GOGO 10-Q Quarter ended Sept. 30, 2016

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One):

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2016

OR

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-35975

Gogo Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

111 North Canal St., Suite 1500

Chicago, IL 60606

(Address of principal executive offices)

Telephone Number (312) 517-5000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

As of October 31, 2016, 86,240,531 shares of $0.0001 par value common stock were outstanding.

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Gogo Inc.

INDEX

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(in thousands, except share and per share data)

See the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

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(in thousands, except per share amounts)

See the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

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Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(in thousands)

See the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

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(in thousands)

See the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The Business - Gogo Inc. (“we”, “us”, “our”) is a holding company, which through its operating subsidiaries is a provider of in-flight connectivity and wireless in-cabin digital entertainment solutions. We operate through the following three segments: Commercial Aviation North America or “CA-NA”, Commercial Aviation Rest of World or “CA-ROW” and Business Aviation or “BA”. Services provided by our CA-NA and CA-ROW businesses include Passenger Connectivity, which allows passengers to connect to the Internet from their personal Wi-Fi-enabled devices; Passenger Entertainment, which offers passengers the opportunity to enjoy a broad selection of in-flight entertainment options on their personal Wi-Fi enabled devices; and Connected Aircraft Services (“CAS”), which offers airlines connectivity for various operations and currently includes, among other things, real-time credit card transaction processing, electronic flight bags and real-time weather information. Services are provided by the CA-NA business on commercial aircraft flying routes that generally begin and end within North America, which for this purpose includes the United States, Canada and Mexico. Our CA-ROW business provides service on commercial aircraft operated by foreign-based commercial airlines and flights outside of North America for North American-based commercial airlines. The routes included in our CA-ROW segment are those that begin and/or end outside of North America (as defined above) for which our international service is provided. Our BA business provides in-flight Internet connectivity and other voice and data communications products and services and sells equipment for in-flight telecommunications to the business aviation market. BA services include Gogo Biz, our in-flight broadband service, Passenger Entertainment, our in-flight entertainment service, and satellite-based voice and data services through our strategic alliances with satellite companies.

Basis of Presentation - The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and in conformity with Article 10 of Regulation S-X promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with our annual audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 25, 2016 (the “2015 10-K”). These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect, in the opinion of management, all material adjustments (which include normal recurring adjustments) necessary to fairly state, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented.

The results of operations and cash flows for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2016 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2016.

We have one class of common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015.

Use of Estimates - The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates the significant estimates and bases such estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. However, actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Revisions - Previously reported operating expenses for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2015 have been revised to reflect the classification of incentive compensation expense and stock-based compensation expense in the same operating expense line items as the related base cash compensation. There was no change in total operating expenses, net loss or net loss per share, or the consolidated balance sheets or statements of comprehensive loss, cash flows or stockholders’ equity resulting from these revisions. See Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our 2015 10-K for additional information on these revisions.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

Below are the line items from our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations illustrating the effect of these immaterial revisions ( in thousands ):

During the three months ended September 30, 2016, we determined that it was necessary to revise the presentation of our investments in U.S. Treasury bills as short-term investments, rather than as cash and cash equivalents, in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. As such, changes in our short-term investments are included in cash flows from investing activities in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

Our short-term investments are comprised of investments in U.S. Treasury bills with remaining maturities at the date of purchase of more than three months but less than twelve months. We have the intent and ability to hold our short-term investments to maturity at the time of purchase and we reevaluate such determination each reporting period. Therefore, we classify our short-term investments as held-to-maturity.

We assessed the materiality of these classification changes, taking into account quantitative and qualitative factors, and determined them to be immaterial to the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015 and to the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2015. There is no impact to the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations for any period reported.

While these immaterial classification changes could have been reflected prospectively, we elected to revise the previously reported unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet and unaudited condensed consolidated statement of cash flows in order to provide greater comparability for the periods presented. Therefore, we have revised the previously reported cash and cash equivalents to reflect the classification of our investments in U.S. Treasury bills as short-term investments in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015. Additionally, we have revised previously reported net cash used in investing activities in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 to include changes in our short-term investments.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

Below are the line items from our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015 illustrating the effect of these immaterial revisions ( in thousands ):

Below are the line items from our unaudited condensed consolidated statement of cash flows for the nine month period ended September 30, 2015 illustrating the effect of these immaterial revisions ( in thousands ):

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2014-09”). This pronouncement outlines a single comprehensive model to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is that an entity recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within the annual reporting periods. Early adoption of the guidance is permitted for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within the annual reporting periods. We will adopt this guidance as of January 1, 2018 and we expect to apply this standard using the full retrospective method. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (“ASU 2014-15”). This pronouncement provides additional guidance surrounding the disclosure of going concern uncertainties in the financial statements and requires that management perform interim and annual assessments of an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year of the date the financial statements are issued. We will adopt this guidance as of December 31, 2016. We do not anticipate the adoption of this guidance to result in additional disclosures.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”), which introduces a lessee model that records most leases on the balance sheet. ASU 2016-02 also aligns certain underlying principles of the new lessor model with those in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), the FASB’s new revenue recognition standard. Furthermore, ASU 2016-02 eliminates the required use

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

of bright-line tests used in current GAAP for determining lease classification. It also requires lessors to provide additional transparency into the exposure to the changes in value of their residual assets and how they manage that exposure. ASU 2016-02 is effective January 1, 2019. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-04, Recognition of Breakage for Certain Prepaid Stored-Value Products (“ASU 2016-04”), which amends the guidance on extinguishing financial liabilities for certain prepaid stored-value products by requiring that entities that sell prepaid stored-value products recognize breakage proportionally as the prepaid stored-value product is being redeemed rather than immediately upon sale of the product. If an entity is unable to estimate breakage, the amount would be recognized when the likelihood becomes remote that the holder will exercise the remaining rights. Entities are required to reassess their estimates of breakage each reporting period. Any change in this estimate would be accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate. An entity that recognizes breakage is required to disclose the methodology used to recognize breakage and significant judgments made in applying the breakage methodology. ASU 2016-04 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years and early adoption is permitted. We can apply ASU 2016-04 by using either a modified retrospective transition approach or a full retrospective transition approach. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08, Principal Versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross Versus Net) (“ASU 2016-08”), which amends the principal-versus-agent implementation guidance and illustrations in ASC 606. The FASB issued ASU 2016-08 in response to concerns identified by stakeholders, including those related to determining the appropriate unit of account under the revenue standard’s principal-versus-agent guidance and applying the indicators of whether an entity is a principal or an agent in accordance with the revenue standard’s control principle. ASU 2016-08 has the same effective date as ASU 2014-09 and requires adopting ASU 2016-08 by using the same transition method used to adopt ASU 2014-09. We will adopt this guidance as of January 1, 2018 and we expect to apply this standard using the full retrospective method. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2016-09”), which simplifies several aspects of the accounting for employee share-based payment transactions for both public and nonpublic entities, including the accounting for income taxes, forfeitures and statutory tax withholding requirements, as well as classification in the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-09 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those annual reporting periods. We do not expect a material impact of the adoption of this guidance on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-10, Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing (“ASU 2016-10”) which amends certain aspects of ASU 2014-09, specifically aspects related to identifying performance obligations and implementation guidance for licensing. ASU 2016-10 has the same effective date as ASU 2014-09 and requires adopting ASU 2016-10 by using the same transition method used to adopt ASU 2014-09. We will adopt this guidance as of January 1, 2018 and we expect to apply this standard using the full retrospective method. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-12, Narrow-Scope improvements and Practical Expedients (“ASU 2016-12”), which amends certain aspects of ASU 2014-09. The amendments address certain implementation issues and clarify, rather than change, the standard’s core revenue recognition principles which include clarity on collectability, presentation of sales tax and other similar taxes collected from customers, noncash consideration, contract modifications and completed contracts at transition and transition technical corrections. ASU 2016-12 has the same effective date as ASU 2014-09 and requires adopting ASU 2016-12 by using the same transition method used to adopt ASU 2014-09. We will adopt this guidance as of January 1, 2018 and we expect to apply this standard using the full retrospective method. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”), which amends ASC 230, Statement of Cash Flows , the FASB’s standards for reporting cash flows in general-purpose financial statements. The amendments address the diversity in practice related to the

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

classification of certain cash receipts and payments including debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs. We will adopt this guidance as of January 1, 2018 and we expect to apply this standard using the full retrospective method. We do not believe adoption of this guidance will have a material effect on our cash flows as we have historically reported debt prepayment and debt extinguishment costs in a manner consistent with ASU 2016-15.

Basic and diluted net loss per share have been calculated using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. The shares of common stock effectively repurchased in connection with the Forward Transactions (as defined and described in Note 8, “Long-Term Debt and Other Liabilities”) are considered participating securities requiring the two-class method to calculate basic and diluted earnings per share. Net earnings in future periods will be allocated between common shares and participating securities. In periods of a net loss, the shares associated with the Forward Transactions will not receive an allocation of losses, as the counterparties to the Forward Transactions are not required to fund losses. Accordingly, the calculation of weighted average shares outstanding as of September 30, 2016 and 2015 excludes approximately 7.2 million shares that will be repurchased as a result of the Forward Transactions.

As a result of the net loss for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, all of the outstanding shares of common stock underlying stock options, deferred stock units and restricted stock units were excluded from the computation of diluted shares outstanding because they were anti-dilutive.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015; however, because of the undistributed losses, the shares of common stock associated with the Forward Transactions are excluded from the computation of basic earnings per share in 2016 and 2015 as undistributed losses are not allocated to these shares ( in thousands, except per share amounts ):

Inventories consist primarily of telecommunications systems and parts, and are recorded at the lower of cost (average cost) or market. We evaluate the need for write-downs associated with obsolete, slow-moving, and nonsalable inventory by reviewing net realizable inventory values on a periodic basis.

Inventories as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, all of which were included within the BA segment, were as follows ( in thousands ):

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

Property and equipment as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 were as follows ( in thousands ):

Accrued liabilities as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 were as follows ( in thousands ):

Other non-current liabilities as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 were as follows ( in thousands ):

Our intangible assets are comprised of both indefinite-lived and finite-lived intangible assets. Intangible assets with indefinite lives and goodwill are not amortized, but are reviewed for impairment at least annually or whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. We perform our annual impairment tests of our indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill during the fourth quarter of each fiscal year. We also reevaluate the useful life of the indefinite-lived intangible assets each reporting period to determine whether events and circumstances continue to support an indefinite useful life. The results of our annual indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill impairment assessments in the fourth quarter of 2015 indicated no impairment.

As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, our goodwill balance, all of which related to our BA segment, was $0.6 million.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

Our intangible assets, other than goodwill, as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 were as follows ( in thousands, except for weighted average remaining useful life ):

Amortization expense was $6.0 million and $15.8 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2016, and $4.9 million and $13.1 million, respectively, for the comparable prior year periods.

Amortization expense for each of the next five years and thereafter is estimated to be as follows ( in thousands ):

Actual future amortization expense could differ from the estimated amount as a result of future investments and other factors.

We provide warranties on parts and labor related to our products. Our warranty terms range from two to five years. Warranty reserves are established for costs that are estimated to be incurred after the sale, delivery and installation of the products under warranty. The warranty reserves are determined based on known product failures, historical experience and other available evidence, and are included in accrued liabilities in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Our warranty reserve balance was $2.2 million and $1.8 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015.

Long-term debt as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 was as follows ( in thousands ):

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

Senior Secured Notes – On June 14, 2016 (the “Issue Date”), Gogo Intermediate Holdings LLC (“GIH”) and Gogo Finance Co. Inc. (the “Co-Issuer” and, together with GIH, the “Issuers”), issued $525 million aggregate principal amount of 12.500% senior secured notes due 2022 (the “Senior Secured Notes”) under an Indenture, dated as of June 14, 2016 (the “Indenture”), among the Issuers, us, as guarantor, certain subsidiaries of GIH, as guarantors (the “Subsidiary Guarantors” and, together with us, the “Guarantors”), and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (in such capacity, the “Trustee”) and as collateral agent (in such capacity, the “Collateral Agent”). On September 30, 2016 the outstanding principal balance of the Senior Secured Notes was $525.0 million.

Interest on the Senior Secured Notes will accrue at the rate of 12.500% per annum and will be payable semi-annually in arrears on July 1 and January 1, commencing on January 1, 2017. The Senior Secured Notes mature on July 1, 2022.

We used a portion of the net proceeds from the issuance of the Senior Secured Notes to repay all indebtedness outstanding under the Amended and Restated Senior Term Facility (as defined below), which we prepaid at par plus 3.0% of the principal amount of the loans prepaid (see below for additional details). We intend to use the remaining net proceeds for working capital and other general corporate purposes, including potential costs associated with the launch and commercial rollout of our next-generation technology solutions.

We paid approximately $11.4 million of loan origination fees and financing costs related to the issuance of the Senior Secured Notes, which has been accounted for as deferred financing costs. The deferred financing costs on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet are being amortized over the contractual term of the Senior Secured Notes using the effective interest method. Total amortization expense was $0.4 million and $0.5 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2016. As of September 30, 2016, the balance of unamortized deferred financing costs related to the Senior Secured Notes was $10.9 million and is included as a reduction to long-term debt in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet. See Note 9, “Interest Costs” for additional information.

The Senior Secured Notes are the senior secured indebtedness of the Issuers and are:

The Senior Secured Notes are guaranteed, on a senior secured basis, by us and all of GIH’s existing and future domestic restricted subsidiaries (other than the Co-Issuer), subject to certain exceptions. The Issuers’ obligations under the Senior Secured Notes are not guaranteed by Gogo International Holdings, LLC, a subsidiary of ours that holds no material assets other than equity interests of our foreign subsidiaries. Each guarantee is a senior secured obligation of such Guarantor and is:

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

The Senior Secured Notes and the related guarantees are secured by first-priority liens, subject to permitted liens, on substantially all of the Issuers’ and the Guarantors’ assets, except for certain excluded assets, including pledged equity interests of the Issuers and all of our existing and future domestic restricted subsidiaries guaranteeing the Senior Secured Notes.

The security interests in certain collateral may be released without the consent of holders of the Senior Secured Notes if such collateral is disposed of in a transaction that complies with the Indenture and related security agreements. In addition, under certain circumstances, we and the Guarantors have the right to transfer certain intellectual property assets that on the Issue Date constitute collateral securing the Senior Secured Notes or the guarantees to a restricted subsidiary organized under the laws of Switzerland, resulting in the release of such collateral without consent of the holders of the Senior Secured Notes.

On or after July 1, 2019, the Issuers may, at their option, at any time or from time to time, redeem any of the Senior Secured Notes in whole or in part. The Senior Secured Notes will be redeemable at the following redemption prices (expressed in percentages of principal amount), plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date (subject to the right of holders of record on the relevant regular record date that are on or prior to the redemption date to receive interest due on an interest payment date), if redeemed during the twelve-month period commencing on July 1 of the following years:

In addition, at any time prior to July 1, 2019, the Issuers may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the Senior Secured Notes with the proceeds of certain equity offerings at a redemption price of 112.500% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the date of redemption; provided, however , that Senior Secured Notes representing at least 65% of the principal amount of the Senior Secured Notes remain outstanding immediately after each such redemption.

The Issuers may redeem the Senior Secured Notes, in whole or in part, at any time prior to July 1, 2019, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Senior Secured Notes redeemed plus the make-whole premium set forth in the Indenture as of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the applicable redemption date.

The Indenture contains covenants that, among other things, limit the ability of the Issuers and the Subsidiary Guarantors and, in certain circumstances, our ability, to: incur additional indebtedness; pay dividends, redeem stock or make other distributions; make investments; create restrictions on the ability of our restricted subsidiaries to pay dividends to the Issuers or make other intercompany transfers; create liens; transfer or sell assets; merge or consolidate; and enter into certain transactions with the Issuers’ affiliates, including us. Most of these covenants will cease to apply if, and for as long as, the Senior Secured Notes have investment grade ratings from both Moody’s Investment Services, Inc. and Standard & Poor’s.

If we or the Issuers undergo specific types of change of control prior to July 1, 2022, GIH is required to make an offer to repurchase for cash all of the Senior Secured Notes at a repurchase price equal to 101% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the payment date.

The Indenture provides for events of default, which, if any of them occur, would permit or require the principal, premium, if any, and interest on all the then outstanding Senior Secured Notes issued under the Indenture to be due and payable immediately. As of September 30, 2016, no event of default had occurred.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

Convertible Notes – On March 3, 2015, we issued $340.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2020 (the “Convertible Notes”) in a private offering to qualified institutional buyers, pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act. We granted an option to the initial purchasers to purchase up to an additional $60.0 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes to cover over-allotments, of which $21.9 million was subsequently exercised during March 2015, resulting in a total issuance of $361.9 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes mature on March 1, 2020, unless earlier repurchased or converted into shares of our common stock under certain circumstances described below. Upon maturity, we have the option to settle our obligation through cash, shares of common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of common stock. We pay interest on the Convertible Notes semi-annually in arrears on March 1 and September 1 of each year. Interest payments began on September 1, 2015.

The $361.9 million of proceeds received from the issuance of the Convertible Notes was initially allocated between long-term debt (the liability component) at $261.9 million, and additional paid-in-capital, (the equity component) at $100.0 million, within the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet. The fair value of the liability component was measured using rates determined for similar debt instruments without a conversion feature. The carrying amount of the equity component, representing the conversion option, was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the aggregate face value of the Convertible Notes. If we or the note holders elect not to settle the debt through conversion, we must settle the Convertible Notes at face value. Therefore, the liability component will be accreted up to the face value of the Convertible Notes, which will result in additional non-cash interest expense being recognized within the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations through the Convertible Notes maturity date (see Note 9, “Interest Costs” for additional information). The effective interest rate on the Convertible Notes, including accretion of the notes to par and debt issuance cost amortization, was approximately 11.5%. The equity component will not be remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification.

As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the outstanding principal on the Convertible Notes was $361.9 million for both periods, the unamortized debt discount was $74.4 million and $87.4 million, respectively, and the net carrying amount of the liability component was $287.5 million and $274.5 million, respectively.

We incurred approximately $10.4 million of issuance costs related to the issuance of the Convertible Notes, of which $7.5 million and $2.9 million were recorded to deferred financing costs and additional paid-in capital, respectively, in proportion to the allocation of the proceeds of the Convertible Notes. The $7.5 million recorded as deferred financing costs on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet is being amortized over the term of the Convertible Notes using the effective interest method. Total amortization expense of the deferred financing costs was $0.4 million and $1.0 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2016, and $0.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively, for the comparable prior year periods. Amortization expense is included in interest expense in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the balance of unamortized deferred financing costs related to the Convertible Notes was $5.4 million and $6.5 million, respectively, and is included as a reduction to long-term debt in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. See Note 9, “Interest Costs” for additional information.

The Convertible Notes had an initial conversion rate of 41.9274 common shares per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $23.85 per share of our common stock. Upon conversion, we currently expect to deliver cash up to the principal amount of the Convertible Notes then outstanding. With respect to any conversion value in excess of the principal amount, we currently expect to deliver shares of our common stock. We may elect to deliver cash in lieu of all or a portion of such shares. The shares of common stock subject to conversion are excluded from diluted earnings per share calculations under the if-converted method as their impact is anti-dilutive.

Holders may convert the Convertible Notes, at their option, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount at any time prior to December 1, 2019, but only in the following circumstances:

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None of the above events allowing for conversion prior to December 1, 2019 occurred during the nine month periods ended September 30, 2016 or 2015. Regardless of whether any of the foregoing circumstances occurs, a holder may convert its Convertible Notes, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, at any time on or after December 1, 2019 until maturity.

In addition, if we undergo a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture governing the Convertible Notes), holders may, subject to certain conditions, require us to repurchase their Convertible Notes for cash at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be purchased, plus any accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, if specific corporate events occur prior to the maturity date, we will increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert its Convertible Notes in connection with such a corporate event in certain circumstances.

In connection with the issuance of the Convertible Notes, we paid approximately $140 million to enter into prepaid forward stock repurchase transactions (the “Forward Transactions”) with certain financial institutions (the “Forward Counterparties”), pursuant to which we purchased approximately 7.2 million shares of common stock for settlement on or around the March 1, 2020 maturity date for the Convertible Notes, subject to the ability of each Forward Counterparty to elect to settle all or a portion of its Forward Transactions early. As a result of the Forward Transactions, total shareholders’ equity within our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet was reduced by approximately $140 million. Approximately 7.2 million shares of common stock that will be effectively repurchased through the Forward Transactions are treated as retired shares for basic and diluted EPS purposes although they remain legally outstanding.

Amended and Restated Senior Term Facility – On July 30, 2014, GIH, Gogo Business Aviation LLC, f/k/a Aircell Business Aviation Services LLC (“GBA”), and Gogo LLC, as borrowers (collectively, the “Borrowers”), entered into an Amendment and Restatement Agreement (the “Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement dated as of June 21, 2012 and amended on April 4, 2013 (the “Amended Senior Term Facility”) among the Borrowers, the lenders named therein, and Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent. We refer to the Amendment and the Amended Senior Term Facility collectively as the “Amended and Restated Senior Term Facility.”

Prior to the Amendment, under the Amended Senior Term Facility we borrowed an aggregate principal amount of $248.0 million (the “Tranche B-1 Loans”). Pursuant to the Amendment, we borrowed an aggregate additional principal amount of $75.0 million (the “Tranche B-2 Loans” and, together with the Tranche B-1 Loans, the “Loans”).

The interest rates applicable to the Tranche B-1 Loans were based on a fluctuating rate of interest measured by reference, at GBA’s option, to either (i) a London inter-bank offered rate adjusted for statutory reserve requirements (“LIBOR”) (subject to a 1.50% floor) plus an applicable margin of 9.75% per annum, or (ii) an alternate base rate (“Base Rate”) (subject to a 2.50% floor) plus an applicable margin of 8.75% per annum. The interest rates applicable to the Tranche B-2 Loans were based on a fluctuating rate of interest measured by reference, at GBA’s option, to either (i) LIBOR (subject to a 1.00% floor) plus an applicable margin of 6.50% per annum, or (ii) a Base Rate (subject to a 2.00% floor) plus an applicable margin of 5.50% per annum. Immediately prior to the termination, all loans were outstanding as one month LIBOR loans, and the interest rates on the Tranche B-1 Loans and the Tranche B-2 Loans were 11.25% and 7.50%, respectively. We paid customary fees in respect of the Amended and Restated Senior Term Facility.

The Tranche B-2 Loans were secured by the same collateral and guaranteed by the same guarantors as the Tranche B-1 Loans. The call premiums, mandatory prepayments, covenants, events of default and other terms applicable to the Tranche B-2 Loans were also generally the same as the corresponding terms applicable to the Tranche B-1 Loans under the Amended and Restated Senior Term Facility.

On June 14, 2016 the outstanding principal balance of $287.7 million, together with accrued and unpaid interest, was paid in full, and the Amended and Restated Senior Term Facility was terminated in accordance with its terms on such date (subject to the survival of provisions expressly stated therein to survive the termination thereof).

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Additionally, we paid the voluntary prepayment premium of 3.0% or $8.6 million and wrote off all of the remaining unamortized deferred financing costs of $6.8 million. Both of these items are included in loss on extinguishment of debt in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2015, $301.5 million was outstanding under the Amended and Restated Senior Term Facility.

We paid $22.2 million of loan origination fees and financing costs related to the Amended and Restated Senior Term Facility, all but $4.1 million of which were accounted for as deferred financing costs. Total amortization expense of the deferred financing costs was $0.6 million and $1.4 million, respectively, for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2016, and $0.8 million and $1.5 million in the comparable prior year periods, respectively. Amortization expense is included in interest expense in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. As noted above, deferred financing costs related to the Amended and Restated Senior Term Facility were written off as of June 14, 2016. As of December 31, 2015, the balance of unamortized deferred financing costs related to the Amended and Restated Senior Term Facility was $8.2 million and was included as a reduction to long-term debt in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet. See Note 9, “Interest Costs” for additional information.

Letters of Credit - We maintain several letters of credit totaling $8.0 million and $7.5 million as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. Certain of the letters of credit require us to maintain restricted cash accounts in a similar amount, and are issued for the benefit of the landlords at our current office locations in Chicago, Illinois; Bensenville, Illinois; Broomfield, Colorado and our former office location in Itasca, Illinois.

We capitalize a portion of our interest on funds borrowed during the active construction period of major capital projects. Capitalized interest is added to the cost of the underlying assets and amortized over the useful lives of the assets.

The following is a summary of our interest costs for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands) :

Arrangements with Commercial Airlines — Pursuant to contractual agreements with our airline partners, we place our equipment on commercial aircraft operated by the airlines for the purpose of delivering the Gogo service to passengers on the aircraft. Depending on the agreement, we may be responsible for the costs of installing and/or deinstalling the equipment. Under one type of connectivity agreement we maintain legal title to our equipment; however, under a second, more prevalent type of connectivity agreement some of our airline partners make an upfront payment and take legal title to such equipment. The majority of the equipment transactions involve the transfer of legal title but have not met sales recognition for accounting purposes because the risks and rewards of ownership are not fully transferred due to our continuing involvement with the equipment, the length of the term of our agreements with the airlines, and restrictions in the agreements regarding the airlines’ use of the equipment. We account for these equipment transactions as operating leases of space for our equipment on the aircraft. The assets are recorded as airborne equipment on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets, as noted in Note 5, “Composition of Certain Balance Sheet Accounts.” Any upfront equipment payments are accounted for as lease incentives and recorded as deferred airborne lease incentives on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets and are recognized as a reduction of the cost of service revenue on a straight-line basis over the term of the agreement with the airline. We recognized $7.8 million and $20.7 million, respectively, for the three and nine month

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periods ended September 30, 2016, and $5.1 million and $13.7 million for the comparable prior year periods, respectively, as a reduction to our cost of service revenue in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of September 30, 2016, deferred airborne lease incentives of $27.9 million and $135.7 million, respectively, are included in current and non-current liabilities in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2015, deferred airborne lease incentives of $21.7 million and $121.7 million, respectively, are included in current and non-current liabilities, in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet.

For the airline agreements where the equipment transactions are treated as operating leases of space, the revenue share paid to our airline partners represents operating lease payments. They are deemed to be contingent rental payments, as the payments due to each airline are based on a percentage of our CA-NA and CA-ROW service revenue generated from that airline’s passengers, which is unknown until realized. Therefore, we cannot estimate the lease payments due to an airline at the commencement of our contract with such airline. This rental expense is included in cost of service revenue and is offset by the amortization of the deferred airborne lease incentives discussed above. Such rental expenses totaled a net charge of $10.1 million and $32.3 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2016, and $9.9 million and $30.8 million, respectively, for the comparable prior year periods.

One contract with one of our airline partners requires us to provide that airline partner with a cash rebate of $1.8 million if our service is available on a specified number of aircraft in such airline partner’s fleet on the preceding December 31, in June of each year from 2015 through 2023. Based upon the number of aircraft in service on December 31, 2015, we were required to and we paid the $1.8 million rebate to this airline partner in June 2016.

Leases and Cell Site Contracts — We have lease agreements relating to certain facilities and equipment, which are considered operating leases. Rent expense for such operating leases was $3.0 million and $8.9 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2016, and $3.4 million and $11.1 million, respectively, for the comparable prior year periods. Additionally, we have operating leases with wireless service providers for tower space and base station capacity on a volume usage basis (“cell site leases”), some of which provide for minimum annual payments. Our cell site leases generally provide for an initial noncancelable term of up to five years with up to four five-year renewal options. Total cell site rental expense was $2.3 million and $7.0 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2016, and $2.2 million and $6.8 million, respectively, for the comparable prior year periods.

Annual future minimum obligations for operating leases for each of the next five years and thereafter, other than the arrangements we have with our commercial airline partners, as of September 30, 2016 are as follows ( in thousands ):

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Equipment Leases – We lease certain computer and network equipment under capital leases, for which interest has been imputed with annual interest rates in an approximate range of 11% to 14%. As of September 30, 2016 the computer equipment leases were classified as part of office equipment, furniture, and fixtures and other in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet at a gross cost of $3.2 million. As of September 30, 2016 the network equipment leases were classified as part of network equipment in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet at a gross cost of $7.5 million. Annual future minimum obligations under capital leases for each of the next five years and thereafter, as of September 30, 2016, are as follows ( in thousands ):

The $4.9 million present value of net minimum lease payments as of September 30, 2016 has a current portion of $2.8 million included in the current portion of long-term debt and capital leases and a non-current portion of $2.1 million included in other non-current liabilities.

Contractual Commitments - We have agreements with vendors to provide us with transponder and teleport satellite services. These agreements vary in length and amount and as of September 30, 2016 commit us to purchase transponder and teleport satellite services totaling approximately $11.9 million in 2016 (October 1 through December 31), $51.5 million in 2017, $43.0 million in 2018, $47.6 million in 2019, $60.6 million in 2020 and $343.0 million thereafter.

We have agreements with various vendors under which we have remaining commitments to purchase satellite-based systems, certifications and development services. Such commitments will become payable as we receive the equipment or certifications, or as development services are provided.

Damages and Penalties - We have entered into a number of agreements with our airline partners that require us to provide a credit or pay liquidated damages to our airline partners on a per aircraft, per day or per hour basis if we are unable to install our equipment on aircraft by specified timelines or fail to comply with service level commitments. The maximum amount of future credits or payments we could be required to make under these agreements is uncertain because the amount of future credits or payments is based on certain variable inputs.

Indemnifications and Guarantees - In accordance with Delaware law, we indemnify our officers and directors for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is, or was, serving at our request in such capacity. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under this indemnification is uncertain and may be unlimited, depending upon circumstances. However, our Directors’ and Officers’ insurance does provide coverage for certain of these losses.

In the ordinary course of business we may occasionally enter into agreements pursuant to which we may be obligated to pay for the failure of performance of others, such as the use of corporate credit cards issued to employees. Based on historical experience, we believe that the risk of sustaining any material loss related to such guarantees is remote.

We have entered into a number of agreements, including our agreements with commercial airlines, pursuant to which we indemnify the other party for losses and expenses suffered or incurred in connection with any patent, copyright, or trademark infringement or misappropriation claim asserted by a third party with respect to our equipment or services. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is uncertain and is typically not limited by the terms of the agreements.

Salameno Litigation - On January 29, 2016, Charles Salameno, Maria-Angela Sanzone and John Jensen filed suit against us in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, on behalf of a putative class

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of national purchasers and a subclass of New York purchasers of our connectivity service, alleging that we violated New York and other consumer protection laws, as well as unjust enrichment, fraud and breach of contract arising from alleged false statements in our marketing materials and alleged data security issues arising from our network design and certain network practices. The suit seeks unspecified damages. We have not accrued any liability because the strength of our defenses and a range of possible loss, if any, cannot be determined at this stage of the litigation. Based on currently available information, we believe that we have strong defenses and intend to defend this lawsuit vigorously, but the outcome of this matter is inherently uncertain and may have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. On May 23, 2016, we filed motions to compel arbitration and dismiss the suit, moving in the alternative to transfer venue and/or dismiss the suit for failure to state a claim. The Court held a hearing on June 30, 2016 where we argued the motions to dismiss and on July 7, 2016 the Court issued its opinion granting our motion to compel arbitration. On August 1, 2016, the Plaintiffs filed a motion asking the Court to reconsider its decision to compel arbitration. On September 15, 2016, the Court denied Plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration. On October 14, 2016, Plaintiffs filed a Notice of Appeal with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. We intend to move to dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.

A three-tier fair value hierarchy has been established which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include:

Long-Term Debt:

Our financial assets and liabilities that are disclosed but not measured at fair value include the Senior Secured Notes, the Convertible Notes and the Amended and Restated Senior Term Facility (when outstanding), which are reflected on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet at cost. The fair value measurements are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy since they are based on quoted market prices of our instruments in markets that are not active. We estimated the fair value of the Senior Secured Notes, Convertible Notes and Amended and Restated Senior Term Facility (when outstanding) by calculating the upfront cash payment a market participant would require to assume these obligations. The upfront cash payments used in the calculations of fair value on our September 30, 2016 unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet, excluding any issuance costs, is the amount that a market participant would be able to lend at September 30, 2016 to an entity with a credit rating similar to ours and achieve sufficient cash inflows to cover the scheduled cash outflows under the Senior Secured Notes and the Convertible Notes. The calculated fair value of our Convertible Notes is highly correlated to our stock price and as a result significant changes to our stock price could have a significant impact on the calculated fair value of our Convertible Notes.

The fair value and carrying value of long-term debt as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 was as follows (in thousands) :

We have held-to-maturity financial instruments where carrying value approximated fair value. There were no fair value adjustments to these financial instruments during 2016 and 2015.

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The effective income tax rates for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2016 were (1.4%) and (1.0%), respectively, and (0.9%) and (1.3%), respectively, for the comparable prior year periods. Income tax expense recorded in each period was similar, with differences in pre-tax income causing the change in the effective tax rate. The difference between our effective tax rates and the U.S. federal statutory rate of 35% for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 was primarily due to the recording of a valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets.

We are subject to income taxation in the United States, various states, Canada, Switzerland, Japan, Mexico, Brazil, Singapore and the United Kingdom. With few exceptions, as of September 30, 2016, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, local or foreign examinations by tax authorities for years before 2012.

We record penalties and interest relating to uncertain tax positions in the income tax provision line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations. No penalties or interest related to uncertain tax positions were recorded for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we did not have a liability recorded for interest or potential penalties.

We do not expect a change in the unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months.

We operate our business through three operating segments: Commercial Aviation North America, or “CA-NA”, Commercial Aviation Rest of World, or “CA-ROW” and Business Aviation, or “BA”. See Note 1, “Basis of Presentation” for further information regarding our segments.

The accounting policies of the operating segments are the same as those described in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our 2015 10-K. Intercompany transactions between segments are excluded as they are not included in management’s performance review of the segments. We currently do not generate a material amount of foreign revenue. We do not segregate assets between segments for internal reporting. Therefore, asset-related information has not been presented. We do not disclose assets outside of the United States as these assets are not material as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015. For our airborne assets, we consider only those assets installed in aircraft associated with international commercial airline partners to be owned outside of the United States.

Management evaluates performance and allocates resources to each segment based on segment profit (loss), which is calculated internally as net income (loss) attributable to common stock before interest expense, interest income, income taxes, depreciation and amortization, certain non-cash charges (including amortization of deferred airborne lease incentives, stock-based compensation expense, adjustment to deferred financing costs and loss on extinguishment of debt) and other income (expense). Segment profit (loss) is a measure of performance reported to the chief operating decision maker for purposes of making decisions about allocating resources to the segments and evaluating segment performance. In addition, segment profit (loss) is included herein in conformity with ASC 280-10, Segment Reporting . Management believes that segment profit (loss) provides useful information for analyzing and evaluating the underlying operating results of each segment. However, segment profit (loss) should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income (loss) attributable to common stock or other measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. Additionally, our computation of segment profit (loss) may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures computed by other companies.

Information regarding our reportable segments is as follows ( in thousands ):

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