a capital lease are changed in a way that changes the amount of the remaining minimum lease payments, the present balances of the asset and the obligation are adjusted by an amount equal to the difference between the present value of the future minimum lease payments under the revised or new agreement (computed using the interest rate used to recognize the lease initially) and the present balance of the obligation.

Where the provisions of a capital lease contain a floating rate element, such as an index linked rate of hire, then the minimum lease payments are assumed to equal the index at inception of the lease. Any variations in the index, and therefore the payments made, are accounted for as contingent rental income or expense and are taken to the statement of operations in the period in which they become realizable and recorded within 'Contingent rental (income) expense'.

Depreciation of vessels and equipment under capital lease is included within "depreciation" in the consolidated statement of operations. Vessels and equipment under capital lease are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the vessels' remaining economic useful lives or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. The method applied is determined by the criteria by which the lease has been assessed to be a capital lease.

Factors Affecting our Results

The principal factors which affect our results of operations and financial position include:

•
the earnings of our vessels;
•
gains and losses from the sale of assets and amortization of deferred gains;
•
vessel operating expenses;
•
impairment losses on vessels;
•
contingent rental (income) expense;
•
administrative expenses;
•
depreciation;
•
interest expense;
•
equity gains (losses) of unconsolidated subsidiaries and associated companies;
•
debt conversion expense.

We have derived our earnings from bareboat charters, time charters, voyage charters and pool arrangements. As of December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, 27, 29 and 21, respectively, of our vessels operated in the voyage charter market. The tanker industry has historically been highly cyclical, experiencing volatility in profitability, vessel values and freight rates. In particular, freight and charter rates are strongly influenced by the supply of tanker vessels and the demand for oil transportation services.

Gains and losses from the sale of assets and amortization of deferred gains includes gains or losses from the sale of vessels, sale of subsidiaries, gains and losses from the termination of leases, and the amortization of deferred gains.

38



Operating costs are the direct costs associated with running a vessel and include crew costs, vessel supplies, repairs and maintenance, drydockings, lubricating oils and insurance.

An impairment loss on a vessel, equal to the difference between the vessel's carrying value and fair value, is recognized when the estimated future net undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value of the vessel.

The contingent rental (income) expense represents amounts accrued following changes to certain charter parties. In December 2011, the Company and Ship Finance agreed to a rate reduction of $6,500 per day for all vessels leased from Ship Finance under long-term leases for a four year period that commenced on January 1, 2012. The Company will compensate Ship Finance with 100% of any difference between the renegotiated rates and the average vessel earnings up to the original contract rates. In December 2011, the Company agreed to a rate reduction on four vessels leased from German KG companies whereby the Company will pay a reduced rate and an additional amount dependent on the actual index rate. Contingent rental (income) expense represents amounts accrued following changes to these charter parties.

Administrative expenses are comprised of general corporate overhead expenses, including personnel costs, property costs, legal and professional fees and other general administrative expenses. Personnel costs include, among other things, salaries, pension costs, fringe benefits, travel costs and health insurance.

Equity gains (losses) of unconsolidated subsidiaries and associated companies includes the Company's share of the investees' earnings or losses and gains arising on the dilution of the Company's shareholding in such companies.

Debt conversion expense in 2013 relates to the conversion of $25.0 million of the Company's convertible bonds into shares and cash. As the conversion was agreed at more favorable terms than the original bond, this was treated as an inducement and the Company recognized a debt conversion expense.

Depreciation, or the periodic costs charged to our income for the reduction in usefulness and long-term value of our vessels, is also related to the number of vessels we own or lease. We depreciate the cost of vessels we own, less their estimated residual value, over their estimated useful life on a straight-line basis. We depreciate the cost of vessels held under capital lease over the term of the lease. No charge is made for depreciation of vessels under construction until they are delivered.

Interest expense relates to vessel specific debt facilities, corporate debt and capital leases. Interest expense depends on our overall borrowing levels and may significantly increase when we acquire vessels or on the delivery of newbuildings. Interest incurred during the construction of a newbuilding is capitalized in the cost of the newbuilding. Interest expense may also change with prevailing interest rates, although the effect of these changes may be reduced by interest rate swaps or other derivative instruments.

Lack of Historical Operating Data for Vessels before their Acquisition

Consistent with shipping industry practice, other than inspection of the physical condition of the vessels and examinations of classification society records, there is no historical financial due diligence process when we acquire vessels. Accordingly, we do not obtain the historical operating data for the vessels from the sellers because that information is not material to our decision to make acquisitions, nor do we believe it would be helpful to potential investors in our Ordinary Shares in assessing our business or profitability. Most vessels are sold under a standardized agreement, which, among other things, provides the buyer with the right to inspect the vessel and the vessel's classification society records. The standard agreement does not give the buyer the right to inspect, or receive copies of, the historical operating data of the vessel. Prior to the delivery of a purchased vessel, the seller typically removes from the vessel all records, including past financial records and accounts related to the vessel. In addition, the technical management agreement between the seller's technical manager and the seller is automatically terminated and the vessel's trading certificates are revoked by its flag state following a change in ownership.

Consistent with shipping industry practice, we treat the acquisition of a vessel (whether acquired with or without charter) as the acquisition of an asset rather than a business. Although vessels are generally acquired free of charter, we have agreed to acquire (and may in the future acquire) some vessels with time charters. Where a vessel has been under a voyage charter, the vessel is delivered to the buyer free of charter. It is rare in the shipping industry for the last charterer of the vessel in the hands of the seller to continue as the first charterer of the vessel in the hands of the buyer. In most cases, when a vessel is under time charter and the buyer wishes to assume that charter, the vessel cannot be acquired without the charterer's consent and the buyer's entering into a separate direct agreement with the charterer to assume the charter. The purchase of a vessel itself does not transfer the charter, because it is a separate service agreement between the vessel owner and the charterer. When we purchase a vessel and assume a related time charter, we must take the following steps before the vessel will be ready to commence operations:


39


•
obtain the charterer's consent to us as the new owner;
•
obtain the charterer's consent to a new technical manager;
•
in some cases, obtain the charterer's consent to a new flag for the vessel;
•
arrange for a new crew for the vessel;
•
replace all hired equipment on board, such as gas cylinders and communication equipment;
•
negotiate and enter into new insurance contracts for the vessel through our own insurance brokers;
•
register the vessel under a flag state and perform the related inspections in order to obtain new trading certificates from the flag state;
•
implement a new planned maintenance program for the vessel; and
•
ensure that the new technical manager obtains new certificates for compliance with the safety and vessel security regulations of the flag state.

Inflation

Although inflation has had a moderate impact on our vessel operating expenses and corporate overheads, management does not consider inflation to be a significant risk to direct costs in the current and foreseeable economic environment. It is anticipated that insurance costs, which have risen over the last three years, may well continue to rise moderately over the next few years. Oil transportation is a specialized area and the number of vessels is increasing. There will therefore be an increased demand for qualified crew and this has and will continue to put inflationary pressure on crew costs. However, in a shipping downturn, costs subject to inflation can usually be controlled because shipping companies typically monitor costs to preserve liquidity and encourage suppliers and service providers to lower rates and prices in the event of a downturn.

Year ended December 31, 2013 compared with the year ended December 31, 2012

Total operating revenues and voyage expenses and commission
Change
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

$

%

Voyage charter revenues
440,584

452,890

(12,306
)
(2.7
)
Time charter revenues
26,843

66,313

(39,470
)
(59.5
)
Bareboat charter revenues
24,009

33,373

(9,364
)
(28.1
)
Other income
25,754

25,785

(31
)
(0.1
)
Total operating revenues
517,190

578,361

(61,171
)
(10.6
)
Voyage expenses and commissions
299,741

269,845

29,896

11.1


Voyage charter revenues decreased in 2013 as compared to 2012 primarily due to the following reasons:

•
four VLCCs and three Suezmax tankers, which were chartered-in, were redelivered by the Company between January 2012 and May 2013, resulting in a decrease in revenues of $58.8 million,
•
a reduction in market rates, resulting in a decrease in revenues from the Company's VLCCs of $41.6 million,
•
an increase in off-hire and waiting days, resulting in a decrease in revenues of $19.8 million, and
•
one Suezmax tanker was sold to an unrelated third party, resulting in a decrease in revenues of $1.2 million.

These factors were partially offset by:

•
nine VLCCs and two Suezmax tankers, which commenced trading in the spot market upon redelivery to the Company from time charter contracts between March 2012 and September 2013, resulting in an increase in revenues of $64.8 million,
•
one VLCC, which commenced trading in the spot market in March 2013 upon redelivery to the Company from a bareboat contract, resulting in an increase in revenues of $11.4 million, and
•
a $32.1 million increase in revenues due to the redelivery of six Suezmax tankers from pooling arrangements under which revenues were received net of voyage expenses in 2012 and are now recognized gross.

Time charter revenues decreased in 2013 as compared to 2012 primarily due to the following reasons:


40


•
nine VLCCs and two Suezmax tankers commenced trading in the spot market upon redelivery to the Company from time charter contracts between March 2012 and September 2013, resulting in a decrease in revenues of $38.7 million, and
•
a decrease of $1.7 million on a floating rate time charter contract as a result of a reduction in market rates.

Bareboat charter revenues decreased in 2013 as compared to 2012 primarily due to the termination of the bareboat contract on one VLCC in March 2013 resulting in a decrease in revenues of $8.3 million. The vessel commenced trading in the spot market in March 2013.

Voyage expenses and commissions increased in 2013 as compared to 2012 primarily due to the following reasons:

•
eleven VLCCs and two Suezmax tankers, which commenced trading in the spot market between March 2012 and September 2013 upon redelivery from time charter and bareboat charter contracts, resulting in an increase in voyage costs of $60.1 million, and
•
a $34.9 million increase in voyage costs due to the redelivery of six Suezmax tankers from pooling arrangements under which voyage costs were netted against voyage revenues in 2012 and are now recognized gross.

These factors were partially offset by:

•
a $34.9 million decrease in voyage expenses due to the impact of slower steaming and increases in both waiting time and off-hire days on bunker consumption, and
•
the redelivery by the Company of four VLCCs chartered-in under operating leases between January 2012 and May 2013, leading to a decrease in voyage expenses of $27.3 million.

Gain on sale of assets and amortization of deferred gains
Change
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

$

%

Net gain on lease terminations
21,237

21,806

(569
)
(2.6
)
Net loss on sale of assets
—

(2,109
)
2,109

(100.0
)
Amortization of deferred gains
2,321

15,062

(12,741
)
(84.6
)
23,558

34,759

(11,201
)
(32.2
)
The net gain on lease terminations in each period presented relates to the termination of leases for vessels that were leased in by the Company. The net gain on lease terminations in 2013 comprises (i) a gain of $7.6 million resulting from the termination of the long-term charter party for the Edinburgh (ex Titan Aries), (ii) a gain of $5.8 million resulting from the termination of the long-term charter party for the Golden Victory, (iii) a gain of $8.0 million resulting from the termination of the long-term charter party for the Front Champion, and (iv) a loss of $0.2 million resulting from the termination of the long-term charter party for the Front Pride. The net gain on lease terminations in 2012 resulted from the termination of the long-term charter party agreements for Titan Orion (ex-Front Duke) and Ticen Ocean (ex-Front Lady).

The loss on sale of assets 2012 represents the loss from the sale of the Front Alfa.

The amortization of deferred gains in 2013 and 2012 represents the amortization of the deferred gains resulting from the sales and lease back of the Front Shanghai (renamed Gulf Eyadah) and the Front Eagle (renamed DHT Eagle). There were no unamortized gains as of December 31, 2013.

Ship operating expenses
Change
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

$

%

VLCC
84,181

89,027

(4,846
)
(5.4
)
Suezmax
25,691

29,354

(3,663
)
(12.5
)
Total ship operating expenses
109,872

118,381

(8,509
)
(7.2
)

VLCC operating costs decreased 2013 as compared to 2012 primarily due to the following reasons:


41


•
A decrease of $3.6 million due to lower drydocking expenses as only three vessels docked in 2013, compared to eight in 2012.
•
A decrease of $0.9 million due to the termination of the long-term time charters on two chartered-in vessels
•
A decrease in repairs and maintenance costs of $1.1 million
•
A decrease in crew costs of $0.6 million
•
A decrease in other operating expenses of $0.6 million

These factors were partially offset by an increase of $2.0 million due to the redelivery of one double hull VLCC and two single hull VLCCs from bareboat charter between December 2012 and March 2013.

Suezmax operating costs decreased in 2013 as compared to 2012 primarily due to a $2.6 million decrease due to the termination of the lease on one vessel in February 2013 and a $0.8 million decrease due to the sale of one vessel in March 2012.

Contingent rental (income) expense
Change
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

$

%

Contingent rental (income) expense
(7,761
)
22,456

(30,217
)
(134.6
)

The contingent rental (income) expense represents amounts accrued following changes to certain charter parties. In December 2011, the Company and Ship Finance agreed to a rate reduction of $6,500 per day for all vessels leased from Ship Finance under long-term leases for a four year period that commenced on January 1, 2012. The Company compensates Ship Finance with 100% of any difference between the renegotiated rates and the average vessel earnings up to the original contract rates. In December 2011, the Company also agreed to a rate reduction on four vessels leased from German KG companies whereby the Company will pay a reduced rate and an additional amount dependent on the actual index rate.

In the year ended December 31, 2013, there was income of $7.8 million relating to the four vessels leased from the German KG companies as the amounts paid were lower than the index that was used to record the leases when they were amended in December 2011. $4.0 million of this amount relates to the year ended December 31, 2013 and $3.8 million relates to the year ended December 31, 2012. The contingent rental expense relating to the Ship Finance vessels was nil.

In the year ended December 31, 2012 the contingent rental expense relating to the four German KG vessels and the Ship Finance vessels was $2.4 million and $20.1 million, respectively.

Charter hire expenses
Change
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

$

%

Charter hire expense
4,176

37,461

(33,285
)
(88.9
)
Charter hire expense decreased in 2013 as compared to 2012 primarily due to the redelivery by the Company of four double-hull VLCCs between January 2012 and May 2013, three single-hull VLCCs between March 2012 and January 2013 and two Suezmax tankers in October and November 2012.

Administrative expenses
Change
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

$

%

Administrative expenses
31,628

33,906

(2,278
)
(6.7
)

Administrative expenses have decreased in 2013 as compared with 2012 primarily due to a decrease in staff related costs.
Impairment loss and depreciation

42


Change
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

$

%

Depreciation
99,802

107,437

(7,635
)
(7.1
)
Impairment loss
103,724

4,726

98,998

2,094.8


Depreciation decreased in 2013 as compared to 2012 primarily due to a decrease of $4.7 million due to the termination of the leases on the two VLCCs in November 2013, one Suezmax tanker in February 2013 and the sale of one Suezmax tanker in March 2012, and a decrease of $2.9 million due to the impairment charge recorded on three VLCCs in 2013.

The vessel impairment loss of $103.7 million in 2013 relates to three vessels leased from Ship Finance (Front Century, Front Champion and Golden Victory). All vessels are recorded as vessels under capital lease. The leases on Front Champion and Golden Victory were terminated in November 2013 and a 100% lease termination probability was assigned to these two vessels as of September 30, 2013. The fair value of Front Century was determined using discounted expected future cash flows from the leased vessel. The impairment loss in 2012 relates to one Suezmax tanker (Front Pride).

Interest income
Change
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

$

%

Interest income
83

130

(47
)
(36.2
)

Interest income in 2013 and 2012 relates solely to interest received on bank deposits.
Interest expense
Change
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

$

%
Interest expense
(90,718
)
(94,089
)
3,371

3.6

Interest expense decreased in 2013 as compared with 2012 primarily due to the following reasons;

•
a $3.2 million decrease in capital lease interest expense as a result of lower capital lease obligations,
•
a $1.5 million decrease in capital lease interest expense as a result of the termination of long-term charter parties on two VLCCs in November 2013 and one Suezmax tanker in March 2013, and
•
a $0.7 million decrease in loan interest expense as a result of an increase in capitalized interest.

These factors were partially offset by:

•
a $1.8 million charge for the amortization of the debt discount on the 7.84% First Preferred Mortgage Term Notes, and
•
a $0.7 million interest charge on the notes payable to Ship Finance, which were issued following the early termination of the leases on Front Champion and Golden Victory.

Equity gains (losses) of unconsolidated subsidiaries and associated companies
Change
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012


%
Share of results of associated companies
13,539

(4
)
13,543

338,575.0

As of December 31, 2013, the Company accounted for four investees (December 31, 2012: five investees) under the equity method.

In 2013, the Company recognized gains of $5.2 million and $4.7 million in the first and third quarters, respectively, on the dilution of its ownership in Frontline 2012 following private placements by Frontline 2012 in January 2013 and September 2013, respectively. The Company also recognized earnings from associated companies of $3.6 million (net), of which $4.2 million were from Frontline 2012.

43


Other income (expenses)
Change
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

$

%

Foreign currency exchange (losses) gains
(92
)
84

(176
)
(209.5
)
Mark to market loss on derivatives
(585
)
(1,725
)
1,140

66.1

Gain on redemption of debt
—

4,600

(4,600
)
—

Debt conversion expense
(12,654
)
—

(12,654
)
—

Dividends received, net
86

134

(48
)
(35.8
)
Other non-operating items, net
1,181

1,110

71

6.4


The mark to market loss on derivatives in 2013 and 2012 relates to the Company's trading in freight forward agreements ("FFAs"). The Company ceased trading FFAs in March 2013.

The gain on redemption of debt resulted from the Company's purchase of $10.0 million notional value of its convertible bonds for a purchase price of $5.4 million in 2012.

The debt conversion expense resulted from the Company's exchange of $25.0 million of the outstanding principal amount of the Company's 4.5% convertible bond issue for an aggregate of 6,474,827 shares and a cash payment of $2.25 million in October 2013. As the conversion was agreed at more favorable terms than the original bond, this was treated as an inducement and the Company recognized the difference between the fair value of the original conversion rights compared with the fair value of the induced conversion terms, as a debt conversion expense in 2013.

Other non-operating items, net in 2013 and 2012 mainly comprises of the amortization of deferred gains.

Net loss from discontinued operations
Change
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

$

%
Net loss from discontinued operations
(1,204
)
(12,544
)
11,340

90.4

Net loss from discontinued operations in 2013 and 2012 relate to the operations of the Company's OBO carriers.

The net loss in 2013 relates primarily to the Front Guider and includes a loss on the termination of the lease in March 2013 of $0.8 million. The net loss in 2012 relates to five OBO carriers: Front Climber, Front Driver, Front Guider, Front Rider and Front Viewer.
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest
Change
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

$

%
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest
2,573

1,021

1,552

152.0

Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest has increased in 2013 primarily due to the increase in the net loss of ITCL in 2013.

Year ended December 31, 2012 compared with the year ended December 31, 2011

Total operating revenues and voyage expenses and commission

44


Change
(in thousands of $)
2012

2011

$

%

Voyage charter revenues
452,890

510,808

(57,918
)
(11.3
)
Time charter revenues
66,313

144,617

(78,304
)
(54.1
)
Bareboat charter revenues
33,373

47,101

(13,728
)
(29.1
)
Other income
25,785

20,969

4,816

23.0

Total operating revenues
578,361

723,495

(145,134
)
(20.1
)
Voyage expenses and commissions
269,845

291,524

(21,679
)
(7.4
)

Voyage charter revenues decreased in 2012 compared to 2011 primarily due to the following reasons:

•
Five VLCCs were sold to Frontline 2012 in December 2011 resulting in a decrease in revenues of $91.2 million.
•
Seven vessels, which were chartered-in, were redelivered by the Company in 2012, resulting in a decrease in revenues of $74.9 million.
•
Five Suezmax tankers were sold to unrelated third parties (four in 2011 and one in the first quarter of 2012), resulting in a decrease in revenues of $35.2 million.

These factors were partially offset by:

•
Nine VLCCs and two Suezmax tankers commenced trading in the spot market upon redelivery from time charter contracts, resulting in an increase in revenues of $122.3 million.
•
An increase in the average daily time charter equivalent, or TCE, rates earned by the double hull VLCCs and double hull Suezmax tankers, resulting in an increase in revenues of $22.3 million.

Time charter revenues decreased in 2012 compared to 2011 primarily due to the following reasons:

•
Nine VLCCs and two Suezmax tankers commenced trading in the spot market upon redelivery from time charter contracts, resulting in a decrease in revenues of $51.2 million.
•
One VLCC and two Suezmax tankers were sold to Frontline 2012 in December 2011, resulting in a decrease in revenues of $26.2 million.

Bareboat charter revenues decreased in 2012 compared to 2011 primarily due to the following reasons:

•
A loss provision for unpaid charter hire of $6.0 million, which was recorded in 2012.
•
The rates on two single hull VLCCs were reduced resulting in a decrease in revenues of $3.4 million.
•
The termination of the bare boat contracts on three single hull VLCCs resulting in a decrease in revenues of $3.1 million.
•
The change in rate on one double hull VLCC resulting in a decrease in revenues of $1.1 million.

The increase in other income in 2012 compared to 2011 is primarily due to an increase in income earned from the commercial management of related party and third party vessels and an increase in administrative revenues derived from related parties and third parties.

Voyage expenses and commissions decreased in 2012 compared to 2011 in line with the decrease in voyage charter revenues.

Gain (loss) on sale of assets and amortization of deferred gains

45


Change
(in thousands of $)
2012

2011

$

%

Net gain (loss) on lease terminations
21,806

5,311

16,495

310.6

Loss on sale of SPCs to Frontline 2012
—

(306,972
)
306,972

—

Net (loss) gain on sale of assets
(2,109
)
9,271

(11,380
)
(122.7
)
Amortization of deferred gains
15,062

11,653

3,409

29.3

Other
—

(66
)
66

—

34,759

(280,803
)
315,562

112.4

All of the gains and losses on lease terminations in 2012 and 2011 related to vessels that were chartered in. The net gain on lease terminations in 2012 includes a gain of $10.6 million resulting from the termination of the long-term charter party agreement for Titan Orion (ex-Front Duke)and a gain of $11.2 million resulting from the termination of the long-term charter party agreement for Ticen Ocean (ex-Front Lady).The net gain on lease terminations in 2011 relates to a gain resulting from the termination of the charter party agreements for Front Ace and Ticen Sun (ex-Front Highness).

The loss on sale of SPCs to Frontline 2012 relates to the sale in December 2011 of 15 SPCs, which together owned six double hull VLCCs (including one on time charter), four double hull Suezmax tankers and five newbuilding contracts.

The loss on sale of assets in 2012 represents the loss from the sale of the Front Alfa. The net gain on sale of vessels in 2011 represents the gain resulting from the sales and lease backs of the Front Shanghai (renamed Gulf Eyadah) and the Front Eagle (renamed DHT Eagle).

The amortization of deferred gains in 2012 and 2011 represents the amortization of the deferred gains resulting from the sales and lease backs of the Front Shanghai (renamed Gulf Eyadah) and the Front Eagle (renamed DHT Eagle). The deferred gain from Front Shanghai has now been fully recognized. A deferred gain of $2.3 million resulting from Front Eagle has been deferred at December 31, 2012, and will be recognized over the remaining periods of the charter in 2013.

Ship operating expenses
Change
(in thousands of $)
2012

2011

$

%

VLCC
89,027

95,960

(6,933
)
(7.2
)
Suezmax
29,354

63,172

(33,818
)
(53.5
)
Total ship operating expenses
118,381

159,132

(40,751
)
(25.6
)

VLCC operating costs decreased in 2012 compared to 2011 primarily due to the following reasons:

•
The sale of five vessels to Frontline 2012 in December 2011 resulting in a decrease in operating costs of $18.3 million.
•
The sale and time charter-in of two vessels and the termination of leases on two single hull vessels resulting in a decrease in operating costs of $1.7 million.

This was partially offset by a $13.1 million increase in dry docking costs due to eight vessels dry docked in 2012 compared to three vessels dry docked in 2011.

Suezmax operating costs decreased in 2012 compared to 2011 primarily due to the following reasons:

•
Four vessels and one vessel, which were sold to unrelated third parties in the fourth quarter of 2011 and the first quarter of 2012, respectively, resulting in a decrease in operating costs of $14.6 million.
•
Four vessels, which were sold to Frontline 2012 in December 2011 resulting in a decrease in operating costs of $11.6 million.
•
One chartered-in vessel was redelivered by the Company during the third quarter of 2012 resulting in a decrease in operating costs of $3.5 million.
•
A $2.0 million decrease in dry docking costs as only two vessels dry docked in 2012 compared with five vessels dry docked in 2011.

46


•
A decrease in operating costs of $2.1 million due to lower crew expenses, repair and maintenance, spares and store and supplies.

Contingent rental expense
Change
(in thousands of $)
2012

2011

$

%
Contingent rental expense
22,456

—

22,456

—

The contingent rental expense represents amounts accrued following changes to certain charter parties. In December 2011, the Company and Ship Finance agreed to a rate reduction of $6,500 per day for all vessels leased from Ship Finance under long-term leases for a four year period that commenced on January 1, 2012. The Company compensates Ship Finance with 100% of any difference between the renegotiated rates and the average vessel earnings up to the original contract rates. In December 2011, the Company also agreed to a rate reduction on four vessels leased from German KG companies whereby the Company will pay a reduced rate and an additional amount dependent on the actual index rate.

In the year ended December 31, 2012 the contingent rental expense relating to the four German KG vessels and the Ship Finance vessels was $2.4 million and $20.1 million, respectively. Contingent rental expense did not exist in the year ended December 31, 2011.

Charter hire expenses
Change
(in thousands of $)
2012

2011

$

%

Charter hire expense
37,461

65,601

(28,140
)
(42.9
)
Charter hire expense has decreased in 2012 compared with the 2011 primarily due to the following reasons:

•
The redelivery by the Company of six double-hull VLCCs, three single-hull VLCCs and one Suezmax tanker, resulting in a decrease in charter hire expense of $42.8 million.
•
A rate reduction on one VLCC, resulting in a decrease in charter hire expense of $1.4 million.

These factors were partially offset by:

•
The sale and leasebacks of two VLCCs, resulting in an increase in charter hire expense of $6.3 million.
•
The charter hire expense on two vessels, which were chartered in from Frontline 2012 from January 1, 2012 on floating rate time charters (for which there is an equal amount of voyage charter revenues), resulting in an increase in charter hire expense of $8.8 million.
•
Off-hire in relation to one double hull VLCC in 2011 resulting in an increase in charter hire expense of $1.2 million.
Administrative expenses
Change
(in thousands of $)
2012

2011

$

%

Administrative expenses
33,906

35,886

(1,980
)
(5.5
)

Administrative expenses have decreased in 2012 compared with 2011 primarily due to a decrease in legal fees, audit fees and stock compensation expenses.
Impairment loss and depreciation
Change
(in thousands of $)
2012

2011

$

%

Depreciation
107,437

175,890

(68,453
)
(38.9
)
Impairment loss
4,726

121,443

(116,717
)
(96.1
)


47


Depreciation has decreased in 2012 compared with 2011 as a result of (i) the five double-hull Suezmax tankers, which were sold to unrelated third parties between October 2011 and March 2012, (ii) the reduction in the carrying cost of vessels held under capital lease following the restructuring in December 2011, and (iii) the ten vessels that were sold to Frontline 2012 in December 2011.

The impairment loss in 2012 relates to one Suezmax tanker. The impairment loss in 2011 relates to five double hull Suezmax tankers. Four of these vessels were sold in the fourth quarter of 2011. The remaining vessel was sold in the first quarter of 2012.

Interest income
Change
(in thousands of $)
2012

2011

$

%

Interest income
130

3,958

(3,828
)
(96.7
)

Interest income decreased in 2012 compared with 2011 primarily as a result of reduced interest income in ITCL as a result of the utilization of restricted cash balances in the ITCL group to settle a capital lease obligation in July 2011 and the termination of a funding agreement in ITCL in March 2011.
Interest expense
Change
(in thousands of $)
2012

2011

$

%

Interest expense
(94,089
)
(136,042
)
41,953

(30.8
)

Interest expense decreased in 2012 compared with 2011 primarily due to the following reasons;

•
Finance lease interest expense decreased by $20.3 million in 2012 due to the renegotiation in December 2011 of the hire rates on all vessels held under capital lease. Furthermore, the lease one VLCC was terminated in 2011 reducing finance lease interest expense by $1.7 million.
•
Loan interest expense decreased by $13.3 million in 2012. This was primarily due to (i) a decrease of $18.2 million due to the assumption by Frontline 2012 of bank debt in the amount of $666.3 million in relation to vessels sold to Frontline 2012 in December 2011 as part of the Restructuring, (ii) a decrease of $2.6 million due to the sale of five Suezmax tankers in 2011 and repayment of the associated debt, and (iii) a decrease of $2.3 million in interest on the Term Notes as a result of repayments made in 2011 and 2012. These factors were partially offset by an increase in interest expense of $10.2 million due to a reduction in the capitalization of interest following the sale of newbuildings to Frontline 2012 in December 2011.
•
Amortization of deferred charges decreased by $6.4 million in 2012 primarily due to the absence of the $5.5 million write off in 2011 as a result of the write-off of deferred charges following the sale of 15 SPCs to Frontline 2012 and the assumption by Frontline 2012 of bank debt.

Equity losses of unconsolidated subsidiaries and associated companies
Change
(in thousands of $)
2012

2011

$

%

Share of results of associated companies
(4
)
(600
)
596

(99.3
)

As of December 31, 2012, the Company accounted for five investees (December 31, 2011: six investees) under the equity method. The Company recognized a gain of $0.7 million in the second quarter of 2012 on the dilution of its ownership in Frontline 2012 from 8.8% to 7.9% following the private placement by Frontline 2012 in May 2012.

48


Other income (expenses)
Change
(in thousands of $)
2012

2011

$

%

Foreign currency exchange gains
84

106

(22
)
(20.8
)
Mark to market (loss) gain on derivatives
(1,725
)
390

(2,115
)
(542.3
)
Loss on sale of securities
—

(3,355
)
3,355

—

Gain on redemption of debt
4,600

—

4,600

—

Dividends received, net
134

113

21

18.6

Other non-operating items, net
1,110

12,005

(10,895
)
(90.8
)

The mark to market (loss) gain on derivatives in 2012 and 2011 relate to the Company's trading in freight forward agreements.

The loss on sale of securities in 2011 resulted from the sale of securities held in OSG in January 2011.

The gain on redemption of debt resulted from the Company's purchase of $10.0 million notional value of its convertible bonds for a purchase price of $5.4 million.

Other non-operating items, net, in 2012 mainly comprises of $1.3 million in respect of the amortization of deferred gains. Other non-operating items, net, in 2011 includes a gain of $8.8 million arising on the termination of a funding agreement in ITCL and $4.4 million in respect of the amortization of deferred gains, which have been partially offset by solicitation costs associated with the ITCL bonds of $0.5 million and banking fees of $0.7 million.

Net (loss) income from discontinued operations
Change
(in thousands of $)
2012

2011

$

%
Net (loss) income from discontinued operations
(12,544
)
1,731

(14,275
)
824.7

Net (loss) income from discontinued operations in 2012 and 2011 relate to the operations of the Company's OBO carriers.
Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interest
Change
(in thousands of $)
2012

2011

$

%

Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interest
1,021

(591
)
1,612

(272.8
)

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest has decreased in 2012 primarily due to a decrease in the net income of ITCL in 2012 and the resulting decrease in the 17.53% interest in that net income.

Recent accounting pronouncements

ASU 2013-01, Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Clarifying the Scope of Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities. This ASU addresses implementation issues about the scope of ASU 2011-11, Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities. ASU 2013-01 is effective for reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013. This guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

49



B. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Liquidity

We operate in a capital intensive industry and have historically financed our purchase of tankers and other capital expenditures through a combination of cash generated from operations, equity capital and borrowings from commercial banks. Our ability to generate adequate cash flows on a short and medium term basis depends substantially on the trading performance of our vessels in the market.  Historically, market rates for charters of our vessels have been volatile. Periodic adjustments to the supply of and demand for oil tankers causes the industry to be cyclical in nature. We expect continued volatility in market rates for our vessels in the foreseeable future with a consequent effect on our short and medium term liquidity.

Our funding and treasury activities are conducted within corporate policies to maximize investment returns while maintaining appropriate liquidity for our requirements. Cash and cash equivalents are held primarily in U.S. dollars with some balances held in British Pounds, Euros, Norwegian Kroner and Singapore dollars.

Our short-term liquidity requirements relate to payment of operating costs (including drydocking), lease payments for our chartered in fleet, funding working capital requirements and maintaining cash reserves against fluctuations in operating cash flows. Sources of short-term liquidity include cash balances, restricted cash balances, short-term investments and receipts from our customers. Revenues from time charters and bareboat charters are generally received monthly or fortnightly in advance while revenues from voyage charters are received upon completion of the voyage.

Our medium and long-term liquidity requirements include funding the equity portion of investments in new or replacement vessels, repayment of the convertible bond and loan notes and funding any payments we may be required to make due to lessor put options on certain vessels we charter-in. Sources of funding for our medium and long-term liquidity requirements include new loans, refinancing of existing arrangements, equity issues (see ATM Offering below), public and private debt offerings, vessel sales, sale and leaseback arrangements and asset sales.

Net cash used by operating activities in 2013 was $42.7 million compared with net cash provided by operations of $68.6 million in 2012 and $56.9 million in 2011. Contingent rental expense paid in 2013 was $52.2 million compared with nil in 2012. The Company's reliance on the spot market contributes to fluctuations in cash flows from operating activities as a result of its exposure to highly cyclical tanker rates. Any increase or decrease in the average TCE rates earned by the Company's vessels in periods subsequent to December 31, 2013, compared with the actual TCE rates achieved during 2013, will have a positive or negative comparative impact, respectively, on the amount of cash provided by operating activities. In March 2014, we have average total cash cost breakeven rates on a TCE basis of approximately $17,700 for our Suezmax tankers and approximately $24,700 for our VLCCs. These are the daily rates our vessels must earn to cover budgeted operating costs, estimated interest expenses and scheduled loan principal repayments, bareboat hire and corporate overhead costs in 2014. These rates do not take into account capital expenditures.

As of December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, we had cash and cash equivalents of $53.8 million, $137.6 million and $160.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, we had restricted cash balances of $68.4 million, $87.5 million and $100.6 million, respectively. Restricted cash balances at December 31, 2013, include $66.2 million (2012: $86.3 million) held by ITCL and these balances contribute to our total short and medium term liquidity as they are used to fund payment of certain loans and lease payments which would otherwise be paid out of our cash balances and may also be used to fund the operating expenses of certain vessels in accordance with contractual arrangements. The decrease in the ITCL restricted cash deposits is primarily due to principal and interest payments to the note holders.

The balance sheet has been strengthened from the raising of approximately $40.8 million in new equity in January 2014 (see ATM Offering below).

As of December 31, 2013, the Company had total debt and lease obligations, excluding non-recourse debt in ITCL of $1,058 million comprised of $727 million in capital lease obligations to Ship Finance, $79 million in notes payable to Ship Finance, $63 million in capital lease obligations to German KGs and $190 million in convertible bond loan, which matures in April 2015. In addition, we had purchase commitments of $87.9 million relating to our two Suezmax tankers under construction with expected payment in 2014.

The recent increase in rates which began in the second half of last year and continued through February 2014 is a sign of an improved balance in the tanker market and the Company expects that the supply/demand balance will improve further. However

50


this is a fine balance which can easily be changed by increased fleet supply caused by increased ballast speed, decrease in vessel scrapping and aggressive newbuilding ordering.

In order to meet the Company's requirements over the next 12 months, we believe that additional financing will be required to fund our remaining newbuilding installments of $87.9 million. We expect to finance these payments with cash on hand, operating cash flow and bank debt that we intend to arrange. Should such financing not be available, this could severely impact our ability to meet our obligations and finance future obligations.

In addition, in the event that our cash flow from operations does not enable us to satisfy our short term or medium to long term liquidity requirements, we will also have to consider alternatives, such as raising equity, which could dilute shareholders, or selling assets (including investments), which could negatively impact our financial results, depending on market conditions at the time, establish new loans or refinancing of existing arrangements. If no additional equity can be raised, assets sold, new loans established or existing arrangements refinanced, there is a risk that we will not have sufficient cash to repay the existing $190 million convertible bond loan at maturity in April 2015. Such a situation might force a restructuring of the Company, including modifications of charter lease obligations and debt agreements.

In December 2011, in conjunction with the Board approved Restructuring, the Company and Ship Finance agreed to a rate reduction of $6,500 per day for all vessels leased from Ship Finance under long-term leases for a four year period that commenced on January 1, 2012. We paid Ship Finance up front compensation of $106.0 million on December 30, 2011, of which $50.0 million was a non-refundable prepayment of profit share and $56.0 million was a release of restricted cash serving as security for charter payments. We will compensate Ship Finance with 100% of any difference between the renegotiated rates and the average vessel earnings up to the original contract rates. In addition, the profit share above the original threshold rates was increased from 20% to 25%. As a result, our obligations under capital leases have been reduced by $126.5 million at December 31, 2011, with a corresponding reduction in vessels under capital leases. Obligations under capital leases have also been reduced by the $106.0 million compensation payment to Ship Finance.

In December 2011, in conjunction with the Board approved Restructuring, the Company and four German KG companies agreed to a rate reduction on four vessels where we will pay the lower of an index rate and the former rate, subject to a floor rate. Annual renewals which were at the owners option were replaced with a fixed term of January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2015 and the purchase options that we held previously were removed. A profit share payment will be due at the end of the lease based on 25% of the excess of the aggregate of the index rates over the aggregate of the former rate. As a result of the reassessment of leases, all four leases remained as capital leases and our capital lease obligations were reduced by $29.8 million at December 31, 2011, with a corresponding reduction in vessels under capital lease.

Following the Restructuring described in "Item 4, Information on the Company-A. History and Development of the Company," we currently have two Suezmax tankers under construction. As of December 31, 2013, we are committed to making newbuilding installments of $87.9 million with expected payment in 2014. We expect to finance these payments with cash on hand, operating cash flow and bank debt that we intend to arrange. We may not be able to arrange financing on terms acceptable to us or at all, which would have a materially adverse impact on our ability to meet our obligations and finance future obligations and may result in the loss of $25.0 million in installments that we have already paid.

During the year ended December 31, 2011, we paid total cash dividends of $17.1 million.

In January 2011, we sold the 2006-built VLCC Front Shanghai. The net sale proceeds were $91.2 million and, after repayment of debt, the sale generated $31.5 million in cash. In connection with the sale, we agreed to time charter back the vessel from the new owner for approximately two years at a rate of $35,000 per day.

In February 2011, we agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long-term charter parties for the two single hull VLCCs Ticen Sun (ex-Front Highness) and Front Ace, and Ship Finance simultaneously sold the vessels. The termination of the charter parties took place in February 2011 and March 2011, respectively, and Ship Finance made a compensation payment to us of $5.3 million for the early termination of the charter parties.

In March 2011, we exercised our option to acquire the 2002-built VLCC Front Eagle and simultaneously sold the vessel to an unrelated third party for $67.0 million, which was delivered in the second quarter of 2011. After repayment of debt, the sale generated $10.0 million in cash. In connection with the sale, we agreed to time charter back the vessel from the new owner for approximately two years at a rate of $32,500 per day.

51


In April 2011, we agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long-term charter party for the OBO carrier Front Leader and Ship Finance simultaneously sold the vessel. The termination of the charter party took place in the second quarter of 2011 and we made a compensation payment to Ship Finance of $7.7 million for the early termination of the charter party.

In May 2011, we agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long-term charter party for the OBO carrier Front Breaker and Ship Finance simultaneously sold the vessel. The termination of the charter party took place in the second quarter of 2011 and we made a compensation payment to Ship Finance of $6.6 million for the early termination of the charter party.

In September 2011, the Company negotiated the early termination of bareboat charters on three single hull VLCCs, Titan Orion (ex-Front Duke), Titan Aries (ex-Edinburgh) and Ticen Ocean (ex-Front Lady), which were being chartered in from Ship Finance. These three vessels were subsequently sold by Ship Finance. The Titan Orion (ex-Front Duke) was delivered, and the charter party with Ship Finance was terminated, on March 27, 2012. Under the terms of the early termination of the bareboat charters, Ship Finance will pay the Company a termination fee in accordance with the charter ancillary agreement. The costs of terminating the charter to the third party of $1.8 million per vessel will be borne by both Ship Finance and Frontline in line with the original profit sharing arrangement.

In October 2011, we agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long-term charter party for the OBO carrier Front Striver and Ship Finance simultaneously sold the vessel. The termination of the charter party took place in the third quarter of 2011 and we made a compensation payment to Ship Finance in 2012 of $8.1 million for the early termination of the charter party.
In the fourth quarter of 2011, we sold four Suezmax tankers (Front Fighter, Front Hunter, Front Delta and Front Beta), at which time related debt of $57.1 million was repaid.
In December 2011, as part of the Restructuring described above, we sold 15 wholly-owned SPCs, which together owned six VLCCs (including one on time charter), four Suezmax tankers and five VLCC newbuilding contracts to Frontline 2012, a related party, for a sales price of $1,120.7 million, which was the average of three independent broker valuations. As part of the transaction, Frontline 2012 assumed bank debt of $666.3 million and outstanding newbuilding commitments of $325.5 million. This transaction generated net cash proceeds of approximately $64.3 million for the Company.
In March 2012, we sold the Suezmax Front Alfa to an unrelated third party. All bank debt pertaining to the vessel of $12.9 million was prepaid in December 2011.

We received termination payments from Ship Finance in 2012 in the aggregate amount of $22.2 million in respect of the lease terminations for Titan Orion (ex-Front Duke) and Ticen Ocean (now renamed Front Lady). We received a lease termination payment from Ship Finance in 2013 of $7.8 million for Titan Aries (now renamed Edinburgh).

We made lease termination payments to Ship Finance in 2012 in the aggregate amount of $32.6 million in respect of the lease terminations for Front Striver, Front Rider, Front Climber, Front Viewer and Front Guider. A lease termination payment of $0.5 million in respect of Front Driver was paid to Ship Finance in the first quarter of 2013 and we made a lease termination payment in 2013 of $2.1 million to Ship Finance in respect of Front Pride.

In December 2012, we agreed to an early termination of the time charter out contracts on the two OBO carriers, Front Viewer and Front Guider, and received a compensation payment in December 2012 from the charterers for loss of hire due to the early termination of $35.0 million. We also agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long term charter parties for these two OBO carriers. We paid $23.5 million to Ship Finance as compensation for the early termination of the charters and the estimated loss of contingent rentals relating to the two vessels.

In October 2013, we agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long term charter parties for the 1998 and 1999 built VLCCs Front Champion and Golden Victory, and Ship Finance simultaneously sold the vessels to unrelated third parties. The charter parties were terminated in November 2013 upon the redelivery of the vessels to Ship Finance. We have agreed to a compensation payment to Ship Finance of $89.9 million for the early termination of the charter parties, of which $10.9 million was paid upon termination and the balance was recorded as notes payable, with similar amortization profiles to the current lease obligations, with reduced rates until 2015 and full rates from 2016. Front Champion and Golden Victory had the highest charter rates among the vessels we chartered in from Ship Finance and the level of compensation is a reflection of this.

In March 2014, a subsidiary of ITCL entered into an agreement to sell the VLCC Ulysses (ex-Phoenix Voyager) to an unrelated third party. The vessel was delivered to the buyer on March 11, 2014. This transaction is cash neutral to the Company as the related debt is non-recourse to the Company and related cash is restricted.


52


Equity Issues

ATM Offering

In June 2013, we entered into an equity distribution agreement with Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, ("Morgan Stanley") under which we may, at any time and from time to time, offer and sell new ordinary shares having aggregate sales proceeds of up to $40.0 million through Morgan Stanley in an ATM offering. In January 2014, we increased the amount that may be raised under the ATM offering to up to $100.0 million.

We issued 2,178,384 new ordinary shares under the ATM offering in 2013 generating $6.2 million in gross proceeds. As of the date of this report, we have issued 8,829,063 new ordinary shares under the ATM offering in 2014 generating $40.8 million in gross proceeds. In total, we have issued 11,007,447 ordinary shares generating approximately $47.0 million in gross proceeds under the ATM offering.

Borrowing activities

Term Loan Facilities

Following the Restructuring, described in "Item 4. Information on the Company-A. History and Development of the Company", a prepayment of $12.9 million associated with a vessel, which was not part of the transaction with Frontline 2012, and the prepayment of ITCL's $33.0 million bank loan, all of our bank debt was eliminated and the outstanding floating rate debt at December 31, 2011 was zero.

Convertible Bonds

On March 26, 2010, we announced the private placement of $225 million of convertible bonds and the offering of the bonds closed on April 14, 2010. The senior, unsecured convertible bonds have an annual coupon of 4.50%, which is paid quarterly in arrears and had a conversion price of $39.00. The bonds may be converted into our Ordinary Shares by the holders at anytime up to ten banking days prior to April 14, 2015. The reference price has been set at $29.7784 (NOK 180.0045). The applicable USD/NOK exchange rate has been set at 6.0448. We declared a dividend of $0.75 per share on May 21, 2010. The conversion price was adjusted from $39.00 to $38.0895 effective June 2, 2010 which was the date the shares traded ex-dividend. We declared a dividend of $0.75 per share on August 27, 2010. The conversion price was adjusted from $38.0895 to $37.0483 per share effective September 8, 2010, which was the ex-dividend date. There was no adjustment to the conversion price for the dividend of $0.25 per share, which was paid on December 21, 2010. There is no adjustment to the conversion price where such adjustment would be less than 1% of the conversion price then in effect and any adjustment not required to be made shall be carried forward and taken into account in any subsequent adjustment. On February 22, 2011, we announced a dividend of $0.10 per share. The conversion price was adjusted from $37.0483 to $36.5567 per share effective March 7, 2011, which was the ex-dividend date. The bonds will be redeemed at 100% of their principal amount and will, unless previously redeemed, converted or purchased and cancelled, mature on April 14, 2015.

We have a right to redeem the bonds at par plus accrued interest at any time during the term of the loan, provided that 90% or more of the bonds issued shall have been redeemed or converted to shares. 5,197,406 new shares would be issued, if the bonds were converted at the current price of $36.5567.

In March 2012, we purchased $10.0 million notional value of these convertible bonds for a purchase price of $5.4 million.

In October 2013, we entered into a private agreement to exchange $25.0 million of the convertible bonds for an aggregate of 6,474,827 ordinary shares and a cash payment of $2.25 million. As of December 31, 2013, $190.0 million of our convertible bonds were outstanding.

The loan associated with our convertible bonds imposes operating and negative covenants on us and our subsidiaries. A violation of these covenants constitutes an event of default under our convertible bonds, which would, unless waived by our bondholders, provide our bondholders with the right to require the principal amounts under the convertible bonds including accrued interest and expenses due for immediate payment and accelerate our indebtedness, which would impair our ability to continue to conduct our business.


53


Acquisitions and Disposals

Frontline 2012 Ltd.

In December 2011, we acquired approximately 8.8% of the share capital of Frontline 2012 for $25.0 million. In May 2012, we paid $13.3 million for 3,546,000 shares in a private placement by Frontline 2012 of 56 million new ordinary shares at a subscription price of $3.75 per share. In January 2013, we paid $6.0 million for 1,143,000 shares in a private placement by Frontline 2012 of 59 million new ordinary shares at a subscription price of $5.25 per share. We currently own approximately 5.4% of the share capital of Frontline 2012.

Windsor Petroleum Transport Corporation Term Notes

In July and August 2008, ITCL purchased three tranches of the Windsor Petroleum Transport Corporation 7.84% term notes on the open market. In 2013, ITCL sold its full holding of the term notes, for net proceeds of $19.8 million .

C.  RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, PATENTS AND LICENSES, ETC.
We do not undertake any significant expenditures on research and development, and have no significant interests in patents or licenses.

D.  TREND INFORMATION
The oil tanker industry has been highly cyclical, experiencing volatility in charter hire rates and vessel values resulting from changes in the supply of and demand for crude oil and tanker capacity. See "Item 5, Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – A. Operating Results".

E.  OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
We are committed to make rental payments under operating leases for office premises. The future minimum rental payments under our non-cancellable operating leases are disclosed below in "Tabular disclosure of contractual obligations".
Forward-looking information discussed in this Item 5. includes assumptions, expectations, projections, intentions and beliefs about future events. These statements are intended as "forward-looking statements." We caution that assumptions, expectations, projections, intentions and beliefs about future events may and often do vary from actual results and the differences can be material. Please see "Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" in this report.

54


F. TABULAR DISCLOSURE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

At December 31, 2013 , we had the following contractual obligations and commitments:
Payment due by period
(In thousands of $)
Less than
1 year

1 – 3 years

3 – 5 years

After 5 years

Total

Fixed rate long-term debt
24,855

245,875

65,260

133,490

469,480

Fixed rate long-term debt in unconsolidated subsidiaries
9,526

9,525

—

—

19,051

Operating lease obligations
2,483

2,423

117

—

5,023

Capital lease obligations
46,930

168,292

175,272

398,854

789,348

Capital repayments on loan notes
6,017

14,826

20,551

37,221

78,615

Contingent rental expense
2,615

—

—

—

2,615

Newbuilding commitments
87,924

—

—

—

87,924

Interest on fixed rate long-term debt
30,146

41,287

27,628

17,107

116,168

Interest on fixed rate long-term debt in unconsolidated subsidiaries
1,217

406

—

—

1,623

Interest on fixed rate loan notes
6,159

9,656

6,984

4,335

27,134

Interest on capital lease obligations
48,733

84,381

61,453

75,767

270,334

Total
266,605

576,671

357,265

666,774

1,867,315


Interest payments are based on the existing borrowings of both consolidated and unconsolidated subsidiaries. Interest on fixed rate loans is calculated using the contracted interest rates.

The newbuilding commitments as of December 31, 2013 consist of two Suezmax tankers.

As of December 31, 2013 , the Company held 24 vessels under capital leases, of which 20 are leased from Ship Finance. Four are leased from a third party and contain put options.

G. SAFE HARBOR

Forward-looking information discussed in this Item 5, includes assumptions, expectations, projections, intentions and beliefs about future events. These statements are intended as "forward-looking statements." We caution that assumptions, expectations, projections, intentions and beliefs about future events may and often do vary from actual results and the differences can be material. Please see "Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" in this report.

ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

A.  DIRECTORS AND SENIOR MANAGEMENT

The following table sets forth information regarding our executive officers and directors and certain key officers of our wholly owned subsidiary, Frontline Management AS, who are responsible for overseeing our management.

Name
Age
Position
John Fredriksen
69
Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, President and  Director
Kate Blankenship
49
Director and Audit Committee Chairman
Georgina Sousa
64
Director
Jens Martin Jensen
50
Chief Executive Officer of Frontline Management AS
Inger M. Klemp
50
Chief Financial Officer of Frontline Management AS

Certain biographical information about each of our directors and executive officers is set forth below.


55


John Fredriksen has served as Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer, President and a director of the Company since November 3, 1997.  Mr. Fredriksen has established trusts for the benefit of his immediate family which control Hemen, our largest shareholder.  Mr. Fredriksen is Chairman, President and a director of a related party Seadrill Limited, a Bermuda company listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange.  He is also Chairman, President and a director of a related party Golar LNG Limited, a Bermuda company listed on the Nasdaq Global Market and the Oslo Stock Exchange whose principal shareholder is World Shipholding Limited, a company indirectly controlled by trusts established by Mr. Fredriksen for the benefit of his immediate family.  He is also Chairman, President and a director of a related party Golden Ocean Group Limited, a Bermuda company listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange whose principal shareholder is Hemen and a director of a related party Frontline 2012 Ltd., a Bermuda company listed on the NOTC, whose principal shareholder is Hemen.

Kate Blankenship has been a director of the Company since August 2003. Mrs. Blankenship joined the Company in 1994 and served as the Company's Chief Accounting Officer and Company Secretary until October 2005. Mrs. Blankenship has been a Director of Ship Finance International Limited since October 2003.  Mrs. Blankenship has served as a director of Golar LNG Limited since July 2003, Golden Ocean Group Limited since November 2004, Seadrill Limited since May 2005, Archer Limited since August 2007, Golar LNG Partners LP since September 2007, Independent Tankers Corporation Limited since February 2008, Frontline 2012 Ltd. since December 2011, Seadrill Partners LLC since June 2012 and Avance Gas Holdings Limited since October 2013. She is a member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales.

Georgina E. Sousa has been a director of the Company since April 2013 and has been employed by the Company since February 2007. Mrs. Sousa is also a director of Frontline 2012 Ltd., Golar LNG Limited and Golden Ocean and has served as Secretary of Knightsbridge Tankers Limited since March 2007. Prior to joining the Company, Mrs. Sousa was Vice-President-Corporate Services of Consolidated Services Limited, a Bermuda management company having joined that firm in 1993 as Manager of Corporate Administration. From 1976 to 1982, she was employed by the Bermuda law firm of Appleby, Spurling & Kempe as a Company Secretary and from 1982 to 1993 she was employed by the Bermuda law firm of Cox & Wilkinson as Senior Company Secretary.

Jens Martin Jensen served as the Acting Chief Executive Officer of Frontline Management AS since April 2008 and was appointed as permanent Chief Executive Officer in May 2009. Mr. Jensen joined us in September 2004 as Commercial Director. From August 1996 to September 2004, Mr. Jensen was a partner in Island Shipbrokers in Singapore. From April 1985 to August 1996, Mr. Jensen worked in the A.P. Moller Group with postings to Singapore, Tokyo, Mexico and Denmark. Mr. Jensen completed the A.P. Moller training program in 1987.

Inger M. Klemp has served as Chief Financial Officer of Frontline Management AS since June 1, 2006. Mrs. Klemp has served as a director of Independent Tankers Corporation Limited since February 2008 and has served as Chief Financial Officer of Knightsbridge Tankers Limited since September 2007. Mrs. Klemp served as Vice President Finance from August 2001 until she was promoted in May 2006. Mrs. Klemp graduated as MSc in Business and Economics from the Norwegian School of Management (BI) in 1986. Prior to joining the Company, Mrs. Klemp was Assistant Director Finance in Color Group ASA and Group Financial Manager in Color Line ASA, a OSE listed company and before that was Assistant Vice President in Nordea Bank Norge ASA handling structuring and syndication of loan facilities in the international banking market and a lending officer of Fokus Bank ASA.

B.  COMPENSATION

During the year ended December 31, 2013 , we paid to our directors and executive officers (seven persons) aggregate cash compensation of approximately $2.5 million and an aggregate amount of approximately $0.04 million for pension and retirement benefits. In addition to cash compensation, during 2013 we also recognized stock compensation expense of approximately $0.06 million in respect of options granted under our Share Option Scheme.

C.  BOARD PRACTICES

In accordance with our Bye-laws the number of Directors shall be such number not less than two as our shareholders by Ordinary Resolution may from time to time determine and each Director shall hold office until the next annual general meeting following his election or until his successor is elected. We currently have three Directors.

We currently have an audit committee, which is responsible for overseeing the quality and integrity of our financial statements and our accounting, auditing and financial reporting practices, our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, the independent auditor's qualifications, independence and performance and our internal audit function. In 2013, our audit committee comprised of Mrs. Kate Blankenship.


56


In lieu of a compensation committee comprised of independent directors, our Board of Directors is responsible for establishing the executive officers' compensation and benefits.  In lieu of a nomination committee comprised of independent directors, our Board of Directors is responsible for identifying and recommending potential candidates to become board members and recommending directors for appointment to board committees.

Our officers are elected by the Board of Directors as soon as possible following each Annual General Meeting and shall hold office for such period and on such terms as the Board may determine.

There are no service contracts between us and any of our Directors providing for benefits upon termination of their employment or service.

As a foreign private issuer we are exempt from certain requirements of the New York Stock Exchange that are applicable to U.S. listed companies. For a listing and further discussion of how our corporate governance practices differ from those required of U.S. companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange, please see Item 16G or visit the corporate governance section of our website at www.frontline.bm .

D.  EMPLOYEES

As of December 31, 2013 , we employed approximately 96 people in our offices in Bermuda, London, Oslo, Singapore and India, compared to 88 employees in 2012 and 80 employees in 2011. We contract with independent ship managers to manage and operate our vessels.

E.  SHARE OWNERSHIP

As of March 10, 2014, the beneficial interests of our Directors and officers in our Ordinary Shares were as follows:
Director or Officer
Ordinary
Shares
of $1.00 each

Options to
acquire Ordinary Shares
which have vested

Percentage of
Ordinary Shares Outstanding

John Fredriksen*
*

100,000

*

Kate Blankenship
2,000

30,000

**

Georgina Sousa
—

7,000

—

Jens Martin Jensen
14,000

63,333

**

Inger M. Klemp
16,000

63,333

**

*      Hemen Holding Ltd, or Hemen, is a Cyprus holding company, which is indirectly controlled by trusts established by Mr. Fredriksen, the Company's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, for the benefit of his immediate family. Mr. Fredriksen disclaims beneficial ownership of the 26,304,053 Ordinary Shares held by Hemen, except to the extent of his voting and dispositive interest in such shares of common stock. Mr. Fredriksen has no pecuniary interest in the shares held by Hemen.
**      Less than 1%.

Share Option Scheme
In September 2009, our board of directors approved our Share Option Scheme. The subscription price for all options granted under the scheme will be reduced by the amount of all dividends declared by us per share in the period from the date of grant until the date the options are exercised, provided the subscription price is never reduced below the par value per share.

Details of options to acquire our Ordinary Shares by our Directors and officers as of March 10, 2014, were as follows:


57


Director or Officer
Number of options
Exercise price
Expiration Date
Total

Vested

John Fredriksen
100,000

100,000

NOK 130.46
October 2014
Kate Blankenship
30,000

30,000

NOK 130.46
October 2014
Georgina Sousa
7,000

7,000

NOK 130.46
October 2014
Jens Martin Jensen
50,000

50,000

NOK 130.46
October 2014
20,000

13,333

NOK 130.46
April 2016
Inger M. Klemp
50,000

50,000

NOK 130.46
October 2014
20,000

13,333

NOK 130.46
April 2016

ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

A.  MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS

The following table presents certain information as of March 10, 2014, regarding the ownership of our Ordinary Shares with respect to each shareholder whom we know to beneficially own more than 5% of our outstanding Ordinary Shares.
Owner
Ordinary
Shares Amount

%

Hemen Holding Ltd.
26,304,053

27.59
%

As of March 10, 2014, 47,114,371 of our Ordinary Shares were listed for trading on the New York Stock Exchange.

Our major shareholders have the same voting rights as our other shareholders. No corporation or foreign government owns more than 50% of our outstanding Ordinary Shares. We are not aware of any arrangements, the operation of which may at a subsequent date result in a change in control of the Company.

B.  RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

The majority of the Company's leased vessels are leased from Ship Finance and Ship Finance is entitled to a profit share of the Company's earnings on these vessels under a Charter Ancillary Agreement. This profit share was increased from 20% to 25% with effect from January 1, 2012. A summary of leasing transactions with Ship Finance during the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 is as follows:

(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

2011

Charter hire paid (principal and interest): continuing operations
150,891

161,840

204,634

Charter hire paid (principal and interest): discontinued operations
434

14,492

44,188

Lease termination fees (expense) income: continuing operations
(5,204
)
22,766

5,345

Lease termination fees (expense) income: discontinued operations
—

(24,543
)
(22,449
)
Compensation paid on lease amendment
—

—

106,000

Profit share expense: discontinued operations
—

—

482

Contingent rental expense: continuing operations
—

20,020

—

Contingent rental expense: discontinued operations
—

32,156

—

Remaining lease obligation
726,717

875,670

926,821


A summary of net amounts earned (incurred) from related parties, excluding the Ship Finance lease related balances above, for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 are as follows:


58


(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

2011

Seatankers Management Co. Ltd
1,416

1,009

1,008

Golar LNG Limited
2,119

1,820

1,002

Ship Finance International Limited
5,094

4,261

4,660

Golden Ocean Group Limited
3,166

5,566

5,492

Bryggegata AS
(1,982
)
(1,455
)
(1,494
)
Arcadia Petroleum Limited
7,962

5,423

34,977

Seadrill Limited
1,475

2,574

1,076

Archer Limited
410

390

906

Deep Sea Supply Plc
69

41

168

Aktiv Kapital ASA
40

21

136

VTN Shipping Inc
—

—

17,051

Orion Tankers Ltd
—

343

24

Frontline 2012 Ltd
7,410

(4,004
)
—

North Atlantic Drilling Ltd
60

—

—

CalPetro Tankers (Bahamas I) Limited
54

51

63

CalPetro Tankers (Bahamas II) Limited
54

51

63

CalPetro Tankers (IOM) Limited
54

51

63


Net amounts earned from other related parties comprise charter hire, office rental income, technical and commercial management fees, newbuilding supervision fees, freights, corporate and administrative services income and interest income. Amounts paid to related parties comprise primarily rental for office space. In addition, the Company chartered in two vessels from Frontline 2012 on floating rate time charters during 2012 under which the charter hire expense was equal to the time charter equivalent earnings of the vessels. Both charters were terminated in December 2012.

A summary of short term balances due from related parties as at December 31, 2013 and 2012 is as follows:
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

Receivables
Ship Finance International Limited
2,272

1,891

Seatankers  Management Co. Ltd
394

342

Archer Ltd
8

778

Golar LNG Limited
942

755

Orion Tankers Ltd
—

250

Northern Offshore Ltd
13

13

Golden Ocean Group Limited
1,219

1,325

Seadrill Limited
1,478

1,253

Frontline 2012 Ltd
2,860

2,291

CalPetro Tankers (Bahamas I) Limited
14

13

CalPetro Tankers (Bahamas II) Limited
14

13

CalPetro Tankers (IOM) Limited
14

13

Deep Sea Supply Plc
4

—

Aktiv Kapital Ltd
6

—

Arcadia Petroleum Limited
174

106

North Atlantic Drilling Ltd
75

12

9,487

9,055


A summary of short term balances due to related parties as at December 31, 2013 and 2012 is as follows:

59


(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

Payables
Ship Finance International Limited
(8,528
)
(52,063
)
Seatankers Management Co. Ltd
(506
)
(257
)
Golar LNG Limited
(155
)
(101
)
Golden Ocean Group Limited
(1,047
)
(1,042
)
Frontline 2012 Ltd
(1,183
)
(423
)
Aktiv Kapital Ltd
—

(34
)
Deep Sea Supply Plc
—

(28
)
(11,419
)
(53,948
)

Receivables and payables with related parties comprise unpaid management, technical advisory, newbuilding supervision and technical management, administrative service and rental charges and charterhire payments. In addition, certain payables and receivables arise when the Company pays an invoice on behalf of a related party and vice versa. The payable with Ship Finance at December 31, 2012 principally included unpaid contingent rental expense and a lease termination fee. Receivables and payables with related parties are generally settled quarterly in arrears with the exception of profit share due to Ship Finance which is settled annually.

The long term related party balance is due to Ship Finance and is the remaining termination fee payable for the Front Champion and Golden Victory. The balance is being repaid using similar repayment terms to the original lease and incurs interest at 7.254%. Interest expense of $0.7 million has been recorded in 2013 and is included in the short term related party payable balance at the year end. The long term related party balance at December 31, 2013 is as follows:
(in thousands of $)
Total

7.254% Loan note payable due 2021 and 2022
79,017

Loan note repayments
(402
)
Total loan note
78,615

Less: current portion of loan note (included in short term related party balance)
(6,017
)
72,598


The note balance at December 31, 2013 is repayable as follows:
(in thousands of $)
Year ending December 31,
2014
6,017

2015
5,626

2016
9,200

2017
9,904

2018
10,647

Thereafter
37,221

78,615


We transact business with the following related parties, being companies in which Hemen and companies associated with Hemen have a significant interest: Ship Finance International Limited, Golar LNG Limited, Northern Offshore Ltd, Seadrill Limited, Bryggegata AS, Golden Ocean Group Limited, Arcadia Petroleum Limited ("Arcadia"), Deep Sea Supply Plc ("Deep Sea"), Aktiv Kapital ASA, Archer Limited, Farahead Holdings Limited ("Farahead"), Seatankers Management Co. Ltd, North Atlantic Drilling Ltd and Frontline 2012 Ltd. CalPetro Tankers (Bahamas I) Limited, CalPetro Tankers (Bahamas II) Limited, CalPetro Tankers (IOM) Limited, Frontline 2012 Ltd. and Orion Tankers Ltd. are equity accounted.

The Company earned freights on chartering vessels to Arcadia in the amount of $7.5 million ( 2012 : $5.0 million ).


60


In January 2013, the Company received termination payments from Ship Finance in the aggregate amount of $7.8 million in respect of the lease terminations for Titan Aries (now renamed Edinburgh) and recorded a gain of $7.6 million in the first quarter of 2013.

In January 2013, the Company paid $6.0 million for 1,143,000 shares in a private placement by Frontline 2012 of 59 million new ordinary shares at a subscription price of $5.25 per share. Following the private placement, the Company’s ownership in Frontline 2012 was reduced from 7.9% to 6.3% . The Company recognized a gain on the dilution of its ownership of $5.2 million in the first quarter of 2013.

In February 2013, the Company agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long term charter party for the Suezmax tanker Front Pride and the charter party terminated on February 15, 2013. The Company made a compensation payment to Ship Finance of $2.1 million in March 2013 for the early termination of the charter and recorded a loss on the termination of the lease of $0.2 million in the first quarter of 2013.

In September 2013, Frontline 2012 completed a private placement of 34.1 million new ordinary shares of $2.00 par value at a subscription price of $6.60 . The Company did not buy any of the shares and its ownership decreased from 6.3% to 5.4% . The Company recognized a gain on the dilution of its ownership of $4.7 million in the third quarter of 2013.

In October 2013, Frontline 2012 paid a stock dividend of 1 share in Avance Gas for every 124.55 shares held in Frontline 2012. The Company received 108,069 shares valued at $1.3 million , which was credited against the investment and recorded as a marketable security in the fourth quarter of 2013.

In October 2013, the Company agreed with Ship Finance, to terminate the long term charter parties for the VLCCs Front Champion and Golden Victory, and Ship Finance simultaneously sold the vessels to unrelated third parties. The charter parties were terminated in November 2013 upon the redelivery of the vessels to Ship Finance. The Company recorded an impairment loss of $88.1 million in 2013 and a net gain of $13.8 million on the termination of the leases in the fourth quarter of 2013. The Company agreed to a compensation payment to Ship Finance of $89.9 million for the early termination of the charter parties, of which $10.9 million was paid upon termination and the balance was recorded as notes payable, with similar amortization profiles to the current lease obligations, with reduced rates until 2015 and full rates from 2016. Front Champion and Golden Victory had the highest charter rates among the vessels chartered in from Ship Finance and the level of compensation is a reflection of this.

In 2012, the Company received termination payments from Ship Finance in the aggregate amount of $22.2 million in respect of the lease terminations for Titan Orion (ex-Front Duke) and Ticen Ocean (now renamed Front Lady). The Company made lease termination payments to Ship Finance in 2012 in the aggregate amount of $32.6 million in respect of the lease terminations for the OBO vessels Front Striver, Front Rider, Front Climber, Front Viewer and Front Guider which have been included in discontinued operations.

In May 2012, the Company paid $13.3 million for 3,546,000 shares in a private placement by Frontline 2012 of 56 million new ordinary shares at a subscription price of $3.75 per share. Following the private placement, the Company’s ownership in Frontline 2012 was reduced from 8.8% to 7.9% . The Company recognized a gain on the dilution of its ownership of $0.7 million in the second quarter of 2012.

In 2011, the Company received termination payments from Ship Finance in the aggregate amount of $5.3 million in respect of the lease terminations for Front Ace and Ticen Sun (ex-Front Highness) and made termination payments to Ship Finance in the aggregate amount of $14.3 million in respect of the OBO vessel lease terminations for Front Leader and Front Breaker .

In September 2011, the Company negotiated the early termination of bare boat charters on three single hull VLCCs, Titan Orion (ex-Front Duke), Titan Aries (now renamed Edinburgh) and Ticen Ocean (now renamed Front Lady), which were being chartered in from Ship Finance. These three vessels were subsequently sold by Ship Finance. The Titan Orion (ex-Front Duke) was delivered, and the charter party with Ship Finance was terminated, on March 27, 2012. The Company received a compensation payment from Ship Finance of $10.6 million for the early termination of the charter. The Ticen Ocean (now renamed Front Lady) was delivered, and the charter party with Ship Finance was terminated, on November 27, 2012. The Company received a compensation payment from Ship Finance of $11.6 million for the early termination of the charter. The Titan Aries (now renamed Edinburgh) was delivered, and the charter party with Ship Finance was terminated, on February 16, 2013. Under the terms of the early termination of the bareboat charters, Ship Finance will pay the Company a termination fee in accordance with the charter ancillary agreement.

In October 2011, the Company sold the double hull Suezmax tanker, Front Hunter, to VTN Shipping Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Farahead Holdings Limited, and recognized a gain of $0.05 million in the fourth quarter of 2011.

61



In December 2011, Frontline completed a restructuring of the Company in which 15 subsidiaries were sold to Frontline 2012 Ltd, a related company that Frontline owns 8.8% of the share capital. At December 31, 2011, $10.5 million remains outstanding for working capital balances.

In December 2011, the Company and Ship Finance agreed to a rate reduction of $6,500 per day for all vessels leased from Ship Finance under long-term leases for a four year period that commenced on January 1, 2012. The Company paid Ship Finance up front compensation of $106.0 million on December 30, 2011, of which $50.0 million was a non-refundable prepayment of profit split and $56.0 million was a release of restricted cash serving as security for charter payments. The Company will compensate Ship Finance with 100% of any difference between the renegotiated rates and the average vessel earnings up to the original contract rates. In addition, the profit share above the original threshold rates was increased from 20% to 25% .

C.  INTERESTS OF EXPERTS AND COUNSEL

Not applicable.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

A. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION

See Item 18.

Legal Proceedings

We are a party, as plaintiff or defendant, to several lawsuits in various jurisdictions for demurrage, damages, off-hire and other claims and commercial disputes arising from the operation of its vessels, in the ordinary course of business or in connection with its acquisition activities. We believe that the resolution of such claims will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's operations or financial condition.

Dividend Policy

The timing and amount of dividends, if any, is at the discretion of our Board of Directors. The level of dividend will be guided by present earnings, market prospects, current capital expenditure programs as well as investment opportunities. We have paid the following cash dividends in 2011. We have not paid any cash dividends since the third quarter in 2011.
Payment Date
Amount per Share
2011

March 23, 2011
$
0.10

June 28, 2011
$
0.10

September 26, 2011
$
0.02


B. SIGNIFICANT CHANGES

None.

ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING

The Company's Ordinary Shares are traded on the New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE, the Oslo Stock Exchange, or OSE, and on the London Stock Exchange, or LSE, under the symbol "FRO".
The New York Stock Exchange is the Company's "primary listing". As an overseas company with secondary listings on the OSE and LSE, the Company is not required to comply with certain listing rules applicable to companies with a primary listing on the OSE or LSE. The Company's Ordinary Shares have been thinly traded on the London Stock Exchange since 1999 and as a result, historical LSE trading information is not provided below.

The following table sets forth, for the five most recent fiscal years, the high and low prices for the Ordinary Shares on the NYSE and OSE.

62


NYSE
OSE
High

Low

High
Low
Fiscal year ended December 31,
2013
$
4.05

$
1.71

NOK 25.00
NOK 9.90
2012
$
9.47

$
3.02

NOK 48.50
NOK 17.24
2011
$
27.76

$
2.52

NOK 169.50
NOK 14.76
2010
$
38.85

$
24.98

NOK 236.70
NOK 146.40
2009
$
33.29

$
15.78

NOK 235.00
NOK 107.00

The following table sets forth, for each full financial quarter for the two most recent fiscal years, the high and low prices of the Ordinary Shares on the NYSE and the OSE.
NYSE
OSE
High

Low

High
Low
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2013
First quarter
$
3.77

$
1.81

NOK 20.60
NOK 10.95
Second quarter
$
2.55

$
1.71

NOK 14.65
NOK 9.90
Third quarter
$
3.17

$
1.78

NOK 17.80
NOK 10.60
Fourth quarter
$
4.05

$
2.03

NOK 25.00
NOK 12.25
NYSE
OSE
High

Low

High
Low
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2012
First quarter
$
9.47

$
4.03

NOK 48.50
NOK 24.16
Second quarter
$
7.69

$
3.88

NOK 44.70
NOK 23.98
Third quarter
$
4.72

$
3.02

NOK 28.00
NOK 17.24
Fourth quarter
$
4.03

$
3.07

NOK 22.90
NOK 17.50

The following table sets forth, for the most recent six months, the high and low prices for the Ordinary Shares on the NYSE and OSE.
NYSE
OSE
High

Low

High
Low
March 2014 (through March 20)
$
4.59

$
3.72

NOK 27.00
NOK 22.50
February 2014
$
4.64

$
3.47

NOK 28.00
NOK 21.50
January 2014
$
5.18

$
3.56

NOK 34.20
NOK 21.80
December 2013
$
4.05

$
3.08

NOK 25.00
NOK 18.50
November 2013
$
3.22

$
2.18

NOK 21.50
NOK 12.60
October 2013
$
2.77

$
2.63

NOK 16.10
NOK 12.25

ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

A.  SHARE CAPITAL

A resolution was approved at the Company’s Special General Meeting on May 8, 2013 such that the issued and paid-up share capital of the Company be reduced from $194,646,255 to $77,858,502 , with effect from May 14, 2013, by cancelling the paid-up capital of $1.50 on each of the ordinary shares in issue so that each of the 77,858,502 shares of par value $2.50 shall have a par value of $1.00 . It was also resolved that the amount of credit arising be credited to the additional paid in capital account of the Company and that the authorized share capital of the Company be maintained at $312,500,000 comprising 312,500,000 shares of $1.00 each.


63


B.  MEMORANDUM AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
The Memorandum of Association of the Company has previously been filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form F-3, (Registration No. 333-185193) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 29, 2012, and is hereby incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.

At the 2007 Annual General Meeting of the Company, our shareholders voted to amend the Company's Bye-laws to ensure conformity with recent revisions to the Bermuda Companies Act 1981, as amended. These amended Bye-laws of the Company as adopted on September 28, 2007, are incorporated by reference in Exhibit 1.2 to this Annual Report.

The purposes and powers of the Company are set forth in Items 7(2)-(4) and 8(2)-(4) of our Memorandum of Association and in the Second Schedule of the Bermuda Companies Act of 1981 which is attached as an exhibit to our Memorandum of Association. These purposes include acting as a group holding company, exploring, drilling, moving, transporting and refining petroleum and hydro-carbon products, including oil and oil products; the acquisition, ownership, chartering, selling, management and operation of ships and aircraft; the entering into of any guarantee, contract, indemnity or suretyship and to assure, support, secure, with or without the consideration or benefit, the performance of any obligations of any person or persons; and the borrowing and raising of money in any currency or currencies to secure or discharge any debt or obligation in any manner.

Shareholder Meetings .  Under our Bye-laws, annual shareholder meetings will be held in accordance with the Companies Act at a time and place (other than Norway) selected by our board of directors.  The quorum at any annual or general meeting is equal to one or more shareholders, either present in person or represented by proxy, holding in the aggregate shares carrying 33 1/3% of the exercisable voting rights.  The meetings may be held at any place, in or outside of Bermuda that is not a jurisdiction which applies a controlled foreign company tax legislation or similar regime.  Special meetings may be called at the discretion of the board of directors and at the request of shareholders holding at least one-tenth of all outstanding shares entitled to vote at a meeting.  Annual shareholder meetings and special meetings must be called by not less than seven days' prior written notice specifying the place, day and time of the meeting.  The board of directors may fix any date as the record date for determining those shareholders eligible to receive notice of and to vote at the meeting.

The Companies Act provides that a company must have a general meeting of its shareholders in each calendar year.  The Companies Act does not impose any general requirements regarding the number of voting shares which must be present or represented at a general meeting in order for the business transacted at the general meeting to be valid.  The Companies Act generally leaves the quorum for shareholders meeting to the company to determine in its Bye-laws.  The Companies Act specifically imposes special quorum requirements where the shareholders are being asked to approve the modification of rights attaching to a particular class of shares (33.33%) or an amalgamation or merger transaction (more than 33.33%) unless in either case the Bye-laws provide otherwise. The Company's Bye-laws do not provide for a quorum requirement other than 33.33%.

The key powers of our shareholders include the power to alter the terms of the Company's memorandum of association and to approve and thereby make effective any alterations to the Company's Bye-laws made by the directors.  Dissenting shareholders holding 20% of the Company's shares may apply to the Court to annul or vary an alteration to the Company's memorandum of association. A majority vote against an alteration to the Company's Bye-laws made by the directors will prevent the alteration from becoming effective. Other key powers are to approve the alteration of the Company's capital including a reduction in share capital, to approve the removal of a director, to resolve that the Company be wound up or discontinued from Bermuda to another jurisdiction or to enter into an amalgamation or winding up. Under the Companies Act, all of the foregoing corporate actions require approval by an ordinary resolution (a simple majority of votes cast). The Company's Bye-laws only require an ordinary resolution to approve an amalgamation whether or not the Company is the surviving company. In addition, the Company's Bye-laws confer express power on the board to reduce its issued share capital selectively with the authority of an ordinary resolution.

The Companies Act provides shareholders holding 10% of the Company's voting shares the ability to request that the board of directors shall convene a meeting of shareholders to consider any business which the shareholders wish to be discussed by the shareholders including (as noted below) the removal of any director.  However the shareholders are not permitted to pass any resolutions relating to the management of the Company's business affairs unless there is a pre-existing provision in the Company's Bye-Laws which confers such rights on the shareholders. Subject to compliance with the time limits prescribed by the Companies Act, shareholders holding 20% of the voting shares (or alternatively, 100 shareholders) may also require the directors to circulate a written statement not exceeding 1,000 words relating to any resolution or other matter proposed to be put before, or dealt with at, the annual general meeting of the Company.


64


Majority shareholders do not generally owe any duties to other shareholders to refrain from exercising all of the votes attached to their shares. There are no deadlines in the Companies Act relating to the time when votes must be exercised.

The Companies Act provides that a company shall not be bound to take notice of any trust or other interest in its shares. There is a presumption that all the rights attaching to shares are held by, and are exercisable by, the registered holder, by virtue of being registered as a member of the company. The company's relationship is with the registered holder of its shares. If the registered holder of the shares holds the shares for someone else (the beneficial owner) then if the beneficial owner is entitled to the shares, the beneficial owner may give instructions to the registered holder on how to vote the shares.  The Companies Act provides that the registered holder may appoint more than one proxy to attend a shareholder meeting, and consequently where rights to shares are held in a chain the registered holder may appoint the beneficial owner as the registered holder's proxy.

Directors. The Companies Act provides that the directors shall be elected or appointed by the shareholders. A director may be elected by a simple majority vote of shareholders, at a meeting where shareholders holding not less than 33.33% of the voting shares are present in person or by proxy. A person holding 50% or more of the voting shares of the Company will be able to elect all of the directors, and to prevent the election of any person whom such shareholder does not wish to be elected.  There are no provisions for cumulative voting in the Companies Act or the Bye-Laws and the Company's Bye-Laws do not contain any super-majority voting requirements.

There are also procedures for the removal of one or more of the directors by the shareholders before the expiration of his term of office. Shareholders holding 10% or more of the voting shares of the Company may require the board of directors to convene a shareholder meeting to consider a resolution for the removal of a director. At least 14 days written notice of a resolution to remove a director must be given to the director affected, and that director must be permitted to speak at the shareholder meeting at which the resolution for his removal is considered by the shareholders.

The Companies Act stipulates that an undischarged bankruptcy of a director (in any country) shall prohibit that director from acting as a director. directly or indirectly, and taking part in or being concerned with the management of a company, except with leave of the court. The Company's Bye-Laws are more restrictive in that they stipulate that the office of a director shall be vacated upon the happening of any of the following events (in addition to the director's resignation or removal from office by the shareholders):

•
If that director becomes of unsound mind or a patient for any purpose of any statute or applicable law relating to mental health and the Board resolves that such director shall be removed from office;

•
If that director becomes bankrupt or compounds with his creditors;

•
If that director is prohibited by law from being a director; or

•
If that director ceases to be a director by virtue of the Companies Act.

Under the Company's Bye-laws, the minimum number of directors comprising the board of directors at any time shall be two. The board of directors currently consists of four directors.  The minimum and maximum number of directors comprising the board of directors from time to time shall be determined by way of an ordinary resolution of the shareholders of the Company. The shareholders may, at the annual general meeting by ordinary resolution, determine that one or more vacancies in the board of directors be deemed casual vacancies.  The board of directors, so long as a quorum remains in office, shall have the power to fill such casual vacancies.  Each director will hold office until the next annual general meeting or until his successor is appointed or elected. The shareholders may call a Special General Meeting for the purpose of removing a director, provided notice is served upon the concerned director 14 days prior to the meeting and he is entitled to be heard.  Any vacancy created by such a removal may be filled at the meeting by the election of another person by the shareholders or in the absence of such election, by the board of directors.


65


Bermuda law permits the Bye-laws of a Bermuda company to contain provisions excluding personal liability of a director, alternate director, officer, member of a committee authorized under Bye-law 104, resident representative or their respective heirs, executors or administrators to the company for any loss arising or liability attaching to him by virtue of any rule of law in respect of any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust of which the officer or person may be guilty. Bermuda law also grants companies the power generally to indemnify directors, alternate directors and officers of the Company and any members of a committee authorized under Bye-law 96, resident representatives or their respective heirs, executors or administrators if any such person was or is a party or threatened to be made a party to a threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director, alternate director or officer of the Company or member of a committee authorized under Bye-law 96, resident representative or their respective heirs, executors or administrators or was serving in a similar capacity for another entity at the company's request.

The Company's Bye-laws do not prohibit a director from being a party to, or otherwise having an interest in, any transaction or arrangement with the Company or in which the Company is otherwise interested. The Company's Bye-laws provide that a director who has an interest in any transaction or arrangement with the Company and who has complied with the provisions of the Companies Act and with its Bye-Laws with regard to disclosure of such interest shall be taken into account in ascertaining whether a quorum is present, and will be entitled to vote in respect of any transaction or arrangement in which he is so interested. The Company's Bye-laws provide its board of directors the authority to exercise all of the powers of the Company to borrow money and to mortgage or charge all or any part of our property and assets as collateral security for any debt, liability or obligation. The Company's directors are not required to retire because of their age, and the directors are not required to be holders of the Company's Ordinary Shares. Directors serve for one year terms, and shall serve until re-elected or until their successors are appointed at the next annual general meeting.  The Company's Bye-laws provide that no director, alternate director, officer, person or member of a committee, if any, resident representative, or his heirs, executors or administrators, which we refer to collectively as an indemnitee, is liable for the acts, receipts, neglects, or defaults of any other such person or any person involved in our formation, or for any loss or expense incurred by us through the insufficiency or deficiency of title to any property acquired by us, or for the insufficiency of deficiency of any security in or upon which any of our monies shall be invested, or for any loss or damage arising from the bankruptcy, insolvency, or tortious act of any person with whom any monies, securities, or effects shall be deposited, or for any loss occasioned by any error of judgment, omission, default, or oversight on his part, or for any other loss, damage or misfortune whatever which shall happen in relation to the execution of his duties, or supposed duties, to us or otherwise in relation thereto. Each indemnitee will be indemnified and held harmless out of our funds to the fullest extent permitted by Bermuda law against all liabilities, loss, damage or expense (including but not limited to liabilities under contract, tort and statute or any applicable foreign law or regulation and all reasonable legal and other costs and expenses properly payable) incurred or suffered by him as such director, alternate director, officer, person or committee member or resident representative (or in his reasonable belief that he is acting as any of the above). In addition, each indemnitee shall be indemnified against all liabilities incurred in defending any proceedings, whether civil or criminal, in which judgment is given in such indemnitee's favor, or in which he is acquitted. The Company is authorized to purchase insurance to cover any liability it may incur under the indemnification provisions of its Bye-laws.

Dividends. Holders of common shares are entitled to receive dividend and distribution payments, pro rata based on the number of common shares held, when, as and if declared by the board of directors, in its sole discretion.  Any future dividends declared will be at the discretion of the board of directors and will depend upon our financial condition, earnings and other factors.

As a Bermuda exempted company, we are subject to Bermuda law relating to the payment of dividends.  We may not pay any dividends if, at the time the dividend is declared or at the time the dividend is paid, there are reasonable grounds for believing that, after giving effect to that payment;

•
we will not be able to pay our liabilities as they fall due; or

•
the realizable value of our assets, is less than our liabilities.

In addition, since we are a holding company with no material assets, and conduct our operations through subsidiaries, our ability to pay any dividends to shareholders will depend on our subsidiaries' distributing to us their earnings and cash flow.  Some of our loan agreements currently limit or prohibit our subsidiaries' ability to make distributions to us and our ability to make distributions to our shareholders.

Oslo Stock Exchange .  The Company's Bye-laws provide that any person, other than its registrar, who acquires or disposes of an interest in shares which triggers a notice requirement of the Oslo Stock Exchange must notify the Company's registrar immediately of such acquisition or disposal and the resulting interest of that person in shares. There are no limitations on the right of non-Bermudians or non-residents of Bermuda to hold or vote our Ordinary Shares.


66


The Company's Bye-laws require the Company to provide notice to the Oslo Stock Exchange if a person resident for tax purposes in Norway (or such other jurisdiction as the Board may nominate from time to time) is found to hold 50% or more of the Company's aggregate issued share capital, or holds shares with 50% or more of the outstanding voting power, other than the Company's registrar. The Company's Bye-laws also require it to comply with requirements that the Oslo Stock Exchange may impose from time to time relating to notification of the Oslo Stock Exchange in the event of specified changes in the ownership of the Company's Ordinary Shares.

Shares and preemptive rights .  Subject to certain balance sheet restrictions, the Companies Act permits a company to purchase its own shares if it is able to do so without becoming cash flow insolvent as a result. The restrictions are that the par value of the share must be charged against the company's issued share capital account or a company fund which is available for dividend or distribution or be paid for out of the proceeds of a fresh issue of shares. Any premium paid on the repurchase of shares must be charged to the company's current share premium account or charged to a company fund which is available for dividend or distribution. The Companies Act does not impose any requirement that the directors shall make a general offer to all shareholders to purchase their shares pro rata to their respective shareholdings. The Company's Bye-Laws do not contain any specific rules regarding the procedures to be followed by the Company when purchasing its own shares, and consequently the primary source of the Company's obligations to shareholders when the Company tenders for its shares will be the rules of the listing exchanges on which the Company's shares are listed.

The Companies Act and our Bye-Laws do not confer any pre-emptive, redemption, conversion or sinking fund rights attached to our Ordinary Shares. Holders of Ordinary Shares are entitled to one vote per share on all matters submitted to a vote of holders of Ordinary Shares. Unless a different majority is required by law or by our Bye-laws, resolutions to be approved by holders of Ordinary Shares require approval by a simple majority of votes cast at a meeting at which a quorum is present.

Bye-Law 6 specifically provides that the issuance of more shares ranking pari passu with the shares in issue shall not constitute a variation of class rights, unless the rights attached to shares in issue state that the issuance of further shares shall constitute a variation of class rights. Bye-Law 7 confers on the directors the right to dispose of any number of unissued shares forming part of the authorized share capital of the Company without any requirement for shareholder approval.  Bye-law 81 contains certain stipulations regarding the Company's (or any of its subsidiaries') transactions with any of its Principal Shareholders (or any Associate of a Principal Shareholder). When Bye-law 81 applies, the Company is required to send to each shareholder a disclosure statement containing information about the proposed transaction. However, this Bye-Law provision specifically exempts from this requirement the issuance of new shares to a Principal Shareholder for cash.

Liquidation . In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holders of Ordinary Shares are entitled to share in our assets, if any,  remaining after the payment of all of our debts and liabilities, subject to any liquidation preference on any outstanding preference shares.
C. MATERIAL CONTRACTS

Frontline 2012

On December 31, 2011, in conjunction with the Board approved restructuring plan, the Company entered into an agreement with Frontline 2012, where the Company agreed to sell 15 wholly-owned SPCs to Frontline 2012. These SPCs held six VLCCs (including one on time charter), four Suezmax tankers and five VLCC newbuilding contracts. The SPCs were sold at fair market value of $1,120.7 million being the average of three independent broker valuations. As part of the transaction, Frontline 2012 assumed bank debt of $666.3 million and outstanding newbuilding commitments of $325.5 million. In addition, we, through our wholly owned subsidiary, Frontline Management (Bermuda) Ltd. entered into an administrative services agreement with Frontline 2012, where we will provide all management and administrative services to Frontline 2012.


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Ship Finance
Charter Ancillary Agreement

The Company has entered into charter ancillary agreements with Ship Finance, its vessel owning subsidiaries that own the vessels and our wholly owned and consolidated subsidiaries Frontline Shipping Limited, or Frontline Shipping, and Frontline Shipping II Limited, or Frontline Shipping II, which remain in effect until the last long-term charter with Ship Finance terminates in accordance with its terms. In December 2011, in conjunction with the Board approved restructuring plan, the Company and Ship Finance agreed to a rate reduction of $6,500 per day for all vessels leased from Ship Finance under long-term leases for a four year period that commenced on January 1, 2012. The Company paid Ship Finance up front compensation of $106.0 million on December 30, 2011, of which $50.0 million was a non-refundable prepayment of profit share and $56.0 million was a release of restricted cash serving as security for charter payments. The Company will compensate Ship Finance with 100% of any difference between the renegotiated rates and the average vessel earnings up to the original contract rates. In addition, the profit share above the original threshold rates was increased from 20% to 25%. As a result of this, obligations under capital leases and vessels under capital leases have been reduced by $126.5 million at December 31, 2011. Obligations under capital leases have also been reduced by the $106.0 million compensation payment to Ship Finance.

Debt Conversion

Exchange Agreement

On October 11, 2013 the Company entered into an Exchange Agreement for the exchange of $25.0 million of the outstanding principal amount of the Company's 4.5% convertible bond issue for an aggregate of 6,474,827 shares and a cash payment of $2.25 million. As the conversion was agreed at more favorable terms than the original bond, this was treated as an inducement and the Company recognized the difference between the fair value of the original conversion rights compared with the fair value of the induced conversion terms, as a debt conversion expense in 2013.

D.  EXCHANGE CONTROLS

The Bermuda Monetary Authority (the "BMA") must give permission for all issuances and transfers of securities of a Bermuda exempted company like ours, unless the proposed transaction is exempted by the BMA's written general permissions. We have received general permission from the BMA to issue any unissued Ordinary Shares and for the free transferability of our Ordinary Shares as long as our Ordinary Shares are listed on an "appointed stock exchange".  Our Ordinary Shares are listed on the New York, Oslo and London Stock Exchanges. The New York Stock Exchange, which is an "appointed stock exchange" is the Company's "primary listing".  Our Ordinary Shares may therefore be freely transferred among persons who are residents and non-residents of Bermuda.

Although we are incorporated in Bermuda, we are classified as a non-resident of Bermuda for exchange control purposes by the BMA.  Other than transferring Bermuda Dollars out of Bermuda, there are no restrictions on our ability to transfer funds into and out of Bermuda or to pay dividends to U.S. residents who are holders of Ordinary Shares or other nonresidents of Bermuda who are holders of our Ordinary Shares in currency other than Bermuda Dollars.

In accordance with Bermuda law, share certificates may be issued only in the names of corporations, individuals or legal persons. In the case of an applicant acting in a special capacity (for example, as an executor or trustee), certificates may, at the request of the applicant, record the capacity in which the applicant is acting. Notwithstanding the recording of any such special capacity, we are not bound to investigate or incur any responsibility in respect of the proper administration of any such estate or trust.

We will take no notice of any trust applicable to any of our shares or other securities whether or not we had notice of such trust.

As an "exempted company", we are exempt from Bermuda laws which restrict the percentage of share capital that may be held by non-Bermudians, but as an exempted company, we may not participate in certain business transactions including: (i) the acquisition or holding of land in Bermuda (except that required for its business and held by way of lease or tenancy for terms of not more than 21 years) without the express authorization of the Bermuda legislature; (ii) the taking of mortgages on land in Bermuda to secure an amount in excess of $50,000 without the consent of the Minister of Business Development and Tourism of Bermuda; (iii) the acquisition of any bonds or debentures secured on any land in Bermuda except bonds or debentures issued by the Government of Bermuda or by a public authority in Bermuda; or (iv) the carrying on of business of any kind in Bermuda, except in so far as may be necessary for the carrying on of its business outside Bermuda or under a license granted under the Companies Act.


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The Bermuda government actively encourages foreign investment in "exempted" entities like us that are based in Bermuda but do not operate in competition with local business. In addition to having no restrictions on the degree of foreign ownership, we are subject neither to taxes on our income or dividends nor to any exchange controls in Bermuda. In addition, there is no capital gains tax in Bermuda, and profits can be accumulated by us, as required, without limitation. There is no income tax treaty between the United States and Bermuda pertaining to the taxation of income other than applicable to insurance enterprises.

E.  TAXATION

The following discussion summarizes the material United States federal income tax and Bermuda tax consequences to United States Holders, in each case as defined below, of the purchase, ownership and disposition of ordinary shares. This summary does not purport to deal with all aspects of United States federal income taxation and Bermuda taxation that may be relevant to an investor's decision to purchase ordinary shares, nor any tax consequences arising under the laws of any state, locality or other foreign jurisdiction.

United States Federal Income Tax Considerations
In the opinion of Seward & Kissel LLP, our United States counsel, the following are the material United States federal income tax consequences to us of our activities and to United States Holders and Non-United States Holders of our ordinary shares. The following discussion of U.S. federal income tax matters is based on the Code, judicial decisions, administrative pronouncements, and existing and proposed regulations issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury, all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. Except as otherwise noted, this discussion is based on the assumption that we will not maintain an office or other fixed place of business within the United States.

Taxation of the Company's Shipping Income: In General

The Company anticipates that it will derive substantially all of its gross income from the use and operation of vessels in international commerce and that this income will principally consist of freights from the transportation of cargoes, charterhire from time or voyage charters and the performance of services directly related thereto, which the Company refers to as "shipping income."

Shipping income that is attributable to transportation that begins or ends, but that does not both begin and end, in the United States will be considered to be 50% derived from sources within the United States. Shipping income attributable to transportation that both begins and ends in the United States will be considered to be 100% derived from sources within the United States. The Company is not permitted by law to engage in transportation that gives rise to 100% United States source income.

Shipping income attributable to transportation exclusively between non-United States ports will be considered to be 100% derived from sources outside the United States. Shipping income derived from sources outside the United States will not be subject to United States federal income tax.

Based upon the Company's current and anticipated shipping operations, the Company's vessels will operate in various parts of the world, including to or from United States ports. Unless exempt from United States federal income taxation under Section 883 of the Code, or Section 883, the Company will be subject to United States federal income taxation, in the manner discussed below, to the extent its shipping income is considered derived from sources within the United States.

Application of Section 883

Under the relevant provisions of Section 883, the Company will be exempt from United States federal income taxation on its United States source shipping income if:

(i)
It is organized in a "qualified foreign country" which is one that grants an equivalent exemption from taxation to corporations organized in the United States in respect of the shipping income for which exemption is being claimed under Section 883, and which the Company refers to as the "country of organization requirement"; and
(ii)
It can satisfy any one of the following two ownership requirements for more than half the days during the taxable year:
●
the Company's stock is "primarily and regularly" traded on an established securities market located in the United States or a qualified foreign country, which the Company refers to as the "Publicly-Traded Test"; or

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●
more than 50% of the Company's stock, in terms of value, is beneficially owned by any combination of one or more individuals who are residents of a qualified foreign country or foreign corporations that satisfy the country of organization requirement and the Publicly-Traded Test.

The United States Treasury Department has recognized Bermuda, the country of incorporation of the Company and certain of its subsidiaries, as a qualified foreign country. In addition, the United States Treasury Department has recognized Liberia, the Isle of Man and Bahamas, the countries of incorporation of certain of the Company's vessel-owning subsidiaries, as qualified foreign countries. Accordingly, the Company and its vessel owning subsidiaries satisfy the country of organization requirement.

Therefore, the Company's eligibility for exemption under Section 883 is wholly dependent upon being able to satisfy one of the stock ownership requirements.

For the 2013 taxable year, the Company satisfied the Publicly-Traded Test since, on more than half the days of the taxable year, the Company's ordinary shares were primarily and regularly traded on the New York Stock Exchange.

Taxation in Absence of Section 883 Exemption

To the extent the benefits of Section 883 are unavailable with respect to any item of United States source income, the Company's United States source shipping income, would be subject to a 4% tax imposed by Section 887 of the Code on a gross basis, without the benefit of deductions, which the Company refers to as the "4% gross basis tax regime". Since under the sourcing rules described above, no more than 50% of the Company's shipping income would be treated as being derived from United States sources, the maximum effective rate of United States federal income tax on the Company's shipping income would never exceed 2% under the 4% gross basis tax regime.

Gain on Sale of Vessels

Regardless of whether the Company qualifies for exemption under Section 883, the Company will not be subject to United States federal income taxation with respect to gain realized on a sale of a vessel, provided the sale is considered to occur outside of the United States under United States federal income tax principles.  In general, a sale of a vessel will be considered to occur outside of the United States for this purpose if title to the vessel, and risk of loss with respect to the vessel, pass to the buyer outside of the United States.  It is expected that any sale of a vessel by the Company will be considered to occur outside of the United States.

Taxation of United States Holders

The following is a discussion of the material United States federal income tax considerations relevant to an investment decision by a United States Holder, as defined below, with respect to the ordinary shares. This summary is not intended to be applicable to all categories of investors, such as dealers in securities, banks, thrifts or other financial institutions, insurance companies, regulated investment companies, tax-exempt organizations, United States expatriates, persons that hold ordinary shares as part of a straddle, conversion transaction or hedge, persons who own 10% or more of our outstanding stock, persons deemed to sell ordinary shares under the constructive sale provisions of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, a United States Holder whose "functional currency" is other than the United States dollar, or holders subject to the alternative minimum tax, each of which may be subject to special rules. In addition, this discussion is limited to persons who hold ordinary shares as "capital assets" (generally, property held for investment) within the meaning of Code Section 1221. You are encouraged to consult your own tax advisors concerning the overall tax consequences arising in your own particular situation under United States federal, state, local or foreign law of the ownership of ordinary shares.

As used herein, the term "United States Holder" means a beneficial owner of ordinary shares that (i) is a United States citizen or resident, a United States corporation or other United States entity taxable as a corporation, an estate, the income of which is subject to United States federal income taxation regardless of its source, or a trust if a court within the United States is able to exercise primary jurisdiction over the administration of the trust and one or more United States persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust and (ii) owns the ordinary shares as a capital asset, generally, for investment purposes.

If a partnership holds ordinary shares, the tax treatment of a partner will generally depend upon the status of the partner and upon the activities of the partnership.  If you are a partner in a partnership holding ordinary shares, you are encouraged to consult your own tax advisor regarding the United States federal income tax consequences of owning an interest in a partnership that holds ordinary shares.


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Distributions

Subject to the discussion of passive foreign investment companies below, any distributions made by the Company with respect to ordinary shares to a United States Holder will generally constitute dividends, which may be taxable as ordinary income or "qualified dividend income" as described in more detail below, to the extent of the Company's current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under United States federal income tax principles.  Distributions in excess of the Company's earnings and profits will be treated first as a non-taxable return of capital to the extent of the United States Holder's tax basis in its ordinary shares on a dollar-for-dollar basis and thereafter as capital gain.  Because the Company is not a United States corporation, United States Holders that are corporations will not be entitled to claim a dividends-received deduction with respect to any distributions they receive from the Company.

Dividends paid on ordinary shares to a United States Holder which is an individual, trust or estate (a "United States Non-Corporate Holder") will generally be treated as "qualified dividend income" that is taxable to such shareholder at preferential United States federal income tax rates provided that (1) ordinary shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States (such as the New York Stock Exchange on which the ordinary shares are listed); (2) the Company is not a passive foreign investment company for the taxable year during which the dividend is paid or the immediately preceding taxable year (which the Company does not believe it is, has been or will be); and (3) the United States Non-Corporate Holder has owned the ordinary shares for more than 60 days in the 121-day period beginning 60 days before the date on which the ordinary shares become ex-dividend.

Any dividends paid by the Company which are not eligible for these preferential rates will be taxed as ordinary income to a United States Holder.

Sale, Exchange or other Disposition of Our Ordinary Shares

Assuming the Company does not constitute a passive foreign investment company for any taxable year, a United States Holder generally will recognize taxable gain or loss upon a sale, exchange or other disposition of the Company's ordinary shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized by the United States Holder from such sale, exchange or other disposition and the United States Holder's tax basis in the ordinary shares.  Such gain or loss will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the United States Holder's holding period in the ordinary shares is greater than one year at the time of the sale, exchange or other disposition.  A United States Holder's ability to deduct capital losses is subject to certain limitations.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Status and Significant Tax Consequences

Special United States federal income tax rules apply to a United States Holder that holds stock in a foreign corporation classified as a passive foreign investment company, or a PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes.  In general, the Company will be treated as a PFIC with respect to a United States Holder if, for any taxable year in which such holder held the Company's ordinary shares, either;

•
at least 75% of the Company's gross income for such taxable year consists of passive income (e.g., dividends, interest, capital gains and rents derived other than in the active conduct of a rental business), or

•
at least 50% of the average value of the assets held by the Company during such taxable year produce, or are held for the production of, passive income.

For purposes of determining whether the Company is a PFIC, the Company will be treated as earning and owning its proportionate share of the income and assets, respectively, of any of its subsidiary corporations in which it owns at least 25% of the value of the subsidiary's stock.  Income earned, or deemed earned, by the Company in connection with the performance of services would not constitute passive income.  By contrast, rental income would generally constitute "passive income" unless the Company is treated under specific rules as deriving its rental income in the active conduct of a trade or business.

Based on the Company's current operations and future projections, the Company does not believe that it is, or that it has been, nor does it expect to become, a PFIC with respect to any taxable year.  Although there is no legal authority directly on point, the Company's belief is based principally on the position that, for purposes of determining whether the Company is a PFIC, the gross income the Company derives or is deemed to derive from the time chartering and voyage chartering activities should constitute services income, rather than rental income.  Correspondingly, the Company believes that such income does not constitute passive income, and the assets that the Company or its wholly-owned subsidiaries own and operate in connection with the production of such income, in particular, the vessels, do not constitute assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income for purposes of determining whether the Company is a PFIC.

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Although there is no direct legal authority under the PFIC rules, the Company believes there is substantial legal authority supporting its position consisting of case law and United States Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, pronouncements concerning the characterization of income derived from time charters and voyage charters as services income for other tax purposes.  However, there is also authority which characterizes time charter income as rental income rather than services income for other tax purposes. Accordingly, in the absence of any legal authority specifically relating to the Code provisions governing PFICs, the IRS or a court could disagree with our position.  In addition, although the Company intends to conduct its affairs in such a manner as to avoid being classified as a PFIC with respect to any taxable year, there can be no assurance that the nature of its operations will not change in the future.

As discussed more fully below, if the Company were to be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year, a United States Holder would be subject to different taxation rules depending on whether the United States Holder makes an election to treat the Company as a "Qualified Electing Fund," which the Company refers to as a "QEF election." As an alternative to making a QEF election, a United States Holder should be able to elect to mark-to-market the Company's ordinary shares, which the Company refers to as a "Mark-to-Market election" as discussed below.

Taxation of United States Holders Making a Timely QEF Election

If a United States Holder makes a timely QEF election, which United States Holder is referred to by the Company as an "Electing United States Holder," the Electing United States Holder must report each year for United States federal income tax purposes its pro rata share of the Company's ordinary earnings and its net capital gain, if any, for the Company's taxable year that ends with or within the taxable year of the Electing United States Holder, regardless of whether or not distributions were received from the Company by the Electing United States Holder.  The Electing United States Holder's adjusted tax basis in the ordinary shares will be increased to reflect taxed but undistributed earnings and profits.  Distributions of earnings and profits that had been previously taxed will result in a corresponding reduction in the adjusted tax basis in the ordinary shares and will not be taxed again once distributed.  An Electing United States Holder would generally recognize capital gain or loss on the sale, exchange or other disposition of the ordinary shares. A United States Holder will be eligible to make a QEF election with respect to its ordinary shares only if the Company provides the United States Holder with annual tax information relating to the Company.  There can be no assurance that the Company will provide such tax information on an annual basis.

Taxation of United States Holders Making a "Mark-to-Market" Election

Alternatively, if the Company were to be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year and, as anticipated, the ordinary shares are treated as "marketable stock," a United States Holder would be allowed to make a Mark-to-Market election with respect to the Company's ordinary shares.  If that election is made, the United States Holder generally would include as ordinary income in each taxable year the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the ordinary shares at the end of the taxable year over such holder's adjusted tax basis in the ordinary shares.  The United States Holder would also be permitted an ordinary loss in respect of the excess, if any, of the United States Holder's adjusted tax basis in the ordinary shares over its fair market value at the end of the taxable year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the Mark-to-Market election.  A United States Holder's tax basis in its ordinary shares would be adjusted to reflect any such income or loss amount.  Gain realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of the ordinary shares would be treated as ordinary income, and any loss realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of the ordinary shares would be treated as ordinary loss to the extent that such loss does not exceed the net mark-to-market gains previously included by the United States Holder.

Taxation of United States Holders Not Making a Timely QEF or Mark-to-Market Election

Finally, if the Company were to be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year, a United States  Holder who does not make either a QEF election or a Mark-to-Market election for that year, who is referred to as a "Non-Electing United States Holder," would be subject to special rules with respect to (1) any excess distribution (i.e., the portion of any distributions received by the Non-Electing United States Holder on the ordinary shares in a taxable year in excess of 125% of the average annual distributions received by the Non-Electing United States Holder in the three preceding taxable years, or, if shorter, the Non-Electing United States Holder's holding period for the ordinary shares), and (2) any gain realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of the ordinary shares.  Under these special rules:

•
the excess distribution or gain would be allocated ratably over the Non-Electing United States Holders' aggregate holding period for the ordinary shares;

•
the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable years before the Company became a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income; and

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•
the amount allocated to each of the other taxable years would be subject to tax at the highest rate of tax in effect for the applicable class of taxpayer for that year, and an interest charge for the deemed tax deferral benefit would be imposed with respect to the resulting tax attributable to each such other taxable year.

These penalties would not apply to a pension or profit sharing trust or other tax-exempt organization that did not borrow funds or otherwise utilize leverage in connection with its acquisition of the ordinary shares.  If a Non-Electing United States Holder who is an individual dies while owning the ordinary shares, the successor of such deceased Non-Electing United States Holder generally would not receive a step-up in tax basis with respect to such stock.

PFIC Annual Filing Requirements

If the Company were to be treated as a PFIC, a United States Holder may be required to file an information return on an IRS Form 8621 with respect to its ownership of the Company’s ordinary shares for each taxable year ending on or after December 31, 2013.

Backup Withholding and Information Reporting

In general, dividend payments, or other taxable distributions, made within the United States to a holder of ordinary shares will be subject to information reporting requirements.  Such payments will also be subject to "backup withholding" if paid to a non-corporate United States Holder who:

•
fails to provide an accurate taxpayer identification number;

•
is notified by the IRS that he has failed to report all interest or dividends required to be shown on his United States federal income tax returns; or

•
in certain circumstances, fails to comply with applicable certification requirements.

If a holder sells his ordinary shares to or through a United States office of a broker, the payment of the proceeds is subject to both United States information reporting and backup withholding unless the holder establishes an exemption.  If a holder sells his ordinary shares through a non-United States office of a non-United States broker and the sales proceeds are paid to the holder outside the United States then information reporting and backup withholding generally will not apply to that payment.  However, United States information reporting requirements, but not backup withholding, will apply to a payment of sales proceeds, including a payment made to a holder outside the United States, if the holder sells his ordinary shares through a non-United States office of a broker that is a United States person or has some other contacts with the United States.

Non-United States Holders may be required to establish their exemption from information reporting and backup withholding by certifying their status on an applicable IRS Form W-8.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax.  Rather, a taxpayer generally may obtain a refund of any amounts withheld under backup withholding rules that exceed the taxpayer's income tax liability by filing a refund claim with the IRS.

Other U.S. Information Reporting Obligations

Pursuant to recently enacted legislation, individuals who are United States Holders (and to the extent specified in applicable Treasury regulations, certain United States entities and Non-United States Holders) who hold "specified foreign financial assets" (as defined in Section 6038D of the Code) are required to file IRS Form 8938 with information relating to the asset for each taxable year in which the aggregate value of all such assets exceeds $75,000 at any time during the taxable year or $50,000 on the last day of the taxable year (or such higher dollar amount as prescribed by applicable Treasury regulations).  Specified foreign financial assets would include, among other assets, the ordinary shares, unless the ordinary shares are held through an account maintained with a United States financial institution. Substantial penalties apply to any failure to timely file IRS Form 8938, unless the failure is shown to be due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect. Additionally, in the event an individual United States Holder (and to the extent specified in applicable Treasury regulations a United States entity or Non-United States Holder) that is required to file IRS Form 8938 does not file such form, the statute of limitations on the assessment and collection of United States federal income taxes of such holder for the related tax year may not close until three years after the date that the required information is filed.  United States Holders (including United States entities) are encouraged consult their own tax advisors regarding their reporting obligations under this legislation.


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Bermuda Taxation

As of the date of this annual report, we are not subject to taxation under the laws of Bermuda and distributions to us by our subsidiaries also are not subject to any Bermuda tax. As of the date of this document, there is no Bermuda income, corporation or profits tax, withholding tax, capital gains tax, capital transfer tax, estate duty or inheritance tax payable by non-residents of Bermuda in respect of capital gains realized on a disposition of our ordinary shares or in respect of distributions by us with respect to our ordinary shares. This does not, however, apply to the taxation of persons ordinarily resident in Bermuda. Bermuda holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding possible Bermuda taxes with respect to dispositions of, and distributions on, our ordinary shares.

The Minister of Finance in Bermuda has granted the Company a tax exempt status until March 31, 2035, under which no income taxes or other taxes (other than duty on goods imported into Bermuda and payroll tax in respect of any Bermuda-resident employees) are payable by the Company in Bermuda. If the Minister of Finance in Bermuda does not grant a new exemption or extend the current tax exemption, and if the Bermudian Parliament passes legislation imposing taxes on exempted companies, the Company may become subject to taxation in Bermuda after March 31, 2035.

Currently, there are no withholding taxes payable in Bermuda on dividends distributed by the Company to its shareholders.

F. DIVIDENDS AND PAYING AGENTS

Not applicable.

G. STATEMENT BY EXPERTS

Not applicable.

H. DOCUMENTS ON DISPLAY

We are subject to the informational requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. In accordance with these requirements, we file reports and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission. These materials, including this annual report and the accompanying exhibits, may be inspected and copied at the public reference facilities maintained by the Commission 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580 Washington, D.C. 20549.  You may obtain information on the operation of the public reference room by calling 1 (800) SEC-0330, and you may obtain copies at prescribed rates from the public reference facilities maintained by the Commission at its principal office in Washington, D.C. 20549.  The SEC maintains a website (http://www.sec.gov.) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC. In addition, documents referred to in this annual report may be inspected at our principal executive offices at Par-la-Ville Place, 14 Par-la-Ville Road, Hamilton, Bermuda HM 08.

I.  SUBSIDIARY INFORMATION

Not applicable.

ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are exposed to various market risks, spot market rates for vessels and foreign currency fluctuations. We may enter into Forward Freight Agreements, or FFAs, and futures for trading purposes in order to manage our exposure to the risk of movements in the spot market for certain trade routes and, to some extent, for speculative purposes. In 2013, 2012 and 2011, we entered a limited number of FFAs for speculative trading purposes. As of December 31, 2013 , the Company had no contracts outstanding compared to 24 contracts as of December 31, 2012. We recognized a loss of $0.6 million as 'mark to market on derivatives' in 2013 compared with a loss of $1.7 million in 2012. As of December 31, 2013 , we had no unrealized exposure to FFAs. We may also enter into other derivative instruments from time to time for speculative purposes but currently we have not entered into any such agreement. Following the restructuring described in "Item 4. Information on the Company-A. History and Development of the Company," we no longer have any floating rate debt and are no longer exposed to interest rate risk.

As of December 31, 2013 , the fair market value of our fixed rate debt was $340.4 million (2012: $312.0 million). If interest rates were to increase or decrease by 1% with all other variables remaining constant, we estimate that the market value of our fixed rate debt would have decreased or increased by approximately $8.7 million and $9.0 million, respectively (2012: decrease by $9.0 million and increase by $9.5 million).


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The majority of our transactions, assets and liabilities are denominated in U.S. dollars, our functional currency. Certain of our subsidiaries report in Sterling, Norwegian Kroner or Singapore Dollars and risks of two kinds arise as a result: a transaction risk, that is, the risk that currency fluctuations will have an effect on the value of our cash flows; and a translation risk, which is the impact of currency fluctuations in the translation of foreign operations and foreign assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars in our consolidated financial statements.

ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

None.

ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.

ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

a)   Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Management assessed the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as of the end of the period covered by this annual report as of December 31, 2013 . Based upon that evaluation, the principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures are effective as of the evaluation date.

b)   Management's annual report on internal controls over financial reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company's principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the Company's board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:

•
Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;
•
Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of Company's management and directors; and
•
Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree or compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management conducted the evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal controls over financial reporting using the control criteria framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in 1992 in its report entitled Internal Control-Integrated Framework.

Our management with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer assessed the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company's internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Rule 13a-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as of December 31, 2013 . Based upon that evaluation, our management with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that the Company's internal controls over financial reporting are effective as of December 31, 2013 .

The effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers AS, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein.


76


c)   Attestation Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements, PricewaterhouseCoopers AS, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013 , appearing under Item 18, and such report is incorporated herein by reference.

d)   Changes in internal control over financial reporting

There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this annual report that have materially effected or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 16. RESERVED

ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

Our board of directors has determined that Mrs. Kate Blankenship is an independent director and audit committee financial expert.

ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS

We have adopted a code of ethics that applies to all entities controlled by us and all employees, directors, officers and agents of the Company. We have posted a copy of our code of ethics on our website at www.frontline.bm. We will provide any person, free of charge, a copy of our code of ethics upon written request to our registered office.

ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

Our principal accountant for 2013 and 2012 was PricewaterhouseCoopers AS. The following table sets forth for the two most recent fiscal years the fees paid or accrued for audit and services provided by PricewaterhouseCoopers AS.
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

Audit Fees (a)
1,359

1,007

Audit-Related Fees (b)
—

—

Tax Fees (c)
—

—

All Other Fees (d)
—

—

Total
1,359

1,007


(a)  Audit Fees

Audit fees represent professional services rendered for the audit of our annual financial statements and services provided by the principal accountant in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements. The amount in 2013 includes $198,000 for costs incurred in connection with the ATM offering.

(b)  Audit–Related Fees

Audit-related fees consisted of assurance and related services rendered by the principal accountant related to the performance of the audit or review of our financial statements which have not been reported under Audit Fees above.

(c)  Tax Fees

Tax fees represent fees for professional services rendered by the principal accountant for tax compliance, tax advice and tax planning.

(d)  All Other Fees

All other fees include services other than audit fees, audit-related fees and tax fees set forth above.


77


Our Board of Directors has adopted pre-approval policies and procedures in compliance with paragraph (c) (7)(i) of Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X that require the Board to approve the appointment of the independent auditor of the Company before such auditor is engaged and approve each of the audit and non-audit related services to be provided by such auditor under such engagement by the Company. All services provided by the principal auditor in 2013 were approved by the Board pursuant to the pre-approval policy.

ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES

Not applicable.

ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

None.

ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT'S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT

Not applicable.

ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Pursuant to an exception under the NYSE listing standards available to foreign private issuers, we are not required to comply with all of the corporate governance practices followed by U.S. companies under the NYSE listing standards, which are available at www.nyse.com .  Pursuant to Section 303.A.11 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual, we are required to list the significant differences between our corporate governance practices and the NYSE standards applicable to listed U.S. companies. Set forth below is a list of those differences:

•
Independence of Directors. The NYSE requires that a U.S. listed company maintain a majority of independent directors. As permitted under Bermuda law and our bye-laws, one member of our board of directors, Ms. Kate Blankenship, is independent according to the NYSE's standards for independence applicable to a foreign private issuer.

•
Executive Sessions. The NYSE requires that non-management directors meet regularly in executive sessions without management. The NYSE also requires that all independent directors meet in an executive session at least once a year. As permitted under Bermuda law and our bye-laws, our non-management directors do not regularly hold executive sessions without management and we do not expect them to do so in the future.

•
Nominating/Corporate Governance Committee .  The NYSE requires that a listed U.S. company have a nominating/corporate governance committee of independent directors and a committee charter specifying the purpose, duties and evaluation procedures of the committee. As permitted under Bermuda law and our bye-laws, we do not currently have a nominating or corporate governance committee.

•
Audit Committee .  The NYSE requires, among other things, that a listed U.S. company have an audit committee with a minimum of three members, all of whom are independent. As permitted by Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, our audit committee consists of one independent member of our Board, Mrs. Kate Blankenship.

•
Corporate Governance Guidelines .  The NYSE requires U.S. companies to adopt and disclose corporate governance guidelines. The guidelines must address, among other things: director qualification standards, director responsibilities, director access to management and independent advisers, director compensation, director orientation and continuing education, management succession and an annual performance evaluation. We are not required to adopt such guidelines under Bermuda law and we have not adopted such guidelines.

We believe that our established corporate governance practices satisfy the NYSE listing standards.

ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

78


PART III

ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following financial statements listed below and set forth on pages F-1 through F -48 are filed as part of this annual report:
Consolidated Financial Statements of Frontline Ltd.
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements of Frontline Ltd.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2013 and 2012
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011
Consolidated Statements of Changes in (Deficit) Equity for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Schedule I

79


ITEM 19. EXHIBITS
No.
Description of Exhibit
1.1
Memorandum of Association of the Company.
1.2*
Amended and Restated Bye-Laws of the Company as adopted by shareholders on September 28, 2007 incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.2 of the Company's annual Report on form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007.
2.1
Form of Ordinary Share Certificate.
2.4*
Amendment No. 1 to the Rights Agreement between the Company and the Bank of New York incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of the Registration Statement on Form F-4, filed on April 13, 1998.
2.5*
The Subregistrar Agreement related to the registration of certain securities issued by Frontline Ltd. in the Norwegian Registry of Securities between Frontline Ltd. and Christiania Bank og Kreditkasse ASA together with the Form of Warrant Certificate and Conditions attaching thereto, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1998.
4.1*
Master Agreement, dated September 22, 1999, among Frontline AB and Frontline Ltd (collectively "FL"), Acol Tankers Ltd. ("Tankers"), ICB Shipping AB ("ICB"), and Ola Lorentzon (the "Agent"), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1999.
4.2*
Charter Ancillary Agreement between Frontline Ltd and Ship Finance International Limited dated January 1, 2004 incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004.
4.3*
Addendum to Charter Ancillary Agreement between Frontline Ltd and Ship Finance International Limited dated June 15, 2004 incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004.
4.4*
Form of Performance Guarantee issued by the Company incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004.
4.5*
Form of Time Charter incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004.
4.6*
Form of Vessel Management Agreements incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004.

80


4.7*
Administrative Services Agreement incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004.
4.8*
Contribution Agreement between Frontline Ltd and Golden Ocean Group Limited dated November 29, 2004 incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004.
4.9*
Second Supplemental Purchase Agreement between Sealift Ltd., Southwest Tankers Inc., Front Target Inc., Front Traveller Inc., West Tankers Inc., Granite Shipping Ltd., Quadrant Marine Inc. and Frontline Ltd. dated April 27, 2007 incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.13 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31,  2007.
4.10*
Shareholder's Agreement Relating to Sealift Ltd dated April 27, 2007 incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.14 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007.
4.11*
Merger Agreement between Dockwise Limited and Sealift Ltd dated April 27, 2007 incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.15 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007.
4.12*
Frontline Ltd Share Option Scheme dated September 25, 2009.  Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.16 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010.
4.13*
Management Agreement between Ship Finance International Limited and its subsidiaries and Frontline Management (Bermuda) Ltd, dated November 29, 2007. (Replaces Administrative Services Agreement dated December 31, 2004) incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.17 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007.
4.14*
Addendum No. 3 to Charter Ancillary Agreement between Frontline Ltd, Ship Finance International Limited and Frontline Shipping Ltd, dated August 21, 2007 incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.18 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007.
4.15*
Addendum No. 1 to Charter Ancillary Agreement between Frontline Ltd., Ship Finance International Limited and Frontline Shipping II Ltd., dated August 21, 2007 incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.19 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007.
4.16*
Addendum No. 2 to Charter Ancillary Agreement between Frontline Ltd., Ship Finance International Limited and Frontline Shipping II Ltd., dated March 25, 2010 incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.21 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010.
4.17*
Addendum No. 7 to Charter Ancillary Agreement between Frontline Ltd., Ship Finance International Limited and Frontline Shipping Ltd., dated December 22, 2011, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.17 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011.
4.18*
Addendum No. 3 to Charter Ancillary Agreement between Frontline Ltd., Ship Finance International Limited and Frontline Shipping II Ltd., dated December 22, 2011, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.18 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011.
4.19*
Acquisition Agreement between Frontline Ltd., Frontline 2012 Ltd. and Frontfleet Ltd., dated December 23, 2011, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.19 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011.
4.20
Exchange Agreement dated October 11, 2013.
8.1
Subsidiaries of the Company.
12.1
Certification of the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended.
12.2
Certification of the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended.
13.1
Certification of the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 USC Section 1350, as adopted, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
13.2
Certification of the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 USC Section 1350, as adopted, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
15.1
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
*
Incorporated herein by reference.

81


101.
INS*
XBRL
Instance Document
101.
SCH*
XBRL
Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.
CAL*
XBRL
Taxonomy Extension Schema Calculation Linkbase
101.
DEF*
XBRL
Taxonomy Extension Schema Definition Linkbase
101.
LAB*
XBRL
Taxonomy Extension Schema Label Linkbase
101.
PRE*
XBRL
Taxonomy Extension Schema Presentation Linkbase

82


SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and has duly caused this annual report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


Frontline Ltd.
(Registrant)
Date: March 21, 2014
By:
/s/ Inger M. Klemp
Name:
Inger M. Klemp
Title:
Principal Financial Officer

83



Index to Consolidated Financial Statements of Frontline Ltd.


F -1


Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Frontline Ltd.

In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of operations, consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, consolidated statements of cash flows and consolidated statements of changes in (deficit) equity present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Frontline Ltd. and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2013 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. In addition, in our opinion, the accompanying financial statement schedule presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein when read in conjunction with the related consolidated financial statements. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements and financial statement schedule , for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Annual Report on Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting appearing under item 15(b) of Frontline Ltd.’s Annual Report on Form 20-F. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements , on the financial statement schedule, and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).  Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.  Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.  Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk.  Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.  A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements.  Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.


/s/PricewaterhouseCoopers AS

PricewaterhouseCoopers AS
Oslo, Norway
March 21, 2014

F -2


Frontline Ltd.
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011
(in thousands of $, except per share data)

F -3


2013

2012

2011

Operating revenues
Time charter revenues
26,843

66,313

144,617

Bareboat charter revenues
24,009

33,373

47,101

Voyage charter revenues
440,584

452,890

510,808

Other income
25,754

25,785

20,969

Total operating revenues
517,190

578,361

723,495

Gain (loss) on sale of assets and amortization of deferred gains
23,558

34,759

(280,803
)
Operating expenses



Voyage expenses and commission
299,741

269,845

291,524

Ship operating expenses
109,872

118,381

159,132

Contingent rental (income) expense
(7,761
)
22,456

—

Charter hire expenses
4,176

37,461

65,601

Administrative expenses
31,628

33,906

35,886

Impairment loss on vessels
103,724

4,726

121,443

Depreciation
99,802

107,437

175,890

Total operating expenses
641,182

594,212

849,476

Net operating (loss) income
(100,434
)
18,908

(406,784
)
Other income (expenses)



Interest income
83

130

3,958

Interest expense
(90,718
)
(94,089
)
(136,042
)
Equity gains (losses) of unconsolidated subsidiaries and associated companies
13,539

(4
)
(600
)
Foreign currency exchange (loss) gain
(92
)
84

106

Mark to market (loss) gain on derivatives
(585
)
(1,725
)
390

Loss on sale of securities
—

—

(3,355
)
Gain on redemption of debt
—

4,600

—

Debt conversion expense
(12,654
)
—

—

Dividends received, net
86

134

113

Other non-operating items, net
1,181

1,110

12,005

Net other expenses
(89,160
)
(89,760
)
(123,425
)
Net loss before income taxes and noncontrolling  interest
(189,594
)
(70,852
)
(530,209
)
Income tax expense
(284
)
(379
)
(532
)
Net loss from continuing operations
(189,878
)
(71,231
)
(530,741
)
Net (loss) income from discontinued operations
(1,204
)
(12,544
)
1,731

Net loss
(191,082
)
(83,775
)
(529,010
)
Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interest
2,573

1,021

(591
)
Net loss attributable to Frontline Ltd.
(188,509
)
(82,754
)
(529,601
)
Loss per share attributable to Frontline Ltd. stockholders:



Basic and diluted loss per share from continuing operations, excluding loss attributable to noncontrolling interest ($)
$(2.35)
$(0.90)
$
(6.82
)
Basic and diluted (loss) earnings per share from discontinued operations ($)
$(0.01)
$(0.16)
$
0.02

Basic and diluted loss per share attributable to Frontline Ltd. ($)
$(2.36)
$(1.06)
$
(6.80
)
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted (in 000's)
79,751

77,859

77,859

Cash dividends per share declared
$0.00
$0.00
$0.22
See accompanying Notes that are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

F -4


Frontline Ltd.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

2011

Comprehensive loss, net of tax
Net loss
(191,082
)
(83,775
)
(529,010
)
Unrealized gains (losses) from marketable securities
915

527

(894
)
Foreign currency translation (losses) gains
(63
)
97

(49
)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
852

624

(943
)
Comprehensive loss
(190,230
)
(83,151
)
(529,953
)
Comprehensive loss attributable to stockholders of Frontline Ltd.
(187,657
)
(82,130
)
(530,544
)
Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interest
(2,573
)
(1,021
)
591

Comprehensive loss
(190,230
)
(83,151
)
(529,953
)
See accompanying Notes that are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

F -5


Frontline Ltd.
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2013 and 2012
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

ASSETS
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents
53,759

137,603

Restricted cash and investments
68,363

87,506

Marketable securities
3,479

1,235

Trade accounts receivable, net
11,828

23,702

Related party receivables
9,487

9,055

Other receivables
16,180

14,860

Inventories
44,532

57,505

Voyages in progress
46,112

54,097

Prepaid expenses and accrued income
3,858

4,311

Investment in finance lease
2,555

2,156

Total current assets
260,153

392,030

Long-term assets


Newbuildings
29,668

26,913

Vessels and equipment, net
264,804

282,946

Vessels and equipment under capital lease, net
704,808

893,089

Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries and associated companies
58,658

40,633

Deferred charges
695

1,236

Investment in finance lease
48,819

51,374

Total assets
1,367,605

1,688,221

LIABILITIES AND (DEFICIT) EQUITY


Current liabilities


Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt
22,706

20,700

Current portion of obligations under capital leases
46,930

52,070

Related party payables
11,419

53,948

Trade accounts payable
13,302

5,975

Accrued expenses
33,401

43,744

Deferred charter revenue
98

2,840

Other current liabilities
2,916

7,344

Total current liabilities
130,772

186,621

Long-term liabilities


Long-term debt
436,372

463,292

Related party payables
72,598

—

Obligations under capital leases
742,418

898,490

Deferred gains on sales of vessels
1,288

2,575

Other long-term liabilities
2,208

6,094

Total liabilities
1,385,656

1,557,072

Commitments and contingencies




(Deficit) Equity


Share capital (2013: 86,511,713 shares outstanding, par value $1.00. 2012: 77,858,502 shares outstanding, par value $2.50)
86,512

194,646

Additional paid in capital
149,985

821


F -6


Contributed surplus
474,129

474,129

Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(3,303
)
(4,155
)
Retained deficit
(734,275
)
(545,766
)
Total (deficit) equity attributable to Frontline Ltd.
(26,952
)
119,675

Noncontrolling interest
8,901

11,474

Total (deficit) equity
(18,051
)
131,149

Total liabilities and (deficit) equity
1,367,605

1,688,221


See accompanying Notes that are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements .

F -7


Frontline Ltd.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

2011

Net loss
(191,082
)
(83,775
)
(529,010
)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by
operating activities:
Depreciation
99,823

114,845

195,597

Amortization of deferred charges
542

543

6,922

Amortization of debt discount
1,820

—

—

Contingent rental income
(8,726
)
—

—

Debt conversion expense
12,654

—

—

(Gain) loss from sale of assets (including securities)
(22,711
)
(16,813
)
311,249

Equity (gains) losses of unconsolidated subsidiaries and associated companies
(13,539
)
4

600

Impairment losses on vessels
103,724

32,042

121,443

Unrealized foreign exchange loss (gain)
20

(3
)
73

Gain on repurchase of convertible bond debt
—

(4,600
)
—

Provision for doubtful debts
55

5,370

3,343

Other, net
(529
)
168

(8,560
)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Trade accounts receivable
11,820

13,557

6,967

Other receivables
(567
)
(816
)
2,800

Inventories
8,809

(20,107
)
17,592

Voyages in progress
7,985

(29,648
)
2,638

Prepaid expenses and accrued income
449

1,430

2,479

Trade accounts payable
7,327

1,819

(7,718
)
Accrued expenses
(11,058
)
(6,632
)
(22,172
)
Deferred charter revenue and other current liabilities
(4,844
)
(548
)
(7,794
)
Related party balances
(48,839
)
58,397

(39,208
)
Other, net
4,183

3,341

(388
)
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities
(42,684
)
68,574

56,853

Investing activities



Change in restricted cash
19,143

13,060

155,581

Additions to newbuildings, vessels and equipment
(2,504
)
(14,503
)
(82,378
)
Proceeds from sale of vessels and equipment
—

10,174

209,028

Dividends received from associated companies
—

—

511

Loans from (to) associated companies
250

(250
)
—

Investment in associated companies
(6,001
)
(13,298
)
(25,047
)
Proceeds from sale of investment in associated companies
242

—

—

Receipts from finance leases and loans receivable
2,156

1,824

1,535

Proceeds from sale of other assets
—

—

46,547

Proceeds from sale of shares in subsidiaries
—

—

128,882

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
13,286

(2,993
)
434,659

Financing activities



Net proceeds from issuance of shares
4,802

—

—

Proceeds from long-term debt
19,798

—

72,000


F -8


Repayments of long-term debt
(23,781
)
(24,921
)
(256,527
)
Payment of obligations under finance leases
(50,345
)
(64,068
)
(295,501
)
Lease termination (payments) receipts, net
(4,518
)
445

(8,987
)
Payment of related party loan note
(402
)
—

—

Debt fees paid
—

—

(1,441
)
Cash dividends paid
—

—

(17,129
)
Net cash used in financing activities
(54,446
)
(88,544
)
(507,585
)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents
(83,844
)
(22,963
)
(16,073
)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year
137,603

160,566

176,639

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year
53,759

137,603

160,566

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:



Interest paid, net of interest capitalized
91,120

98,991

150,652

Income taxes paid
493

518

406


Details of non-cash investing and financing activities in the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 are given in Note 31.

See accompanying Notes that are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements .

F -9


Frontline Ltd.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in (Deficit) Equity for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011
(in thousands of $, except number of shares)


F -10


2013

2012

2011

Number of shares outstanding
Balance at the beginning of the year
77,858,502

77,858,502

77,858,502

Shares issued
8,653,211

—

—

Balance at the end of the year
86,511,713

77,858,502

77,858,502

Share capital



Balance at the beginning of the year
194,646

194,646

194,646

Capital reorganization
(116,788
)
—

—

Shares issued
8,654

—

—

Balance at the end of the year
86,512

194,646

194,646

Additional paid in capital



Balance at the beginning of year
821

225,769

224,245

Capital reorganization
116,788

—

—

Shares issued
3,285

—

—

Debt-for-Equity exchange
28,930

—

—

Stock option expense
161

821

1,524

Transfer to contributed surplus
—

(225,769
)
—

Balance at the end of year
149,985

821

225,769

Contributed surplus



Balance at the beginning of year
474,129

248,360

248,360

Transfer from additional paid in capital
—

225,769

—

Balance at the end of year
474,129

474,129

248,360

Accumulated other comprehensive loss



Balance at the beginning of year
(4,155
)
(4,779
)
(3,836
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
852

624

(943
)
Balance at the end of year
(3,303
)
(4,155
)
(4,779
)
Retained (deficit) earnings



Balance at the beginning of year
(545,766
)
(463,012
)
83,718

Net loss
(188,509
)
(82,754
)
(529,601
)
Cash dividends
—

—

(17,129
)
Balance at the end of year
(734,275
)
(545,766
)
(463,012
)
Total (deficit) equity attributable to Frontline Ltd.
(26,952
)
119,675

200,984

Noncontrolling interest



Balance at the beginning of year
11,474

12,495

11,904

Net (loss) income
(2,573
)
(1,021
)
591

Balance at the end of year
8,901

11,474

12,495

Total (deficit) equity
(18,051
)
131,149

213,479


See accompanying Notes that are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements

F -11


Frontline Ltd.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

1.
GENERAL

Frontline Ltd. (the "Company" or "Frontline") is an international shipping company incorporated in Bermuda as an exempted company under the Bermuda Companies Law of 1981 on June 12, 1992. Up to February 2013, the Company was engaged primarily in the operation of oil tankers and oil/bulk/ore, or OBO carriers, which were configured to carry dry cargo. The Company owns and leases these vessels. As of December 31, 2012, all of the Company's OBO capital lease assets have been disposed of except for one OBO capital lease asset which was terminated in March 2013. The Company operates oil tankers of two sizes: VLCCs, which are between 200,000 and 320,000 dwt, and Suezmax tankers, which are vessels between 120,000 and 170,000 dwt. The Company operates through subsidiaries and partnerships located in the Bahamas, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, India, the Philippines, the Isle of Man, Liberia, Norway, the United Kingdom and Singapore. The Company is also involved in the charter, purchase and sale of vessels.

The Company's Ordinary Shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, the Oslo Stock Exchange and the London Stock Exchange under the symbol of "FRO".

In October 2003, the Company established Ship Finance International Limited ("Ship Finance") in Bermuda. Through transactions executed in January 2004, the Company transferred to Ship Finance ownership of 46 vessel-owning entities each owning one vessel and its corresponding financing, and one entity owning an option to acquire a VLCC. The Company then leased these vessels back on long-term charters. Between May 2004 and March 2007, the Company distributed all of its shareholding in Ship Finance to its shareholders except for 73,383 shares, which represents 0.01% of Ship Finance's total shares.

In February 2008, the Company spun off 17.53% of its holding in its subsidiary Independent Tankers Corporation Limited ("ITCL") to Frontline shareholders in conjunction with the listing of ITCL on the Norwegian over-the-counter ("NOTC") market.

The Company completed a restructuring of its business in December 2011. The restructuring included the sale of 15 wholly-owned special purpose companies ("SPCs"), which together owned five VLCC newbuilding contracts, six VLCCs, including one on time charter, and four Suezmax tankers to Frontline 2012 Limited ("Frontline 2012"). The sale of these SPCs resulted in a loss of $307.0 million , which was recorded in 2011. In addition, the Company obtained agreements with its major counterparts whereby the gross charter payment commitment under existing chartering arrangements on 32 vessels was reduced.

As of December 31, 2013, our tanker fleet consisted of 33 vessels, including nine vessels owned through our majority-owned subsidiary, ITCL, comprised of 23 VLCCs and 10 Suezmax tankers, which were either owned or chartered in. We also had two Suezmax newbuildings on order, six VLCCs and six Suezmax tankers under commercial management.

2.
ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of accounting
The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The consolidated financial statements include the assets and liabilities of the Company and its subsidiaries and certain variable interest entities in which the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated on consolidation.

A variable interest entity is defined by the accounting standard as a legal entity where either (a) the total  equity at risk is not sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated support; (b) equity interest holders as a group lack either i) the power to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact on its economic success, ii) the obligation to absorb the expected losses of the entity, or iii) the right to receive the expected residual returns of the entity; or (c) the voting rights of some investors in the entity are not proportional to their economic interests and the activities of the entity involve or are conducted on behalf of an investor with a disproportionately small voting interest.

The accounting standard requires a variable interest entity to be consolidated by its primary beneficiary, being the interest holder, if any, which has both (1) the power to direct the activities of the entity which most significantly impact on the entity's economic performance, and (2) the right to receive benefits or the obligation to absorb losses from the entity which could potentially be significant to the entity.


F -12


We evaluate our subsidiaries, and any other entities in which we hold a variable interest, in order to determine whether we are the primary beneficiary of the entity, and where it is determined that we are the primary beneficiary we fully consolidate the entity.

The Company accounts for all business combinations by the purchase method . The Company assesses whether it has purchased a business or a group of assets. The Company ascertains the cost of the asset (or net asset) group and allocates that cost to the individual assets (or individual assets and liabilities) that make up the group in accordance with this guidance. For transactions deemed to be a purchase of group of assets, the total cost for the group of assets purchased is allocated to each individual asset based on each assets relative portion of fair value.

Investments in companies over which the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence but does not control are accounted for using the equity method. The Company records its investments in equity-method investees in the consolidated balance sheets as "Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries and associated companies" and its share of the investees' earnings or losses in the consolidated statements of operations as "Share in results of unconsolidated subsidiaries and associated companies". The excess, if any, of purchase price over book value of the Company's investments in equity method investees is included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets in "Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries and associated companies".

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles requires that management make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The presentation of the proceeds from the sale of vessels and equipment in the consolidated statement of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 has been expanded to conform with the 2013 presentation. Previously reported numbers of $10.6 million and $200.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively, are now reported as $10.2 million and $209.0 million and a new line, Lease termination (payments) receipts, net, has been included within Net cash used in financing activities showing $0.4 million and $(9.0) million for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The Company has revised its consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 to correct the classification of its cash flows related to its lease termination payments and receipts. This revision resulted in an increase in net cash used in investing activities of $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 and an increase in net cash provided by investing activities of $9.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 with an equal and off-setting impact to cash used in financing activities. This revision does not impact the Company’s previously reported net change in cash and cash equivalents for any period presented and does not impact the Company’s consolidated balance sheets or consolidated statements of operations.

Discontinued operations
The Company has determined that an individual vessel within a vessel class is not a component (as defined by accounting standards) as the Company does not believe that the operations of an individual vessel can be clearly distinguished. Generally, the Company believes that all of the vessels in a vessel class represent a component as defined for the purpose of discontinued operations and has presented the operations of the OBOs as discontinued operations since the last remaining lease was terminated during 2013.

Contingent rental (income) expense
The contingent rental (income) expense represents amounts accrued following changes to certain charter parties. In December 2011, the Company and Ship Finance agreed to a rate reduction of $6,500 per day for all vessels leased from Ship Finance under long-term leases for a four year period that commenced on January 1, 2012. The Company will compensate Ship Finance with 100% of any difference between the renegotiated rates and the average vessel earnings up to the original contract rates. In December 2011, the Company also agreed to a rate reduction on four vessels leased from the German KG companies whereby the Company will pay a reduced rate and an additional amount dependent on the actual market rate. The contingent rental (income) expense represents the additional amounts accrued as a result of these charter party amendments.

In the year ended December 31, 2013, there was income of $7.8 million relating to the four vessels leased from the German KG companies as the amounts paid were lower than the index that was used to record the leases when they were amended in December 2011. $4.0 million of this amount relates to the year ended December 31, 2013 and $3.8 million relates to the year ended December 31, 2012. The contingent rental expense relating to the Ship Finance vessels was nil .

Cash and cash equivalents
For the purposes of the consolidated balance sheet and the consolidated statement of cash flows, all demand and time deposits and highly liquid, low risk investments with original maturities of three months or less are considered equivalent to cash.
Restricted cash and investments

F -13


Restricted cash consists mainly of bank deposits in ITCL, which must be maintained in accordance with contractual arrangements and which may only be used to settle certain pre-arranged loan or lease payments, minimum deposits, management fees and vessel operating costs.
Marketable securities
Marketable equity securities held by the Company are considered to be available-for-sale securities and as such are carried at fair value. Any resulting unrealized gains and losses, net of deferred taxes if any, are recorded as a separate component of other comprehensive income in equity unless the securities are considered to be other than temporarily impaired, in which case unrealized losses are recorded in the income statement.
Inventories
Inventories comprise principally of fuel and lubricating oils and are stated at the lower of cost and market value. Cost is determined on a first-in, first-out basis.

Vessels and equipment
The cost of the vessels less estimated residual value is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the vessels' estimated remaining economic useful lives. The estimated economic useful life of the Company's vessels is 25 years. Other equipment is depreciated over its estimated remaining useful life, which approximates five years. The residual value for owned vessels is calculated by multiplying the lightweight tonnage of the vessel by the market price of scrap per tonne. The market price of scrap per tonne is calculated as the ten year average, up to the date of delivery of the vessel, across the three main recycling markets (Far East, Indian sub continent and Bangladesh). Residual values are reviewed annually.

Vessels and equipment under capital lease
The Company charters in certain vessels and equipment under leasing agreements. Leases of vessels and equipment, where the Company has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership, are classified as capital leases. Capital leases are capitalized at the inception of the lease at the lower of the fair value of the leased assets and the present value of the minimum lease payments.

Each lease payment is allocated between liability and finance charges to achieve a constant rate on the capital balance outstanding. The interest element of the capital cost is charged to the income statement over the lease period.

When the terms of a lease are modified, other than by renewing the lease or extending its term, the lease is reassessed as if the new terms were in place at inception of the lease. If this results in a different classification of the lease then the modification is considered a new agreement and accounted for as such from the date the modification came into effect. If the provisions of a capital lease are changed in a way that changes the amount of the remaining minimum lease payments, the present balances of the asset and the obligation are adjusted by an amount equal to the difference between the present value of the future minimum lease payments under the revised or new agreement (computed using the interest rate used to recognize the lease initially) and the present balance of the obligation.

Where the provisions of a capital lease contain a floating rate element, such as an index linked rate of hire, then the minimum lease payments are assumed to equal the index at inception of the lease. Any variations in the index, and therefore the payments made, are accounted for as contingent rental income or expense and are taken to the statement of operations in the period in which they become realizable and recorded within 'Contingent rental (income) expense'.

Depreciation of vessels and equipment under capital lease is included within "Depreciation" in the consolidated statement of operations. Vessels and equipment under capital lease are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the vessels' remaining economic useful lives or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. The method applied is determined by the criteria by which the lease has been assessed to be a capital lease.

Newbuildings
The carrying value of the vessels under construction ("Newbuildings") represents the accumulated costs to the balance sheet date which the Company has had to pay by way of purchase installments and other capital expenditures together with capitalized interest and associated finance costs. No charge for depreciation is made until the vessel is available for use.

Interest expense
Interest costs are expensed as incurred except for interest costs that are capitalized. Interest expenses are capitalized during construction of newbuildings based on accumulated expenditures for the applicable project at the Company's current rate of borrowing. The amount of interest expense capitalized in an accounting period shall be determined by applying an interest rate ("the capitalization rate") to the average amount of accumulated expenditures for the asset during the period. The capitalization

F -14


rates used in an accounting period shall be based on the rates applicable to borrowings outstanding during the period. The Company does not capitalize amounts beyond the actual interest expense incurred in the period.

If the Company's financing plans associate a specific new borrowing with a qualifying asset, the Company uses the rate on that borrowing as the capitalization rate to be applied to that portion of the average accumulated expenditures for the asset that does not exceed the amount of that borrowing. If average accumulated expenditures for the asset exceed the amounts of specific new borrowings associated with the asset, the capitalization rate to be applied to such excess shall be a weighted average of the rates applicable to other borrowings of the Company.

Discount on the issuance of debt
The Company's term notes are presented net of the discount on the issuance. The discount is being amortized using the effective interest method over the period to maturity of the respective debt. The amortization of the discount is included in interest expense.

Impairment of long-lived assets
The carrying values of long-lived assets held and used by the Company and newbuildings are reviewed whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may no longer be recoverable. Such indicators may include depressed spot rates and depressed second hand tanker values. The Company assesses recoverability of the carrying value of each asset or newbuilding on an individual basis by estimating the future net cash flows expected to result from the asset, including eventual disposal. In developing estimates of future cash flows, the Company must make assumptions about future performance, with significant assumptions being related to charter rates, ship operating expenses, utilization, drydocking requirements, residual values, the estimated remaining useful lives of the vessels and the probability of lease terminations for the vessels held under capital lease. These assumptions are based on historical trends as well as future expectations. If the future net undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value of the asset, or the current carrying value plus future newbuilding commitments, an impairment loss is recorded equal to the difference between the asset's or newbuildings carrying value and fair value. In addition, long-lived assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of carrying amount and fair value less estimated costs to sell.

Deferred charges
Loan costs, including debt arrangement fees, are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant loan. The straight line basis of amortization approximates the effective interest method in the Company's consolidated statement of operations. Amortization of loan costs is included in interest expense.  If a loan is repaid early, any unamortized portion of the related deferred charges is charged against income in the period in which the loan is repaid.

Trade accounts receivable
Trade and other receivables are presented net of allowances for doubtful balances. If amounts become uncollectible, they are charged against income when that determination is made.

Revenue and expense recognition
Revenues and expenses are recognized on the accruals basis. Revenues are generated from voyage charter, time charter and bareboat charter hires. Voyage revenues are recognized ratably over the estimated length of each voyage and, therefore, are allocated between reporting periods based on the relative transit time in each period. Voyage expenses are recognized as incurred. Probable losses on voyages are provided for in full at the time such losses can be estimated. Time charter and bareboat charter revenues are recorded over the term of the charter as a service is provided. The Company uses a discharge-to-discharge basis in determining percentage of completion for all spot voyages and voyages servicing contracts of affreightment whereby it recognizes revenue ratably from when product is discharged (unloaded) at the end of one voyage to when it is discharged after the next voyage. However, the Company does not recognize revenue if a charter has not been contractually committed to by a customer and the Company, even if the vessel has discharged its cargo and is sailing to the anticipated load port on its next voyage.
Profit share expense represents amounts due to Ship Finance based on 20% (increased to 25% with effect from January 1, 2012) of the excess of vessel revenues earned by the Company over the base hire paid to Ship Finance for chartering in the vessels.
Revenues and voyage expenses of the vessels operating in pool arrangements are pooled and the resulting net pool revenues, calculated on a time charter equivalent basis, are allocated to the pool participants according to an agreed formula on the basis of the number of days a vessel operates in the pool. The pools are responsible for paying voyage expenses and distribute net pool revenues to the participants. Pool revenues are reported net of voyage expenses as voyage charter revenues for all periods presented

Gains (losses) on sale of assets and amortization of deferred gains

F -15


Gains (losses) on sale of assets and amortization of deferred gains includes gains (losses) from the sale of vessels, gains (losses) from the termination of leases for vessels which are chartered in and the amortization of deferred gains. Gains (losses) from the sale of assets are recognized when the vessel has been delivered and all risks have been transferred and are determined by comparing the proceeds received with the carrying value of the vessel. Gains (losses) from the termination of leases for vessels which are chartered in are recognized when the lease is effectively terminated and the vessel has been redelivered to the owner.

A deferred gain will arise when the Company enters into a sale-leaseback transaction regarding a vessel and the Company does not relinquish the right to substantially all of the remaining use of the vessel. This deferred gain will be amortized in proportion to the gross rental payments over the minimum term of the lease.

Drydocking
Normal vessel repair and maintenance costs are expensed when incurred. The Company recognizes the cost of a drydocking at the time the drydocking takes place, that is, it applies the "expense as incurred" method.

Derivatives
Changes in the fair values of forward freight agreements, which are entered into for speculative purposes, are recognized in "mark to market on derivatives" in the consolidated statements of operations. Assets and liabilities arising from the forward freight agreements are netted in accordance with the agreements such that no amounts are recorded in the balance sheet.

Financial instruments
In determining the fair value of its financial instruments, the Company uses a variety of methods and assumptions that are based on market conditions and risks existing at each balance sheet date. For the majority of financial instruments, including most derivatives and long-term debt, standard market conventions and techniques such as options pricing models are used to determine fair value. All methods of assessing fair value result in a general approximation of value, and such value may never actually be realized.

Foreign currencies
The functional currency of the Company and the majority of its subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar as the majority of revenues and expenditures are denominated in U.S. dollars. The Company's reporting currency is also U.S. dollars. For subsidiaries that maintain their accounts in currencies other than U.S. dollars, the Company uses the current method of translation whereby the statements of operations are translated using the average exchange rate and the assets and liabilities are translated using the year end exchange rate. Foreign currency translation gains or losses are recorded as a separate component of other comprehensive income in equity.

Transactions in foreign currencies during the year are translated into U.S. dollars at the rates of exchange in effect at the date of the transaction. Foreign currency monetary assets and liabilities are translated using rates of exchange at the balance sheet date. Foreign currency non-monetary assets and liabilities are translated using historical rates of exchange. Foreign currency transaction gains or losses are included in the consolidated statements of operations.
Share-based payments
In accordance with the guidance on "Share Based Payment" the Company is required to expense the fair value of stock options issued to employees over the period the options vests. The Company amortizes stock-based compensation for awards on a straight-line basis over which the employee is required to provide service in exchange for the reward - the requisite service (vesting) period. No compensation cost is recognized for stock options for which employees do not render the requisite service.

Earnings per share
Basic EPS is computed based on the income available to common stockholders and the weighted average number of shares outstanding for basic EPS. Diluted EPS includes the effect of the assumed conversion of potentially dilutive instruments.

Investment in finance leases
For capital leases that are sales-type leases, the difference between the gross investment in the lease and the sum of the present values of lease payments and residual value is recorded as unearned lease interest income. The discount rate used in determining the present values is the interest rate implicit in the lease. The present value of the minimum lease payments, computed using the interest rate implicit in the lease, is recorded as the sales price, from which the carrying value of the vessel at the commencement of the lease is deducted in order to determine the profit or loss on sale. The unearned lease interest income is amortized to income over the period of the lease so as to produce a constant periodic rate of return on the net investment in the lease.

Convertible debt
Convertible bond loans issued by the Company include both a loan component (host contract) and an option to convert the loan to shares (embedded derivative).

F -16



An embedded derivative, such as a conversion option, may be separated from its host contract and accounted for separately if certain criteria are met including if the contract that embodies both the embedded derivative and the host contract is not measured at fair value, the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivative instrument are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract and if a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded instrument would be a derivative.

If an embedded derivative instrument is separated from its host contract, the host contract shall be accounted for based on generally accepted accounting principles applicable to instruments of that type which do not contain embedded derivative instruments.

3.
RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

ASU 2013-01, Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Clarifying the Scope of Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities. This ASU addresses implementation issues about the scope of ASU 2011-11, Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities. ASU 2013-01 is effective for reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013. This guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

4. DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS

In December 2012, the Company agreed to an early termination of the time charter out contracts on the two OBO carriers, Front Viewer and Front Guider. The Company also agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long term charter parties for these two OBO carriers. The charter party for Front Viewer terminated in December 2012 and the charter party for the Front Guider terminated in March 2013. Following the termination of the lease on the Front Guider, the last of the Company's carriers, the results of the OBO carriers have been recorded as discontinued operations. Amounts included in the consolidated statement of operations for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 have been reclassified in order to conform to the presentation resulting from discontinued operations.

Amounts recorded in respect of discontinued operations in the year ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 are as follows;
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

2011

Operating revenues
1,840

89,747

86,607

Loss on sale of assets
(847
)
(17,946
)
(27,091
)
Profit share expense
—

—

482

Contingent rental expense
—

32,156

—

Impairment loss on vessels
—

27,316

—

Net (loss) income from discontinued operations
(1,204
)
(12,544
)
1,731


The Company recorded an impairment loss of $27.3 million in 2012. This loss relates to four OBO carriers held under capital lease – Front Rider ( $4.9 million ), Front Climber ( $4.2 million ), Front Driver ( $4.0 million ) and Front Guider ( $14.2 million ). The impairment loss recorded on each vessel is equal to the difference between the asset's carrying value and estimated fair value. Three of these leases were terminated during 2012 and one lease was terminated during 2013.

5.
RESTRUCTURING
On December 31, 2011 in conjunction with the board approved restructuring plan, the Company completed the sale of 15 wholly-owned SPCs to Frontline 2012. These SPCs held six VLCCs (including one on time charter), four Suezmax tankers and five VLCC newbuilding contracts. The SPCs were sold at fair market value of $1,120.7 million , which was the average of three independent broker valuations. As part of the transaction, Frontline 2012 assumed the obligation to pay $666.3 million in bank debt related to the vessels and $325.5 million in remaining commitments to the yard under the newbuilding contracts. The transaction is summarized as follows:

F -17


(in thousands of $)
Proceeds from sale of shares in subsidiaries
128,882

Outstanding newbuilding installments transferred
325,500

Debt transferred
666,318

Fair market value of  assets sold to Frontline 2012
1,120,700

Net book value of vessels sold
(864,865
)
Net book value of newbuilding contracts sold
(237,057
)
Outstanding newbuilding installments transferred
(325,500
)
Legal fees
(250
)
Loss on sale
(306,972
)

In addition, net working capital balances of $10.5 million were purchased by Frontline 2012.

On December 16, 2011, Frontline 2012 completed a private placement of 100,000,000 new ordinary shares of par value $2.00 per share at a subscription price of $2.85 , raising $285.0 million in gross proceeds, subject to certain closing conditions. These conditions were subsequently fulfilled and Frontline 2012 was registered on the Norwegian Over the Counter list, or NOTC, in Oslo on December 31, 2011. The Company was allocated 8,771,000 shares, representing approximately 8.8% of the share capital of Frontline 2012 for which it paid $25.0 million . The Company has accounted for its investment in Frontline 2012 under the equity method. There are no discontinued operations associated with this transaction.

The Company will initially manage Frontline 2012 through its wholly owned subsidiary, Frontline Management (Bermuda) Ltd.. Frontline 2012 plans to establish its own management team in the future.

Following the restructuring, the Company's operating fleet was reduced from 58 vessels to 48 vessels, including the nine vessels owned through ITCL. In addition, newbuilding commitments reduced from $437.9 million to $112.4 million relating to two Suezmax tanker newbuilding contracts. Bank debt was eliminated following a prepayment of a $12.9 million loan associated with a vessel, which was not part of the transaction with Frontline 2012, and the prepayment of ITCL's $33.0 million bank loan.

As part of the restructuring, the Company obtained agreements with its major counterparties to reduce the gross charter payment commitments under the then existing chartering arrangements by approximately $293.0 million for the period from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2015. The Company will compensate the counterparties with 100% of any difference between the renegotiated rates and the average vessel earnings up to the original contract rates. Some of the counterparties will receive some additional compensation for earnings achieved above the original contract rates.

6.
SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company and the chief operating decision maker ("CODM") measure performance based on the Company's overall return to shareholders based on consolidated net income. The CODM does not review a measure of operating result at a lower level than the consolidated group. Consequently, the Company has only one reportable segment: crude oil tankers.

The Company's management does not evaluate performance by geographical region as this information is not meaningful.

The Company operated in two markets up to the termination in March 2013 of the lease for Front Guider, being the last OBO carrier chartered in by the Company. We currently operate in the tanker market as an international provider of seaborne transportation of crude oil cargoes only.

During the year ended December 31, 2013 , no customer represented more than 10% of consolidated operating revenues ( 2012 : one customer, which represented 18% and 2011 : one customer, which represented 24% ).


F -18


7.
IMPAIRMENT OF LONG-TERM ASSETS
The Company continually monitors events and changes in circumstances that could indicate that the carrying amounts of each of its vessels and equipment may not be recoverable. During 2013, the Company identified three vessels held under capital lease where they believed that future cash flows for each vessel was less than the carrying value and, therefore, not fully recoverable. The Company recorded an impairment loss of $103.7 million in 2013. The loss relates to three vessels leased from Ship Finance and recorded as vessels under capital lease - Golden Victory ( $45.6 million ), Front Champion ( $42.5 million ) and Front Century ( $15.6 million ). The impairment loss recorded on each vessel is equal to the difference between the asset's carrying value and estimated fair value. The leases on Front Champion and Golden Victory were terminated in November 2013 and a 100% lease termination probability was assigned to these two vessels as of September 30, 2013. The fair value of Front Century was determined using discounted expected future cash flows from the leased vessel. The Company recorded a net gain of $13.8 million on the termination of the leases in the fourth quarter of 2013.

During 2012, the Company identified five vessels held under capital lease where they believed that future cash flows for each vessel was less than the carrying value and, therefore, not fully recoverable. The Company recorded an impairment loss of $32.0 million in 2012. This loss relates to four OBO carriers – Front Rider ( $4.9 million ), Front Climber ( $4.2 million ), Front Driver ( $4.0 million ), Front Guider ( $14.2 million ) and one Suezmax tanker Front Pride ( $4.7 million ). The impairment loss recorded on each vessel is equal to the difference between the asset's carrying value and estimated fair value. Three of these leases were terminated during 2012. The leases on Front Guider and Front Pride were terminated during 2013. The impairment loss in respect of OBO carriers is included in discontinued operations.

The Company recorded an impairment loss of $121.4 million in 2011 in respect of five double hull Suezmax tankers built between 1992 and 1996. The impairment loss recorded on each vessel is equal to the difference between the asset's carrying value and estimated fair value. Four of these vessels were disposed of during the fourth quarter of 2011 and one during 2012.

8.
INCOME TAXES

Bermuda
Under current Bermuda law, the Company is not required to pay taxes in Bermuda on either income or capital gains. The Company has received written assurance from the Minister of Finance in Bermuda that, in the event of any such taxes being imposed, the Company will be exempted from taxation until March 31, 2035 .
United States
The Company does not accrue U.S. income taxes as the Company is not engaged in a U.S. trade or business and is exempted from a gross basis tax under Section 883 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code.

A reconciliation between the income tax expense resulting from applying the U.S. Federal statutory income tax rate and the reported income tax expense has not been presented herein as it would not provide additional useful information to users of the financial statements as the Company's net income is subject to neither Bermuda nor U.S. tax.

Other Jurisdictions
Certain of the Company's subsidiaries in Singapore, Norway, India and the United Kingdom are subject to income tax in their respective jurisdictions. The tax paid by subsidiaries of the Company that are subject to income tax is not material.

The Company does not have any unrecognized tax benefits, material accrued interest or penalties relating to income taxes.

9.
EARNINGS PER SHARE

The computation of basic EPS is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year and net income attributable to Frontline Ltd.. The exercise of stock options using the treasury stock method was anti-dilutive for 2013 , 2012 and 2011 as the exercise price was higher than the share price at December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 . The convertible bonds using the if-converted method were anti dilutive for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , therefore, 5,197,406 , 5,881,275 and 6,154,823 shares, respectively, were excluded from the denominator in each calculation.

The components of the numerator for the calculation of basic EPS and diluted EPS for net loss from continuing operations, net loss from discontinued operations and net loss attributable to Frontline Ltd. are as follows:

F -19


(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

2011

Net loss from continuing operations, excluding loss attributable to noncontrolling interest
(187,305
)
(70,210
)
(531,332
)
Net (loss) income from discontinued operations
(1,204
)
(12,544
)
1,731

Net loss attributable to Frontline Ltd.
(188,509
)
(82,754
)
(529,601
)

The components of the denominator for the calculation of basic EPS and diluted EPS are as follows:
(in thousands)
2013

2012

2011

Weighted average number of ordinary shares
79,751

77,859

77,859


10.
GAIN (LOSS) ON SALE OF ASSETS AND AMORTIZATION OF DEFERRED GAINS

Gain (loss) on sale of assets, gain on lease terminations and amortization of deferred gains in each of the three years ended December 31 may be summarized as follows;
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

2011

Net gain on lease terminations
21,237

21,806

5,311

Loss on sale of SPCs to Frontline 2012
—

—

(306,972
)
Net (loss) gain on sale of vessels
—

(2,109
)
9,271

Amortization of deferred gains
2,321

15,062

11,653

Other
—

—

(66
)
23,558

34,759

(280,803
)

11.
LEASES

As of December 31, 2013 , the Company leased in 24 vessels on long-term time charters and bareboat charters from third parties and related parties. All of these long-term charters and bareboat charters are classified as capital leases.
Rental expense
The Company is committed to make rental payments under operating leases for office premises. The future minimum rental payments under the Company's non-cancellable operating leases are as follows:
(in thousands of $)
Year ending December 31,
2014
2,483

2015
2,168

2016
255

2017
116

2018
1

Thereafter
—

Total minimum lease payments
5,023


Total rental expense for operating leases was $6.6 million , $40.0 million and $68.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , respectively.


F -20


In January 2011, the Company sold the VLCC Front Shanghai and chartered the vessel, which was renamed the Gulf Eyadah, in on a two year time charter at a rate of $35,000 a day. A deferred gain of nil , $7.9 million and $7.4 million was recognized in 2013 , 2012 and 2011, respectively. In addition, a gain on sale of $6.4 million was recorded in 2011. The vessel was redelivered to its owner in December 2012. In March 2011, the VLCC Front Eagle, which had been classified as a vessel under a capital lease, was purchased and then sold to a third party with delivery in the second quarter of 2011. The Company chartered back this vessel, which was renamed the DHT Eagle, on a two year time charter at a rate of $32,500 per day. A deferred gain of $2.3 million , $7.2 million and $4.3 million was recognized in 2013 , 2012 and 2011, respectively. In addition, a gain on sale of $3.2 million was recorded in 2011. The VLCC Hampstead was redelivered to its owner in April 2012.

During 2011 and January 2012, the Company redelivered four vessels which had been chartered in under operating leases from special purpose lessor entities which were established and are owned by independent third parties who provide financing through debt and equity participation. Charterhire expenses for these operating leases were nil , $0.04 million and $33.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , respectively.

Rental income
The minimum future revenues to be received on time and bareboat charters which are accounted for as operating leases and other contractually committed income as of December 31, 2013 are as follows:
(in thousands of $)
2014
9,379

2015
119

2016
40

2017
—

2018
—

Thereafter
—

Total minimum lease payments
9,538


The cost and accumulated depreciation of the vessels leased to third parties as of December 31, 2013 were approximately $166.3 million and $28.8 million , respectively, and as of December 31, 2012 were approximately $400.2 million and $141.1 million , respectively.

As of December 31, 2013 , the Company leased out four of its vessels to third parties on bareboat charters with initial periods ranging between three years and eleven years . Three of those leases are classified as operating leases and one is classified as an investment in finance lease.

12.
INVESTMENT IN FINANCE LEASE

As of December 31, 2013 , one of the Company's vessels was accounted for as a sales-type lease ( 2012 : one ). The following lists the components of the investment in sales-type lease as at December 31.

(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

Net minimum lease payments receivable
78,452

89,759

Estimated residual values of leased property (unguaranteed)
20,320

20,320

Less: unearned income
(47,398
)
(56,549
)
Total investment in sales-type lease
51,374

53,530

Current portion
2,555

2,156

Long-term portion
48,819

51,374

51,374

53,530


The minimum future gross revenues to be received under the Company's non-cancellable sales-type lease as of December 31, 2013 are as follows:

F -21


(in thousands of $)
2014
11,307

2015
11,307

2016
11,338

2017
11,307

2018
11,307

Thereafter
21,886

Total minimum lease revenues
78,452

The counterparty to the lease is a state-owned oil company which the Company has deemed to have a low credit risk.

13.
MARKETABLE SECURITIES

Marketable securities held by the Company are equity securities considered to be available-for-sale securities.
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

Cost
2,707

1,378

Accumulated net unrealized gain (loss)
772

(143
)
Fair value
3,479

1,235


During 2013, the Company received 108,069 shares in Avance Gas Holdings Limited ("Avance Gas") as a stock dividend from its investment in Frontline 2012.

During 2013, the Company received 8,766 shares in Knightsbridge Tankers Limited ("Knightsbridge") as partial settlement Restricted Stock Units ("RSU") granted by Knightsbridge to ICB Shipping (Bermuda ) Limited in its capacity as Manager. During 2012, the Company received 2,825 shares in Knightsbridge as partial settlement of RSUs. No payment was given for these shares and $0.06 million and $0.02 million was recorded in "Other income" in 2013 and 2012, respectively.

During 2011, the Company sold all of its securities held in Overseas Shipholding Group Inc. ("OSG") resulting in a loss of $3.4 million .

The net unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities included in comprehensive income is $0.8 million ( 2012 : $(0.1) million ).
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

2011

Proceeds from sale of available-for-sale securities
—

—

46,547

Realized loss on sale of securities
—

—

3,355


The cost of sale of available-for-sale marketable securities is calculated on an average cost basis. Realized gains and losses are recorded as gain on sale of securities in the consolidated statement of operations.

14.
TRADE ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, NET

Trade accounts receivable are presented net of allowance for doubtful accounts relating to freight and demurrage claims. Movements in the allowance for doubtful accounts in the three years ended December 31, 2013 may be summarized as follows;

F -22


(in thousands of $)
Balance at December 31, 2010
(1,144
)
Additions charged to income
(3,343
)
Balance at December 31, 2011
(4,487
)
Additions charged to income
(6,033
)
Deductions credited to income
663

Balance at December 31, 2012
(9,857
)
Additions charged to income
(55
)
Balance at December 31, 2013
(9,912
)

15.
OTHER RECEIVABLES

(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

Agent receivables
5,065

3,332

Claims receivables
4,938

6,015

Other receivables
6,177

5,513

16,180

14,860


Other receivables are presented net of allowances for doubtful accounts amounting to nil and nil as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively.

16.
NEWBUILDINGS

The carrying value of newbuildings represents the accumulated costs which the Company has paid by way of purchase installments and other capital expenditures together with capitalized loan interest. Movements in the three years ended December 31, 2013 may be summarized as follows:
(In thousands of $)
Balance at December 31, 2010
224,319

Installments and newbuilding supervision fees paid
14,676

Interest capitalized
11,111

Cost of vessels assumed by Frontline 2012
(237,057
)
Balance at December 31, 2011
13,049

Installments and newbuilding supervision fees paid
12,936

Interest capitalized
928

Balance at December 31, 2012
26,913

Installments and newbuilding supervision fees paid
572

Interest capitalized
2,183

Balance at December 31, 2013
29,668


During 2011, the Company sold five SPCs, which together owned five VLCC newbuilding contracts, to Frontline 2012. Interest capitalized in respect of these contracts was $10.4 million of the $11.1 million capitalized in total in 2011.

17.
VESSELS AND EQUIPMENT

Movements in the three years ended December 31, 2013 may be summarized as follows:

F -23



(in thousands of $)
Cost

Accumulated Depreciation

Net Carrying Value

Balance at December 31, 2010
1,608,840

(178,716
)
1,430,124

Purchase of vessels and equipment
56,591

—


Transfers from vessels under capital lease
53,733

—


Disposal of vessels to Frontline 2012
(927,009
)
62,144


Disposal of vessels and equipment (excluding to Frontline 2012)
(332,495
)
156,560

Other movements
(348
)
179

Depreciation
—

(65,744
)
Impairment loss
—

(121,443
)

Balance at December 31, 2011
459,312

(147,020
)
312,292

Purchase of vessels and equipment
730

—


Disposal of vessels and equipment
(51,960
)
40,290

Other movements
443

(341
)

Depreciation
—

(18,508
)

Balance at December 31, 2012
408,525

(125,579
)
282,946

Purchase of vessels and equipment
374

—


Other movements
(531
)
449


Depreciation
—

(18,434
)

Balance at December 31, 2013
408,368

(143,564
)
264,804


At December 31, 2013 , the Company owned nine vessels, including three vessels owned by subsidiaries accounted for under the equity method ( 2012 : nine vessels, including three vessels owned by subsidiaries accounted for under the equity method).

In March 2012 the Company sold its 1993-built double hull Suezmax tanker, Front Alfa.

During 2011, the Company sold ten subsidiaries, each holding one vessel, to Frontline 2012. Additionally, the Company recorded an impairment loss of $121.4 million during 2011 in respect of five double hull Suezmax tankers of which four had been sold by December 31, 2011. The Company also sold one vessel and chartered in the vessel from the new owners for two years at a rate of $35,000 per day. One VLCC double hull vessel, which had previously been accounted for as vessel under capital lease was purchased during 2011 for $56.1 million and concurrently sold and chartered back from the new owners at a rate of per $32,500 day. One VLCC double hull vessel, which had previously been accounted for as vessel under capital lease was purchased during 2011.



18.
VESSELS UNDER CAPITAL LEASE, NET

Movements in the three years ended December 31, 2013 may be summarized as follows:

F -24



(in thousands of $)
Cost

Accumulated Depreciation

Net Carrying Value

Balance at December 31, 2010
2,314,915

(887,389
)
1,427,526

Disposals
(153,136
)
87,678

Transfers to vessels and equipment
(88,000
)
34,267

Lease modification
—

(156,310
)
Depreciation
—

(129,853
)
Balance at December 31, 2011
2,073,779

(1,051,607
)
1,022,172

Disposals
(110,625
)
100,806

Impairment loss
(32,042
)
—

Lease modification
9,115

—

Depreciation
—

(96,337
)
Balance at December 31, 2012
1,940,227

(1,047,138
)
893,089

Disposals
(159,016
)
155,848

Impairment loss
(153,508
)
49,784

Depreciation
—

(81,389
)
Balance at December 31, 2013
1,627,703

(922,895
)
704,808


The outstanding obligations under capital leases are payable as follows:
(in thousands of $)
Year ending December 31,
2014
95,663

2015
94,373

2016
158,300

2017
121,442

2018
115,283

Thereafter
474,621

Minimum lease payments
1,059,682

Less: imputed interest
(270,334
)
Present value of obligations under capital leases
789,348


As of December 31, 2013 , the Company held 24 vessels under capital leases ( 2012 : 28 vessels), of which 20 ( 2012 : 24 vessels) are leased from Ship Finance. These leases are for initial terms that range from 12 to 22 years. The remaining periods on these leases at December 31, 2013 range from 2 to 13 years.

Four of these vessels ( 2012 : four ) are leased by the Company from special purpose lessor entities which, were established and are owned by independent third parties who provide financing through debt and equity participation. Each entity owns one vessel, which is leased to the Company, and has no other activities. Prior to the adoption of ASC 810, these special purpose entities were not consolidated by the Company. The Company has determined that these entities are variable interest entities. The determination of the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity requires knowledge of the participations in the equity of that entity by individual and related equity holders. Our lease agreements with the leasing entities do not give us any right to obtain this information and the Company has been unable to obtain this information by other means. Accordingly the Company is unable to determine the primary beneficiary of these leasing entities. As of December 31, 2013 , the original cost to the lessor of the assets under such arrangements was $258.0 million ( 2012 : $258.0 million ). As of December 31, 2013 and 2012 , the Company's residual value guarantees associated with these leases, which represent the maximum exposure to loss, are $36.0 million .


F -25


Put options on vessels leased under leases classified as capital leases are recorded as part of the lease's minimum lease payments. Lease liabilities are amortized so that the remaining balance at the date the put option becomes exercisable is equal to the put option amount. An additional liability is recognized based on the amount, if any, by which the put option price exceeds the fair market value of the related vessel. As of December 31, 2013 no such additional liability had arisen. On December 30, 2011, the Company agreed to a rate reduction on all these vessels whereby the Company will pay a reduced rate and an additional amount (contingent rental expense) dependent on the actual market rate. The contingent rental (income) expense recorded on these vessels arises when the actual rate paid by the Company fluctuates from the minimum lease rentals. Annual renewals which were at the owners option were replaced with a fixed term of January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2015 and the purchase options that the Company had previously held were removed. A profit share payment will be due at the end of the lease based on 25% of the excess of the aggregate of market index rates over the aggregate of the original rates. As a result of the reassessment of leases whereby all four leases remained as capital leases, capital lease obligations have reduced by $29.8 million , with a corresponding reduction in vessels under capital lease in 2011. In 2013 and 2012 a total profit share of nil was recorded. The following table discloses information about the Company's activity with these non-consolidated lessor entities in the three year period ended December 31, 2013 :
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

2011

Exercise of purchase option
—

—

56,090

Repayments of principal obligations under capital leases
12,260

11,665

56,113

Contingent rental (income) expense
(7,761
)
2,436

—

Interest expense for capital leases
5,389

6,301

11,248

Deferred lease obligation
—

3,795

—


The lessor has options to put these vessels to the Company at the end of the lease term. Gains arising from the sale and leaseback transactions have been deferred and are being amortized over the lease terms.

In March 2011, the Company exercised its option to purchase the VLCC Front Eagle and simultaneously sold the vessel for $67.0 million , with delivery in the second quarter of 2011, and leased back under a two year operating lease. The transaction was accounted for as a sale and leaseback transaction. Deferred gains of $2.3 million , $7.2 million and $4.3 million were recognized in 2013 , 2012 and 2011, respectively. In addition, a gain on sale of $3.2 million was recorded in 2011. There was no unamortized deferred gain at December 31, 2013.

In July 2011, the lease agreement between Holyrood Shipping Plc, a subsidiary of ITCL, and Dresdner Kleinwort Leasing was terminated and the outstanding lease obligation of $75.7 million was settled in full using restricted cash. The vessel was sold to another subsidiary of ITCL and was, therefore, transferred from leased to owned vessels at net book value.

At December 31, 2013 , the Company has five double hull Suezmax tankers and 15 double hull VLCCs on long-term fixed rate leases with Ship Finance which expire from 2018 - 2027 dependent upon the age of the vessels. The leases contain no optional termination periods, purchase options or put options. In 2013, the Company recorded an impairment loss of $103.7 million in respect of three VLCCs. The leases on two vessels, Front Champion and Golden Victory, were terminated in November 2013. The lease on one Suezmax tanker, Front Pride, was terminated in March 2013, an impairment charge of $4.7 million was recognized in 2012 in respect of this vessel.

In 2012, the Company recorded an impairment loss of $32.0 million , of which $27.3 million was recorded as part of discontinued operations. This loss was in respect of four OBO vessels and one double hull Suezmax, three of these OBO vessels had been disposed of by December 31, 2012 . In December 2012, Ship Finance and the Company agreed to terminate the lease of the OBO vessel Front Guider at the end of its current voyage. This was treated as a lease modification in 2012. The lease was reassessed and remained a capital lease, capital lease obligations increased by $9.1 million , with a corresponding increase in vessels under capital lease. A lease termination payment of $10.8 million was paid on December 27, 2012. An impairment loss of $14.2 million was recorded in respect of Front Guider and this amount is included in the total impairment loss recorded in 2012 of $32.0 million .


F -26


In conjunction to the leases with Ship Finance, the Company has also entered into charter ancillary agreements whereby the Company agrees to pay Ship Finance a profit sharing payment equal to 20% of the charter revenues earned by the Company in excess of the daily base charterhire paid to Ship Finance. In December 2011, the Company and Ship Finance agreed to a rate reduction of $6,500 per day for all vessels leased from Ship Finance under long-term leases for a four year period that commenced on January 1, 2012. The Company paid Ship Finance up front compensation of $106.0 million on December 30, 2011, of which $50.0 million was a non-refundable prepayment of profit share and $56.0 million was a release of restricted cash serving as security for charter payments. The Company will compensate Ship Finance with 100% of any difference between the renegotiated rates and the average vessel earnings up to the original contract rates (contingent rental expense). At December 31, 2013 , the contingent rental expense due to Ship Finance is nil (2012: $52.2 million ). In addition, the profit share above the original threshold rates was increased from 20% to 25% . As a result of this, obligations under capital leases and vessels under capital leases have been reduced by $126.5 million at December 31, 2011. Obligations under capital leases have also been reduced by the $106.0 million compensation payment to Ship Finance. In the year ended December 31, 2013 , total profit share due to Ship Finance was nil and so the $50.0 million non-refundable prepayment of profit share in December 2011 remains unchanged at December 31, 2013 . Profit share will only be recognized in the financial statements when the accrued profit share is more than the non-refundable prepayment of profit share.

19.
EQUITY METHOD INVESTMENTS

As of December 31, the Company had the following participation in investments that are recorded using the equity method:
2013

2012

CalPetro Tankers (Bahamas I) Limited
100
%
100
%
CalPetro Tankers (Bahamas II) Limited
100
%
100
%
CalPetro Tankers (IOM) Limited
100
%
100
%
Orion Tankers Ltd.
—

50
%
Frontline 2012 Ltd.
5.4
%
7.9
%

In January 2013, the Company sold its 50% shareholding in Orion Tankers Ltd for book value of $242,000 .

In January 2013, the Company paid $6.0 million for 1,143,000 shares in a private placement by Frontline 2012 of 59 million new ordinary shares at a subscription price of $5.25 per share. Following the private placement, the Company’s ownership in Frontline 2012 was reduced from 7.9% to 6.3% . The Company recognized a gain on the dilution of its ownership of $5.2 million in the first quarter of 2013, which is recognized in 'Equity gains (losses) of unconsolidated subsidiaries and associated companies'.

In September 2013, Frontline 2012 completed a private placement of 34.1 million new ordinary shares of $2.00 par value at a subscription price of $6.60 . The Company did not participate in this private placement and its ownership decreased from 6.3% to 5.4% . The Company recognized a gain on the dilution of its ownership of $4.7 million in the third quarter of 2013.

In October 2013, Frontline 2012 paid a stock dividend of one share in Avance Gas for every 124.55 shares held in Frontline 2012. The Company received 108,069 shares valued at $1.3 million , which was credited against the investment and recorded in marketable securities.

At December 31, 2013, the quoted value of the Company's investment in Frontline 2012 was $109.9 million (2012: $59.5 million ). The amount of retained earnings at December 31, 2013 that represents undistributed earnings of Frontline 2012 is $13.1 million (2012: $0.3 million ).

Summarized financial statements of Frontline 2012 are as follows:
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

Current assets
480,177

167,560

Non current assets
1,193,803

974,598

Current liabilities
108,852

11,837

Non current liabilities
501,971

640,894



F -27


(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

2011

Operating revenues
133,900

140,849

—

Net operating income (loss)
65,755

25,673

(130
)
Net income (loss)
69,499

8,055

(130
)

Dividends of $1.3 million were received from equity method investees in the year ended December 31, 2013 ( 2012 : nil and 2011 : $0.5 million ).

The Company has determined it is not the primary beneficiary of the variable interest entities, CalPetro Tankers (Bahamas I) Limited ("CalPetro BI"), CalPetro Tankers (Bahamas II) Limited ("CalPetro BII") and CalPetro Tankers (IOM) Limited ("CalPetro IOM"), and as such, these entities are being accounted for under the equity method. These companies were incorporated in 1994 for the purpose of acquiring three oil tankers from Chevron Transport Corporation ("Chevron") and concurrently charter these vessels back to Chevron on long-term charter agreements. The companies were acquired by Independent Tankers Corporation ("ITC"), a wholly owned subsidiary of ITCL, which in turn is an 82.47% owned subsidiary of the Company. The Company does not guarantee the debt of these entities and the net assets of the three entities that are not consolidated total $1.1 million ( 2012 : $1.6 million ). The Company's exposure is limited to its share of the net assets of these three entities while the Chevron charters are still in place.

Summarized financial statements of investees of which the Company has determined it is not the primary beneficiary and accounts for under the equity method as of December 31, is as follows:
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

Current assets
15,457

15,811

Non current assets
5,132

15,090

Current liabilities
9,981

10,229

Non current liabilities
9,525

19,051


(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

2011

Net operating revenues
1,651

2,473

3,295

Net operating income
1,353

2,155

2,912

Net loss
(538
)
(544
)
(600
)
20.
DEFERRED CHARGES
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

Debt arrangement fees
11,836

11,836

Accumulated amortization
(11,141
)
(10,600
)
695

1,236


Debt arrangement fees of $4.9 million relating to the credit facilities that were assumed by Frontline 2012 were written off during 2011 as loan interest expense.


F -28


21.
ACCRUED EXPENSES
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

Voyage expenses
11,027

21,121

Ship operating expenses
5,614

6,314

Administrative expenses
1,297

3,685

Interest expense
12,429

11,643

Taxes
325

300

Contingent rental expense
2,615

—

Other
94

681

33,401

43,744



22.
OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

Accrued charter hire
400

322

Deferred gain on sale and leaseback
1,287

3,609

Other
1,229

3,413

2,916

7,344


23.
DEBT
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

U.S. dollar denominated fixed rate debt:


4.5% convertible bond due 2015
190,000

215,000

7.84% to 8.04% First Preferred Mortgage Term Notes
279,480

268,992

Unamortized discount on issuance of 7.84% First Preferred Mortgage Term Notes
(10,402
)
—

Total U.S. dollar fixed rate debt
459,078

483,992

Less: current portion of long-term debt
(22,706
)
(20,700
)
Long term portion of debt
436,372

463,292


Movements in debt in each of the three years ended December 31, 2013, maybe summarized as follows:

F -29


(in thousands of$)
Balance at December 31, 2010
1,364,358

Loan drawdowns
72,000

Loan repayments
(256,527
)
Assumed by Frontline 2012
(666,318
)
Balance at December 31, 2011
513,513

4.5% convertible bond buy-back
(10,000
)
Loan repayments
(19,521
)
Balance at December 31, 2012
483,992

4.5% convertible bond buy-back
(25,000
)
Loan repayments
(21,531
)
Issuance of 7.84% First Preferred Mortgage Term Notes
32,019

Discount on issuance of 7.84% First Preferred Mortgage Term Notes
(12,222
)
Amortization of discount on issuance of 7.84% First Preferred Mortgage Term Notes
1,820

Balance at December 31, 2013
459,078


4.5% Convertible Bonds due 2015
In March 2012, the Company purchased $10.0 million notional value of its convertible bonds for a purchase price of $5.4 million . The Company recognized a gain of $4.6 million , included in Other non-operating items, in the first quarter of 2012. After the purchase, the Company held 4.4% of the convertible bonds outstanding. The convertible bonds have been presented net of the bonds owned.

In October 2013, the Company exchanged $25.0 million notional value of its convertible bonds for an aggregate of 6,474,827 shares and a cash payment of $2.25 million . As the conversion was agreed at more favorable terms than the original bond, this was treated as an inducement and the Company recognized $12.7 million , being the difference between the fair value of the original conversion rights compared with the fair value of the induced conversion terms, as a debt conversion expense in 2013.

7.84% First Preferred Mortgage Term Notes
In July and August 2008, ITCL purchased three tranches of the Windsor Petroleum Transport Corporation 7.84% term notes on the open market. In 2013, ITCL sold its full holding of the term notes, for net proceeds of $19.8 million . The difference of $12.2 million between the outstanding principal balance of $32.0 million and the net proceeds is recorded as a discount on issuance of debt. This discount is being amortized over the period of the term notes and $1.8 million was recorded as interest expense in 2013. The effective interest rate of the debt discount is 7.84% . At December 31, 2012 the bonds that had been repurchased were presented net of the bonds owned by ITCL.

The outstanding debt as of December 31, 2013 is repayable as follows:
(in thousands of $)
Year ending December 31,
2014
22,706

2015
214,909

2016
27,289

2017
29,850

2018
32,619

Thereafter
131,705

459,078


U.S. DOLLAR DENOMINATED FIXED RATE DEBT

4.5% Convertible Bonds due 2015

F -30


On March 26, 2010, the Company announced the private placement of $225 million of convertible bonds and the offering of the bonds closed on April 14, 2010. The senior, unsecured convertible bonds have an annual coupon of 4.50% , which is paid quarterly in arrears and had a conversion price of $39.00 . The bonds may be converted to the Company's Ordinary Shares by the holders at anytime up to 10 banking days prior to April 14, 2015. The reference price has been set at $29.7784 (NOK 180.0045 ). The applicable USD/NOK exchange rate has been set at 6.0448 . The Company declared a dividend of $0.75 per share on May 21, 2010. The conversion price was adjusted from $39.00 to $38.0895 effective June 2, 2010 which was the date the shares traded ex-dividend. The Company declared a dividend of $0.75 per share on August 27, 2010. The conversion price was adjusted from $38.0895 to $37.0483 per share effective September 8, 2010, which was the ex-dividend date. There was no adjustment to the conversion price for the dividend of $0.25 per share, which was paid on December 21, 2010. There is no adjustment to the conversion price where such adjustment would be less than 1% of the conversion price then in effect and any adjustment not required to be made shall be carried forward and taken into account in any subsequent adjustment. On February 22, 2011 the Company announced a dividend of $0.10 per share. The conversion price was adjusted from $37.0483 to $36.5567 per share effective March 7, 2011, which was the ex-dividend date. The company declared a dividend of $0.10 per share and $0.02 per share on May 24 and August 25, 2011 respectively. The bonds will be redeemed at 100% of their principal amount and will, unless previously redeemed, converted or purchased and cancelled, mature on April 14, 2015.The conversion price of the Company’s convertible bonds at December 31, 2013 and 2012 was $36.5567 .

The Company has a right to redeem the bonds at par plus accrued interest at any time during the term of the loan, provided that 90% or more of the bonds issued shall have been redeemed or converted to shares. 5,197,406 new shares would be issued, if the bonds were converted at the current price of $36.5567 .

The loan associated with our convertible bonds imposes operating and negative covenants on us and our subsidiaries. A violation of these covenants constitutes an event of default under our convertible bonds, which would, unless waived by our bondholders, provide our bondholders with the right to require the principal amounts under the convertible bonds including accrued interest and expenses due for immediate payment and accelerate our indebtedness, which would impair our ability to continue to conduct our business.

First Preferred Mortgage Term Notes
ITCL is the holding company for three separate structures involved in financing and leasing transactions. One of these structures has Serial Notes which matured in 2010 and all of these structures have First Preferred Mortgage Term Notes maturing between 2015 and 2021. The Notes are collateralized by first preferred mortgages on the vessels owned by the ITCL subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2013 , the effective interest rate for the Term and Serial Notes was 7.91% ( 2012 : 7.91% ).

7.84% and 8.04% First Preferred Mortgage Term Notes
The 7.84% First Preferred Mortgage Term Notes due 2021 and the 8.04% First Preferred Mortgage Term Notes due 2019 are each subject to redemption through the operation of mandatory sinking funds according to the schedule of sinking fund redemption payments set forth below.  The sinking fund redemption price is 100% of the principal amount of Term Notes being redeemed, together with accrued and unpaid interest to the date fixed for redemption.
(in thousands of $)
Year ending December 31,
Total Debt

Unamortized Discount

Net Debt

2014
24,855

(2,149
)
22,706

2015
26,850

(1,941
)
24,909

2016
29,025

(1,736
)
27,289

2017
31,365

(1,515
)
29,850

2018
33,895

(1,276
)
32,619

Thereafter
133,490

(1,785
)
131,705

279,480

(10,402
)
269,078

The Notes include certain covenants that, among other things, prohibit the separate structures from (i) incurring any indebtedness other than the existing Notes and obligations to the respective charterers, (ii) making any investments (other than the prescribed restricted investments), loans or advances outside the current structure or (iii) creating any liens other than to secure its obligations under the Notes and other relevant documents related to the Notes and leasing transactions. In addition, the debt outstanding in three entities, which are accounted for under the equity method, contain similar covenants and restrictions. The amounts of such restricted net assets for unconsolidated subsidiaries and consolidated subsidiaries as of December 31, 2013 is $41.5 million .

Assets pledged

F -31


(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

Vessels, net, held in ITCL
263,367

280,929

Restricted cash and investments
66,249

86,280


Assets pledged relate to the 7.84% and 8.04% First Preferred Mortgage Term Notes.

24.
SHARE CAPITAL
Authorized share capital:
(in thousands of $, except share data)
2013

2012

312,500,000 ordinary shares of $1.00 each (2012:125,000,000 ordinary shares of $2.50 each)
312,500

312,500

Issued and fully paid share capital:
(in thousands of $, except per share data)
2013

2012

86,511,713 ordinary shares of $1.00 each (2012: 77,858,502 ordinary shares of $2.50 each)
86,512

194,646


The Company's Ordinary Shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, the Oslo Stock Exchange and the London Stock Exchange.

A resolution was approved at the Company’s Special General Meeting on May 8, 2013, such that the issued and paid-up share capital of the Company be reduced from $194,646,255 to $77,858,502 , with effect from May 14, 2013, by canceling the paid-up capital of $1.50 on each of the ordinary shares in issue so that each of the 77,858,502 shares of par value $2.50 shall have a par value of $1.00 . It was also resolved that the amount of credit arising be credited to the additional paid in capital account of the Company and that the authorized share capital of the Company be maintained at $312,500,000 comprising 312,500,000 shares of $1.00 each.

In June 2013, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement with Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, ("Morgan Stanley") under which the Company may, at any time and from time to time, offer and sell new ordinary shares having aggregate sales proceeds of up to $40.0 million through Morgan Stanley in an at-the-market ("ATM") offering. During 2013, the Company issued 2,178,384 new ordinary shares under the program for gross proceeds of $6.2 million .

In October 2013, the Company exchanged $25.0 million of the outstanding principal amount of the Company's convertible bonds for an aggregate of 6,474,827 shares and a cash payment of $2.25 million . This resulted in an increase in additional paid in capital of $28.9 million .

A resolution was approved at the Company’s 2012 Annual General Meeting on September 21, 2012 such that the share premium account was reduced from $225.8 million to nil and the amount resulting from the reduction be credited to the Contributed Surplus account with immediate effect.


F -32


25.
ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
The activity in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss is summarized as follows:
(in thousands of $)
Unrealized investment (losses) gains

Translation adjustments

Total

Balance at December 31, 2010
226

(4,062
)
(3,836
)
Translation adjustment
—

(49
)
(49
)
Net unrealized losses on marketable securities
(894
)
—

(894
)
Balance at December 31, 2011
(668
)
(4,111
)
(4,779
)
Translation adjustment
—

97

97

Net unrealized gains on marketable securities
527

—

527

Balance at December 31, 2012
(141
)
(4,014
)
(4,155
)
Translation adjustment
—

(63
)
(63
)
Net unrealized gains on marketable securities
915

—

915

Balance at December 31, 2013
774

(4,077
)
(3,303
)

26.
SHARE OPTION PLANS
In November 2006, the Company's board of directors approved a share option plan, which was cancelled in 2009 and replaced with the Frontline Ltd. Share Option Scheme (the "Frontline Scheme"). The Frontline Scheme permits the board of directors, at its discretion, to grant options to acquire shares in the Company to employees and directors of the Company or its subsidiaries. The subscription price for all options granted under the scheme will be reduced by the amount of all dividends declared by the Company in the period from the date of grant until the date the option is exercised, provided the subscription price is never reduced below the par value of the share.  Options granted under the scheme will vest at a date determined by the board at the date of the grant.  The options granted under the plan to date vest over a period of one to three years and have a five year term.  There is no maximum number of shares authorized for awards of equity share options and authorized, unissued or treasury shares of the Company may be used to satisfy exercised options.

The Company granted no options during 2013 and 2012. In April 2011, the Company granted 145,000 share options to directors and employees. All options have a five year term and vest equally over three years from the date of grant.

The fair value of the newly granted option awards is estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option valuation model with the following assumptions:
2011

Risk free interest rate
1.35
%
Expected life (years)
3.5

Expected volatility
62.27
%
Expected dividend yield
0.00
%

The risk-free interest rate was estimated using the interest rate on three-year U.S. treasury zero coupon issues. The volatility was estimated using historical share price data. The dividend yield has been estimated at 0% as the exercise price is reduced by all dividends declared by the Company from the date of grant to the exercise date. It is assumed that 95% of all options granted in 2011 will vest.

The following summarizes share option transactions related to the Frontline Scheme:

F -33


(in thousands)
Number of Options

Weighted Average Exercise Price
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2010
650.7

NOK 131.65
Granted
145.0

NOK 131.10
Exercised
(6.7
)
NOK 132.71
Forfeited
(49.3
)
NOK 130.36
Options outstanding as December 31, 2011
739.7

NOK 130.46
Forfeited
(13.7
)
NOK 130.46
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2012
726.0

NOK 130.46
Forfeited
(13.3
)
NOK 130.46
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2013
712.7

NOK 130.46
Exercisable options as at:

December 31, 2013
670.9

NOK130.46
December 31, 2012
629.3

NOK130.46
December 31, 2011
396.5

NOK130.46

The weighted average exercise price is adjusted for dividends in accordance with the terms of the plan. The weighted average remaining contractual term for the options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , is 1.5 years, 2.0 years and 3.0 years, respectively.

The grant date fair values of share options vested at December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 were $0.4 million , $2.5 million and $1.8 million , respectively.

The weighted average grant-date fair value of options granted during 2013 is nil ( 2012 : nil per share, 2011 : $10.42 ).

The intrinsic value of share options exercised in the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 was nil , nil and $0.04 million , respectively.

As at December 31, 2013 , the intrinsic value of both outstanding and exercisable share options was nil ( 2012 : nil ).

As of December 31, 2013 , there was $0.04 million ( 2012 : $0.2 million ) in unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested options granted under the Frontline Scheme. The unrecognized compensation expense is to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.25 years in accordance with vesting conditions, all of which relates to unvested options. Compensation expense recognized in the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 was $0.2 million , $0.8 million and $1.6 million , respectively.

27.
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Foreign currency risk
The majority of the Company's transactions, assets and liabilities are denominated in U.S. dollars, the functional currency of the Company. Certain of the Company's subsidiaries report in Sterling, Singapore dollars and Norwegian kroner and risks of two kinds arise as a result:
•
a transaction risk, that is, the risk that currency fluctuations will have a negative effect on the value of the Company's cash flows;
•
a translation risk, that is, the impact of adverse currency fluctuations in the translation of foreign operations and foreign assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars for the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Accordingly, such risk may have an adverse effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations. The Company has not entered into derivative contracts for either transaction or translation risk.
Forward freight agreements
During 2013 , the Company entered into forward freight agreements for speculative purposes. As of December 31, 2013 , the Company had no contracts outstanding ( 2012 : 24 ). The Company recorded a loss on forward freight agreements of $0.6 million and $1.7 million in 2013 and 2012, respectively, and a gain of $0.4 million in 2011 in "Mark to market (loss) gain on derivatives".

F -34



Fair Values
The carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company's financial instruments as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 are as follows:
2013
2012
(in thousands of $)
Carrying
Value

Fair
Value

Carrying
Value

Fair
Value

Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents
53,759

53,759

137,603

137,603

Restricted cash and investments
68,363

68,363

87,506

87,506

Marketable securities
3,479

3,479

1,235

1,235

Liabilities:




7.84% to 8.04% First Preferred Mortgage Term Notes
269,078

200,077

268,992

191,846

4.5% Convertible Bond
190,000

140,315

215,000

120,131

The estimated fair value of financial assets and liabilities are as follows:
(in thousands of $)
2013
Fair Value

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents
53,759

53,759

—

—

Restricted cash and investments
68,363

68,363

—

—

Marketable securities
3,479

3,479

—

—

Liabilities:




7.84% to 8.04% First Preferred Mortgage Term Notes
200,077

—

200,077

—

4.5% Convertible Bond
140,315

—

140,315

—


(in thousands of $)
2012
Fair Value

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents
137,603

137,603

—

—

Restricted cash and investments
87,506

87,506

—

—

Marketable securities
1,235

1,235

—

—

Liabilities:




7.84% to 8.04% First Preferred Mortgage Term Notes
191,846

—

191,846

—

4.5% Convertible bond
120,131

—

120,131

—


The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instrument;

Cash and cash equivalents – the carrying values in the balance sheet approximate their fair value.

Restricted cash and investments – the balances relate entirely to restricted cash and the carrying values in the balance sheet approximate their fair value.
Marketable securities – the fair values are based on quoted market prices.

At December 31, 2013 the estimated fair values of the 7.84% and 8.04% First Preferred Mortgage Term Notes are based on the quoted market price on the last significant trading of the Term Notes (level two per ASC Topic 820).

Convertible bond – quoted market prices are not available, however the bonds are traded "over the counter" and the fair value of bonds is based on the market price on offer at the year end.

F -35


Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
At December 31, 2012, the Suezmax tanker, Front Pride was measured at an estimated fair value of $3.3 million , which was determined using level two inputs being the carrying cost of the leased vessel less the impairment loss, which was calculated based on the estimated market value of the vessel less the estimated steel value of the vessel. At December 31, 2012, the OBO carrier, Front Guider, was measured at fair value $0.02 million , which was determined using level three inputs being the discounted expected cash flows from the leased vessel up to the termination of the lease.

At December 31, 2013, the VLCC Front Century was measured at fair value of $24.2 million , which was determined using level three inputs being the discounted expected cash flows from the leased vessel at June 30, 2013 of $25.8 million , less depreciation in the third and fourth quarter.

Concentrations of risk
There is a concentration of credit risk with respect to cash and cash equivalents to the extent that substantially all of the amounts are carried with Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken, or SEB, HongKong Shanghai Banking Corporation, Royal Bank of Scotland, The Bank of New York, DnB Nor Bank ASA and Nordea Bank Norge, or Nordea. There is a concentration of credit risk with respect to restricted cash to the extent that substantially all of the amounts are carried with SEB, Nordea, The Bank of New York and HSBC. However, the Company believes this risk is remote.

28.
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
The majority of the Company's leased vessels are leased from Ship Finance and Ship Finance is entitled to a profit share of the Company's earnings on these vessels under a Charter Ancillary Agreement. This profit share was increased from 20% to 25% with effect from January 1, 2012. A summary of leasing transactions with Ship Finance during the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 is as follows:
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

2011

Charter hire paid (principal and interest): continuing operations
150,891

161,840

204,634

Charter hire paid (principal and interest): discontinued operations
434

14,492

44,188

Lease termination fees (expense) income: continuing operations
(5,204
)
22,766

5,345

Lease termination fees (expense) income: discontinued operations
—

(24,543
)
(22,449
)
Compensation paid on lease amendment
—

—

106,000

Profit share expense: discontinued operations
—

—

482

Contingent rental expense: continuing operations
—

20,020

—

Contingent rental expense: discontinued operations
—

32,156

—

Remaining lease obligation
726,717

875,670

926,821


A summary of net amounts earned (incurred) from related parties, excluding the Ship Finance lease related balances above, for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 are as follows:

F -36


(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

2011

Seatankers Management Co. Ltd
1,416

1,009

1,008

Golar LNG Limited
2,119

1,820

1,002

Ship Finance International Limited
5,094

4,261

4,660

Golden Ocean Group Limited
3,166

5,566

5,492

Bryggegata AS
(1,982
)
(1,455
)
(1,494
)
Arcadia Petroleum Limited
7,962

5,423

34,977

Seadrill Limited
1,475

2,574

1,076

Archer Limited
410

390

906

Deep Sea Supply Plc
69

41

168

Aktiv Kapital ASA
40

21

136

VTN Shipping Inc
—

—

17,051

Orion Tankers Ltd
—

343

24

Frontline 2012 Ltd
7,410

(4,004
)
—

North Atlantic Drilling Ltd
60

—

—

CalPetro Tankers (Bahamas I) Limited
54

51

63

CalPetro Tankers (Bahamas II) Limited
54

51

63

CalPetro Tankers (IOM) Limited
54

51

63


Net amounts earned from other related parties comprise charter hire, office rental income, technical and commercial management fees, newbuilding supervision fees, freights, corporate and administrative services income and interest income. Amounts paid to related parties comprise primarily rental for office space. In addition, the Company chartered in two vessels from Frontline 2012 on floating rate time charters during 2012 under which the charter hire expense was equal to the time charter equivalent earnings of the vessels. Both charters were terminated in December 2012.

A summary of short term balances due from related parties as at December 31, 2013 and 2012 is as follows:
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

Receivables
Ship Finance International Limited
2,272

1,891

Seatankers  Management Co. Ltd
394

342

Archer Ltd
8

778

Golar LNG Limited
942

755

Orion Tankers Ltd
—

250

Northern Offshore Ltd
13

13

Golden Ocean Group Limited
1,219

1,325

Seadrill Limited
1,478

1,253

Frontline 2012 Ltd
2,860

2,291

CalPetro Tankers (Bahamas I) Limited
14

13

CalPetro Tankers (Bahamas II) Limited
14

13

CalPetro Tankers (IOM) Limited
14

13

Deep Sea Supply Plc
4

—

Aktiv Kapital Ltd
6

—

Arcadia Petroleum Limited
174

106

North Atlantic Drilling Ltd
75

12

9,487

9,055


A summary of short term balances due to related parties as at December 31, 2013 and 2012 is as follows:

F -37


(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

Payables
Ship Finance International Limited
(8,528
)
(52,063
)
Seatankers Management Co. Ltd
(506
)
(257
)
Golar LNG Limited
(155
)
(101
)
Golden Ocean Group Limited
(1,047
)
(1,042
)
Frontline 2012 Ltd
(1,183
)
(423
)
Aktiv Kapital Ltd
—

(34
)
Deep Sea Supply Plc
—

(28
)
(11,419
)
(53,948
)

Receivables and payables with related parties comprise unpaid management, technical advisory, newbuilding supervision and technical management, administrative service and rental charges and charterhire payments. In addition, certain payables and receivables arise when the Company pays an invoice on behalf of a related party and vice versa. The payable with Ship Finance at December 31, 2012 included unpaid contingent rental expense and a lease termination fee. Receivables and payables with related parties are generally settled quarterly in arrears with the exception of profit share due to Ship Finance which is settled annually.

The long term related party balance is due to Ship Finance and is the remaining termination fee payable for the Front Champion and Golden Victory. The balance is being repaid using similar repayment terms to the original lease and incurs interest at 7.254% . Interest expense of $0.7 million has been recorded in 2013 and is included in the short term related party payable balance at the year end. The long term related party balance at December 31, 2013 is as follows:
(in thousands of $)
Total

7.254% Loan note payable due 2021 and 2022
79,017

Loan note repayments
(402
)
Total loan note
78,615

Less: current portion of loan note (included in short term related party balance)
(6,017
)
72,598


The note balance at December 31, 2013 is repayable as follows:
(in thousands of $)
Year ending December 31,
2014
6,017

2015
5,626

2016
9,200

2017
9,904

2018
10,647

Thereafter
37,221

78,615


We transact business with the following related parties, being companies in which Hemen and companies associated with Hemen have a significant interest: Ship Finance International Limited, Golar LNG Limited, Northern Offshore Ltd, Seadrill Limited, Bryggegata AS, Golden Ocean Group Limited, Arcadia Petroleum Limited ("Arcadia"), Deep Sea Supply Plc ("Deep Sea"), Aktiv Kapital ASA, Archer Limited, Farahead Holdings Limited ("Farahead"), Seatankers Management Co. Ltd, North Atlantic Drilling Ltd and Frontline 2012 Ltd. CalPetro Tankers (Bahamas I) Limited, CalPetro Tankers (Bahamas II) Limited, CalPetro Tankers (IOM) Limited, Frontline 2012 Ltd. and Orion Tankers Ltd. are equity accounted.

The Company earned freights on chartering vessels to Arcadia in the amount of $7.5 million ( 2012 : $5.0 million ).


F -38


In January 2013, the Company received termination payments from Ship Finance in the aggregate amount of $7.8 million in respect of the lease terminations for Titan Aries (now renamed Edinburgh) and recorded a gain on $7.6 million in the first quarter of 2013.

In January 2013, the Company paid $6.0 million for 1,143,000 shares in a private placement by Frontline 2012 of 59 million new ordinary shares at a subscription price of $5.25 per share. Following the private placement, the Company’s ownership in Frontline 2012 was reduced from 7.9% to 6.3% . The Company recognized a gain on the dilution of its ownership of $5.2 million in the first quarter of 2013.

In February 2013, the Company agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long term charter party for the Suezmax tanker Front Pride and the charter party terminated on February 15, 2013. The Company made a compensation payment to Ship Finance of $2.1 million in March 2013 for the early termination of the charter and recorded a loss on the termination of the lease of $0.2 million in the first quarter of 2013.

In September 2013, Frontline 2012 completed a private placement of 34.1 million new ordinary shares of $2.00 par value at a subscription price of $6.60 . The Company did not buy any of the shares and its ownership decreased from 6.3% to 5.4% . The Company recognized a gain on the dilution of its ownership of $4.7 million in the third quarter of 2013.

In October 2013, Frontline 2012 paid a stock dividend of one share in Avance Gas for every 124.55 shares held in Frontline 2012. The Company received 108,069 shares valued at $1.3 million , which was credited against the investment and recorded as a marketable security in the fourth quarter of 2013.

In October 2013, the Company agreed with Ship Finance, to terminate the long term charter parties for the VLCCs Front Champion and Golden Victory, and Ship Finance simultaneously sold the vessels to unrelated third parties. The charter parties were terminated in November 2013 upon the redelivery of the vessels to Ship Finance. The Company recorded an impairment loss of $88.1 million in 2013 and a net gain of $13.8 million in the fourth quarter of 2013 on the termination of these leases. The Company agreed to a compensation payment to Ship Finance of $89.9 million for the early termination of the charter parties, of which $10.9 million was paid upon termination and the balance was recorded as notes payable, with similar amortization profiles to the current lease obligations, with reduced rates until 2015 and full rates from 2016. Front Champion and Golden Victory had the highest charter rates among the vessels chartered in from Ship Finance and the level of compensation is a reflection of this.

In 2012, the Company received termination payments from Ship Finance in the aggregate amount of $22.2 million in respect of the lease terminations for Titan Orion (ex-Front Duke) and Ticen Ocean (now renamed Front Lady). The Company made lease termination payments to Ship Finance in 2012 in the aggregate amount of $32.6 million in respect of the lease terminations for the OBO vessels Front Striver, Front Rider, Front Climber, Front Viewer and Front Guider which have been included in discontinued operations.

In May 2012, the Company paid $13.3 million for 3,546,000 shares in a private placement by Frontline 2012 of 56 million new ordinary shares at a subscription price of $3.75 per share. Following the private placement, the Company’s ownership in Frontline 2012 was reduced from 8.8% to 7.9% . The Company recognized a gain on the dilution of its ownership of $0.7 million in the second quarter of 2012.

In 2011, the Company received termination payments from Ship Finance in the aggregate amount of $5.3 million in respect of the lease terminations for Front Ace and Ticen Sun (ex-Front Highness) and made termination payments to Ship Finance in the aggregate amount of $14.3 million in respect of the OBO vessel lease terminations for Front Leader and Front Breaker .

In September 2011, the Company negotiated the early termination of bare boat charters on three single hull VLCCs, Titan Orion (ex-Front Duke), Titan Aries (now renamed Edinburgh) and Ticen Ocean (now renamed Front Lady), which were being chartered in from Ship Finance. These three vessels were subsequently sold by Ship Finance. The Titan Orion (ex-Front Duke) was delivered, and the charter party with Ship Finance was terminated, on March 27, 2012. The Company received a compensation payment from Ship Finance of $10.6 million for the early termination of the charter. The Ticen Ocean (now renamed Front Lady) was delivered, and the charter party with Ship Finance was terminated, on November 27, 2012. The Company received a compensation payment from Ship Finance of $11.6 million for the early termination of the charter. The Titan Aries (now renamed Edinburgh) was delivered, and the charter party with Ship Finance was terminated, on February 16, 2013. Under the terms of the early termination of the bareboat charters, Ship Finance will pay the Company a termination fee in accordance with the charter ancillary agreement.

In October 2011, the Company sold the double hull Suezmax tanker, Front Hunter, to VTN Shipping Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Farahead Holdings Limited, and recognized a gain of $0.05 million in the fourth quarter of 2011.

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In December 2011, Frontline completed a restructuring of the Company in which 15 subsidiaries were sold to Frontline 2012 Ltd, a related company that Frontline owns 8.8% of the share capital. At December 31, 2011, $10.5 million remains outstanding for working capital balances.

In December 2011, the Company and Ship Finance agreed to a rate reduction of $6,500 per day for all vessels leased from Ship Finance under long-term leases for a four year period that commenced on January 1, 2012. The Company paid Ship Finance up front compensation of $106.0 million on December 30, 2011, of which $50.0 million was a non-refundable prepayment of profit split and $56.0 million was a release of restricted cash serving as security for charter payments. The Company will compensate Ship Finance with 100% of any difference between the renegotiated rates and the average vessel earnings up to the original contract rates. In addition, the profit share above the original threshold rates was increased from 20% to 25% .

29.
DISPOSAL OF ASSETS

In January 2011, the Company sold the VLCC Front Shanghai for $91.2 million . The vessel was simultaneously leased in on a two year time charter. A gain of $13.8 million was recognized in 2011 and a gain of $7.9 million was recognized in 2012.

In February 2011, Ship Finance sold the single hull vessel Ticen Sun (ex-Front Highness) to a third party and terminated the operating lease with the Company for the vessel. The Company received a termination payment of $2.9 million and recorded a gain of $2.9 million in 2011.

In March 2011, Ship Finance sold the single hull vessel Front Ace to a third party and terminated the operating lease with the Company for the vessel. The Company received a termination payment of $2.4 million and recorded a gain of $2.4 million in 2011.

In March 2011, the Company exercised its option to purchase the VLCC Front Eagle, which was recorded as a vessel held under capital lease. The vessel was simultaneously sold for $67.0 million , with delivery in the second quarter of 2011, and leased in under a two year operating lease. A gain of $7.5 million was recognized in 2011, a gain of $7.2 million was recognized in 2012 and a gain of $2.3 million was recognized in 2013.
In April 2011, Ship Finance sold the OBO carrier Front Leader to a third party and as a result, terminated the Company's long-term lease for the vessel. The Company made a termination payment of $7.7 million . A loss on disposal of $9.3 million was recognized in 2011 and included in discontinued operations.
In May 2011, Ship Finance sold the OBO carrier Front Breaker to a third party and as a result, terminated the Company's long-term lease for the vessel. The Company made a termination payment of $6.6 million . A loss on disposal of $8.5 million was recognized in 2011 and included in discontinued operations.
In October 2011, Ship Finance sold the OBO carrier Front Striver to a third party and as a result, terminated the Company's long-term lease for the vessel. The Company made a termination payment of $8.1 million in 2012. A loss on disposal of $9.2 million was recognized in 2011, a further loss on disposal of $0.4 million was recognized in the second quarter of 2012 due to the write-off of inventory balances and included in discontinued operations.
In October 2011, the Company sold the Suezmax Front Fighter to an unrelated third party and recognized a loss of $0.1 million in the fourth quarter of 2011. An impairment loss for this vessel of $27.1 million was recorded in the third quarter of 2011.
In November 2011, the Company sold the Suezmax Front Hunter to a related party and recognized a gain of $0.05 million in the fourth quarter of 2011. An impairment loss for this vessel of $30.6 million was recorded in the third quarter of 2011.
In December 2011, the Company sold the Suezmax Front Delta to an unrelated third party and recognized a gain of $0.01 million in the fourth quarter of 2011. An impairment loss for this vessel of $18.5 million was recorded in the third quarter of 2011.
In December 2011, the Company sold the Suezmax Front Beta to an unrelated third party and recognized a loss of $0.4 million in the fourth quarter of 2011. An impairment loss for this vessel of $20.4 million was recorded in the third quarter of 2011.

F -40


In December 2011, the Company sold 15 wholly-owned SPCs, which together owned six VLCCs (Front Kathrine, Front Queen, Front Eminence, Front Endurance, Front Cecilie and Front Signe) including one on time charter, four Suezmax tankers (Northia, Front Odin, Naticina and Front Njord) and five VLCC newbuilding contracts to Frontline 2012, a related party, and recognized a loss of $307.0 million in the fourth quarter of 2011.

In March 2012, the Company sold the Suezmax Front Alfa to an unrelated third party and recognized a loss of $2.1 million in the first quarter of 2012. An impairment loss for this vessel of $24.8 million was recorded in the third quarter of 2011.

In March 2012, the Company redelivered the Titan Orion (ex-Front Duke) to Ship Finance and the charter party for the vessel was terminated. The Company recorded a gain of $10.6 million in the first quarter of 2012, which is included in "Gain on sale of assets and amortization of deferred gains".

In June 2012, the Company agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long term charter party for the OBO carrier Front Rider and that Ship Finance simultaneously sold the vessel. The charter party terminated on July 22, 2012. The Company recorded an impairment loss of $4.9 million in the second quarter of 2012 and recognized a loss on disposal of $0.1 million in the third quarter of 2012 included in discontinued operations.

In August 2012, the Company agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long term charter party for the OBO carrier Front Climber and that Ship Finance simultaneously sold the vessel. The charter party terminated on October 15, 2012. The Company recorded an impairment loss of $4.2 million in the second quarter of 2012 and recognized a loss on disposal of $0.2 million in the fourth quarter of 2012 included in discontinued operations.

In October 2012, the Company agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long term charter party for the OBO carrier Front Driver and that Ship Finance simultaneously sold the vessel. The charter party terminated on November 28, 2012. The Company recorded an impairment loss of $4.0 million in the second quarter of 2012 and recognized a loss on disposal of $0.8 million in the fourth quarter of 2012 included in discontinued operations.

In November 2012, the Company redelivered the Ticen Ocean (ex-Front Lady) to Ship Finance and the charter party for the vessel was terminated. The Company recorded a gain of $11.2 million in the fourth quarter of 2012, which is included in"Gain (loss) on sale of assets and amortization of deferred gains".

In December 2012, the Company agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long term charter parties for the OBO carriers Front Viewer and Front Guider. The charter party on the Front Viewer terminated on December 18, 2012 and Ship Finance simultaneously sold the vessel. The charter party on the Front Guider terminated on March 13, 2013. As a result, the Company agreed to pay Ship Finance a termination fee of $23.5 million . The Company allocated $12.7 million of the termination payment to the Front Viewer and recorded loss of $16.5 million in the fourth quarter of 2012, which is included in "discontinued operations". $10.8 million was allocated to the Front Guider which was included as part of the lease modification. This resulted in a $9.1 million increase in both the asset value and lease obligation. The company recorded an impairment loss of $14.2 million in the fourth quarter of 2012 in respect of Front Guider which is included in discontinued operations.

In January 2013, the Company terminated the charter party for the single hull VLCC Titan Aries (ex-Edinburgh) and recorded a gain of $7.6 million in the first quarter of 2013 which is included in "Gain (loss) on sale of assets and amortization of deferred gains".

In February 2013, the Company agreed with Ship Finance to terminate the long term time charter for the Suezmax tanker Front Pride. The charter party terminated on February 15, 2013 and Ship Finance simultaneously sold the vessel. The Company made a termination payment of $2.1 million and recorded an impairment loss of $4.7 million in 2012 and a loss on disposal of $0.2 million in 2013 which is included in"Gain (loss) on sale of assets and amortization of deferred gains".

In November 2013, the Company agreed with Ship Finance, to terminate the long term charter parties for the VLCCs Front Champion and Golden Victory, and Ship Finance simultaneously sold the vessels to unrelated third parties. The charter parties were terminated in November 2013 upon the redelivery of the vessels to Ship Finance. The Company recorded an impairment loss of $88.1 million in 2013 and a net gain of $13.8 million on the termination of the leases in the fourth quarter of 2013. The Company agreed to a compensation payment to Ship Finance of $89.9 million for the early termination of the charter parties, of which $10.9 million was paid upon termination and the balance was recorded as notes payable.


F -41


30.
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
The Company insures the legal liability risks for its shipping activities with Assuranceforeningen SKULD and Assuranceforeningen Gard Gjensidig, both mutual protection and indemnity associations. As a member of these mutual associations, the Company is subject to calls payable to the associations based on the Company's claims record in addition to the claims records of all other members of the associations. A contingent liability exists to the extent that the claims records of the members of the associations in the aggregate show significant deterioration, which result in additional calls on the members.

Following the termination of the Company's P&I insurance relationship with Britannia Steam Ship Insurance Association Limited ("Britannia"), SEB issued a guarantee in April 2013 to Britannia at the Company's request in respect of possible claims on certain ships for any of the insurance years 2009/10, 2010/11, 2011/12 and 2012/13 up to a maximum aggregate liability of $1.7 million . As of December 31, 2013, the Company has placed $1.7 million (2012: nil ) into a restricted bank account at SEB as support for the guarantee. The restricted deposit account and the guarantee amount were reduced to $0.4 million in January 2014. The guarantee expires on December 31, 2015.

As of December 31, 2013 , the Company had four ( 2012 : four ) vessels that were sold by the Company at various times during the period from November 1998 to December 31, 2003, and leased back on charters that have initial periods ranging from eight to twelve and a half years including options on the lessor's side to extend the charters for periods that range up to five years. All of these charters are accounted for as capital leases. The lessor has options to put the vessels on the Company at the end of the lease terms. The total amount that the Company would be required to pay in 2015 under these put options with respect to these capital leases is $36.0 million ( 2012 : $36.0 million ).

As of December 31, 2013 , Chevron charters three vessels on long-term bareboat charters and holds options to purchase each vessel for $1 per vessel on April 1, 2015.

As of December 31, 2013 , the Company was committed to make newbuilding installments of $87.9 million in 2014 .

As part of the Company's restructuring in December 2011, Frontline 2012 has agreed to fully reimburse and indemnify the Company for all payments made under any guarantees issued by the Company to the shipyard in connection with five VLCC newbuilding contracts acquired from the Company and to reimburse the Company for all costs incurred in connection with these guarantees. Two of the five contracts have been cancelled by Frontline 2012 and Frontline 2012 has received reimbursement of installments paid and accrued interest. The remaining three contracts have been cancelled by Frontline 2012 and are in arbitration. The Company has not recorded any liability in respect of these guarantees as the Company does not believe that it will be required to make any payments in relation to them.

The Company is a party, as plaintiff or defendant, to several lawsuits in various jurisdictions for unpaid charterhire, demurrage, damages, off-hire and other claims and commercial disputes arising from the operation of its vessels, in the ordinary course of business or in connection with its acquisition activities.  The Company believes that the resolution of such claims will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's operations or financial condition.

31.
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
Non-cash investing and financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2013 include; (i) a $79.0 million reduction in capital lease obligations and increase in related party payables resulting from the termination payment for Front Champion and Golden Victory being converted into a loan note, (ii) a $25.0 million reduction of the outstanding principal amount of the Company's 4.5% convertible bond for an aggregate of 6,474,827 shares and a cash payment of $2.25 million , and (iii) a $1.3 million increase in marketable securities and $1.3 million decrease in equity method investments resulting from the receipt of 108,069 shares in Avance Gas as a stock dividend from Frontline 2012.

Non-cash investing and financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2012 consist of a $9.1 million increase in capital lease obligations and vessels under capital lease resulting from a lease modifications.

Non-cash investing and financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2011 include (i) a $156.3 million reduction in capital lease obligations and vessels under capital lease resulting from lease modifications, and (ii) reductions of $666.3 million and $325.5 million in bank debt and outstanding newbuilding commitments, respectively, as a result of the sale of 15 SPCs to Frontline 2012.


F -42


32.
POOL REVENUES
Voyage charter revenues include pool earnings, which have been allocated on a net basis since these pools are responsible for paying voyage expenses and distribute net pool revenues to the participants. Pool earnings of nil , $35.9 million and $43.2 million have been included in voyage charter revenues in the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , respectively.
33.
SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
In January 2014, the Company increased the amount that may be raised from the ATM offering from up to $40.0 million to up to $100.0 million . The Company has issued 8,829,063 new ordinary shares under the program since December 31, 2013. 95,340,776 ordinary shares were outstanding as the date of this report.

In February 2014, Frontline 2012 announced a cash dividend for the fourth quarter of 2013 of $0.05 per share and the Company received $0.7 million .

In March 2014, the VLCC British Progress was redelivered to the Company from its bareboat charter and the vessel commenced trading in the spot market.

In March 2014, a subsidiary of ITCL entered into an agreement to sell the VLCC Ulysses (ex-Phoenix Voyager) to an unrelated third party. The vessel was delivered to the buyer on March 11, 2014 and the Company expects to record a loss of approximately $15.3 million in the first quarter of 2014.





F -43


Frontline Ltd.
Schedule I - Financial Information of Registrant
Condensed Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011
(in thousands of $, except per share data)
2013

2012

2011

Operating revenues
Other income
590

338

1,357

Total operating revenues
590

338

1,357

Loss on sale of assets
—

—

(306,972
)
Operating expenses
Administrative expenses
2,961

3,995

5,742

Total operating expenses
2,961

3,995

5,742

Net operating loss
(2,371
)
(3,657
)
(311,357
)
Other income (expenses)



Interest income
552

1,009

310

Interest expense
(10,581
)
(10,125
)
(10,125
)
Foreign currency exchange gain (loss)
51

249

(60
)
Loss on sale of securities
—

—

(3,128
)
Debt conversion expense
(12,654
)
—

—

Dividends received, net
86

134

113

Other non-operating items, net
(28
)
(22
)
3,361

Net other expenses
(22,574
)
(8,755
)
(9,529
)
Net loss before equity in net loss of subsidiaries
(24,945
)
(12,412
)
(320,886
)
Equity in net loss of subsidiaries
(163,564
)
(70,342
)
(208,715
)
Net loss
(188,509
)
(82,754
)
(529,601
)
See accompanying Notes.


F -44


Frontline Ltd.
Schedule I - Financial Information of Registrant
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

2011

Comprehensive loss, net of tax
Net loss
(188,509
)
(82,754
)
(529,601
)
Unrealized gains (losses) from marketable securities
915

527

(894
)
Foreign currency translation (losses) gains
(63
)
97

(49
)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
852

624

(943
)
Comprehensive loss
(187,657
)
(82,130
)
(530,544
)
See accompanying Notes.


F -45


Frontline Ltd.
Schedule I - Financial Information of Registrant
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2013 and 2012
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

ASSETS
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents
6,568

30,600

Restricted cash and investments
1,728

150

Marketable securities
3,373

1,220

Trade accounts receivable, net
18

62

Related party receivables
487

250

Other receivables
2,299

2,384

Prepaid expenses and accrued income
168

104

Total current assets
14,641

34,770

Long-term assets


Investments in and loans to affiliates, net
239,441

312,815

Deferred charges
696

1,236

Total assets
254,778

348,821

LIABILITIES AND (DEFICIT) EQUITY


Current liabilities


Related party payables
6,017

148

Trade accounts payable
279

159

Accrued expenses
2,487

3,081

Other current liabilities
268

758

Total current liabilities
9,051

4,146

Long-term liabilities


Long-term debt
200,000

225,000

Related party payables
72,610

—

Other long-term liabilities
69

—

Total liabilities
281,730

229,146

(Deficit) equity


Share capital (2013: 86,511,713 shares outstanding, par value $1.00. 2012: 77,858,502 shares outstanding, par value $2.50)
86,512

194,646

Additional paid in capital
149,985

821

Contributed surplus
474,129

474,129

Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(3,303
)
(4,155
)
Retained deficit
(734,275
)
(545,766
)
Total (deficit) equity attributable to Frontline Ltd.
(26,952
)
119,675

Total liabilities and (deficit) equity
254,778

348,821


See accompanying Notes .


F -46


Frontline Ltd.
Schedule I - Financial Information of Registrant
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011
(in thousands of $)
2013

2012

2011

Net cash used in operating activities
(19,497
)
(39,682
)
(83,399
)
Investing activities
Change in restricted cash
(1,578
)
—

—

Dividends received from associated companies
—

—

511

Loans from (to) associated companies
250

(250
)
—

Investment in associated companies
(6,001
)
(13,298
)
(25,047
)
Proceeds from sale of investment in associated companies
242

—

—

Proceeds from sale of other assets
—

—

41,728

Proceeds from sale of shares in subsidiaries
—

—

128,882

Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities
(7,087
)
(13,548
)
146,074

Financing activities



Net proceeds from issuance of shares
4,802

—

—

Repayments of long-term debt
(2,250
)
—

—

Cash dividends paid
—

—

(17,129
)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
2,552

—

(17,129
)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents
(24,032
)
(53,230
)
45,546

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year
30,600

83,830

38,284

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year
6,568

30,600

83,830

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:



Interest paid
10,125

10,125

10,125

Income taxes paid
—

—

—



See accompanying Notes .


F -47


Frontline Ltd.
Schedule I - Financial Information of Registrant
Notes

Note 1—Basis of Presentation
In our financial statements, our investment in subsidiaries is stated at cost plus equity in the undistributed earnings of the subsidiaries. Our share of net income (loss) of our subsidiaries is included in net income (loss) using the equity method of accounting. The financial statements should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements.

Note 2-Other
No cash dividend was paid to the registrant by subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012. A cash dividend of $0.3 million was paid to the registrant in the year ended December 31, 2011.



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