GVA 10-Q Quarterly Report Sept. 30, 2018

GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INC

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10-Q 1 gva-10q_20180930.htm GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED FORM 10-Q 9/30/2018 gva-10q_20180930.htm

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ___________ to ___________

Commission File Number: 1-12911

GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED


State of Incorporation:	I.R.S. Employer Identification Number:
Delaware	77-0239383

Address of principal executive offices:

585 W. Beach Street

Watsonville, California 95076

(831) 724-1011

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒

Accelerated filer ☐

Non-accelerated filer ☐

Smaller reporting company ☐

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of October 23, 2018.

Class		Outstanding
Common Stock, $0.01 par value		46,897,218

Ind ex

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
	Item 1.	Financial Statements (unaudited)
		Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2018, December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2017
		Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017
		Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017
		Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017
		Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
	Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
	Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
	Item 4.	Controls and Procedures
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
	Item 1.	Legal Proceedings
	Item 1A.	Risk Factors
	Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
	Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures
	Item 6.	Exhibits
SIGNATURES
EXHIBIT 31.1
EXHIBIT 31.2
EXHIBIT 32
EXHIBIT 95
EXHIBIT 101.INS
EXHIBIT 101.SCH
EXHIBIT 101.CAL
EXHIBIT 101.DEF
EXHIBIT 101.LAB
EXHIBIT 101.PRE

Table of Contents

PART I. FINANCI AL INFORMATION

Item 1.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited - in thousands, except share and per share data)

	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017		September 30, 2017
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents ($125,165, $94,359 and $71,328 related to consolidated construction joint ventures (“CCJVs”))	$	230,259	$	233,711	$	185,516
Short-term marketable securities		35,010		67,775		47,814
Receivables, net ($26,142, $52,031 and $51,079 related to CCJVs)		618,070		479,791		627,081
Contract assets ($20,968, $0 and $0 related to CCJVs)		213,989		—		—
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings ($0, $1,437 and $3,035 related to CCJVs)		—		103,965		94,527
Inventories		90,789		62,497		62,059
Assets held for sale		62,988		—		—
Equity in construction joint ventures		273,993		247,826		242,358
Other current assets ($11,361, $10,384 and $6,033 related to CCJVs)		32,185		36,513		26,612
Total current assets		1,557,283		1,232,078		1,285,967
Property and equipment, net ($36,061, $38,361 and $33,754 related to CCJVs)		560,618		407,418		412,174
Long-term marketable securities		46,093		65,015		69,991
Investments in affiliates		84,840		38,469		39,946
Goodwill		244,696		53,799		53,799
Deferred income taxes, net		6,408		—		—
Other noncurrent assets		143,910		75,199		85,411
Total assets	$	2,643,848	$	1,871,978	$	1,947,288

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilities
Current maturities of long-term debt	$	116,796	$	46,048	$	14,796
Accounts payable ($33,426, $34,795 and $27,443 related to CCJVs)		316,917		237,673		286,913
Contract liabilities ($67,139, $0 and $0 related to CCJVs)		117,759		—		—
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings ($0, $37,701 and $38,581 related to CCJVs)		—		135,146		168,707
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities ($1,975, $2,126 and $1,354 related to CCJVs)		296,033		236,407		246,775
Total current liabilities		847,505		655,274		717,191
Long-term debt		316,926		178,453		225,922
Deferred income taxes, net		5,589		1,361		5,932
Other long-term liabilities		67,429		44,085		46,435
Commitments and contingencies
Equity
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, authorized 3,000,000 shares, none outstanding		—		—		—
Common stock, $0.01 par value, authorized 150,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding: 46,897,092 shares as of September 30, 2018, 39,871,314 shares as of December 31, 2017 and 39,850,587 shares as of September 30, 2017		469		399		399
Additional paid-in capital		572,046		160,376		157,734
Accumulated other comprehensive income		1,841		634		240
Retained earnings		786,936		783,699		756,183
Total Granite Construction Incorporated shareholders’ equity		1,361,292		945,108		914,556
Non-controlling interests		45,107		47,697		37,252
Total equity		1,406,399		992,805		951,808
Total liabilities and equity	$	2,643,848	$	1,871,978	$	1,947,288

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Unaudited - in thousands, except per share data)

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenue
Transportation	$	610,847		$	624,727		$	1,472,703		$	1,423,396
Water		124,292			36,378			215,951			100,944
Specialty		190,836			197,886			461,149			452,265
Materials		129,616			98,135			276,286			211,834
Total revenue		1,055,591			957,126			2,426,089			2,188,439
Cost of revenue
Transportation		539,871			559,187			1,334,302			1,303,489
Water		100,189			34,573			174,834			91,172
Specialty		162,737			170,089			395,838			395,529
Materials		108,303			78,747			239,972			184,023
Total cost of revenue		911,100			842,596			2,144,946			1,974,213
Gross profit		144,491			114,530			281,143			214,226
Selling, general and administrative expenses		70,769			49,501			193,337			162,726
Acquisition and integration expenses		9,334			—			44,030			—
Gain on sales of property and equipment		(3,018	)		(1,753	)		(5,066	)		(2,830	)
Operating income		67,406			66,782			48,842			54,330
Other (income) expense
Interest income		(1,533	)		(1,141	)		(4,227	)		(3,356	)
Interest expense		4,452			2,660			10,090			8,097
Equity in income of affiliates		(1,769	)		(2,732	)		(5,527	)		(4,907	)
Other income, net		(1,533	)		(1,309	)		(2,205	)		(2,821	)
Total other income		(383	)		(2,522	)		(1,869	)		(2,987	)
Income before provision for income taxes		67,789			69,304			50,711			57,317
Provision for income taxes		8,692			21,249			7,357			16,841
Net income		59,097			48,055			43,354			40,476
Amount attributable to non-controlling interests		(3,425	)		(2,073	)		(7,490	)		(4,151	)
Net income attributable to Granite Construction Incorporated	$	55,672		$	45,982		$	35,864		$	36,325

Net income per share attributable to common shareholders (see Note 15)
Basic	$	1.20		$	1.15		$	0.84		$	0.91
Diluted	$	1.17		$	1.14		$	0.84		$	0.90
Weighted average shares of common stock
Basic		46,308			39,844			42,443			39,774
Diluted		47,810			40,387			42,910			40,367
Dividends per common share	$	0.13		$	0.13		$	0.39		$	0.39

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Unaudited - in thousands)


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net income	$	59,097		$	48,055		$	43,354		$	40,476
Other comprehensive income, net of tax:
Net unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives	$	2,289		$	46		$	1,555		$	(163	)
Less: reclassification for net (gains) losses included in interest expense		(1,719	)		25			(157	)		141
Net change	$	570		$	71		$	1,398		$	(22	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net		249			98			(189	)		633
Other comprehensive income	$	819		$	169		$	1,209		$	611
Comprehensive income	$	59,916		$	48,224		$	44,563		$	41,087
Non-controlling interests in comprehensive income		(3,425	)		(2,073	)		(7,490	)		(4,151	)
Comprehensive income attributable to Granite Construction Incorporated	$	56,491		$	46,151		$	37,073		$	36,936

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

( Unaudited - in thousands )

Nine Months Ended September 30,	2018			2017
Operating activities
Net income	$	43,354		$	40,476
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation, depletion and amortization		77,816			48,522
Gain on sales of property and equipment, net		(5,066	)		(2,830	)
Change in deferred income taxes		(2,207	)		—
Stock-based compensation		12,621			13,580
Equity in net loss from unconsolidated joint ventures		16,343			15,415
Net income from affiliates		(5,527	)		(4,907	)
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of the effects of acquisitions in 2018:
Receivables		(154,996	)		(207,908	)
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings, net		—			14,726
Contract assets, net		355			—
Inventories		(4,283	)		(6,814	)
Contributions to unconsolidated construction joint ventures		(89,000	)		(3,937	)
Distributions from unconsolidated construction joint ventures		15,581			33,374
Other assets, net		30,728			10,523
Accounts payable		41,672			90,799
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities, net		37,352			23,595
Net cash provided by operating activities		14,743			64,614
Investing activities
Purchases of marketable securities		(9,952	)		(79,708	)
Maturities of marketable securities		60,000			90,000
Purchases of property and equipment ($15,040 and $13,537 related to CCJVs)		(86,131	)		(56,808	)
Proceeds from sales of property and equipment		9,480			5,107
Cash paid to purchase businesses, net of cash and restricted cash acquired		(55,030	)		—
Other investing activities, net		320			2,321
Net cash used in investing activities		(81,313	)		(39,088	)
Financing activities
Proceeds from debt		143,250			—
Debt principal repayments		(42,149	)		(3,750	)
Cash dividends paid		(16,328	)		(15,506	)
Repurchases of common stock		(6,369	)		(6,713	)
Distributions to non-controlling partners, net		(10,128	)		(3,500	)
Other financing activities, net		441			133
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		68,717			(29,336	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		2,147			(3,810	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		233,711			189,326
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $5,599 at end of period	$	235,858		$	185,516
Supplementary Information
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest	$	9,029		$	6,720
Income taxes		8,576			2,689
Other non-cash operating activities:
Performance guarantees	$	—		$	5,761
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Common stock issued in acquisition	$	321,075		$	—
Common stock issued in conversion of 8% Convertible Notes		53,086			—
Premium on 8.0% Convertible Notes		30,702			—
Restricted stock units issued, net of forfeitures		13,537			11,184
Accrued cash dividends		6,097			5,181
Accrued equipment purchases		4,783			2,440

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED

NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. Basis of Presentation

The condensed consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared by Granite Construction Incorporated (“we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company” or “Granite”) pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), are unaudited and should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted. Further, the condensed consolidated financial statements reflect, in the opinion of management, all normal recurring adjustments necessary to state fairly our financial position at September 30, 2018 and 2017 and the results of our operations and cash flows for the periods presented. The December 31, 2017 condensed consolidated balance sheet data was derived from audited consolidated financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP.

Our operations are typically affected more by weather conditions during the first and fourth quarters of our fiscal year which may alter our construction schedules and can create variability in our revenues and profitability. Therefore, the results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.

We prepared the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements on the same basis as our annual consolidated financial statements, except for the adoption during the three months ended March 31, 2018 of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, ASU No. 2016-16, Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory, ASU No. 2016-18 'Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805) : Clarifying the Definition of a Business and ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718) Scope of Modification Accounting, none of which had a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements. In addition, during the three months ended March 31, 2018, we adopted ASU No. 2018-05, Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No.118, the impact of which is disclosed in Note 16 and on January 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers and subsequently issued additional related ASUs (“Topic 606”), the impact of which is described in detail below .

On April 3, 2018, we acquired LiquiForce and on June 14, 2018, we completed the acquisition of Layne Christensen Company (“Layne”). See Note 3 for further information.

Foreign Currency Transactions and Translation: Through the acquisitions of Layne and LiquiForce, we now have operations in Latin America, Canada and Brazil which involve exposure to possible volatile movements in foreign currency exchange rates. We account for foreign currency exchange transactions and translation in accordance with ASC Topic 830, Foreign Currency Matters. In Mexico, most of our customer contracts are denominated in U.S. dollars; therefore, the functional currency is U.S. dollars. In Canada and Brazil, the functional currency is the local currency. Foreign currency transactions are remeasured into the functional currency with gains and losses included in other income, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The impact from foreign currency transactions was immaterial for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 . Assets and liabilities in functional currency are translated into U.S. dollars at exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses are translated into U.S. dollars at average foreign currency exchange rates prevailing during the reporting periods. The translation adjustments from functional currency to U.S. dollars are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Table of Contents

GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED

NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED

(Unaudited)

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash: In connection with the acquisition of Layne, we acquired restricted cash which is included i n other noncurrent assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets and consists of escrow funds and judicial deposits associated with tax related legal proceedings in Brazil . The table below presents changes in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cas h on the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows and a reconciliation to the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated balance sheets (in thousands).

Nine Months Ended September 30,	2018		2017
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	$	233,711	$	189,326
End of the period
Cash and cash equivalents		230,259		185,516
Restricted cash		5,599		—
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period		235,858		185,516
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	2,147	$	(3,810	)

Inventories: Inventories consist primarily of quarry products, contract-specific materials, water well drilling materials, and sewer remediation materials that are located in the U.S. and mineral extraction and drilling supplies located in the U.S. and foreign countries, primarily Brazil and Mexico. Cost of U.S. and foreign inventories are valued at the lower of average cost or net realizable value . W e reserve quarry products based on estimated quantities of materials on hand in excess of approximately one year of demand. As of September 30, 2018 , inventory included $18.4 million of supplies related to the Water and Mineral Services operating group.

Assets Held for Sale: During the three months ended September 30, 2018 , management approved the plan to sell certain non-core assets and the associated liabilities related to the water delivery business within our Water and Mineral Services operating group. We expect to complete the sale of the assets during the fourth quarter of 2018. The reclassification of the related assets of the disposal group includes approximately $41.8 million of property, plant and equipment and goodwill of $13.5 million.

Recent Developme nts: During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we revised our reportable segments, which are the same as our operating segments, as a result of a change in how our chief operating decision maker (our Chief Executive Officer) regularly reviews financial information to allocate resources and assess performance. This change is consistent with our strategic, end-market diversification strategy. Our new reportable segments which correspond to this end-market focus are: Transportation, Water, Specialty and Materials. The end-market segments Transportation, Water and Specialty replace the Construction and Large Project Construction reportable segments with the composition of our Materials segment remaining unchanged except for the addition of certain material production activity related to the acquisition of Layne . Prior-year information has been recast to reflect this change. See Note 19 for further information regarding our reportable segments.

Goodwill: As a result of the change in our reportable segments, we reassessed our reporting units and have determined we have eight reporting units in which goodwill was recorded as follows:

•

Midwest Group Transportation

•

Midwest Group Specialty

•

Northwest Group Transportation

•

Northwest Group Materials

•

California Group Transportation

•

Water and Mineral Services Group Water

•

Water and Mineral Services Group Specialty

•

Water and Mineral Services Group Materials

Table of Contents

GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED

NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED

(Unaudited)

Goodwill was reallocated to these reporting units based on their relative fair values. The following table presents the goodwill balance by reportable segment:

(in thousands)	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017		September 30, 2017
Transportation	$	19,798	$	19,798	$	19,798
Water		135,230		618		618
Specialty		39,821		31,437		31,437
Materials		49,847		1,946		1,946
Total goodwill	$	244,696	$	53,799	$	53,799

We perform our goodwill impairment tests annually as of November 1 and more frequently when events and circumstances occur that indicate a possible impairment of goodwill. In addition, we evaluate goodwill for impairment if events or circumstances change between annual tests indicating a possible impairment. Examples of such events or circumstances include the following:

•

a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate;

•

an adverse action or assessment by a regulator;

•

a more likely than not expectation that a segment or a significant portion thereof will be sold; or

•

the testing for recoverability of a significant asset group within the segment.

Due to the change in reportable segments and the resulting change to reporting units, we conducted an impairment test both before and after the change in accordance with ASC Topic 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other. We performed a quantitative assessment on the Kenny Large Project Construction and Kenny Construction reporting units, which were most susceptible to fluctuations in results. The results of the quantitative goodwill impairment tests indicated that the estimated fair values of these reporting units exceeded their net book values (i.e., cushion) by at least 40%.

We performed a qualitative assessment on the remaining six reporting units with goodwill balances as we determined that it was more likely than not that the fair value of these reporting units was greater than the carrying value consistent with our conclusion in 2017. After assessing the totality of events and circumstances, we determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of these reporting units were greater than the carrying amounts; therefore, a quantitative goodwill impairment test was not performed.

Reclassifications : Certain reclassifications of prior period amounts have been made to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications included $2.6 million and $4.8 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, of gross profit to the Materials segment primarily from the Transportation segment to better align costs with the respective segments . These reclassifications had no impact on previously reported operating income (loss) or net income (loss), or on the consolidated balance sheets or statements of cash flows.

Effect of adopting Topic 606

The core principle of Topic 606 is that revenue will be recognized when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects consideration for which entitlement is expected in exchange for those goods or services. We adopted Topic 606 using a modified retrospective transition approach and elected to apply Topic 606 to contracts with customers that are not substantially complete, i.e. less than 90% complete, as of January 1, 2018.

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While the adoption of Topic 606 did not have a n impact on revenue of our Materials segment, it did impact revenue of our Transportation, Water and Specialty segments specifically in the following areas:

•

Multiple performance obligations – In accordance with Topic 606, we reviewed construction contracts with customers, including those related to contract modifications, to determine if there are multiple performance obligations. Based on this review, we identified one unconsolidated joint venture contract in our Transportation segment that has multiple performance obligations.

•

Multiple contracts – We reviewed contracts containing task orders and identified one master contract in our Water segment that consists of multiple individual contracts as defined by Topic 606. Previously, revenue for this contract was forecasted and recorded at the master contract level.

•

Revenue recognition – We identified one contract in our Specialty segment where performance obligations are satisfied and control of the promised goods and services are transferred to the customer upon delivery of goods rather than over time. Previously, revenue for this contract was recognized over time.

•

Provisions for losses – We identified one unconsolidated joint venture contract in our Transportation segment that has actual and provisions for losses at the performance obligation level related to completed and uncompleted performance obligations, respectively. Previously, provisions for losses were recorded at the contract level.

The impact to retained earnings as of January 1, 2018 from the adoption of Topic 606 related to the items noted above was a net cumulative decrease of $15.2 million.

In addition, as of January 1, 2018, we began to separately present contract assets and liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Contract assets include amounts due under contractual retainage provisions that were previously included in accounts receivable as well as costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings that were previously separately presented. Contract liabilities include billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings that were previously separately presented as well as provisions for losses that were previously included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities. See Note 7 for further information.

Notes 5, 6 and 7 include information relating to our adoption of Topic 606. Note 5 includes information regarding our revenue disaggregated by operating group, Note 6 includes information regarding unearned revenue and Note 7 includes information regarding our contract assets and liabilitis.

The accounting policies that were affected by Topic 606 and the changes thereto are as follows:

Revenue Recognition: Our revenue is primarily derived from construction contracts that can span several quarters or years and from sales of construction materials. We recognize revenue in accordance with Topic 606. Topic 606 provides for a five-step model for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers as follows:

Identify the contract

Identify performance obligations

Determine the transaction price

Allocate the transaction price

Recognize revenue

Generally, our contracts contain one performance obligation.

Contracts with customers in our Materials segment are typically defined by our customary business practices and are valued at the contractual selling price per unit. Our customary business practices are for the delivery of a separately identifiable good at a point in time which is typically when delivery to the customer occurs.

Contracts in our Transportation, Water and Specialty segments may contain multiple distinct promises or multiple contracts within a master agreement (e.g. contracts that cross multiple locations/geographies and task orders), which we review at contract inception to determine if they represent multiple performance obligations or multiple separate contracts. This review consists of determining if promises or groups of promises are distinct within the context of the contract, including whether contracts are physically contiguous, contain task orders, purchase orders or sales orders, contain termination clauses and/or contain elements not related to design and/or build.

The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods and services to the customer. The consideration promised in a contract with customers of our Transportation, Water and Specialty segments may include both fixed amounts and variable amounts (e.g. bonuses/incentives or penalties/liquidated damages) to the extent that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved (i.e., probable and estimable). When a contract has a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is attributed to that performance obligation. When a contract has more than one performance obligation, the transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on estimated relative standalone selling prices of the goods or services at the inception of the contract, which typically is determined using cost plus an appropriate margin.

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Subsequent to the inception of a contract in our Transportation, Water and Specialty segments, the transaction price could change for various reasons, including the executed or estimated amount of change orders and unresolved contract modifications and claims to or from owners. Changes that are accounted for as an adjustment to existing performance obligations are allocated on the same basis at contract inception. Otherwise, changes are accounted for as separate performance obligation(s) and the separate transaction price is allocated as discussed above.

Changes are made to the transaction price from unapproved change orders to the extent the amount can be reasonably estimated and recovery is probable.

On certain projects we have submitted and have pending unresolved contract modifications and affirmative claims (“affirmative claims”) to recover additional costs and the associated profit, if applicable, to which the Company believes it is entitled under the terms of contracts with customers, subcontractors, vendors or others. The owners or their authorized representatives and/or other third parties may be in partial or full agreement with the modifications or affirmative claims, or may have rejected or disagree entirely or partially as to such entitlement.

Changes are made to the transaction price from affirmative claims with customers to the extent that additional revenue on a claim settlement with a customer is probable and estimable. A reduction to costs related to affirmative claims with non-customers with whom we have a contractual arrangement (“back charges”) is recognized when the estimated recovery is probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Except for contractual back charges, affirmative claims against non-customers that are unrelated to jobs are recognized as a reduction to cost or increase to other income when the claims are settled. Recognizing affirmative claims and back charge recoveries requires significant judgments of certain factors including, but not limited to, dispute resolution developments and outcomes, anticipated negotiation results, and the cost of resolving such matters and estimates.

Certain construction contracts include retention provisions to provide assurance to our customers that we will perform in accordance with the contract terms and are therefore not considered a financing benefit. The balances billed but not paid by customers pursuant to these provisions generally become due upon completion and acceptance of the project work or products by the customer. We have determined there are no significant financing components in our contracts during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 .

Typically, performance obligations related to contracts in our Transportation, Water and Specialty segments are satisfied over time because our performance typically creates or enhances an asset that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced. We recognize revenue as performance obligations are satisfied and control of the promised good and service is transferred to the customer. Revenue in our Transportation, Water and Specialty segments is ordinarily recognized over time as control is transferred to the customers by measuring the progress toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation(s) using an input (i.e., “cost to cost”) method. Under the cost to cost method, costs incurred to-date are generally the best depiction of transfer of control.

All contract costs, including those associated with affirmative claims, change orders and back charges, are recorded as incurred and revisions to estimated total costs are reflected as soon as the obligation to perform is determined. Contract costs consist of direct costs on contracts, including labor and materials, amounts payable to subcontractors, direct overhead costs and equipment expense (primarily depreciation, fuel, maintenance and repairs).

The accuracy of our revenue and profit recognition in a given period depends on the accuracy of our estimates of the cost to complete each project. Cost estimates for all of our significant projects use a detailed “bottom up” approach, and we believe our experience allows us to create materially reliable estimates. There are a number of factors that can contribute to changes in estimates of contract cost and profitability. The most significant of these include:

•

the completeness and accuracy of the original bid;

•

costs associated with scope changes;

•

changes in costs of labor and/or materials;

•

extended overhead and other costs due to owner, weather and other delays;

•

subcontractor performance issues;

•

changes in productivity expectations;

•

site conditions that differ from those assumed in the original bid;

•

changes from original design on design-build projects;

•

the availability and skill level of workers in the geographic location of the project;

•

a change in the availability and proximity of equipment and materials;

•

our ability to fully and promptly recover on affirmative claims and back charges for additional contract costs; and

•

the customer’s ability to properly administer the contract.

The foregoing factors, as well as the stage of completion of contracts in process and the mix of contracts at different margins may cause fluctuations in gross profit and gross profit margin from period to period. Significant changes in cost estimates, particularly in our larger, more complex projects have had, and can in future periods have, a significant effect on our profitability.

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All state and federal government contracts and many of our other contracts provide for termination of the contract at the convenience of the party contracting with us, with provisions to pay us for work performed through the date of termination including demobilization cost.

Costs to obtain our contracts (“pre-bid costs”) that are not expected to be recovered from the customer are expensed as incurred and included in selling, general and administrative expenses on our consolidated statements of operations. Although unusual, pre-bid costs that are explicitly chargeable to the customer even if the contract is not obtained are included in accounts receivable on our consolidated balance sheets when we are notified that we are not the low bidder with a corresponding reduction to selling, general and administrative expenses on our consolidated statements of operations.

Unearned Revenue: Unearned revenue represents the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied performance obligations at the end of a reporting period. We generally include a project in our unearned revenue at the time a contract is awarded, the contract has been executed and to the extent we believe funding is probable. Certain contracts contain contract options that are exercisable at the option of our customers without requiring us to go through an additional competitive bidding process or contain task orders related to master contracts under which we perform work only when the customer awards specific task orders to us. Contract options and task orders are included in unearned revenue when exercised or issued, respectively.

Substantially all of the contracts in our unearned revenue may be canceled or modified at the election of the customer; however, we have not been materially adversely affected by contract cancellations or modifications in the past. Many projects are added to unearned revenue and completed within the same fiscal quarter or year and, therefore, may not be reflected in our beginning or ending unearned revenue. Approximately $1.9 billion of the September 30, 2018 unearned revenue is expected to be recognized within the next twelve months and the remaining amount will be recognized thereafter. Unearned revenue is presented by segment and operating group in Note 6.

Contract Assets: Our contract assets include amounts due under contractual retainage provisions as well as costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings. The balances billed but not paid by customers pursuant to retainage provisions generally become due upon completion and acceptance of the project work or products by the owners. Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings also represent amounts earned and reimbursable under contracts, including claim recovery estimates, but have a conditional right for billing and payment such as achievement of milestones or completion of the project. With the exception of customer affirmative claims, generally, such unbilled amounts will become billable according to the contract terms and generally will be billed and collected over the next twelve months. Settlement with the customer of outstanding affirmative claims is dependent on the claims resolution process and could extend beyond one year. Based on our historical experience, we generally consider the collection risk related to billable amounts to be low. When events or conditions indicate that it is probable that the amounts outstanding become unbillable, the transaction price and associated contract asset is reduced.

Costs to mobilize equipment and labor to a job site prior to substantive work beginning (“mobilization costs”) are capitalized as incurred and amortized over the expected duration of the contract. As of September 30, 2018 and January 1, 2018, we had no material capitalized mobilization costs.

Contract Liabilities: Our contract liabilities consist of provisions for losses and billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings. Provisions for losses are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations at the uncompleted performance obligation level for the amount of total estimated losses in the period that evidence indicates that the estimated total cost of a performance obligation exceeds its estimated total revenue. Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings are billings to customers on contracts in advance of work performed, including advance payments negotiated as a contract condition. Generally, unearned project-related costs will be earned over the next twelve months.

The amounts by which each condensed consolidated balance sheet line item as of September 30, 2018 and condensed consolidated statement of operations line item for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 was affected by the adoption of Topic 606 relative to the previous revenue guidance are presented in the tables below (in thousands). The changes are primarily related to reclassifications on the condensed consolidated balance sheet and the impact on the condensed consolidated statement of operations from the new requirements under Topic 606. The change in retained earnings is net of the cumulative effect of initially applying Topic 606.

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September 30, 2018

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet	As Reported		Balances Without Adoption of Topic 606		Effect of Change Higher/(Lower)
Assets
Receivables, net	$	618,070	$	733,368	$	(115,298	)
Contract assets		213,989		—		213,989
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings		—		141,525		(141,525	)
Deferred income taxes, net		6,408		1,136		5,272

Liabilities and equity
Contract liabilities	$	117,759	$	—	$	117,759
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings		—		158,228		(158,228	)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		296,033		286,681		9,352
Retained earnings		786,936		793,381		(6,445	)

Three Months Ended September 30, 2018

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations	As Reported		Balances Without Adoption of Topic 606		Effect of Change Higher/(Lower)
Revenue
Transportation	$	610,847	$	607,413	$	3,434
Water		124,292		119,977		4,315
Specialty		190,836		192,158		(1,322	)
Materials		129,616		129,616		—
Total revenue		1,055,591		1,049,164		6,427
Cost of revenue
Transportation	$	539,871	$	541,934	$	(2,063	)
Water		100,189		100,189		—
Specialty		162,737		162,737		—
Materials		108,303		108,303		—
Total cost of revenue		911,100		913,163		(2,063	)
Gross profit		144,491		136,001		8,490
Operating income		67,406		58,916		8,490
Provision for income taxes		8,692		6,603		2,089
Net income		59,097		52,697		6,400
Net income attributable to Granite Construction Incorporated		55,672		49,272		6,400

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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations	As Reported		Balances Without Adoption of Topic 606		Effect of Change Higher/(Lower)
Revenue
Transportation	$	1,472,703	$	1,468,253	$	4,450
Water		215,951		213,157		2,794
Specialty		461,149		461,977		(828	)
Materials		276,286		276,286		—
Total revenue		2,426,089		2,419,673		6,416
Cost of revenue
Transportation	$	1,334,302	$	1,339,443	$	(5,141	)
Water		174,834		174,834		—
Specialty		395,838		395,838		—
Materials		239,972		239,972		—
Total cost of revenue		2,144,946		2,150,087		(5,141	)
Gross profit		281,143		269,585		11,558
Operating income		48,842		37,284		11,558
Provision for income taxes		7,357		4,554		2,803
Net income		43,354		34,599		8,755
Net income attributable to Granite Construction Incorporated		35,864		27,109		8,755

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2. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and subsequently issued related ASUs , which requires lessees to recognize the following for all leases (with the exception of short-term leases) at the commencement date: (a) a lease liability, which is a lessee’s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and (b) a right-of-use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. The ASU will be effective commencing with our quarter ending March 31, 2019. We will adopt the new guidance using a modified retrospective basis and anticipate applying the optional practical expedients related to the transition. Based on leases outstanding and our preliminary assessment as of September 30, 2018, we expect the adoption of this ASU to result in an increase between $45.0 million and $60.0 million to our assets and liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets with an immaterial impact to the consolidated statements of operations.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which allows companies to reclassify stranded tax affects resulting from the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“Tax Reform”), from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings. In addition, the ASU requires certain new disclosures regardless of the election. This ASU will be effective commencing with our quarter ending March 31, 2019. We do not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement , which modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements. This ASU will be effective commencing with our quarter ending March 31, 2020. We do not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

3. Acquisitions

On June 14, 2018, we completed the $349.8 million acquisition of Layne, a U.S.-based global water management, infrastructure services and drilling company in a stock-for-stock merger. We paid $321.0 million of the purchase price in Company common stock and $28.8 million in cash to settle all outstanding stock options, restricted stock awards and unvested performance shares of Layne. In addition to the issuance of company common stock and the settlement of various equity awards in cash, we assumed $191.5 million in convertible notes at fair value. See Note 14 for further discussion of the assumed convertible notes.

Layne will operate as a wholly owned subsidiary of Granite Construction Incorporated and its results will be reported in the newly formed Water and Mineral Services operating group in the Water, Specialty and Materials segments. Layne’s customers are in both the public and private sector. Layne is a leader in water management and drilling and therefore this acquisition significantly enhances Granite’s presence in the water infrastructure market. Layne has a network of 52 offices located throughout North and Latin America. We have accounted for this transaction in accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”).

We completed our acquisition of Layne on June 14, 2018 and have included its operating results in our condensed consolidated statements of operations since the acquisition date. Revenue attributable to Layne for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $129.1 million and $150.6 million, respectively, and net income before taxes attributable to Layne for the three months ended September 30, 2018 was $8.6 million and net losses before taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 were $6.7 million. Net income (loss) before taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 included Layne's portion of total pre-tax acquisition and integration expenses of $3.4 million and $18.1 million, respectively.

Preliminary Purchase Price Allocation

In accordance with ASC 805, the total purchase price and assumed liabilities were allocated to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets based on their estimated fair values as of June 14, 2018 as presented in the table below (in thousands). During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we made measurement period adjustments to reflect facts and circumstances in existence as of the acquisition date. These adjustments included a $2.5 million decrease in property and equipment, a $2.3 million decrease in identifiable intangible assets, a $1.1 million increase in deferred income taxes with a resulting increase in goodwill of $3.7 million. In addition, we reflected a correction to decrease the investments in affiliates balance and to increase the goodwill balance as of June 30, 2018 by $7.6 million. This correction was immaterial to our current or any prior period financial statements. As we continue to integrate the acquired business, we may obtain additional information on the acquired identifiable intangible assets which, if significant, may require revisions to preliminary valuation assumptions, estimates and resulting fair values. We expect to finalize these amounts within 12 months from the acquisition date.

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Assets
Cash	$	2,995
Receivables		70,160
Contract assets		44,947
Inventories		23,424
Other current assets		5,533
Property and equipment		185,353
Investments in affiliates		55,400
Deferred income taxes		24,335
Other noncurrent assets		17,868
Total tangible assets		430,015
Identifiable intangible assets		58,448
Liabilities
Identifiable intangible liabilities		6,700
Accounts payable		38,321
Contract liabilities		7,854
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		47,583
Long-term debt		191,500
Other long-term liabilities		31,893
Total liabilities assumed		323,851
Total identifiable net assets acquired		164,612
Goodwill		185,228
Estimated purchase price	$	349,840

In addition, on April 3, 2018, we acquired LiquiForce, a privately owned company which provides sewer lining rehabilitation services to public and private sector water and wastewater customers in both Canada and the U.S. The Company acquired LiquiForce for $35.9 million in cash borrowed under the Company’s Third Amendment and Restated Credit Agreement described more fully in Note 14 . The tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed were $14.3 million, $10.9 million and $8.5 million, respectively, resulting in acquired goodwill of $19.2 million. LiquiForce results are reported in the Water and Mineral Services operating group in the Water segment.

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Intangible assets

The following table lists amortized intangible assets and liabilities from the Layne and LiquiForce acquisitions that are included in other noncurrent assets and other long-term liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2018 (in thousands):

	Weighted Average Useful Lives (Years)		Gross Value		Accumulated Amortization			Net Value
Assets
Customer relationships		7	$	33,391	$	(2,813	)	$	30,578
Backlog		3		9,488		(4,013	)		5,475
Developed technologies		4		9,276		(817	)		8,459
Trademarks/trade names		4		8,996		(770	)		8,226
Favorable contracts		3		4,900		(1,511	)		3,389
Covenants not to compete and other		5		873		(103	)		770
Intangible assets			$	66,924	$	(10,027	)	$	56,897
Liabilities
Unfavorable contracts		2	$	6,897	$	(3,209	)	$	3,688
Unfavorable leases		1		300		(88	)		212
Intangible liabilities			$	7,197	$	(3,297	)	$	3,900

The net a mortization expense related to the acquired amortized intangible assets and liabilities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $ 4 .2 million and $6.7 million, respectively, and was included in cost of revenue and selling, general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. All of the acquired intangible assets and liabilities will be amortized on a straight line basis except for backlog, favorable contracts and unfavorable contracts which will be amortized as the associated projects progress, and customer relationships which will be amortized on a double declining basis. Amortization expense related to the acquired amortized intangible asset balances at September 30, 2018 is expected to be recorded in the future as follows: $4.6 million for the remainder of 2018; $16.2 million in 2019; $11.3 million in 2020; $8.7 million in 2021; and $ 12 .1 million thereafter.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the underlying net tangible and intangible assets. The factors that contributed to the recognition of goodwill from the acquisitions of Layne and LiquiForce include acquiring a workforce with capabilities in the global water management, construction and drilling markets, cost savings opportunities and synergies. For the Layne acquisition, we recorded $128.9 million, $47.9 million, and $8.4 million of goodwill allocated to our Water, Materials and Specialty reportable segments, respectively. For the LiquiForce acquisition, we recorded $19.2 million in goodwill that was allocated to our Water reportable segment. The goodwill from both acquisitions is not expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. The following table presents the changes in goodwill since December 31, 2017 (in thousands):

Balance at December 31, 2017	$	53,799
Layne acquisition goodwill		185,228
LiquiForce acquisition goodwill		19,264
Reclassification of goodwill to assets held for sale		(13,450	)
Goodwill translation adjustment		(145	)
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	244,696

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Pro Forma Financial Information

The financial information in the table below summarizes the combined results of operations of Granite and Layne, on a pro forma basis, as though the companies had been combined as of January 1, 2017 (in thousands, except per share amounts). The pro forma financial information is presented for informational purposes only and is not indicative of the results of operations that would have been achieved if the acquisition had taken place on January 1, 2017.

	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2017		2018		2017
Revenue	$	1,087,111	$	2,638,664	$	2,539,178
Net income (loss)		39,550		81,151		(25,271	)

Net income (loss) attributable to Granite		37,477		73,661		(29,422	)
Basic net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders		0.82		1.61		(0.65	)
Diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders		0.80		1.60		(0.65	)

These amounts have been calculated after applying Granite’s accounting policies and adjusting the results of Layne to reflect the additional depreciation and amortization that would have been recorded assuming the fair value adjustments to property and equipment and intangible assets had been applied starting on January 1, 2017. Acquisition and integration expenses related to Layne that were incurred during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 are reflected in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 due to the assumed timing of the transaction. The statutory tax rate of 26% and 39% was used for 2018 and 2017, respectively, for the pro forma adjustments.

Acquisition and integration expenses associated with both the Layne and LiquiForce acquisitions for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 were comprised of the following (in thousands) :

	Three Months Ended		Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2018		September 30, 2018
Professional services and other expenses	$	7,083	$	33,556
Severance and personnel costs		2,251		10,474
Total	$	9,334	$	44,030

4. Revisions in Estimates

Our profit recognition related to construction contracts is based on estimates of costs to complete each project. These estimates can vary significantly in the normal course of business as projects progress, circumstances develop and evolve, and uncertainties are resolved. When we experience significant changes in our estimates of costs to complete, we undergo a process that includes reviewing the nature of the changes to ensure that there are no material amounts that should have been recorded in a prior period rather than as revisions in estimates for the current period. For revisions in estimates, generally we use the cumulative catch-up method for changes to the transaction price that are part of a single performance obligation. Under this method, revisions in estimates are accounted for in their entirety in the period of change. There can be no assurance that we will not experience further changes in circumstances or otherwise be required to revise our cost estimates in the future.

In our review of these changes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and for the three months ended September 30, 2017 , we did not identify any material amounts that should have been recorded in a prior period. In our review of these changes for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we identified and corrected amounts that should have been recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2016. This correction resulted in a $4.9 million decrease to Specialty revenue and gross profit and a $1.6 million increase in net loss attributable to Granite Construction Incorporated. We have assessed the impact of this correction to the financial statements of prior periods’ as well as to the financial statements for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and the year ended December 31, 2017 and have concluded that the amounts were immaterial.

In the normal course of business, we have revisions in estimated costs some of which are associated with unresolved affirmative claims and back charges. The estimated or actual recovery related to these estimated costs may be recorded in future periods or may be at values below the associated cost, which can cause fluctuations in the gross profit impact from revisions in estimates.

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(Unaudited)

Affirmative Claims

Revisions in estimates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 included net increases in revenue of $1.2 million and $6.1 million, respectively, related to the estimated cost recovery of customer affirmative claims, which included increases of $0.2 million and $8.7 million, respectively, that were also affected by an increase in estimated contract costs in excess of the estimated recovery during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 . The remaining increase of $1.0 million and offsetting decrease of $2.6 million, respectively, had estimated contract costs in excess of the estimated cost recovery that were recorded in prior periods.

Revisions in estimates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 included net increases in revenue of $11.5 million and $25.5 million, respectively, related to the estimated cost recovery of customer affirmative claims, which included increases of $11.0 million and $25.1 million, respectively, that were also affected by an increase in estimated contract costs in excess of the estimated recovery during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. The remaining increases of $0.5 million and $0.4 million, respectively, had estimated contract costs in excess of estimated cost recovery that were recorded in prior periods.

Back Charges

Revisions in estimates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 included reductions in cost of revenue of $1.6 million and $3.6 million, respectively, related to the estimated recovery of back charges of which $1.4 million and $2.5 million, respectively, had estimated contract costs in excess of estimated cost recovery during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 . The remaining reduction in cost of revenue of $0.2 million and $1.1 million, respectively, had estimated contract costs in excess of estimated cost recovery that were recorded in prior periods.

Revisions in estimates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 included reductions in cost of revenue of $0.6 million and $3.6 million, respectively, related to the estimated recovery of back charges of which $0.6 million and $2.0 million, respectively, had estimated contract costs in excess of estimated cost recovery during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 . The remaining reduction in cost of revenue of $1.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 had estimated contract costs in excess of estimated cost recovery that were recorded in prior periods .

The table below includes the impact to gross profit from significant revisions in estimates related to estimated and actual recovery of customer affirmative claims and back charges as well as the impact to gross profit from changes in estimated contract revenue and costs.

The changes in project profitability from revisions in estimates, which individually had an impact of $5.0 million or more on gross profit, were decreases of $19.3 million and $57.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. The changes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 were decreases of $12.7 million and $56.8 million, respectively. All decreases were in our Transportation segment except for one decrease of $5.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 which was in our Specialty segment. There were no increases from revisions in estimates, which individually had an impact of $5.0 million or more on gross profit, for the periods presented. The projects are summarized as follows:

		Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in millions)		2018			2017			2018			2017
Number of projects with downward estimate changes			2			1			4			6
Range of reduction in gross profit from each project, net	$	7.3 - 12.0		$		12.7	$	5.2 - 25.6		$	5.1 - 14.5
Decrease to project profitability	$		19.3	$		12.7	$		57.8	$		56.8

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The decreases during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were due to additional costs and lower productivity than originally anticipated as well as additional weather related costs a nd a decrease in estimated recovery from customer affirmative claims.

There were no amounts attributable to non-controlling interests for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and the three months ended September 30, 2017. A mounts attributable to non-controlling interests were $2.1 million of the decreases for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 .

As of September 30, 2018 there were four projects for which additional costs were reasonably possible in excess of the probable amounts included in the cost forecast. The reasonably possible aggregate range that has the potential to adversely impact gross profit is zero to $45.0 million. As the related projects proceed, future estimates may change and could have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations and/or cash flows in the future.

5. Disaggregation of Revenue

We disaggregate our revenue based on our reportable segments and operating groups as it is the format that is regularly reviewed by management. Our reportable segments are: Transportation, Water, Specialty and Materials. Our operating groups are: (i) California; (ii) Northwest; (iii) Heavy Civil; (iv) Federal (formerly included with Heavy Civil); (v) Midwest (formerly Kenny less the underground business); and (vi) Water and Mineral Services (which includes LiquiForce, Layne and the underground business of the former Kenny operating group). The following tables present our disaggregated revenue (in thousands):

Three Months Ended September 30,

	Transportation		Water		Specialty		Materials		Total
2018
California	$	180,163	$	12,119	$	31,713	$	74,065	$	298,060
Northwest		182,709		877		46,752		46,935		277,273
Heavy Civil		224,560		5,511		—		—		230,071
Federal		69		480		13,363		—		13,912
Midwest		23,346		194		65,513		—		89,053
Water and Mineral Services		—		105,111		33,495		8,616		147,222
Total	$	610,847	$	124,292	$	190,836	$	129,616	$	1,055,591

2017
California	$	153,941	$	12,559	$	51,191	$	54,971	$	272,662
Northwest		245,875		51		23,477		43,164		312,567
Heavy Civil		201,951		8,066		—		—		210,017
Federal		8,170		641		1,062		—		9,873
Midwest		14,790		1,400		122,156		—		138,346
Water and Mineral Services		—		13,661		—		—		13,661
Total	$	624,727	$	36,378	$	197,886	$	98,135	$	957,126

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Nine Months Ended September 30,

	Transportation		Water		Specialty		Materials		Total
2018
California	$	453,077	$	45,711	$	104,914	$	162,247	$	765,949
Northwest		361,376		3,268		114,695		103,290		582,629
Heavy Civil		596,022		15,211		—		—		611,233
Federal		427		1,598		27,620		—		29,645
Midwest		61,801		1,710		180,425		—		243,936
Water and Mineral Services		—		148,453		33,495		10,749		192,697
Total	$	1,472,703	$	215,951	$	461,149	$	276,286	$	2,426,089

2017
California	$	331,329	$	26,017	$	112,883	$	127,850	$	598,079
Northwest		470,254		530		76,821		83,984		631,589
Heavy Civil		551,856		18,737		—		—		570,593
Federal		28,846		1,579		2,417		—		32,842
Midwest		41,111		5,707		260,035		—		306,853
Water and Mineral Services		—		48,374		109		—		48,483
Total	$	1,423,396	$	100,944	$	452,265	$	211,834	$	2,188,439

6. Unearned Revenue

The following tables present our unearned revenue as of the respective periods (in thousands):

September 30, 2018

	Transportation		Water		Specialty		Total
California	$	299,242	$	11,297	$	50,283	$	360,822
Northwest		242,666		10		70,600		313,276
Heavy Civil		1,678,637		26,914		—		1,705,551
Federal		23		—		145,483		145,506
Midwest		91,144		405		235,190		326,739
Water and Mineral Services		—		211,531		—		211,531
Total	$	2,311,712	$	250,157	$	501,556	$	3,063,425

June 30, 2018

	Transportation		Water		Specialty		Total
California	$	332,252	$	17,485	$	47,601	$	397,338
Northwest		315,189		206		68,461		383,856
Heavy Civil		1,882,806		32,214		—		1,915,020
Federal		26		—		161,073		161,099
Midwest		64,191		625		268,809		333,625
Water and Mineral Services		—		225,402		—		225,402
Total	$	2,594,464	$	275,932	$	545,944	$	3,416,340

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January 1, 2018

	Transportation		Water		Specialty		Total
California	$	299,552	$	27,328	$	79,176	$	406,056
Northwest		273,864		2,606		39,112		315,582
Heavy Civil		2,194,430		38,183		—		2,232,613
Federal		317		4,212		162,641		167,170
Midwest		90,584		1,961		365,767		458,312
Water and Mineral Services		—		4,116		—		4,116
Total	$	2,858,747	$	78,406	$	646,696	$	3,583,849

7. Contract Assets and Liabilities

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 , we recognized revenue of $0.6 million and $103.3 million, respectively, that was included in the contract liability balance at January 1, 2018.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 , we recognized revenue of $25.3 million and $86.2 million, respectively, as a result of changes in contract transaction price related to performance obligations that were satisfied or partially satisfied prior to the end of the periods. The changes in contract transaction price were from items such as executed or estimated change orders and unresolved contract modifications and claims.

As of September 30, 2018 and January 1, 2018, the aggregate claim recovery estimates included in contract asset and liability balances were approximately $37.2 million and $26.7 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2017, costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings and billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings included $21.6 million in aggregate claim recovery estimates.

The components of the contract asset balances as of the respective dates were as follows (in thousands):

	September 30, 2018		January 1, 2018
Costs in excess of billings and estimated earnings	$	108,105	$	69,755
Contract retention		105,884		91,135
Total contract assets	$	213,989	$	160,890

The following table summarizes changes in the contract asset balance for the period presented (in thousands):

Balance at January 1, 2018	$	160,890
Change in the measure of progress on projects, net		921,111
Acquired contract assets		45,353
Revisions in estimates, net		(37,793	)
Billings		(826,251	)
Receipts related to contract retention		(49,321	)
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	213,989

The components of the contract liability balances as of the respective dates were as follows (in thousands):

	September 30, 2018		January 1, 2018
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings	$	117,352	$	82,750
Provisions for losses		407		924
Total contract liabilities	$	117,759	$	83,674

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The following table summarizes changes in the contract liability balance for the period presented (in thousands):

Balance at January 1, 2018	$	83,674
Change in the measure of progress on projects, net		(1,163,929	)
Acquired contract liabilities		7,974
Revisions in estimates, net		9,675
Billings		1,180,946
Change in provision for loss, net		(581	)
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	117,759

8. Receivables, net

(in thousands)	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017		September 30, 2017
Contracts completed and in progress:
Billed	$	351,802	$	252,467	$	321,851
Unbilled		147,950		77,135		147,565
Retentions		—		91,135		88,650
Total contracts completed and in progress		499,752		420,737		558,066
Material sales		73,282		42,192		58,920
Other		45,125		17,014		10,412
Total gross receivables		618,159		479,943		627,398
Less: allowance for doubtful accounts		89		152		317
Total net receivables	$	618,070	$	479,791	$	627,081

Receivables include billed and unbilled amounts for services provided to clients for which we have an unconditional right to payment as of the end of the applicable period and do not bear interest. Included in other receivables at September 30, 2018 , December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2017 were items such as estimated recovery from back charge claims, notes receivable, fuel tax refunds, receivables from vendors and income tax refunds. No such receivables individually exceeded 10% of total net receivables at any of these dates. As of September 30, 2018 , December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2017, the estimated recovery from back charge claims included in Other receivables was $1.4 million, $1.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively.

Certain construction contracts include retainage provisions that were included in contract assets as of September 30, 2018 and in receivables, net as of December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2017 in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of September 30, 2018 , December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2017, no retention receivable individually exceeded 10% of total net receivables at any of the presented dates. The majority of the retentions receivable are expected to be collected within one year and there were no retentions receivables determined to be uncollectible.

9. Marketable Securities

All marketable securities were classified as held-to-maturity as of the dates presented and the carrying amounts of held-to-maturity securities were as follows:

(in thousands)	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017		September 30, 2017
U.S. Government and agency obligations	$	30,000	$	17,910	$	12,909
Commercial paper		—		49,865		34,905
Corporate bonds		5,010		—		—
Total short-term marketable securities		35,010		67,775		47,814
U.S. Government and agency obligations		46,093		59,993		69,991
Corporate bonds		—		5,022		—
Total long-term marketable securities		46,093		65,015		69,991
Total marketable securities	$	81,103	$	132,790	$	117,805

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Scheduled maturities of held-to-maturity investments were as follows:

(in thousands)	September 30, 2018
Due within one year	$	35,010
Due in one to five years		46,093
Total	$	81,103

10. Fair Value Measurement

The following tables summarize significant assets and liabilities measured at fair value in the condensed consolidated balance sheets on a recurring basis for each of the fair value levels (in thousands):

	Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using
September 30, 2018	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Cash equivalents
Money market funds	$	68,765	$	—	$	—	$	68,765
Other noncurrent assets
Restricted cash		5,599		—		—		5,599
Total assets	$	74,364	$	—	$	—	$	74,364

December 31, 2017
Cash equivalents
Money market funds	$	37,284	$	—	$	—	$	37,284
Commercial paper		9,967		—		—		9,967
Total assets	$	47,251	$	—	$	—	$	47,251

September 30, 2017
Cash equivalents
Money market funds	$	22,896	$	—	$	—	$	22,896
Total assets	$	22,896	$	—	$	—	$	22,896

Interest Rate Swaps

In May 2018, we entered into the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (as discussed further in Note 14), terminated the interest rate swap we entered into in January 2016 and entered into two new interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges with an effective date of May 2018. The two new cash flow hedges have a combined initial notional amount of $150.0 million and mature in May 2023. The interest rate swaps are designed to convert the interest rate on the term loan as discussed further in Note 14, from a variable interest rate of LIBOR plus an applicable margin to a fixed rate of 2.76% plus the same applicable margin. The interest rate swaps are reported at fair value in the condensed consolidated balance sheets using Level 2 inputs. As of September 30, 2018 , December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2017, the fair values of the cash flow hedges were $1.5 million, $1.4 million and $0.8 million, respectively, all of which were included in other current assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, on the effective portion reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income and the interest expense reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income were both immaterial during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.

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Other Assets and Liabilities

The carrying values and estimated fair values of our financial instruments that are not required to be recorded at fair value in the condensed consolidated balance sheets were as follows:

		September 30, 2018				December 31, 2017				September 30, 2017
(in thousands)	Fair Value Hierarchy	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Assets:
Held-to-maturity marketable securities	Level 1	$	81,103	$	79,941	$	132,790	$	132,002	$	117,805	$	117,349
Liabilities (including current maturities):
2019 Notes ¹	Level 3	$	80,000	$	82,191	$	80,000	$	82,190	$	120,000	$	124,792
Credit Agreement - term loan ¹	Level 3		148,125		148,832		90,000		89,871		91,250		91,078
Credit Agreement - revolving credit facility ¹	Level 3		137,000		137,636		55,000		55,054		30,000		30,018
Convertible notes ¹	Level 1		69,659		69,472		—		—		—		—

¹ See Note 14 for definitions of, and more information about, the 2019 Notes, Credit Agreement and Convertible notes.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, we did not record any fair value adjustments related to nonfinancial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. As of September 30, 2018, we recorded net assets held for sale at fair value less costs to sell using Level 3 inputs on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

11. Construction Joint Ventures

We participate in various construction joint ventures. We have determined that certain of these joint ventures are consolidated because they are variable interest entities (“VIEs”) and we are the primary beneficiary. We continually evaluate whether there are changes in the status of the VIEs or changes to the primary beneficiary designation of the VIE. Based on our assessments during the three months ended September 30, 2018 , we determined no change to the primary beneficiary was required for existing construction joint ventures.

Due to the joint and several nature of the performance obligations under the related owner contracts, if any of the partners fail to perform, we and the remaining partners, if any, would be responsible for performance of the outstanding work (i.e., we provide a performance guarantee). At September 30, 2018 , there was approximately $3.5 billion of construction revenue to be recognized on unconsolidated and line item construction joint venture contracts of which $1.2 billion represented our share and the remaining $2.3 billion represented our partners’ share. We are not able to estimate amounts that may be required beyond the remaining cost of the work to be performed. These costs could be offset by billings to the customer or by proceeds from our partners’ and/or other guarantees.

Consolidated Construction Joint Ventures (“CCJVs”)

At September 30, 2018 , we were engaged in six active CCJV projects with total contract values ranging from $50.8 million to $409.7 million and a combined total of $1.2 billion. Our share of revenue remaining to be recognized on these CCJVs was $394.9 million and ranged between $0.5 million and $185.0 million. Our proportionate share of the equity in these joint ventures was between 50.0% and 65.0%. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 , total revenue from CCJVs was $61.6 million and $173.1 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, total revenue from CCJVs was $44.5 million and $129.5 million, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, CCJVs provided $31.5 million and $26.4 million of operating cash flows, respectively.

Unconsolidated Construction Joint Ventures

As of September 30, 2018 , we were engaged in nine active unconsolidated joint venture projects with total contract values ranging from $85.2 million to $3.8 billion and a combined total of $11.2 billion. Our proportionate share of the equity in these unconsolidated construction joint ventures ranged from 20.0% to 50.0%. As of September 30, 2018 , our share of the revenue remaining to be recognized on these unconsolidated construction joint ventures was $1.1 billion and ranged from $2.3 million to $273.2 million.

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The following is summary financial informat ion related to unconsolidated construction joint ventures:

(in thousands)	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017		September 30, 2017
Assets
Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities	$	242,028	$	289,940	$	333,751
Other current assets ¹		806,104		812,577		721,014
Noncurrent assets		204,201		219,825		223,449
Less partners’ interest		810,111		869,782		846,832
Granite’s interest ^1,2		442,222		452,560		431,382
Liabilities
Current liabilities		511,639		682,832		650,065
Less partners’ interest and adjustments ³		331,838		462,159		445,068
Granite’s interest		179,801		220,673		204,997
Equity in construction joint ventures ⁴	$	262,421	$	231,887	$	226,385

¹ Included in this balance and in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets were amounts related to performance guarantees that were $88.6 million as of both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 and were $88.9 million as of September 30, 2017.

² Included in this balance as of September 30, 2018 , December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2017 was, $67.1 million, $74.3 million, and $77.6 million, respectively, related to Granite’s share of estimated cost recovery of customer affirmative claims. In addition, this balance included $12.5 million, $11.8 million and $11.1 million related to Granite’s share of estimated recovery of back charge claims as of September 30, 2018, December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2017, respectively.

³ Partners’ interest and adjustments includes amounts to reconcile total net assets as reported by our partners to Granite’s interest adjusted to reflect our accounting policies and estimates primarily related to contract forecast differences .

⁴ Included in this balance and in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets were amounts related to deficits in construction joint ventures that were $11.6 million, $15.9 million and $16.0 million as of September 30, 2018 , December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2017, respectively.

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenue
Total	$	436,093		$	550,115		$	1,125,530		$	1,517,419
Less partners’ interest and adjustments ¹		285,064			396,672			746,905			1,096,834
Granite’s interest		151,029			153,443			378,625			420,585
Cost of revenue
Total		485,190			520,205			1,289,464			1,462,127
Less partners’ interest and adjustments ¹		330,141			359,825			892,892			1,026,377
Granite’s interest		155,049			160,380			396,572			435,750
Granite’s interest in gross loss	$	(4,020	)	$	(6,937	)	$	(17,947	)	$	(15,165	)

¹ Partners’ interest and adjustments represents amounts to reconcile total revenue and total cost of revenue as reported by our partners to Granite’s interest adjusted to reflect our accounting policies and estimates.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 , unconsolidated construction joint venture net losses were $(47.6) million and ($162.0) million, respectively, of which our post-adjustment share were net losses of ($3.1) million and ($16.5) million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, unconsolidated construction joint venture net income was $31.0 million and $57.2 million, respectively, of which our post-adjustment share were net losses of ($7.1) million and ($15.3) million, respectively. The differences between our share of the joint venture net loss during both periods of 2017 when compared to the joint venture net income primarily resulted from differences between our estimated total revenue and cost of revenue when compared to that of our partners’ on four projects. These joint venture net income amounts exclude our corporate overhead required to manage the joint ventures and include taxes only to the extent the applicable states have joint venture level taxes.

Line Item Joint Ventures

As of September 30, 2018 , we had one active line item joint venture construction project with a contract value of $18.0 million of which our portion was $10.8 million. As of September 30, 2018 , our share of revenue remaining to be recognized on this line item joint venture was $9.9 million. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 , our portion of revenue from line item joint ventures was $0.8 million and $2.0 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, our portion of revenue from line item joint ventures was $5.4 million and $20.1 million, respectively.

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12. Investments in Affiliates

Our investments in affiliates balance is related to our investments in unconsolidated non-construction entities that we account for using the equity method of accounting, including investments in foreign affiliates, real estate entities and an asphalt terminal entity.

As part of the acquisition of Layne, we acquired investments in foreign affiliates that are engaged in mineral drilling services and the manufacture and supply of drilling equipment, parts and supplies in Latin America. The real estate entities were formed to accomplish specific real estate development projects in which our wholly owned subsidiary, Granite Land Company, participates with third-party partners. The asphalt terminal entity is a 50% interest in a limited liability company which owns and operates an asphalt terminal and operates an emulsion plant in Nevada.

Our investments in affiliates balance consists of the following:

(in thousands)	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017		September 30, 2017
Equity method investment in foreign affiliates	$	54,620	$	—	$	—
Equity method investments in real estate affiliates		20,930		29,472		28,634
Equity method investment in asphalt terminal affiliate		9,290		8,997		11,312
Total investments in affiliates	$	84,840	$	38,469	$	39,946

The following table provides summarized balance sheet information for our affiliates accounted for under the equity method on a combined basis:

(in thousands)	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017		September 30, 2017
Current assets	$	138,887	$	31,320	$	26,442
Noncurrent assets		168,402		129,039		137,272
Total assets		307,289		160,359		163,714
Current liabilities		71,940		30,131		32,463
Long-term liabilities ¹		46,961		31,636		32,761
Total liabilities		118,901		61,767		65,224
Net assets		188,388		98,592		98,490
Granite’s share of net assets	$	84,840	$	38,469	$	39,946

¹ The balance primarily relates to debt associated with our real estate investments. The increase in the balance since December 31, 2017 is related to debt of our foreign affiliates associated with purchase of equipment and buildings.

Of the $307.3 million in total assets as of September 30, 2018 , foreign entities had total assets ranging from $0.1 million to $63.0 million, real estate entities had total assets ranging from $0.4 million to $53.5 million and the non-real estate entity had total assets of $26.0 million. We have direct and indirect investments in the foreign entities and our percent ownership ranged from 25.0% to 50.0% as of September 30, 2018 . The equity method investments in real estate affiliates included $17.5 million, $24.3 million and $23.6 million in residential real estate in Texas as of September 30, 2018 , December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2017, respectively. The remaining balances were in commercial real estate in Texas.

13. Property and Equipment, net

Balances of major classes of assets and allowances for depreciation and depletion are included in property and equipment, net in the condensed consolidated balance sheets and were as follows:

(in thousands)	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017		September 30, 2017
Equipment and vehicles	$	917,186	$	778,549	$	778,010
Quarry property		180,004		182,267		177,427
Land and land improvements		138,875		108,830		113,384
Buildings and leasehold improvements		105,895		82,601		83,914
Office furniture and equipment		63,354		56,894		59,791
Property and equipment		1,405,314		1,209,141		1,212,526
Less: accumulated depreciation and depletion		844,696		801,723		800,352
Property and equipment, net	$	560,618	$	407,418	$	412,174

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1 4. Long-Term Debt and Credit Arrangements

(in thousands)	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017			September 30, 2017
Senior notes payable	$	80,000		$	80,000		$	120,000
Credit Agreement term loan		148,125			90,000			91,250
Credit Agreement revolving credit loan		137,000			55,000			30,000
Convertible notes		69,659			—			—
Debt issuance costs		(1,062	)		(499	)		(532	)
Total debt		433,722			224,501			240,718
Less current maturities		116,796			46,048			14,796
Total long-term debt	$	316,926		$	178,453		$	225,922

The aggregate minimum principal maturities of long-term debt, including current maturities and excluding debt issuance costs, related to balances at September 30, 2018 are as follows: $111.4 million during the remainder of 2018; $ 47.5 million in 2019 ; $7.5 million in 2020; $7.5 million in 2021; $7.5 million in 2022; and $253.3 million thereafter.

Senior Notes Payable

Senior notes payable in the amount of $80.0 million as of both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 and in the amount of $120.0 million as of September 30, 2017 were due to a group of institutional holders and had an interest rate of 6.11% per annum (“2019 Notes”). As of both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, $40.0 million of the outstanding balance was included in long-term debt and the remaining $40.0 million was included in current maturities of long-term debt on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of September 30, 2017, $10.0 million of the outstanding balance was included in current maturities of long-term debt in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The remaining $110.0 million was included in long-term debt in the condensed consolidated balance sheets, including $30.0 million due for the 2017 installment as we had the ability and intent to pay the 2017 installment using borrowings under the Credit Agreement or by obtaining other sources of financing.

Credit Agreement

Granite entered into the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated May 31, 2018 (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement provides for, among other things, (i) an increase in the total committed credit facility amount to $500.0 million from $300.0 million, of which $148.1 million is a term loan (all of which was drawn on May 31, 2018) and of which $350.0 million is a revolving credit facility; (ii) an additional increase to the revolving credit facility and/or term loan at the option of the Company, in an aggregate maximum amount up to $200.0 million subject to the lenders providing the additional commitments; (iii) a revised maturity date of May 31, 2023 (the “Maturity Date”) and (iv) the elimination of the stipulation to have a $150 million minimum cash balance before and after a dividend payment. There was no change in the aggregate sublimit for letters of credit of $100.0 million nor was there any significant change to the affirmative, restrictive or financial covenant terms except for the removal of the minimum Consolidated Tangible Net Worth financial covenant requirement and an increase of the Consolidated Leverage Ratio financial covenant requirement from 3.00 to 3.50 for the four quarters subsequent to a permitted acquisition with cash consideration in excess of $100.0 million.

Of the $148.1 million term loan, 1.25% of the principal balance is due each quarter beginning in December 2018 and the remaining balance is due on the Maturity Date. As of September 30, 2018 , December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2017, $7.5 million, $6.2 million and $5.0 million, respectively, of the term loan balance was included in current maturities of long-term debt and the remaining $140.6 million, $83.8 million and $86.3 million, respectively, was included in long-term debt on the condensed consolidated balance sheets .

As of September 30, 2018 , the total stated amount of all issued and outstanding letters of credit under the Credit Agreement was $30.6 million . As of September 30, 2018 , December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2017, $137.0 million, $55.0 million and $30.0 million had been drawn on the revolving credit facility primarily to fund the Layne and LiquiForce acquisitions and to service the 2016 and 2017 installments of the 2019 Notes, respectively. As of September 30, 2018 , the total unused availability under the Credit Agreement was $182.4 million . The letters of credit will expire between October 2018 and August 2019.

Borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear interest at LIBOR or a base rate (at our option), plus an applicable margin based on the Consolidated Leverage Ratio calculated quarterly. LIBOR varies based on the applicable loan term, market conditions and other external factors. The applicable margin was 1.50% for loans bearing interest based on LIBOR and 1.50% for loans bearing interest at the base rate at September 30, 2018 . Accordingly, the effective interest rate using three-month LIBOR and base rate was 3.90% and 5.75% , respectively, at September 30, 2018 and we elected to use LIBOR for both the term loan and the revolving credit facility. In May 2018, we entered into an interest rate swap to convert the interest rate on borrowings under the Credit Agreement from a variable interest rate of LIBOR plus an applicable margin to a fixed rate of 2.76% plus the same applicable margin.

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Borrowings at the base rate have no designated term and may be repaid without penalty any time prio r to the Maturity Date. Borrowings bearing interest at a LIBOR rate have a term no less than one month and no greater than six months (a longer period, not to exceed 12 months, if approved by all lenders). At the end of each term, such borrowings can be pa id or continued at our discretion as either a borrowing at the base rate or a borrowing at a LIBOR rate with similar terms and the same or different permitted interest period. Our obligations under the Credit Agreement are guaranteed by certain of our subs idiaries and are collateralized on an equivalent basis with the obligations under the 2019 Notes by first priority liens (subject only to other permitted liens) on substantially all of the assets of the Company and certain of our subsidiaries that are requ ired to be guarantors or borrowers under the Credit Agreement.

The Credit Agreement provides for the release of the liens securing the obligations at our option and expense, so long as certain conditions as defined by the terms in the Credit Agreement are satisfied (“Collateral Release Period”). However, if subsequent to exercising the option, our Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio is less than 1.25 or our Consolidated Leverage Ratio is greater than 2.50, then we would be required to promptly re-pledge substantially all of the assets of the Company and our subsidiaries that are guarantors or borrowers under the Credit Agreement. As of September 30, 2018, the conditions for the exercise of our right under Credit Agreement to have liens released were not satisfied.

Convertible Notes

In connection with our acquisition of Layne, we assumed fair value of $69.9 million of convertible notes that have an interest rate of 4.25% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on May 15 and November 15 (“4.25% Convertible Notes”). The 4.25% Convertible Notes mature on November 15, 2018, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted and are convertible at the option of the holders until the close of business on November 14, 2018. As of September 30, 2018 , $69.9 million was included in current maturities of long-term debt on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Subsequent to the Merger Agreement, cash was elected as the settlement method for conversion of the 4.25% Convertible Notes. As of September 30, 2018 , the conversion rate was 11.8360 shares of Granite’s common stock per $1,000 in principal of the 4.25% Convertible Notes providing a conversion price of approximately $84.49 per share of Granite’s common stock.

Also in connection with our acquisition of Layne, we assumed fair value of $121.6 million of convertible notes that have an interest rate of 8.0% per annum, payable semi-annually on May 1 and November 1 (“8.0% Convertible Notes”). As of September 30, 2018, $30.7 million associated with the conversion feature was included in additional paid-in capital on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The 8.0% Convertible Notes had a maturity date of August 15, 2018 (Maturity Date). During the three months ended September 30, 2018, $52.0 million of convertible notes were converted to 1.2 million shares of Granite common stock at the election of the note holders. The remaining $38.9 million, as well as $0.9 million of accrued interest as of the maturity date, was redeemed in cash.

Covenants and Events of Default

Our debt and credit agreements require us to comply with various affirmative, restrictive and financial covenants, including the financial covenants described below. Our failure to comply with any of these covenants, or to pay principal, interest or other amounts when due thereunder, would constitute an event of default under the applicable agreements. Under certain circumstances, the occurrence of an event of default under one of our debt or credit agreements (or the acceleration of the maturity of the indebtedness under one of our agreements) may constitute an event of default under one or more of our other debt or credit agreements. Default under our debt and credit agreements could result in (i) us no longer being entitled to borrow under the agreements; (ii) termination of the agreements; (iii) the requirement that any letters of credit under the agreements be cash collateralized; (iv) acceleration of the maturity of outstanding indebtedness under the agreements and/or (v) foreclosure on any collateral securing the obligations under the agreements.

The most significant financial covenants under the terms of our Credit Agreement and related to the note purchase agreement governing our 2019 Notes (“2019 NPA”) require the maintenance of a minimum Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio and a maximum Consolidated Leverage Ratio. In addition, the 2019 NPA requires a minimum Consolidated Tangible Net Worth.

As of September 30, 2018 and pursuant to the definitions in the 2019 NPA, which is more restrictive, our Consolidated Tangible Net Worth was $1.1 billion , which exceeded the minimum of $786.5 million , our Consolidated Leverage Ratio was 1.74 which did not exceed the maximum of 3.00. Our Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio was 18.83 which exceeded the minimum of 4.00.

As of September 30, 2018 , we were in compliance with all covenants contained in the Credit Agreement and related to the 2019 NPA. We are not aware of any non-compliance by any of our unconsolidated real estate entities with the covenants contained in their debt agreements.

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15. Weighted Average Shares Outstanding and Net Income Per Share

The following table presents a reconciliation of the weighted average shares outstanding used in calculating basic and diluted net income per share as well as the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except per share amounts)	2018		2017		2018		2017
Numerator (basic and diluted)
Net income allocated to common shareholders for basic calculation	$	55,672	$	45,982	$	35,864	$	36,325
Effect of dilutive convertible notes		296		—		—		—
Net income allocated to common shareholders for diluted calculation		55,968		45,982		35,864		36,325
Denominator
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic		46,308		39,844		42,443		39,774
Dilutive effect of convertible notes, restricted stock units and common stock options ¹		1,502		543		467		593
Weighted average common shares outstanding, diluted		47,810		40,387		42,910		40,367
Net income per share, basic	$	1.20	$	1.15	$	0.84	$	0.91
Net income per share, diluted	$	1.17	$	1.14	$	0.84	$	0.90

¹ Weighted average shares of approximately 1.1 million have been included in the number of shares used in calculating diluted net income per share for the three months ended September 30, 2018 based on the assumption that the 8% Convertible Notes were converted to Granite shares as of July 1, 2018 through their conversion on August 15, 2018. The shares have been excluded from the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as their inclusion would be antidilutive. See Note 14 for further discussion on the 8% Convertible Notes.

16. Income Taxes

The following table presents the provision for income taxes for the respective periods:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2018			2017			2018			2017
Provision for income taxes	$	8,692		$	21,249		$	7,357		$	16,841
Effective tax rate		12.8	%		30.7	%		14.5	%		29.4	%

Our effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 decreased to 12.8% from 30.7% and to 14.5% from 29.4%, respectively, when compared to the same periods in 2017. This change was primarily due to Tax Reform enacted in December 2017 and adjustments to provisional amounts, discussed below, which is partially offset by one-time nondeductible acquisition and integration expenses.

On December 22, 2017, Tax Reform was signed into law. As a result of Tax Reform, the U.S. statutory tax rate was lowered from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018, a territorial tax system was implemented, and a one-time repatriation tax on deemed repatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries was imposed, among other changes. ASC Topic 740, Accounting for Income Taxes , requires companies to recognize the effect of tax law changes in the period of enactment. ASU 2018-05, Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No.118, allows a company to record a provisional amount when it does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain tax effects of Tax Reform. The Company has recognized the provisional tax impacts of Tax Reform in its consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2018. On June 14, 2018, the Company acquired Layne recognizing provisional tax impacts of Tax Reform in the opening balance sheet including assessing our intent to indefinitely reinvest certain earnings of our foreign subsidiaries and affiliates. The majority of the provisional tax impacts of Tax Reform recorded in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2018 are related to the revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and the one-time repatriation tax. In the third quarter of 2018, a $7.6 million benefit to the provisional amounts was recorded for the revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities including adjustments to two unconsolidated joint ventures based on changes to the tax positions taken by the related consolidating joint venture partners during the third quarter. We continue to assess new guidance and refine our computation of the provisional tax impacts discussed above and will complete our analysis within the one-year measurement period ending December 22, 2018.

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An uncertain tax position liability was assumed as part of the Layne acq uisition on June 14, 2018 of which $13.1 million is included in other long-term liabilities in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2018.

17. Equity

The following tables summarize our equity activity for the periods presented (in thousands):

	Granite Construction Incorporated			Non-controlling Interests			Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	945,108		$	47,697		$	992,805
Net income		35,864			7,490			43,354
Purchases of common stock ¹		(6,369	)		—			(6,369	)
Dividends on common stock		(17,242	)		—			(17,242	)
Effect of adopting Topic 606		(15,202	)		—			(15,202	)
Issuance of common stock for Layne acquisition ²		321,075			—			321,075
Issuance of common stock for 8.0% Convertible Notes ³		53,098			—			53,098
Premium on 8.0% Convertible Notes ⁴		30,702			—			30,702
Transactions with non-controlling interests		—			(10,080	)		(10,080	)
Other transactions with shareholders and employees ⁵		14,258			—			14,258
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	1,361,292		$	45,107		$	1,406,399


Balance at December 31, 2016	$	885,988		$	36,603		$	922,591
Net income		36,325			4,151			40,476
Purchases of common stock ⁶		(6,713	)		—			(6,713	)
Dividends on common stock		(15,532	)		—			(15,532	)
Transactions with non-controlling interests		—			(3,502	)		(3,502	)
Other transactions with shareholders and employees ⁵		14,488			—			14,488
Balance at September 30, 2017	$	914,556		$	37,252		$	951,808

¹ Represents 108,000 shares purchased in connection with employee tax withholding for restricted stock units vested under our 2012 Equity Incentive Plan.

² Represents 5,624,000 shares issued in connection with the Layne acquisition wherein each share of Layne common stock was exchanged for 0.27 shares of Granite common stock. See Note 3 for further information.

³ Represents approximately 1,200,000 shares issued in connection with the conversion of the 8.0% Convertible Notes. See Note 14 for further discussion.

⁴ Represents premium associated with the conversion feature on the 8.0% Convertible Notes assumed from the acquisition of Layne. See Note 14 for further discussion.

⁵ Amounts are comprised primarily of amortized restricted stock units.

⁶ Represents 136,000 shares purchased in connection with employee tax withholding for restricted stock units vested under our 2012 Equity Incentive Plan.

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18. Legal Proceedings

In the ordinary course of business, we and our affiliates are involved in various legal proceedings alleging, among other things, liability issues or breach of contract or tortious conduct in connection with the performance of services and/or materials provided, the various outcomes of which cannot be predicted with certainty. We and our affiliates are also subject to government inquiries in the ordinary course of business seeking information concerning our compliance with government construction contracting requirements and various laws and regulations, the outcomes which cannot be predicted with certainty.

Some of the matters in which we or our joint ventures and affiliates are involved may involve compensatory, punitive, or other claims or sanctions that, if granted, could require us to pay damages or make other expenditures in amounts that are not probable to be incurred or cannot currently be reasonably estimated. In addition, in some circumstances our government contracts could be terminated, we could be suspended, debarred or incur other administrative penalties or sanctions, or payment of our costs could be disallowed. While any of our pending legal proceedings may be subject to early resolution as a result of our ongoing efforts to resolve the proceedings, whether or when any legal proceeding will be resolved is neither predictable nor guaranteed.

Accordingly, it is possible that future developments in such proceedings and inquiries could require us to (i) adjust existing accruals, or (ii) record new accruals that we did not originally believe to be probable or that could not be reasonably estimated. Such changes could be material to our financial condition, results of operations and/or cash flows in any particular reporting period. In addition to matters that are considered probable for which the loss can be reasonably estimated, disclosure is also provided when it is reasonably possible and estimable that a loss will be incurred or when it is reasonably possible that the amount of a loss will exceed the amount recorded.

Liabilities relating to legal proceedings and government inquiries, to the extent that we have concluded such liabilities are probable and the amounts of such liabilities are reasonably estimable, are recorded in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The aggregate liabilities recorded as of September 30, 2018 , December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2017 related to these matters were immaterial. The aggregate range of possible loss related to (i) matters considered reasonably possible, and (ii) reasonably possible amounts in excess of accrued losses recorded for probable loss contingencies, including those related to liquidated damages, could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements if they become probable and the reasonably estimable amount is determined.

19. Business Segment Information

As discussed in Note 1 during the three months ended September 30, 2018, we revised our reportable segments, which are the same as our operating segments, as a result of a change in how our chief operating decision maker (our Chief Executive Officer) regularly reviews financial information to allocate resources and assess performance. This change is consistent with our strategic, end-market diversification strategy. Our new reportable segments which correspond to this end-market focus are: Transportation, Water, Specialty and Materials. The end-market segments Transportation, Water and Specialty replace the Construction and Large Project Construction reportable segments with the composition of our Materials segment remaining unchanged except for the addition of certain material production activity related to the acquisition of Layne. Prior-year information has been recast to reflect this change.

In addition to business segments, we review our business by operating groups. Our operating groups are defined as follows: (i) California; (ii) Northwest, which primarily includes offices in Alaska, Arizona, Nevada, Utah and Washington; (iii) Heavy Civil, which primarily includes offices in California, Florida, New York and Texas; (iv) Federal which primarily includes offices in Texas, California, Colorado and Guam; (v) Midwest (formerly Kenny less the underground business), which primarily includes offices in Illinois and (vi) Water and Mineral Services (which includes LiquiForce, Layne and the underground business of the former Kenny operating group), which primarily includes offices in North America, Canada, Brazil and Latin America . Our California, Northwest and Water and Mineral Services operating groups include financial results from our Materials segment.

The Transportation segment focuses on construction and rehabilitation of roads, pavement preservation, bridges, rail lines, airports and marine ports for use mostly by the general public.

The Water segment focuses on water-related construction and water management solutions for municipal agencies, commercial water suppliers, industrial facilities and energy companies. It also provides trenchless cured-in-place pipe rehabilitation.

The Specialty segment focuses on construction of various complex projects including infrastructure / site development, mining, public safety, tunnel and power projects.

The Materials segment focuses on production of aggregates, asphalt and materials as well as proprietary sanitary and storm water rehabilitation products including cured-in-place pipe felt and fiberglass-based lining tubes all for internal use and for sale to third parties.

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Summarized segment information is as follows (in thousands):

Three Months Ended September 30,

	Transportation		Water		Specialty		Materials			Total
2018
Total revenue from reportable segments	$	610,847	$	124,292	$	190,836	$	194,586		$	1,120,561
Elimination of intersegment revenue		—		—		—		(64,970	)		(64,970	)
Revenue from external customers		610,847		124,292		190,836		129,616			1,055,591
Gross profit		70,976		24,103		28,099		21,313			144,491
Depreciation, depletion and amortization		7,592		11,191		7,569		6,496			32,848

2017
Total revenue from reportable segments	$	624,727	$	36,378	$	197,886	$	180,265		$	1,039,256
Elimination of intersegment revenue		—		—		—		(82,130	)		(82,130	)
Revenue from external customers		624,727		36,378		197,886		98,135			957,126
Gross profit		65,540		1,805		27,797		19,388			114,530
Depreciation, depletion and amortization		5,820		550		2,626		5,824			14,820

Nine Months Ended September 30,

	Transportation		Water		Specialty		Materials			Total
2018
Total revenue from reportable segments	$	1,472,703	$	215,951	$	461,149	$	392,633		$	2,542,436
Elimination of intersegment revenue		—		—		—		(116,347	)		(116,347	)
Revenue from external customers		1,472,703		215,951		461,149		276,286			2,426,089
Gross profit		138,401		41,117		65,311		36,314			281,143
Depreciation, depletion and amortization		17,920		16,075		18,908		17,980			70,883
Segment assets		394,981		308,964		150,437		375,016			1,229,398

2017
Total revenue from reportable segments	$	1,423,396	$	100,944	$	452,265	$	352,129		$	2,328,734
Elimination of intersegment revenue		—		—		—		(140,295	)		(140,295	)
Revenue from external customers		1,423,396		100,944		452,265		211,834			2,188,439
Gross profit		119,907		9,772		56,736		27,811			214,226
Depreciation, depletion and amortization		16,047		1,716		6,635		16,439			40,837
Segment assets		372,028		8,130		87,366		287,821			755,345

As of September 30, 2018 , segment assets include $21.9 million of property and equipment located in foreign countries (primarily Brazil and Mexico). As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2017, all segment assets were located in the United States.

A reconciliation of segment gross profit to consolidated income before provision for income taxes is as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2018			2017			2018			2017
Total gross profit from reportable segments	$	144,491		$	114,530		$	281,143		$	214,226
Selling, general and administrative expenses		70,769			49,501			193,337			162,726
Acquisition and integration expenses		9,334			—			44,030			—
Gain on sales of property and equipment		(3,018	)		(1,753	)		(5,066	)		(2,830	)
Total other income		(383	)		(2,522	)		(1,869	)		(2,987	)
Income before provision for income taxes	$	67,789		$	69,304		$	50,711		$	57,317

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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FIN ANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Forward-Looking Disclosure

From time to time, Granite makes certain comments and disclosures in reports and statements, including in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, or statements made by its officers or directors, that are not based on historical facts, including statements regarding future events, occurrences, circumstances, activities, performance, outcomes and results, that may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are identified by words such as “future,” “outlook,” “assumes,” “believes,” “expects,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “appears,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “continue,” and the negatives thereof or other comparable terminology or by the context in which they are made. In addition, other written or oral statements that constitute forward-looking statements have been made and may in the future be made by or on behalf of Granite. These forward-looking statements are estimates reflecting the best judgment of senior management and reflect our current expectations regarding future events, occurrences, circumstances, activities, performance, outcomes and results. These expectations may or may not be realized. Some of these expectations may be based on beliefs, assumptions or estimates that may prove to be incorrect. In addition, our business and operations involve numerous risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control, which could result in our expectations not being realized or otherwise materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those more specifically described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K under “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” Due to the inherent risks and uncertainties associated with our forward-looking statements, the reader is cautioned not to place undue reliance on them. The reader is also cautioned that the forward-looking statements contained herein speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and, except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements for any reason .

Overview

We are one of the largest diversified infrastructure companies in the United States, engaged in the construction and improvement of streets, roads, highways, mass transit facilities, airport infrastructure, bridges, trenchless and underground utilities, power-related facilities, water-related facilities, utilities, tunnels, dams and other infrastructure-related projects. We have four reportable business segments: Transportation, Water, Specialty and Materials (see Note 19 of “Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements”).

On June 14, 2018, we completed the $349.8 million acquisition of Layne Construction Company (“Layne”), a U.S.-based global water management, infrastructure services and drilling company in a stock-for-stock merger which was comprised of $321.0 million in Company common stock and $28.8 million in cash to settle all outstanding stock options, restricted stock awards and unvested performance shares of Layne. In addition to issuances of Granite common stock and the settlement of various equity awards, we assumed $191.5 million in convertible notes at fair value. See Note 14 of “Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” for further discussion of the assumed convertible notes.

Layne will operate as a wholly owned subsidiary of Granite Construction Incorporated and its results are reported in the newly formed Water and Mineral Services operating group in the Water, Specialty and Materials segments. LiquiForce results are reported in the Water and Mineral Services operating group in the Water segment.

The four primary economic drivers of our business are (i) the overall health of the U.S. economy; (ii) federal, state and local public funding levels; (iii) population growth resulting in public and private development and (iv) the need to build, replace or repair aging infrastructure. Changes in these drivers can either reduce our revenues and/or gross profit margins or provide opportunities for revenue growth and gross profit margin improvement.

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Current Economic Environment and Outlook

As America’s Infrastructure Company, our growth is focused on continued end-market and geographic diversification, combined with stable-to-improving demand trends for the Transportation, Water, Specialty and Materials segments. Granite is well positioned to leverage opportunities in these and other end markets to drive steady, long-term value creation for Granite’s stakeholders.

Public and private markets are creating opportunities for growth, even while these markets remain highly competitive. Company contract backlog of $3.24 billion continues to reflect a backdrop of consistent, modest economic growth. Private market activity remains a key growth and diversification opportunity across our business, and its portion of our portfolio continues to expand in focus and significance. Today, public infrastructure investment is beginning to grow at state, regional, and local levels, and this investment provides our industry with visibility to funding that we have not experienced in more than a decade. This positive, multi-year public-spending demand will provide the most benefit for Granite through our Transportation, Water and Materials segments.

In Transportation, our focus on bottom-line improvement continues to emphasize managing risks and being compensated appropriately for the complex skills and resources required to build public infrastructure projects, across geographies and across project scope. Regardless of project scope or end market, we are sharply focused on projects with appropriate returns relative to risks for Granite’s key stakeholders. Having improved state and local federal base funding visibility through 2020, the Fixing America’s Surface Transportation (“FAST”) Act remains a stabilizing force. Increased public investment has grown bottom-up for the past six years at state and local levels, with more than half of U.S. states acting individually to increase maintenance and to reinvest in transportation infrastructure. As a result, state- and local-led program expansions, coupled with Federal and private-sector strength are now key contributors to the most balanced market activity and visibility to funding that we have seen since the mid-2000s.

Similar economic and funding dynamics are driving demand environments that support our Water Segment. Water market demand remains healthy across geographies as states and municipal water authorities weigh options for overdue water infrastructure investment. At the federal level, Congress recently approved the America’s Water Infrastructure Act of 2018, which includes $4.4 billion for the Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water program. This legislation also creates the Water Resources Development Act, which authorizes $3.7 billion of federal funds for a dozen U.S. Army Corps of Engineers flood-protection and other projects.

We have received notification of project wins that are not yet included in our contract backlog. These three projects, in California, Utah, and Florida, total more than $825 million and are expected to enter our contract backlog in late-2018 and early 2019.

The November 6, 2018, ballot in California includes a referendum, Proposition 6, to eliminate recently enacted, incremental transportation funding in California. We believe that the passage of Proposition 6 would be detrimental in terms of Health, Safety and the Quality of Life of the traveling public in California. Should the measure pass, we do not anticipate an impact to our business in 2018, and we are evaluating the potential impact to our growth plans for 2019 and beyond.

Results of Operations

Our operations are typically affected more by weather conditions during the first and fourth quarters of our fiscal year which may alter our construction schedules and can create variability in our revenues and profitability. Therefore, the results of operations of a given quarter are not indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.

The following table presents a financial summary for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:

	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2018				2017				2018				2017
Total revenue	$	1,055,591			$	957,126			$	2,426,089			$	2,188,439
Gross profit		144,491				114,530				281,143				214,226
Gross profit margin		13.7		%		12.0		%		11.6		%		9.8		%
Operating income		67,406				66,782				48,842				54,330
Total other income		(383	)			(2,522	)			(1,869	)			(2,987	)
Net income attributable to Granite Construction Incorporated		55,672				45,982				35,864				36,325

Revenue

Total Revenue by Segment

	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2018				2017				2018				2017
Transportation	$	610,847	57.8	%	$	624,727	65.3	%	$	1,472,703	60.7	%	$	1,423,396	65.0	%
Water		124,292	11.8			36,378	3.8			215,951	8.9			100,944	4.6
Specialty		190,836	18.1			197,886	20.7			461,149	19.0			452,265	20.7
Materials		129,616	12.3			98,135	10.2			276,286	11.4			211,834	9.7
Total	$	1,055,591	100.0	%	$	957,126	100.0	%	$	2,426,089	100.0	%	$	2,188,439	100.0	%

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Transportation Revenue

	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2018				2017				2018				2017
Heavy Civil	$	224,560	36.8	%	$	201,951	32.3	%	$	596,022	40.5	%	$	551,856	38.8	%
Northwest		182,709	29.9			245,875	39.4			361,376	24.5			470,254	33.0
California		180,163	29.5			153,941	24.6			453,077	30.8			331,329	23.3
Midwest		23,346	3.8			14,790	2.4			61,801	4.2			41,111	2.9
Federal		69	—			8,170	1.3			427	—			28,846	2.0
Total	$	610,847	100.0	%	$	624,727	100.0	%	$	1,472,703	100.0	%	$	1,423,396	100.0	%

Transportation revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 decreased by $13.9 million, or 2.2%, and increased by $49.3 million, or 3.5%, respectively, when compared to 2017. The decrease for the three months ended September 30, 2018 was primarily due to a decrease in Northwest and Federal operating groups from beginning the periods with lower contract backlog and a focus on bidding work at higher margins, partially offset by increases in California, Heavy Civil and Midwest operating groups from progress on existing projects. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was primarily due to increases in California and Heavy Civil operating groups from new awards and progress on existing projects partially offset by a net negative impact from revisions in estimates in the Heavy Civil operating group (see Note 4 of “Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” for more information) and a decrease in Northwest operating group due to beginning the period with lower contract backlog and a focus on bidding work at higher margins. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, revenue earned from the public sector was 93.6% and 94.3%, respectively, of the total Transportation segment revenue. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, revenue earned from the public sector was 95.4% and 95.5%, respectively, of the total Transportation segment revenue.

As of September 30, 2018 , there were four projects for which additional costs were reasonably possible in excess of the probable amounts included in the cost forecast. The reasonably possible aggregate range that has the potential to adversely impact gross profit is zero to $45.0 million. As the related projects proceed, future estimates may change and could have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations and/or cash flows in the future.

Water Revenue

	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2018				2017				2018				2017
Water and Mineral Services	$	105,111	84.5	%	$	13,661	37.6	%	$	148,453	68.8	%	$	48,374	47.8	%
Heavy Civil		5,511	4.4			8,066	22.2			15,211	7.0			18,737	18.6
California		12,119	9.8			12,559	34.5			45,711	21.2			26,017	25.8
Northwest		877	0.7			51	0.1			3,268	1.5			530	0.5
Midwest		194	0.2			1,400	3.8			1,710	0.8			5,707	5.7
Federal		480	0.4			641	1.8			1,598	0.7			1,579	1.6
Total	$	124,292	100.0	%	$	36,378	100.0	%	$	215,951	100.0	%	$	100,944	100.0	%

Water revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $87.9 million, or over 100%, and $115.0 million, or over 100%, respectively, when compared to 2017 primarily due to increases in the Water and Mineral Services operating group from the Layne and LiquiForce acquisitions. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, revenue earned from the public sector was 72.2% and 74.8%, respectively, of the total Water segment revenue. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, revenue earned from the public sector was 84.5% and 89.5%, respectively, of the total Water segment revenue.

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Specialty Revenue

	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2018				2017				2018				2017
Midwest	$	65,513	34.3	%	$	122,156	61.7	%	$	180,425	39.0	%	$	260,035	57.5	%
California		31,713	16.6			51,191	25.9			104,914	22.8			112,883	25.0
Federal		13,363	7.0			1,062	0.5			27,620	6.0			2,417	0.5
Northwest		46,752	24.5			23,477	11.9			114,695	24.9			76,821	17.0
Water and Mineral Services		33,495	17.6			—	—			33,495	7.3			109	—
Total	$	190,836	100.0	%	$	197,886	100.0	%	$	461,149	100.0	%	$	452,265	100.0	%

Specialty revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 decreased $7.1 million, or 3.6% and increased $8.9 million, or 2.0%, respectively, when compared to 2017. The decrease for the three months ended September 30, 2018 was due to decreases in the Midwest and California operating groups from beginning the periods with lower contract backlog partially offset by increases in Northwest and Federal operating groups from increased beginning backlog in addition to an increase in Water and Mineral Services operating group from the acquisition of Layne and Liquiforce. The increase during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was due to increases in Northwest and Federal operating groups from new awards and increased beginning backlog as well as an increase in the Water and Mineral Services operating group from the acquisition of Layne. The increases during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 were partially offset by decreases in the Midwest and California operating groups from beginning the periods with lower contract backlog. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, revenue earned from the public sector was 34.8% and 41.8%, respectively, of the total Specialty segment revenue. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, revenue earned from the public sector was 30.0% and 39.0%, respectively, of the total Specialty segment revenue.

Materials Revenue

	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2018				2017				2018				2017
California	$	74,065	57.2	%	$	54,971	56.0	%	$	162,247	58.7	%	$	127,850	60.4	%
Northwest		46,935	36.2			43,164	44.0			103,290	37.4			83,984	39.6
Water and Mineral Services		8,616	6.6			—	—			10,749	3.9			—	—
Total	$	129,616	100.0	%	$	98,135	100.0	%	$	276,286	100.0	%	$	211,834	100.0	%

Materials revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $31.5 million, or 32.1%, and $64.5 million, or 30.4%, respectively, when compared to 2017. In addition to increases in Water and Mineral services operating group from the acquisition of Layne, increases in California and Northwest operating groups were due to increases in aggregate and asphalt pricing and volume.

Contract Backlog

Our contract backlog consists of the revenue we expect to record in the future on awarded contracts, including 100% of our consolidated joint venture contracts and our proportionate share of unconsolidated joint venture contracts. We generally include a project in our contract backlog at the time it is awarded and to the extent we believe contract execution and funding is probable. Awarded contracts that include unexercised contract options or unissued task orders are included in contract backlog to the extent option exercise or task order issuance is probable. Substantially all of the contracts in our contract backlog may be canceled or modified at the election of the customer; however, we have not been materially adversely affected by contract cancellations or modifications in the past.

Total Contract Backlog by Segment

(dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2018				June 30, 2018				September 30, 2017
Transportation	$	2,311,712	71.3	%	$	2,637,055	72.2	%	$	3,283,055	77.5	%
Water		364,772	11.3			398,886	10.9			171,939	4.1
Specialty		564,651	17.4			615,981	16.9			779,750	18.4
Total	$	3,241,135	100.0	%	$	3,651,922	100.0	%	$	4,234,744	100.0	%

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Transportation Contract Backlog

(dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2018				June 30, 2018				January 1, 2018
Unearned revenue	$	2,311,712	100.0	%	$	2,594,464	98.4	%	$	2,858,747	99.7	%
Other awards ¹		—	—			42,591	1.6			9,795	0.3
Total	$	2,311,712	100.0	%	$	2,637,055	100.0	%	$	2,868,542	100.0	%

¹ Other awards include unissued task orders and unexercised contract options to the extent their issuance or exercise is probable as well as contract awards to the extent we believe contract execution and funding is probable.

(dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2018				June 30, 2018				September 30, 2017
Heavy Civil	$	1,654,053	71.6	%	$	1,854,804	70.3	%	$	2,413,203	73.5	%
Northwest		269,698	11.7			348,646	13.2			377,314	11.5
California		296,640	12.8			329,931	12.6			380,836	11.6
Midwest		91,182	3.9			103,650	3.9			109,067	3.3
Federal		139	—			24	—			2,635	0.1
Total	$	2,311,712	100.0	%	$	2,637,055	100.0	%	$	3,283,055	100.0	%

Transportation contract backlog of $2.3 billion at September 30, 2018 was $325.3 million, or 12.3%, lower than at June 30, 2018. The decreases were primarily due to progress on existing jobs and a focus on higher margins during the bidding process. Significant new awards during the three months ended September 30, 2018 included a bridge replacement project in California. As noted above, the $825 million in project wins that are not yet included in our contract backlog will be added to Transportation segment contract backlog in late-2018 and early 2019.

Non-controlling partners’ share of Transportation contract backlog as of September 30, 2018 , June 30, 2018, and September 30, 2017 was $191.5 million, $258.8 million and $221.5 million, respectively.

Water Contract Backlog

(dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2018				June 30, 2018				January 1, 2018
Unearned revenue	$	250,157	68.6	%	$	275,932	69.2	%	$	78,406	53.8	%
Other awards ¹		114,615	31.4			122,954	30.8			67,406	46.2
Total	$	364,772	100.0	%	$	398,886	100.0	%	$	145,812	100.0	%

¹ Other awards include contract awards to the extent we believe contract execution and funding is probable.

(dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2018				June 30, 2018				September 30, 2017
Water and Mineral Services	$	326,147	89.4	%	$	348,357	87.3	%	$	83,674	48.7	%
Heavy Civil		24,215	6.6			28,869	7.2			42,289	24.6
California		11,308	3.1			17,658	4.4			38,108	22.2
Northwest		10	—			206	0.1			—	—
Midwest		404	0.1			625	0.2			3,230	1.9
Federal		2,688	0.8			3,171	0.8			4,638	2.6
Total	$	364,772	100.0	%	$	398,886	100.0	%	$	171,939	100.0	%

Water contract backlog of $364.8 million as of September 30, 2018 was $34.1 million, or 8.6%, lower than at June 30, 2018 due to progress on existing projects.

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Specialty Contract Backlog

(dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2018				June 30, 2018				January 1, 2018
Unearned revenue	$	501,556	88.8	%	$	545,944	88.6	%	$	646,696	91.9	%
Other awards ¹		63,095	11.2			70,037	11.4			57,107	8.1
Total	$	564,651	100.0	%	$	615,981	100.0	%	$	703,803	100.0	%

¹ Other awards include contract awards to the extent we believe contract execution and funding is probable.

(dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2018				June 30, 2018				September 30, 2017
Midwest	$	280,327	49.7	%	$	336,210	54.6	%	$	471,894	60.5	%
California		74,672	13.2			61,132	9.9			99,827	12.8
Federal		138,020	24.4			149,181	24.2			165,423	21.2
Northwest		71,632	12.7			69,458	11.3			42,606	5.5
Total	$	564,651	100.0	%	$	615,981	100.0	%	$	779,750	100.0	%

Specialty contract backlog of $564.7 million as of September 30, 2018 was $51.3 million or, 8.3%, lower than at June 30, 2018 due to decreases in Midwest and Federal operating groups from progress on existing projects partially offset by an increase in the California group from increased awards.

Non-controlling partners’ share of Specialty contract backlog as of September 30, 2018 , June 30, 2018, and September 30, 2017 was $133.4 million, $150.8 million and $188.7 million, respectively.

Gross Profit

The following table presents gross profit by business segment for the respective periods:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2018			2017			2018			2017
Transportation	$	70,976		$	65,540		$	138,401		$	119,907
Percent of segment revenue		11.6	%		10.5	%		9.4	%		8.4	%
Water		24,103			1,805			41,117			9,772
Percent of segment revenue	19.4				5.0			19.0		9.7
Specialty		28,099			27,797			65,311			56,736
Percent of segment revenue	14.7				14.0		14.2			12.5
Materials		21,313			19,388			36,314			27,811
Percent of segment revenue		16.4			19.8			13.1			13.1
Total gross profit	$	144,491		$	114,530		$	281,143		$	214,226
Percent of total revenue		13.7	%		12.0	%		11.6	%		9.8	%

Transportation gross profit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $5.4 million, or 8.3%, and $18.5 million, or 15.4%, respectively, when compared to 2017. The increases were primarily due to increased revenue volume and margin improvement in our California operating group due to favorable weather and an increase in highway rehabilitation work partially offset by a decline in our Northwest operating group from reduced revenue volume and in our Heavy Civil operating group from a net negative impact from revisions in estimates (see Note 4 of “Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” for more information) .

Water gross profit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $22.3 million, or over 100%, and $31.3 million, or over 100%, respectively, when compared to 2017. The increases were primarily due to increased revenue volume and margin improvement from the acquisition of Layne and LiquiForce.

Specialty gross profit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $0.3 million, or 1.1%, and $8.6 million, or 15.1%, respectively, when compared to 2017. The increases were primarily due to increased revenue volume and margin improvement from the acquisition of Layne partially offset by a decline in our Kenny operating group from reduced revenue volume.

Materials gross profit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $1.9 million, or 9.9%, and $8.5 million, or 30.6%, respectively, when compared to 2017 due to increased revenue. Gross profit as a percentage of segment revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2018 decreased to 16.4% from 19.8% when compared to 2017 driven by a decrease in internal asphalt production volume resulting in a decrease in fixed cost absorption.

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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

The following table presents the components of selling, general and administrative expenses for the respective periods:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2018			2017			2018			2017
Selling
Salaries and related expenses	$	14,967		$	11,045		$	42,778		$	36,417
Restricted stock unit amortization		451			373			2,235			2,052
Other selling expenses		3,042			1,099			10,924			6,683
Total selling		18,460			12,517			55,937			45,152
General and administrative
Salaries and related expenses		26,099			21,439			66,791			62,543
Restricted stock unit amortization		1,065			1,053			9,418			10,198
Other general and administrative expenses		25,145			14,492			61,191			44,833
Total general and administrative		52,309			36,984			137,400			117,574
Total selling, general and administrative	$	70,769		$	49,501		$	193,337		$	162,726
Percent of revenue		6.7	%		5.2	%		8.0	%		7.4	%

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased $21.3 million, or 43.1%, and $30.6 million, or 18.8%, respectively, when compared to 2017. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percent of revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased to 6.7% from 5.2% and to 8.0% from 7.4%, respectively, due mostly to the addition of Layne and LiquiForce expenses.

Selling Expenses

Selling expenses include the costs for estimating and bidding, business development and materials facility permits. Selling expenses can vary depending on the volume of projects in process and the number of employees assigned to estimating and bidding activities. As projects are completed or the volume of work slows down, we temporarily redeploy project employees to bid on new projects, moving their salaries and related costs from cost of revenue to selling expenses. Selling expenses during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased $5.9 million, or 47.5%, and $10.8 million, or 23.9%, when compared to 2017 primarily due to the addition of Layne and LiquiForce expenses as well as costs from increased bidding activities.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses include costs related to our operational offices that are not allocated to direct contract costs and expenses related to our corporate functions. Other general and administrative expenses include travel and entertainment, outside services, information technology, depreciation, intangible amortization, occupancy, training, office supplies, changes in the fair market value of our Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation plan liability and other miscellaneous expenses. Total general and administrative expenses during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased $15.4 million, or 41.6%, and $19.8 million, or 16.9%, respectively, when compared to 2017 due to increases in other general and administrative expenses primarily from the addition of Layne and LiquiForce expenses.

Acquisition and Integration expenses

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2018		2017		2018		2017
Acquisition and integration expenses	$	9,334	$	—	$	44,030	$	—

Of the total acquisition and integration expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, $2.2 million and $10.5 million, respectively, was related to severance, stock compensation and retention costs and $7.1 million and $33.5 million, respectively, was related to external transaction costs and professional fees. All of these costs were associated with the acquisition and integration of LiquiForce and Layne .

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Income Taxes

The following table presents the provision for income taxes for the respective periods:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2018			2017			2018			2017
Provision for income taxes	$	8,692		$	21,249		$	7,357		$	16,841
Effective tax rate		12.8	%		30.7	%		14.5	%		29.4	%

We calculate our income tax provision at the end of each interim period by estimating our annual effective tax rate and applying that rate to our income before provision for income taxes. The effect of changes in enacted tax laws, tax rates or tax status is recognized in the interim period in which the change occurs. See Note 16 of “Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” for more information.

Certain Legal Proceedings

As discussed in Note 18 of “Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements,” under certain circumstances the resolution of certain legal proceedings to which we are subject could have direct or indirect consequences that could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and/or liquidity.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The timing differences between our cash inflows and outflows require us to maintain adequate levels of working capital. We believe our cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, available borrowing capacity and cash expected to be generated from operations will be sufficient to meet our expected working capital needs, capital expenditures, financial commitments, cash dividend payments, and other liquidity requirements associated with our existing operations for the next twelve months. We maintain a collateralized credit facility of $500.0 million, of which $182.4 million was available at September 30, 2018 , to provide capital needs to fund growth opportunities, either internal or generated through acquisitions, or to pay installments on our 2019 Notes and to repay our 4.25% Convertible Notes. See Note 14 of “Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” for definitions and further discussion regarding our 2019 Notes, 4.25% Convertible Notes and Credit Agreement. If we experience a prolonged change in our business operating results or make a significant acquisition, we may need additional sources of financing, which, even if available, may be limited by the terms of our existing debt covenants, or may require the amendment of our existing debt agreements. There can be no assurance that sufficient capital will continue to be available in the future or that it will be available on terms acceptable to us.

Absent a material change in our financial condition, we believe the credit facility includes sufficient capacity to fund the maturity of the 4.25% Convertible Notes assumed in the acquisition of Layne. See Convertible Notes section of Note 14 of “Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” for further discussion of the 4.25% Convertible Notes.

Our revenue, gross profit and the resulting cash flows can differ significantly from period to period due to a variety of factors, including our projects’ progressions toward completion, outstanding contract change orders and affirmative claims and the payment terms of our contracts. While we typically invoice our customers on a monthly basis, our contracts frequently call for retention that is a specified percentage withheld from each payment until the contract is completed and the work accepted by the customer.

The following table presents our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, including amounts from our consolidated construction joint ventures ( “ CCJVs ” ), as of the respective dates:

(in thousands )	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017		September 30, 2017
Cash and cash equivalents excluding CCJVs	$	105,094	$	139,352	$	114,188
CCJV cash and cash equivalents ¹		125,165		94,359		71,328
Total consolidated cash and cash equivalents		230,259		233,711		185,516
Short-term and long-term marketable securities ²		81,103		132,790		117,805
Total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities	$	311,362	$	366,501	$	303,321

¹ The volume and stage of completion of contracts from our CCJVs may cause fluctuations in joint venture cash and cash equivalents between periods. These funds generally are not available for the working capital or other liquidity needs of Granite until distributed.

² See Note 9 of “Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” for the composition of our marketable securities.

Our primary sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and cash generated from operations. We may also from time to time access our credit facility, issue and sell equity, debt or hybrid securities or engage in other capital markets transactions.

Our cash and cash equivalents consisted of deposits and money market funds held with established national financial institutions. Marketable securities consist of U.S. Government and agency obligations and corporate bonds.

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Granite’s portion of CCJV cash and cash equi valents was $72.0 million, $56.5 million and $42.9 million as of September 30, 2018 , December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2017, respectively. Excluded from the table above is Granite’s portion of unconsolidated construction joint venture cash and cash equiv alents of $75.2 million, $91.0 million and $100.3 million as of September 30, 2018 , December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2017, respectively. The assets of each consolidated and unconsolidated construction joint venture relate solely to that joint venture. T he decision to distribute joint venture assets must generally be made jointly by a majority of the members and, accordingly, these assets, including those associated with estimated cost recovery of customer affirmative claims and back charge claims, are ge nerally not available for the working capital needs of Granite until distributed.

Our principal uses of liquidity are paying the costs and expenses associated with our operations, servicing outstanding indebtedness, making capital expenditures and paying dividends on our capital stock. We may also from time to time prepay or repurchase outstanding indebtedness and acquire assets or businesses that are complementary to our operations.

Cash Flows

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2018			2017
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	14,743		$	64,614
Investing activities		(81,313	)		(39,088	)
Financing activities		68,717			(29,336	)

As a large infrastructure contractor and construction materials producer, our operating cash flows are subject to seasonal cycles, as well as the cycles associated with winning, performing and closing projects. Additionally, operating cash flows are impacted by the timing related to funding construction joint ventures and the resolution of uncertainties inherent in the complex nature of the work that we perform, including claim and back charge settlements. Our working capital assets result from both public and private sector projects. Customers in the private sector can be slower paying than those in the public sector; however, private sector projects generally have higher gross profit as a percentage of revenue.

Excluding the effect of acquired receivables, day’s sales outstanding increased 3 days to 53 days as of September 30, 2018 from 50 days at September 30, 2017 primarily due to an increase in contract assets/cost in excess of billings and estimated earnings, net related to a contract for which we have a pending affirmative claim and timing of new work. Excluding the effect of acquired accounts payable, day’s payables outstanding increased 1 day to 54 days as of September 30, 2018 from 53 days at September 30, 2017.

Cash provided by operating activities of $14.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 represents a $49.9 million decrease when compared to 2017. The change was primarily due to a $102.9 million increase in net contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures partially offset by a $25.9 million decrease in cash used in working capital and $27.1 million increase in cash provided by net income after adjusting for non-cash items. The decrease in cash used in working capital was due to a $61.3 million decrease in cash used in working capital assets partially offset by a $35.4 million decrease in cash provided by working capital liabilities.

Cash used by investing activities of $81.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 represents a $42.2 million increase when compared to 2017. The change was primarily due to the acquisitions of Layne and LiquiForce and an increase in purchases, net of sales proceeds, of property and equipment (see Capital Expenditures discussion below) partially offset by an increase in maturities, net of purchases, of marketable securities.

Cash provided by financing activities of $68.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 represents a $98.1 million increase when compared to 2017. The change was primarily due to $105.0 million in revolving credit facility draw that were made to fund portions of the Layne and LiquiForce acquisitions and a $38.0 million in revolving credit facility draw to redeem the 8.0% Convertible Notes (Note 14 of “Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements”).

Capital Expenditures

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 , we had capital expenditures of $86.1 million compared to $56.8 million during 2017. Major capital expenditures are typically for aggregate and asphalt production facilities, aggregate reserves, construction equipment, buildings and leasehold improvements and investments in our information technology systems. The timing and amount of such expenditures can vary based on the progress of planned capital projects, the type and size of construction projects, changes in business outlook and other factors. As part of the Layne acquisition, we acquired $185.4 million in property and equipment. We currently anticipate 2018 capital expenditures to be between $105.0 million and $115.0 million for the full year.

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Derivatives

We recognize derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets at fair value using Level 2 inputs.

In May 2018, we terminated the interest rate swap we entered into in January 2016 due to the amendment and restatement of the Credit Agreement (as defined in the Credit Agreement section of Note 14 to “Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements”). In May 2018, we entered into two interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges with an effective date of May 2018, a combined initial notional amount of $150.0 million and a maturity date in May 2023. The interest rate swaps are designed to convert the interest rate on our term loan from a variable interest rate of LIBOR plus an applicable margin to a fixed rate of 2.76% plus the same applicable margin.

Surety Bonds and Real Estate Mortgages

We are generally required to provide various types of surety bonds that provide an additional measure of security under certain public and private sector contracts. At September 30, 2018 , approximately $2.7 billion of our contract backlog was bonded. Performance bonds do not have stated expiration dates; rather, we are generally released from the bonds after the owner accepts the work performed under contract. The ability to maintain bonding capacity to support our current and future level of contracting requires that we maintain cash and working capital balances satisfactory to our sureties.

Our real estate affiliates are subject to mortgage indebtedness. This indebtedness is non-recourse to Granite but is recourse to the real estate entities. The terms of this indebtedness are typically renegotiated to reflect the evolving nature of the real estate projects as they progress through acquisition, entitlement and development. Modification of these terms may include changes in loan-to-value ratios requiring the real estate entity to repay portions of the debt.

Covenants and Events of Default

As of September 30, 2018 and pursuant to the definitions in the 2019 NPA, which is more restrictive , our Consolidated Tangible Net Worth was $1.1 billion, which exceeded the minimum of $786.5 million and our Consolidated Leverage Ratio was 1.74, which did not exceed the maximum of 3.00. Our Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio was 18.83, which exceeded the minimum of 4.00.

As of September 30, 2018 , we were in compliance with all covenants contained in the Credit Agreement and related to the 2019 Notes. We are not aware of any non-compliance by any of our unconsolidated real estate entities with the covenants contained in their debt agreements.

Share Purchase Program

On April 7, 2016, we announced that the Board of Directors authorized us to purchase up to $200.0 million of our common stock at management’s discretion, which replaced the former authorization including the amount available. We did not purchase shares under the share purchase program in any of the periods presented. The specific timing and amount of any future purchases will vary based on market conditions, securities law limitations and other factors.

Website Access

Our website address is www.graniteconstruction.com. On our website we make available, free of charge, our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The information on our website is not incorporated into, and is not part of, this report. These reports, and any amendments to them, are also available at the website of the SEC, www.sec.gov.

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Item 3.

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

As part of our acquisition of Layne and LiquiForce, we now are exposed to incremental market risks.

Foreign Currency Risk

Operating in international markets involves exposure to possible volatile movements in currency exchange rates. Layne’s international operations are in Mexico, Canada and Brazil and LiquiForce has international operations in Canada. Layne’s affiliates also operate in Latin America (see Note 12 of “Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements”). The majority of the customer contracts in Mexico are U.S. dollar-based, reducing the exposure to currency fluctuations. As of September 30, 2018, we do not have any outstanding foreign currency option contracts.

As foreign currency exchange rates change, the impact to our consolidated statements of operations could be significant and may affect year-to-year comparability of operating results. The impact from foreign currency transactions during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 was immaterial.

Item 4.

CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Control and Procedures

Our management carried out, as of September 30, 2018 , with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)). Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of September 30, 2018 , our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that material information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms and that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

During the quarter ended September 30, 2018 , there were no changes to our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The description of the matters set forth in Part I, Item 1 of this Report under Note 18 of “Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 1A. RISK FACTORS

Except as set forth below, there has been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017:

We may be exposed to liabilities under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) and any determination that we or any of our subsidiaries has violated the FCPA could have a material adverse effect on our business. The FCPA generally prohibits companies and their affiliates from making improper payment to non-U.S. officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Our internal policies, procedures and code of conduct mandate compliance with these anti-corruption laws. However, with the acquisition of Layne we now operate in some countries known to experience corruption. Despite our training and compliance programs, we cannot provide assurance that our internal policies and procedures will always protect us from violation of such anti-corruption laws committed by our affiliated entities or their respective officers, directors, employees and agents. We could also face fines, sanctions and other penalties from authorities in the relevant foreign jurisdictions, including prohibition of our participating in or curtailment of business operations in those jurisdictions and the seizure of certain of our assets. Our customers in those jurisdictions could also seek to impose penalties or take other actions adverse to our interest. In addition, we could face other third-party claims by among others, our stockholders, debt holders or other interest holders or constituents. Violations of FCPA laws, allegations of such violations and/or disclosure related to any relevant investigation could have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity for reasons including, but not limited to, an adverse effect our reputation, our ability to obtain new business or retain existing business, to attract and retain employees, to access the capital markets and/or could give rise to an event of default under the agreements governing our debt instruments.

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In connection with acquisitions or divestitures, we may become subject to liabilities. In connection with any acquisitions, we may acquire liabilities or defects such as legal claims, including but not limited to third party liability and other tort claims; claims for breach of contract; employment-related claims; environmental liabilities, conditions or damage; permitting, regulatory or other compliance with law issues; or tax liabilities. If we acquire any of these liabiliti es, and they are not adequately covered by insurance or an enforceable indemnity or similar agreement from a creditworthy counterparty, we may be responsible for significant out-of-pocket expenditures. In connection with any divestitures, we may incur liab ilities for breaches of representations and warranties or failure to comply with operating covenants under any agreement for a divestiture. In addition, we may indemnify a counterparty in a divestiture for certain liabilities of the subsidiary or operation s subject to the divestiture transaction. These liabilities, if they materialize, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Item 2.

UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

The following table sets forth information regarding the repurchase of shares of our common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2018 :

Period	Total number of shares purchased ¹		Average price paid per share		Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs		Approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs ²
July 1, 2018 through July 31, 2018		3,296	$	55.27		—	$	200,000,000
Aug. 1, 2018 through Aug 31, 2018		111	$	48.71		—	$	200,000,000
Sept. 1, 2018 through Sept. 30, 2018		360	$	45.71		—	$	200,000,000
		3,767	$	54.16		—

¹ The number of shares purchased is in connection with employee tax withholding for units vested under our 2012 Equity Incentive Plan.

² On April 7, 2016, we announced that our the Board of Directors authorized us to purchase up to $200.0 million of our common stock at management’s discretion, which replaced the former authorization including the amount available. We did not purchase shares under the share purchase plan in any of the periods presented. The specific timing and amount of any future purchases will vary based on market conditions, securities law limitations and other factors.

Item 4.

MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

The information concerning mine safety violations or other regulatory matters required by Section 1503(a) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and Item 104 of Regulation S-K (17CFR 229.104) is included in Exhibit 95 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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Item 6.

EXHIBITS

31.1	†	Certification of Principal Executive Officer
31.2	†	Certification of Principal Financial Officer
32	††	Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
95	†	Mine Safety Disclosure
101.INS	†	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	†	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL	†	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF	†	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB	†	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE	†	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase

	†	Filed herewith
	††	Furnished herewith

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

			GRANITE CONSTRUCTION INCORPORATED

Date:	October 26, 2018	By:	/s/ Jigisha Desai
			Jigisha Desai
			Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
			(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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Part I. Financi Al Information Item 1. Financial Statements Item 2. Management S Discussion and Analysis Of Fin Ancial Condition and Results Of Operations Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Item 4. Controls and Procedures Part II. Other Information Item 1. Legal Proceedings Item 1A. Risk Factors Item 2. Unregistered Sales Of Equity Securities and Use Of Proceeds Part Of Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibits

31.1 Certification of Principal Executive Officer 31.2 Certification of Principal Financial Officer 32 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 95 Mine Safety Disclosure

Supplier name	Ticker
General Electric Company	GE
Omega Flex, Inc.	OFLX
Paycom Software, Inc.	PAYC
Bank of America Corporation	BAC
Citigroup Inc.	C
JPMorgan Chase & Co.	JPM
Wells Fargo & Company	WFC

GVA 10-Q Quarter ended Sept. 30, 2018

Exhibits