NCI 20-F Report ended Dec. 31, 2024

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark one)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report:

For the transition period from __________ to ____________

Commission file number: 001-42016

Neo-Concept International Group Holdings Limited

(Exact name of the Registrant as specified in its charter)

N/A

(Translation of registrant’s name into English)

Cayman Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

10/F, Seaview Centre
No.139-141 Hoi Bun Road
Kwun Tong
Kowloon, Hong Kong
(Address of principal executive offices)

Patrick Kwok Fai Lau

Tel: (852) 2798-8639

Email: patrick.lau@neo-concept.com.hk

10/F, Seaview Centre
No.139-141 Hoi Bun Road
Kwun Tong Kowloon, Hong Kong

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Warrants, each to purchase one ordinary share

Title of Class

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

None

The registrant had 20,320,000 Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024. 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

☐ Yes ☒ No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

 ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18

If this is an Annual Report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

☐ Yes ☒ No

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements are made under the “safe harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the words “may,” “might,” “will,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “goal,” “objective,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue” and “ongoing,” or the negative of these terms, or other comparable terminology intended to identify statements about the future. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements and opinions contained in this Annual Report are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report and, while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information.

Forward-looking statements include statements about:

These statements are subjective. Therefore, they involve known and unknown risks.

They are based largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements, or industry results to differ materially from any future results, performance or achievements described in or implied by such statements. Actual results may differ materially from expected results described in our forward-looking statements, for reasons connected with measuring future developments, including:

Forward-looking statements should not be read as a guarantee of future performance or results. They will not necessarily be accurate indications of whether, or the times by which, our performance or results may be achieved. Forward-looking statements are based on information available at the time those statements are made and management’s belief as of that time regarding future events. Consequently, they are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements.

Important factors that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those factors discussed under Item 3.D. “Risk Factors,” that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

DEFINITIONS

Unless otherwise indicated and except where the context otherwise requires, the following definitions are used in this Annual Report:

“Memorandum”, “Memorandum of Association”, “Articles’’ or “Articles of Association’’ are to the second amended and restated memorandum of association and articles of association of our Company (as amended from time to time) effective on March 3, 2025, as amended, supplemented and/or otherwise modified from time to time.

PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness.

Not applicable.

C. Reason for the Offer and Use of Proceeds.

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors.

You should carefully consider all the information in this Annual Report, including various changing regulatory, competitive, economic, political and social risks and conditions described below, before making an investment in our Class A Ordinary SharesShares. One or more of a combination of these risks could materially impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. In any such case, the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares Ordinary Sharescould decline, and you may lose all or part of your investments.

Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure

Our transactions with NCH may be less favorable to us than similar agreements negotiated with unaffiliated third parties.  

During the three years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we entered into a series of transactions with an affiliated company under the control of our Controlling Shareholder, NCH. These transactions include engaging NCH as a contract manufacturer to produce certain apparel products for our customers. The terms of such transactions may be less favorable to us than would be the case if they were negotiated with unaffiliated third parties. Because we are a “controlled company” the terms of such future transactions will be reviewed by the Audit Committee to ensure that they will not be less favorable to us than would be the case if they were negotiated with unaffiliated third parties. Moreover, so long as we are under the control of the Controlling Shareholder, their influence may make it difficult for us to bring a legal claim against NCH in the event of contractual breach, notwithstanding our contractual rights under the transactions and other agreements we may enter into with NCH or other affiliated companies under the control of our Controlling Shareholder from time to time.

Our business is in direct competition with NCH, an affiliated company.

NCH also operates as a comprehensive apparel solutions services provider in North America and Europe principally. As such, NCH is in direct competition with our business in such regions. To address this, we entered into an Exclusive Territory and Non-Competition Agreement (“Agreement”) with Neo-Concept (BVI) Limited, Ample Excellence Limited and Splendid Vibe Limited (collectively the “Parent Group”), the holding companies of NCH and other subsidiaries under the common control of our Controlling Shareholder. Under the Agreement we entered into with the Parent Group, we have agreed that during the non-competition period (which will end on the later of (1) two years after the first date when our Controlling Shareholder ceases to own in aggregate at least 20% of the voting power of our then outstanding securities and (2) the fifth anniversary of the completion of the Company’s IPO) that the Parent Group and its subsidiaries, including NCH but excluding NCI Group) (the “Neo Concept Group”), will not compete with our Company in the businesses currently conducted by us through our Operating Subsidiaries in North America and Europe namely, in the businesses of apparel solution services in the UK, Europe and North America (the “Protected Territories”) and retail sale of apparel products. However, since we are in the process of and have not yet obtained all of the certifications required by certain clients to guarantee that their raw material sourcing meets international standards we have agreed that the Neo Concept Group shall continue to service its existing portfolio of customers in the Protected Territories that require the additional certifications provided that once NCI Group obtains and provides documentation that the necessary certifications required by a Portfolio Customer have been secured, Neo Concept Group will use its best endeavors to transfer within 45 days the Portfolio Customers to NCI Group. In the event that Neo Concept Group is unable, unsuccessful or a Portfolio Customer is unwilling to transfer its account to NCI Group, then NCI Group shall be entitled to receive the economic benefit inuring to Neo Concept Group from that Portfolio Customer as measured by a royalty of 10% of all sales and services by Neo Concept Group to that Portfolio Customer.

As of the date of this report, we have a total of twenty customers which we provide apparel solution services to, each of which are not current clients of NCH and are therefore protected under the terms of the Agreement. Under the terms of the Agreement, we retain the right to sell to any of NCH’s existing portfolio of customers.

However, so long as our Controlling Shareholder continue to control us, we may not be able to bring a legal claim against NCH in the event of contractual breach, notwithstanding our contractual rights under the Agreement described above and other inter-company transactions entered into from time to time.

Our Controlling Shareholder has significant voting power and may take actions that may not be in the best interests of other shareholders.

Our Controlling Shareholder, owns 71.5% of the total issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares, representing 84.64% of the total voting power. Because the Controlling Shareholder will control a majority of our outstanding voting power, we will be a “controlled company” under corporate governance rules for NASDAQ-listed companies. Therefore, the Controlling Shareholder will be able to exert significant control over our management and affairs requiring shareholder approval, including approval of significant corporate transactions. Since the Controlling Shareholder is also a Controlling Shareholder of NCH, which is in direct competition with our business in certain regions and creates potential conflicts of interest, this concentration of ownership may not be in the best interests of all of our shareholders.

Our Controlling Shareholder’s relationship with Neo-Concepts (BVI) Limited may result in strategic business decisions that favor our Controlling Shareholder rather than the interests of our other shareholders.

Although our company is a stand-alone company, we expect to operate, for as long as our Controlling Shareholder is our controlling shareholder, as an affiliate of Neo-Concept (BVI) Limited. Our Controlling Shareholder may from time to time make strategic decisions that it believes are in the best interests of Neo-Concept (BVI) Limited as a whole, including our Company. These decisions may be different from the decision that we would have made on our own. Our Controlling Shareholder’s decisions with respect to us or our business may be resolved in ways that favor our Controlling Shareholder, which may not coincide with the interests of our other shareholders. We may not be able to resolve any potential conflicts, and even if we do so, the resolution may be less favorable to us than if we were dealing with a non-controlling shareholder. Even if both parties seek to transact business on terms intended to approximate those that could have been achieved among unaffiliated parties, this may not succeed in practice.

We may have conflicts of interest with our Controlling Shareholder, because of our Controlling Shareholder’s controlling ownership interest in our Company, we may not be able to resolve such conflicts on terms favorable to us.

Our Controlling Shareholder beneficially owns 71.5% of our outstanding Ordinary Shares and 84.64% of the total voting power. Accordingly, our Controlling Shareholder may have significant influence in determining the outcome of any corporate actions or other matters that require shareholder approval, such  as mergers, consolidations, change of our name, and amendments of our memorandum and articles of association.

The concentration of ownership and voting power may cause transactions to occur in a way that may not be beneficial to you as a holder of our Class A Ordinary Shares and may prevent us from doing transactions that would be beneficial to you. Conflicts of interest may arise between our Controlling Shareholder and us in a number of areas relating to our past and ongoing relationships. Potential conflicts of interest that we have identified include the following:

Our dual-class voting structure will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class B ordinary shares may view as beneficial.

We have a dual-class voting structure consisting of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Based on our dual-class voting structure, holders of Class A ordinary shares will be entitled to one (1) vote per share in respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, while holders of Class B ordinary shares will be entitled to thirty (30) votes per share. Due to the disparate voting powers associated with our two classes of ordinary shares, our Controlling Shareholder, Ms. Eva Yuk Yin Siu, beneficially owns 11,895,055 Class A Ordinary Shares and 2,631,300 Class B Ordinary Shares, which represents 71.5% of the total issued and outstanding Shares. Their interests may not coincide with your interests, and they may make decisions with which you disagree, including decisions on important topics such as the composition of the board of directors, compensation, management succession, and our business and financial strategy.

Our directors and officers may allocate their time to other businesses, thereby causing conflicts of interest in their determination as to how much time to devote to our affairs.

Our directors and officers are not required to commit their full time to our affairs, which may result in a conflict of interest in allocating their time between our operations and their other businesses. Our directors and officers are engaged in several other business endeavors and may commit themselves to other entities. Our directors and officers are not obligated to contribute any specific number of hours per week to the Company’s affairs. If the other business affairs of our directors and officers require them to devote substantial amounts of time to such affairs in excess of their current commitment levels, it could limit their ability to devote time to the affairs of the Company, which could have a negative impact on our ability to operate efficiently.

In particular, Ms. Siu and Ms. Wai are affiliated with other entities, namely NCH, engaged in business activities similar to those conducted by us. Due to their existing affiliations, Ms. Siu and Ms. Wai may have fiduciary obligations to present potential business opportunities to those entities before presenting them to us, which could cause additional conflicts of interest. We cannot assure you that these conflicts will be resolved in our favor.

You should refer to the section of this report entitled “Management — Conflicts of Interest/Duties of Directors.” for a detailed discussion of our directors’ other business affairs.

We rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries to fund our cash and financing requirements, and any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

NCI is a holding company, and we rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and to service any debt we may incur. If any one of our subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us.

There are no statutory prohibitions in the Cayman Islands on the granting of financial assistance by a company to another person for the purchase of, or subscription for, its own, its holding company’s or a subsidiary’s shares. Therefore, a company may provide financial assistance provided the directors of the company, when proposing to grant such financial assistance, discharge their duties of care and act in good faith, for a proper purpose and in the interests of the company. Such assistance should be on an arm’s-length basis. Subject to a solvency test, as prescribed in the Companies Act, and the provisions, if any, of the company’s memorandum and articles of association, a company may pay dividends and distributions out of its share premium account. In addition, based upon English case law which is likely to be persuasive in the Cayman Islands, dividends may be paid out of profits. The Cayman Islands does not impose a withholding tax on payments of dividends to shareholders in the Cayman Islands.

Under Hong Kong law, dividends could only be paid out of distributable profits (that is, accumulated realized profits less accumulated realized losses) or other distributable reserves, as permitted under Hong Kong law. Dividends cannot be paid out of share capital. There are no restrictions or limitation under the laws of Hong Kong imposed on the conversion of HK dollar into foreign currencies and the remittance of currencies out of Hong Kong, nor there is any restriction on foreign exchange to transfer cash between NCI and its subsidiaries, across borders and to U.S investors, nor there is any restrictions and limitations to distribute earnings from our business and subsidiaries to NCI and U.S. investors and amounts owed. Under the current practice of the Inland Revenue Department of Hong Kong, no tax is payable in Hong Kong in respect of dividends paid by us.

According to the BVI Business Companies Act 2004 (as amended), a British Virgin Islands company may make dividends distribution to the extent that immediately after the distribution, the value of the company’s assets exceeds its liabilities and that such company is able to pay its debts as they fall due.

Under UK law, no dividend can be paid by a UK company unless (i) the company has sufficient profits available for distribution under the provisions of the UK Companies Act 2006 (as amended) and accounting principles generally accepted in the United Kingdom, and (ii) any applicable restriction(s) or requirement(s) set out in the company’s constitution have been complied with.

Any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

Our lack of effective internal controls over financial reporting may affect our ability to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud which may affect the market for and price of our Class A Ordinary Shares.  

Our independent registered public accounting firm is currently not required to conduct an audit of our internal control over financial reporting. In the course of auditing our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024, our management has not received from our independent registered public accounting firm any report regarding deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting. As a small-scale company, we are in the process of establishing and improving our internal controls. Upon our independent registered public accounting firm’s suggestions, with the development of our business and the increase of our financial personnel, we will improve our internal control management. 

We have implemented measures designed to improve our internal control over financial reporting to address the underlying causes of these material weaknesses, including appointment of independent Directors and establishment of an audit committee aiming to strengthen corporate governance.

We will be subject to the requirement that we maintain internal controls and that management perform periodic evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal controls. Effective internal control over financial reporting is important to prevent fraud. As a result, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the market for and trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares, may be materially and adversely affected if we do not have effective internal controls. We may not discover any problems in a timely manner and in such an event our shareholders could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which would harm our business and the trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. The absence of internal controls over financial reporting may inhibit investors from purchasing our Class A Ordinary Shares and may make it more difficult for us to raise funds in debt or equity financing. Additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies may be identified in the future. If we identify such issues or if we are unable to produce accurate and timely financial statements, our stock price may decline, and we may be unable to maintain compliance with the Nasdaq Listing Rules.

Risks Relating to Doing Business in Jurisdictions in which the Operating Subsidiaries Operate

Our key operations are in Hong Kong. However, due to long arm provisions under the current PRC laws and regulations, the Chinese government may exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene in or influence our operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares. Changes in the policies, regulations, rules, and the enforcement of laws of the Chinese government may also be quick with little advance notice and our assertions and beliefs of the risk imposed by the PRC legal and regulatory system cannot be certain.

NCI is a holding company, and we conduct our operations in Hong Kong through our operating subsidiary, Neo-Concept HK. As at the date of this report, we are not materially affected by recent statements by the Chinese Government indicating an intention to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. However, due to long arm provisions in the current PRC laws and regulations, there remains regulatory uncertainty with respect to the implementation and interpretation of laws in China as they may affect Hong Kong. The PRC government may choose to exercise additional oversight and discretion over Hong Kong, and the policies, regulations, rules, and the enforcement of laws of the Chinese government to which we are subject may change rapidly with little advance notice to us or our shareholders. As a result, the application, interpretation, and enforcement of new and existing laws and regulations in the PRC and our assertions and beliefs of the risk imposed by the PRC legal and regulatory system are by their very nature uncertain. In addition, these PRC laws and regulations may be interpreted and applied inconsistently by different agencies or authorities, which may result in inconsistency with our current policies and practices. New laws, regulations, and other government directives in the PRC may also be costly to comply with, and such compliance or any associated inquiries or investigations or any other government actions may:

We are aware that recently, the PRC government initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate business operations in certain areas in China with little advance notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over China-based companies listed overseas using a VIE structure, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews and expanding the efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. Since these statements and regulatory actions are new, it is highly uncertain how soon the PRC legislative or administrative regulation making bodies will respond or what existing or new laws or regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations will be modified or promulgated, if any, or what the potential impact that any such modified or new laws and regulations would have on our daily business operation, the ability to accept foreign investments and list on an U.S. or other foreign exchange.

The Chinese government may intervene or influence our operations at any time and may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and foreign investment in China-based issuers, which may result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares. The promulgation of new laws or regulations, or the new interpretation of existing laws and regulations, in each case, that restrict or otherwise unfavorably impact our ability to conduct our business could require us to change certain aspects of our business to ensure compliance, decrease demand for our services, reduce revenues, increase costs, require us to obtain more licenses, permits, approvals or certificates, or subject us to additional liabilities. To the extent any new or more stringent measures are implemented, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected, and the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares could decrease or become worthless.

If the Chinese government chooses to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China based issuers, such action may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer Class A Ordinary Shares to investors and cause the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares to significantly decline or be worthless.

Recent statements by the Chinese government have indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investments in China-based issuers. On July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued a document to crack down on illegal activities in the securities market and promote the high-quality development of the capital market, which, among other things, requires the relevant governmental authorities to strengthen cross-border oversight of law-enforcement and judicial cooperation, to enhance supervision over China-based companies listed overseas, and to establish and improve the system of extraterritorial application of the PRC securities laws. Furthermore, on December 28, 2021, the CAC jointly with the relevant authorities published the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021), or the “Review Measures 2021”, which took effect on February 15, 2022, and replaced the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2020) issued on April 13, 2020. Review Measures 2021 stipulates that operators of critical information infrastructure purchasing network products and services, and online platform operators carrying out data processing activities that affect or may affect national security, shall conduct a cybersecurity review, and any online platform operator who controls more than one million users’ personal information must apply for a cybersecurity review by the cybersecurity review office if it seeks to be listed in a foreign country. Based on a set of Q&As published on the official website of the State Cipher Code Administration in connection with the issuance of the Review Measures 2021, an official of the said administration indicated that an online platform operator should apply for a cybersecurity review prior to the submission of its listing application with non-PRC securities regulators. Moreover, the CAC released the draft of the Regulations on Network Data Security Management in November 2021 for public consultation, which among other things, stipulates that a data processor listed overseas must conduct an annual data security review by itself or by engaging a data security service provider and submit the annual data security review report for the previous year to the municipal cybersecurity department before January 31 of the following year. Given the recency of the issuance of the Review Measures 2021 and the pending effectiveness of the Regulations on Network Data Security Management, there is a general lack of guidance and substantial uncertainties exist with respect to their interpretation and implementation.

It remains unclear whether a Hong Kong company shall be subject to the Review Measures 2021. But we believe our HK subsidiary is neither a “critical information infrastructure” operator nor an online platform operator as defined in the Review Measures 2021, that are required to file for cybersecurity review before listing in the U.S., because (i) Neo-Concept HK is incorporated and operating in Hong Kong and the Review Measures 2021 remains unclear whether it shall be applied to a Hong Kong company; (ii) Neo-Concept HK operates without any subsidiary or VIE structure in mainland China; (iii) as of date of this report, Neo-Concept HK has not collected and stored any personal information of PRC individual client; and (vi) as of the date of this report, Neo-Concept HK has not been informed by any PRC governmental authority of any requirement that it files for a cybersecurity review. However, there remains significant uncertainty in the interpretation and enforcement of relevant PRC cybersecurity laws and regulations. If Neo-Concept HK is deemed an “operator of critical information infrastructure” or an “online platform operator” as defined in the Review Measures 2021, Neo-Concept HK’s operation and the listing of our Class A Ordinary Shares in the U.S. could be subject to CAC’s cybersecurity review in the future.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Trial Measures, which came into effect on March 31, 2023. On the same date of the issuance of the Trial Measures, the CSRC circulated No. 1 to No. 5 Supporting Guidance Rules, the Notes on the Trial Measures, the Notice on Administration Arrangements for the Filing of Overseas Listings by Domestic Enterprises and the relevant CSRC Answers to Reporter Questions on the official website of the CSRC, or collectively, the Guidance Rules and Notice. The Trial Measures, together with the Guidance Rules and Notice, reiterate the basic supervision principles as reflected in the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations by providing substantially the same requirements for filings of overseas offering and listing by domestic companies, yet made the following updates compared to the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations: (a) further clarification of the circumstances prohibiting overseas issuance and listing; (b) further clarification of the standard of indirect overseas listing under the principle of substance over form, and (c) adding more details of filing procedures and requirements by setting different filing requirements for different types of overseas offering and listing. Pursuant to the Trial Measures, the Guidance Rules and Notice, domestic companies that seek to offer or list securities overseas, both directly and indirectly, should fulfill the filing procedure and report relevant information to the CSRC within three working days following its submission of initial public offerings or listing application. On December 28, 2021, the CAC jointly with the relevant authorities formally published Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021) which took effect on February 15, 2022 and replaced the former Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2020) issued on April 13, 2020. Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021) stipulates that operators of critical information infrastructure purchasing network products and services, and online platform operators carrying out data processing activities that affect or may affect national security, shall conduct a cybersecurity review, and any online platform operator who controls more than one million users’ personal information must go through a cybersecurity review by the cybersecurity review office if it seeks to be listed in a foreign country.

The Company understands that as of the date of this report, the Group has no operations in Mainland China and is not required to complete filing procedures with the CSRC pursuant to the requirements of the Trial Measures. While the Group has no current operations in Mainland China, should we have any future operations in Mainland China and should we (i) fail to receive or maintain such permissions or approvals, (ii) inadvertently conclude that such permissions or approvals are not required, or (iii) applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change and require us to obtain such permissions or approvals in the future, we may face sanctions by the CSRC, the Cyberspace Administration of China (the “CAC”) or other PRC regulatory agencies. These regulatory agencies may also impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, as well as limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operations in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from our IPO or other offerings into China or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business as well as the trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. We may be required to restructure our operations to comply with such regulations or potentially cease operations in the PRC entirely. The CSRC, the CAC or other PRC regulatory agencies also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt our future offerings before settlement and delivery of our Class A Ordinary Shares. In addition, if the CSRC, the CAC or other regulatory PRC agencies later promulgate new rules requiring that we obtain their approvals for our offerings, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any action taken by the PRC government could significantly limit or completely hinder our operations in the PRC and our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and could cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

As of the date of this report, neither NCI nor any of our subsidiaries are required to obtain any permission or approval from Hong Kong authorities to operate our business. Based on management’s internal assessment that the Company and its subsidiaries currently have no material operations in the PRC, the Management understands that as of the date of this report, the Company is not required to obtain any permissions or approvals from PRC authorities before listing in the U.S. and to issue our Class A Ordinary Shares to foreign investors, including the CAC or the CSRC because (i) the CSRC currently has not issued any definitive rule or interpretation concerning whether offerings like our IPO are subject to this regulation; and (ii) the Company operates in Hong Kong and is not included in the categories of industries and companies whose foreign securities offerings are subject to review by the CSRC or the CAC. We also understand that NCA, Neo-Concept HK and Neo-Concept UK are not required to obtain any permissions or approvals from any Chinese authorities to operate their businesses as of the date of this report. No permissions or approvals have been applied for by the Company or denied by any relevant authorities. However, uncertainties still exist, due to the possibility that laws, regulations, or policies in the PRC could change rapidly in the future.

In the event that (i) the PRC government expanded the categories of industries and companies whose foreign securities offerings are subject to review by the CSRC or the CAC that we are required to obtain such permissions or approvals; or (ii) we inadvertently concluded that relevant permissions or approvals were not required or that we did not receive or maintain relevant permissions or approvals required, any action taken by the PRC government could significantly limit or completely hinder our operations in Hong Kong and our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and could cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless.

The Hong Kong legal system embodies uncertainties which could limit the legal protections available to Our Operating Subsidiaries.

Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region (“SAR”) of the PRC. Following British colonial rule from 1842 to 1997, China assumed sovereignty under the “one country, two systems” principle. The Hong Kong SAR’s constitutional document, the Basic Law, ensures that the current political situation will remain in effect for 50 years. Hong Kong has enjoyed the freedom to function with a high degree of autonomy for its affairs, including currencies, immigration and customs operations, and its independent judiciary system and parliamentary system. On July 14, 2020, the United States signed an executive order to end the special status enjoyed by Hong Kong post-1997. As the autonomy currently enjoyed may be compromised, it could potentially impact Hong Kong’s common law legal system and may, in turn, bring about uncertainty in, for example, the enforcement of our contractual rights. This could, in turn, materially and adversely affect our business and operations. Additionally, intellectual property rights and confidentiality protections in Hong Kong may not be as effective as in the United States or other countries. Accordingly, we cannot predict the effect of future developments in the Hong Kong legal system, including the promulgation of new laws, changes to existing laws or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, or the pre-emption of local regulations by national laws. These uncertainties could limit the legal protections available to us, including our ability to enforce our agreements with our clients.

Although the audit report included in this report is prepared by U.S. auditors who are currently inspected by the PCAOB, there is no guarantee that future audit reports will be prepared by auditors inspected by the PCAOB and, as such, in the future, investors may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection. Furthermore, trading in our securities may be prohibited under the HFCAA if the SEC subsequently determines our audit work is performed by auditors that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely, and as a result, U.S. national securities exchanges, such as the Nasdaq, may determine to delist our securities. Furthermore, on December 23, 2022, the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act was enacted, which amended the HFCAA by requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three, thus reducing the time before the securities may be prohibited from trading or delisted.

As an auditor of companies that are registered with the SEC and publicly traded in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, our auditor is required under the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess their compliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards. The PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese government authorities. Currently, our U.S. auditor is inspected by the PCAOB, and we have no operations in mainland China. However, if there is significant change to current political arrangements between mainland China and Hong Kong, companies operating in Hong Kong like us may face similar regulatory risks as those operated in PRC and we cannot assure you that our auditor’s work will continue to be able to be inspected by the PCAOB.

Inspections of other auditors conducted by the PCAOB outside mainland China have at times identified deficiencies in those auditors’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. The lack of PCAOB inspections of audit work undertaken in mainland China prevents the PCAOB from regularly evaluating auditors’ audits and their quality control procedures. As a result, if there is any component of our auditor’s work papers become located in mainland China in the future, such work papers will not be subject to inspection by the PCAOB. As a result, investors would be deprived of such PCAOB inspections, which could result in limitations or restrictions to our access of the U.S. capital markets.

As part of a continued regulatory focus in the United States on access to audit and other information currently protected by national law, in particular mainland China’s, in June 2019, a bipartisan group of lawmakers introduced bills in both houses of the U.S. Congress which, if passed, would require the SEC to maintain a list of issuers for which PCAOB is not able to inspect or investigate the audit work performed by a foreign public accounting firm completely. The proposed Ensuring Quality Information and Transparency for Abroad-Based Listings on our Exchanges (“EQUITABLE”) Act prescribes increased disclosure requirements for these issuers and, beginning in 2025, the delisting from U.S. national securities exchanges, such as the Nasdaq, of issuers included on the SEC’s list for three consecutive years. It is unclear if this proposed legislation will be enacted. Furthermore, there have been recent deliberations within the U.S. government regarding potentially limiting or restricting China-based companies from accessing U.S. capital markets.

On May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed the HFCAA, which includes requirements for the SEC to identify issuers whose audit work is performed by auditors that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a restriction imposed by a non-U.S. authority in the auditor’s local jurisdiction. The U.S. House of Representatives passed the HFCAA on December 2, 2020, and the HFCAA was signed into law on December 18, 2020. Additionally, in July 2020, the U.S. President’s Working Group on Financial Markets issued recommendations for actions that can be taken by the executive branch, the SEC, the PCAOB or other federal agencies and department with respect to Chinese companies listed on U.S. stock exchanges and their audit firms, in an effort to protect investors in the United States. In response, on November 23, 2020, the SEC issued guidance highlighting certain risks (and their implications to U.S. investors) associated with investments in China-based issuers and summarizing enhanced disclosures the SEC recommends China-based issuers make regarding such risks.

On March 24, 2021, the SEC adopted interim final rules relating to the implementation of certain disclosure and documentation requirements in the HFCAA. On December 2, 2021, the SEC adopted amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCAA. The rules apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate. We will be required to comply with these rules if the SEC identifies us as having a “non-inspection” year under a process to be subsequently established by the SEC. The final amendments require any identified registrant to submit documentation to the SEC establishing that the registrant is not owned or controlled by a government entity in the public accounting firm’s foreign jurisdiction, and also require, among other things, disclosure in the registrant’s annual report regarding the audit arrangements of, and government influence on, such registrants. Under the HFCAA, our securities may be prohibited from trading on the Nasdaq or other U.S. stock exchanges if our auditor is not inspected by the PCAOB for three consecutive years, and this ultimately could result in our Class A Ordinary Shares being delisted.

On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the AHFCAA, which was enacted on December 23, 2022, amending the HFCAA to require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three, thus, reducing the time before our Class A Ordinary Shares may be prohibited from trading or delisted. On December 29, 2022, legislation titled “Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023” (the “Consolidated Appropriations Act”), was signed into law by President Biden. The Consolidated Appropriations Act contained, among other things, an identical provision to AHFCAA, which reduces the number of consecutive non-inspection years required for triggering the prohibitions under the HFCAA from three years to two.

On September 22, 2021, the PCAOB adopted a final rule implementing the HFCAA, which provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCAA, whether the Board is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction.

On November 5, 2021, the SEC approved the PCAOB’s Rule 6100, Board Determinations Under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act. Rule 6100 provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCAA, whether it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction.

On December 2, 2021, the SEC issued amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCAA. The rules apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in foreign jurisdictions (“Commission-Identified Issuers”). The final amendments require Commission-Identified Issuers to submit documentation to the SEC establishing that, if true, it is not owned or controlled by a governmental entity in the public accounting firm’s foreign jurisdiction. The amendments also require that a Commission-Identified Issuer that is a “foreign issuer,” as defined in Exchange Act Rule 3b-4, provide certain additional disclosures in its annual report for itself and any of its consolidated foreign operating entities. Further, the release provides notice regarding the procedures the SEC has established to identify issuers and to impose trading prohibitions on the securities of certain Commission-Identified Issuers, as required by the HFCAA. The SEC will identify Commission-Identified Issuers for fiscal years beginning after December 18, 2020. A Commission-Identified Issuer will be required to comply with the submission and disclosure requirements in the annual report for each year in which it was identified. If a registrant is identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer based on its annual report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, the registrant will be required to comply with the submission or disclosure requirements in its annual report filing covering the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. The final amendments became effective on January 10, 2022.

On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report on its determinations that it was unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in Mainland China and in Hong Kong, because of positions taken by PRC authorities in those jurisdictions. The PCAOB made its determinations pursuant to PCAOB Rule 6100, which provides a framework for how the PCAOB fulfills its responsibilities under the HFCAA. The report further listed in its Appendix A and Appendix B, Registered Public Accounting Firms Subject to the Mainland China Determination and Registered Public Accounting Firms Subject to the Hong Kong Determination, respectively. Our auditor, WWC, P.C. is headquartered in San Mateo, California, and did not appear as part of the report under the lists in its appendix A or appendix B.

On August 26, 2022, the CSRC, the MOF, and the PCAOB signed a Statement of Protocol (the “Protocol”) to allow the PCAOB to inspect and investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, consistent with the HFCAA, and the PCAOB will be required to reassess its determinations by the end of 2022. Pursuant to the fact sheet with respect to the Protocol disclosed by the SEC, the PCAOB shall have independent discretion to select any issuer audits for inspection or investigation and has the unfettered ability to transfer information to the SEC.

On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong completely in 2022. The PCAOB Board vacated its previous 2021 determinations that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. However, whether the PCAOB will continue to be able to satisfactorily conduct inspections of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong is subject to uncertainties and depends on a number of factors out of our and our auditor’s control. The PCAOB continues to demand complete access in mainland China and Hong Kong moving forward and is making plans to resume regular inspections in early 2023 and beyond, as well as to continue pursuing ongoing investigations and initiate new investigations as needed. The PCAOB has also indicated that it will act immediately to consider the need to issue new determinations with the HFCAA if needed.

If the PCAOB is unable to inspect and investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in China in 2023 and beyond, or if we fail to, among others, meet the PCAOB’s requirements, including retaining a registered public accounting firm that the PCAOB determines it is able to inspect and investigate completely, we will be identified as a “Commission-identified Issuer,” and upon the expiration of the applicable years of non-inspection under the HFCAA and relevant regulations, the Class A Ordinary Shares will be delisted and will not be permitted for trading over the counter. Such a delisting or prohibition would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase the Class A Ordinary Shares, and the risk and uncertainty associated with delisting would have a negative impact on the price of the Class A Ordinary Shares. Moreover, the HFCAA or other efforts to increase U.S. regulatory access to audit information could cause investor uncertainty for affected issuers, including us, and the market price of the Class A Ordinary Shares could be adversely affected. Such a prohibition would significantly affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and prospects.

The SEC is assessing how to implement other requirements of the HFCAA, including the listing and trading prohibition requirements described above. Future developments in respect of increasing U.S. regulatory access to audit information are uncertain, as the legislative developments are subject to the legislative process and the regulatory developments are subject to the rule-making process and other administrative procedures.

While the CSRC, the MOF and the PCAOB have entered into the SOP Agreements regarding the inspection of PCAOB-registered accounting firms in mainland China, there can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with requirements imposed by U.S. regulators if there is significant change to current political arrangements between mainland China and Hong Kong, or if any component of our auditor’s work papers become located in mainland China in the future. Delisting of our Class A Ordinary Shares would force holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares to sell their Class A Ordinary Shares. The market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares could be adversely affected as a result of anticipated negative impacts of these executive or legislative actions upon, regardless of whether these executive or legislative actions are implemented and regardless of our actual operating performance.

The recent joint statement by the SEC, proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and an act passed by the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives, all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies. These developments could add uncertainties to our future offerings, business operations, share price and reputation.

U.S. public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China (including in Hong Kong) have been the subject of intense scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity by investors, financial commentators and regulatory agencies, such as the SEC. Much of the scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity has centered on financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, a lack of effective internal controls over financial accounting, inadequate corporate governance policies or a lack of adherence thereto and, in many cases, allegations of fraud.

On December 7, 2018, the SEC and the PCAOB issued a joint statement highlighting continued challenges faced by the U.S. regulators in their oversight of financial statement audits of U.S.-listed companies with significant operations in China. On April 21, 2020, SEC Chairman Jay Clayton and PCAOB Chairman William D. Duhnke III, along with other senior SEC staff, released a joint statement highlighting the risks associated with investing in companies based in or have substantial operations in emerging markets including China, reiterating past SEC and PCAOB statements on matters including the difficulty associated with inspecting accounting firms and audit work papers in China and higher risks of fraud in emerging markets and the difficulty of bringing and enforcing SEC, Department of Justice and other U.S. regulatory actions, including in instances of fraud, in emerging markets generally.

On May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed the HFCAA, which includes requirements for the SEC to identify issuers whose audit work is performed by auditors that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a restriction imposed by a non-U.S. authority in the auditor’s local jurisdiction. The U.S. House of Representatives passed the HFCAA on December 2, 2020, and the HFCAA was signed into law on December 18, 2020. On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, enacted on December 23, 2022, amending the HFCAA to require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three, thus reducing the time before our Class A Ordinary Shares may be prohibited from trading or delisted.

On May 21, 2021, Nasdaq filed three proposals with the SEC to (i) apply minimum offering size requirement for companies primarily operating in a “Restrictive Market”, (ii) prohibit Restrictive Market companies from directly listing on Nasdaq Capital Market, and only permit them to list on Nasdaq Global Select or Nasdaq Global Market in connection with a direct listing and (iii) apply additional and more stringent criteria to an applicant or listed company based on the qualifications of the company’s auditors.

As a result of these scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity, the publicly traded stock of many U.S. listed Chinese companies sharply decreased in value and, in some cases, has become virtually worthless. Many of these companies are now subject to shareholder lawsuits and SEC enforcement actions and are conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations. It is not clear what effect this sector-wide scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity will have on us, our future offerings, business and our share price. If we become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we will have to expend significant resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend our company. This situation will be costly and time consuming and distract our management from developing our growth. If such allegations are not proven to be groundless, we and our business operations will be severely affected and you could sustain a significant decline in the value of our share.

The enactment of the Law of the PRC on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (the “Hong Kong National Security Law”) could impact our Hong Kong subsidiary, which represents substantially all of our business.

On June 30, 2020, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress adopted the Hong Kong National Security Law. This law defines the duties and government bodies of the Hong Kong National Security Law for safeguarding national security and four categories of offenses — secession, subversion, terrorist activities, and collusion with a foreign country or external elements to endanger national security — and their corresponding penalties. On July 14, 2020, the former U.S. President Donald Trump signed the Hong Kong Autonomy Act, or HKAA, into law, authorizing the U.S. administration to impose blocking sanctions against individuals and entities who are determined to have materially contributed to the erosion of Hong Kong’s autonomy. On August 7, 2020, the U.S. government imposed HKAA-authorized sanctions on eleven individuals, including former HKSAR chief executive Carrie Lam. On October 14, 2020, the U.S. State Department submitted to relevant committees of Congress the report required under HKAA, identifying persons materially contributing to “the failure of the Government of China to meet its obligations under the Joint Declaration or the Basic Law.” The HKAA further authorizes secondary sanctions, including the imposition of blocking sanctions, against foreign financial institutions that knowingly conduct a significant transaction with foreign persons sanctioned under this authority. The imposition of sanctions may directly affect the foreign financial institutions as well as any third parties or customers dealing with any foreign financial institution that is targeted. It is difficult to predict the full impact of the Hong Kong National Security Law and HKAA on Hong Kong and companies located in Hong Kong, which represents substantially all of our business. If our subsidiaries are determined to be in violation of the Hong Kong National Security Law or the HKAA by competent authorities, our business operations, financial position, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

If we become subject to the recent scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity involving U.S.-listed China-based companies, we may have to expend significant resources to investigate and/or defend the matter which could harm our business operations, any future offerings and our reputation and could result in a loss of your investment in our Class A Ordinary SharesShares, in particular if such matter cannot be addressed and resolved favorably.

During the last several years, U.S. listed public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of intense scrutiny by investors, financial commentators and regulatory agencies. Much of the scrutiny has centered on financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, lack of effective internal controls over financial reporting and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result of the scrutiny, the publicly traded stock of many U.S.-listed Chinese companies that have been the subject of such scrutiny has sharply decreased in value. Many of these companies are now subject to shareholder lawsuits and/or SEC enforcement actions that are conducting internal and/or external investigations into the allegations.

If we become the subject of any such scrutiny, whether any allegations are true or not, we may have to expend significant resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend the Company. Such investigations or allegations would be costly and time-consuming and likely would distract our management from our normal business and could result in our reputation being harmed. Our stock price could decline because of such allegations, even if the allegations are false.

There are political risks associated with conducting business in Hong Kong.

Any adverse economic, social and/or political conditions, material social unrest, strike, riot, civil disturbance, or disobedience, as well as significant natural disasters, may affect the market may adversely affect the business operations of the Company. Hong Kong is a special administrative region of the PRC and the basic policies of the PRC regarding Hong Kong are reflected in the Basic Law, namely, Hong Kong’s constitutional document, which provides Hong Kong with a high degree of autonomy and executive, legislative and independent judicial powers, including that of final adjudication under the principle of “one country, two systems”. However, there is no assurance that there will not be any changes in the economic, political, and legal environment in Hong Kong in the future. Since our operation is based in Hong Kong, any change of such political arrangements may pose immediate threat to the stability of the economy in Hong Kong, thereby directly and adversely affecting our results of operations and financial positions.

Under the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong is exclusively in charge of its internal affairs and external relations while the government of the PRC is responsible for its foreign affairs and defense. As a separate customs territory, Hong Kong maintains and develops relations with foreign states and regions. Based on certain recent development including the Hong Kong National Security Law issued by the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress in June 2020, the U.S. State Department has indicated that the United States no longer considers Hong Kong to have significant autonomy from China and at the time President Trump signed an executive order and Hong Kong Autonomy Act, or HKAA, to remove Hong Kong’s preferential trade status and to authorize the U.S. administration to impose blocking sanctions against individuals and entities who are determined to have materially contributed to the erosion of Hong Kong’s autonomy. The United States may impose the same tariffs and other trade restrictions on exports from Hong Kong that it places on goods from mainland China. These and other recent actions may represent an escalation in political and trade tensions involving the U.S., China, and Hong Kong, which could potentially harm our business.

Given the relatively small geographical size of Hong Kong, any of such incidents may have a widespread effect on our business operations, which could in turn adversely and materially affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. It is difficult to predict the full impact of the HKAA on Hong Kong and companies with operations in Hong Kong like us. Furthermore, legislative, or administrative actions in respect of China-U.S. relations could cause investor uncertainty for affected issuers, including us, and the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares could be adversely affected.

Changes in international trade policies, trade disputes, barriers to trade, or the emergence of a trade war may dampen growth in markets where the majority of our customers reside.

Political events, international trade disputes, and other business interruptions could harm or disrupt international commerce and the global economy and could have a material adverse effect on us and our customers, our service providers, and our other partners. International trade disputes could result in tariffs and other protectionist measures which may materially and adversely affect our business.

Tariffs could increase the cost of the services and products which could affect customers’ investment decisions. In addition, political uncertainty surrounding international trade disputes and the potential of their escalation to trade war and global recession could have a negative effect on customer confidence, which could materially and adversely affect our business. We may have also access to fewer business opportunities, and our operations may be negatively impacted as a result. In addition, the current and future actions, or escalations by either the United States or China that affect trade relations may cause global economic turmoil and potentially have a negative impact on our markets, our business, or our results of operations, as well as the financial condition of our clients, and we cannot provide any assurances as to whether such actions will occur or the form that they may take.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

Our revenues and expenses will be denominated predominantly in Hong Kong dollars. Although the exchange rate between the Hong Kong dollar to the U.S. dollar has been pegged since 1983, we cannot assure you that the Hong Kong dollar will remain pegged to the U.S. dollar. Any significant fluctuations in the exchange rates between Hong Kong dollars to U.S. dollars may have a material adverse effect on our revenue and financial condition. We have not used any forward contracts, futures, swaps or currency borrowings to hedge our exposure to foreign currency risk.

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

We rely on one major customer, and if we fail to attract new customers, retain existing customers, or maintain or increase sales to customers, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects will be harmed.

We rely on one major customer which contributed approximately 71.3%, 91.4% and 94.5% of our total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We do not have long-term agreements with any of our top five customers and their purchases are made on an order-by-order basis. Our business with our customers has been, and we expect it will continue to be, conducted based on the actual orders received from time to time. Our customers are not obligated in any way to continue placing orders with us at the same or increasing levels, or at all. Our customers level of demand for our apparel products may fluctuate significantly from period to period. Such fluctuation is attributable mainly to changes in customer demand, including their business strategies, operational needs, product portfolio and interpretation of fashion trends. The loss of our principal customer, or if we are unable to attract new customers or if our existing customers decrease their spending on the products we offer, fail to make repeat purchases of our products, will harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects.

We may be unable to timely and accurately respond to changes in fashion trends and consumer preferences.

We are a provider of one-stop apparel solution services, and we offer in-house product design services to our customers. We also engage in the retail sales of apparel products to consumers. We must stay abreast of emerging consumer preferences and anticipate product trends that will appeal to existing and potential consumers. We believe that our success is, to an important extent, attributable to the ability of our design and product development personnel to design apparel products that are responsive to changes in consumer preferences. Due to the highly subjective nature of the fashion trends and the rapid change in fashion trends for apparels as well as the preferences of our customers and consumers, we may be unable to capture or predict the future fashion trend and continue to develop appealing designs for our customers. If we fail to capture, predict, or respond timely to changes in market preferences and introduce appealing and commercially viable apparel designs in a timely manner, our customers may choose to work with our competitors with market-sensitive designs or purchase products from our competitors.

Our focus on using sustainable materials and environmentally friendly manufacturing processes and supply chain practices may increase our cost of doing business and hinder our growth.

We are dedicated to prioritizing sustainable materials, an environmentally friendly supply chain, and manufacturing processes that collectively limit our environmental footprint. As our business expands, it may be increasingly challenging to cost-effectively secure enough sustainably sourced materials to support our growth and achieve our sustainability goals while also achieving and maintaining profitability. In addition, our ability to expand into new product categories or expand our existing product mix with our core customers depends in part on our ability to identify new sustainable materials that are suitable for our products. Our inability to source materials that meet our sustainability requirements in sufficient volumes could result in slower growth, increased costs, and/or lower net profits. Additionally, as our business expands, we may not be able to identify suppliers and manufacturers with business practices that reflect our commitment to sustainability, which may harm our ability to expand our supply chain to meet the expected growth of our business. If any of these factors prevent us from meeting our sustainability goals or increase the carbon footprint of any our products, then it could have an adverse effect on our brand, reputation, results of operations, and financial condition.

The enactment in the U.S. of the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (the “UFLPA”) and similar pending legislation in the territories in which our subsidiaries operate could have material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

The UFLPA prohibits on the importation of goods into the United States manufactured wholly or in part with forced labor in the PRC, especially from the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (“Xinjiang”). It establishes a rebuttable presumption that the importation of any goods, wares, articles, and merchandise mined, produced, or manufactured wholly or in part in Xinjiang are not entitled to entry to the U.S. and requires the importer of record to comply with specified conditions and, by clear and convincing evidence, that the goods, wares, articles, or merchandise were not produced using forced labor. Our contract manufacturers are located in the PRC, and whereas 84% of Chinese cotton comes from Xinjiang.

Governments in the other territories where the company operates (the UK, the EU and Canada) are advancing similar measures to address the risk of goods produced from forced labor from any country from entering the global supply chains in order to ensure that their businesses are not complicit in forced labor in Xinjiang, there is an extraordinarily high risk that the yarn, textiles, and garments made with Chinese cotton are tainted with forced and prison labor. Violations of the UFLPA can empower U.S. Customs and Border Protection to detain, exclude or seize goods and assess monetary penalties.

The failure of the Company’s supply chain management system to rebut the presumption that its products are tainted with forced or prison labor could materially and adversely affect our business operations, financial position, and results of operations.

We rely on two principal suppliers for supplies of raw materials, manufacturing services and logistics services.

The apparel products sold or sourced by us during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, were mainly produced by two contract manufacturers, one of which is our affiliated company. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 our two contract manufacturers together accounted for 100%, 93.9% and 80.1% of our total purchases, respectively. We engage contract manufacturer on an individual project basis and rely on third party service providers for services including sourcing of materials and provision of logistics services for the finished goods. We do not enter into any long-term contracts with our suppliers, and the terms of services provided by them may be susceptible to fluctuations with regard to pricing, timing and quality. Business relationships with our key suppliers could deteriorate, and existing procurement arrangements could change without advance notice. Increases in raw material prices resulting in higher procurement costs being incurred by our contract manufacturer, may be passed onto us as part of the overall production service costs. Recent inflationary pressures have affected the procurement cost of certain raw materials used in our apparel products. While we have not faced any shortages or significant increases in prices that would have a material adverse effect on our operations, we have had to enact measures to mitigate fluctuations in the price of our key raw materials. These measures include, but are not limited to, placing bulk orders for a portion of our raw material requirements based on projections and sales estimates ahead of the production season and incorporating alternative materials into our products or modifying specifications of product designs. However, our ability to implement such measures are limited and we cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully mitigate fluctuations or increases in the price of raw materials. We might have to accept substantial increment in price, or a substantial reduction of quantities supplied in some cases, especially when we are unable to locate alternative suppliers in a timely manner and/or on comparable commercial terms. In addition, we are not able to ensure our suppliers’ compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Failure on the part of any of our suppliers to comply with applicable laws and regulations may damage our corporate image, and adversely affect our customer relationships.

Our reliance on suppliers to produce our products could cause problems in our supply chain.

We do not manufacture our products or the raw materials for them and rely instead on suppliers. We have no long-term contracts with any of our suppliers or manufacturing sources for the production of our fabrics and garments, and we compete with other companies for production.

If we experience significant increased demand, or if we need to replace an existing supplier, we may be unable to locate additional manufacturing capacity on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all, or we may be unable to locate any supplier or manufacturer with sufficient capacity to meet our customer’s requirements or to fill our orders in a timely manner. Even if we are able to expand existing or find new manufacturing, we may encounter delays in production and added costs as a result of the time it takes to train our suppliers and manufacturers in our methods, products, and quality control standards. Delays related to supplier changes could also arise due to an increase in shipping times if new suppliers are located farther away from our markets or from other participants in the supply chain. Any delays, interruption, or increased costs in manufacture of our products could have an adverse effect on our ability to meet customer demand for our products and result in lower net revenue and income from operations both in the short and long term.

Customers may choose to do business with suppliers directly through online platforms.

Our customers pay for our services to leverage our industry knowledge, market connections and logistics management capability. However, it has been increasingly common for brand owners and retailers to place their orders directly to manufacturers through online platforms. If we are unable to provide other value-added services such as product design and development, production management and logistics management to our customers, we face the risk of losing our existing customers, especially those with the confidence and savviness to order apparel products online. With the internet becoming more common in the current economic environment, market demand for our services may decrease.

Any negative publicity about our products or services could harm our business and reputation and could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

An integral part of our value is our reputation as a sustainable and ethical brand and our customers expect a high standard from our products and services. Our ability to maintain this value and the reputation of our business is key to our continued success. Despite our commitment to product innovation, quality, and sustainability and our continuing investment in design (including materials), and quality control, we cannot assure you that our suppliers and manufacturers will adhere to the same commitment. Negative publicity regarding our suppliers or manufacturers could also adversely affect our reputation and sales and could force us to identify and engage alternative suppliers or manufacturers. Any actions or any negative publicity about us may adversely affect consumer perception of our brand, our products and our services. Any incidents involving our company, our suppliers or manufacturers, or the products we sell, could erode the trust and confidence of our customers, and damage the strength of our brand, especially if such incidents result in adverse publicity, governmental investigations, product recalls or litigation.

We cannot guarantee that we are able to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights of the “les 100 ciels” trademark that would have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

Intellectual property protection may be unavailable or limited in the countries in which we operate where laws or law enforcement practices may not protect our intellectual property rights as fully as in the United States, and it may be more difficult for us to successfully challenge the use of our intellectual property rights by other parties in these countries. For instance, some of our trademark or trade dress applications may not be approved by the applicable governmental authorities because they are determined to lack sufficient distinctiveness, and, even if approved, may be challenged by third parties for this same reason. If we fail to protect and maintain our intellectual property rights, the value of our brand could be diminished, and our competitive position may suffer.

We are exposed to credit risks of our customers.

We are exposed to credit risks of our customers. We do not have access to all the information necessary to form a comprehensive view on the creditworthiness. The complete financial and operational conditions of customers are not always available to us, and we may not be in any position to obtain such information. As a result, if any of our major customers experience any financial difficulty and fail to settle the outstanding amounts due to us in accordance with the agreed credit terms, our working capital position may be adversely affected.

We face risks associated with seasonal fluctuations in demand.

Our sales of finished garment products are generally highest from August to December, and we expect to continue to experience seasonal fluctuations. Therefore, our operating results for a certain period within a calendar year, or between any interim periods, may not correctly indicate our performance for the entire calendar year. Prospective investors should be aware of this seasonal fluctuation when making any comparison of our operating results.

Labor or other disruptions at ports or our suppliers or manufacturers may adversely affect our business.

Our business depends on our ability to source and distribute products in a timely and cost-effective manner. As a result, we rely on the free flow of goods through open and operational ports worldwide and on a consistent basis from our suppliers and manufacturer. Labor disputes and disruptions at various ports or at our suppliers or manufacturer could create significant risks for our business, particularly if these disputes result in work slowdowns, decreased operations, lockouts, strikes or other disruptions during our peak importing or manufacturing seasons. For example, COVID-19 has resulted in delays and disruptions at ports due to workforce decreases, shipping backlogs and capacity constraints, container shortages and other disruptions. This has resulted, and may continue to result, in slower than planned deliveries of inventory and delayed sales to customers. If we experience significant delays or disruption in receiving and distributing our products, this could have an adverse effect on our business, potentially resulting in cancelled orders by customers, unanticipated inventory accumulation or shortages, increased expense (including air freight) to deliver our products and reduced net revenues and net income or higher net loss.

Inconsistent quality control may adversely affect our reputation and customer relationships.

Our customers have specific requirements for their apparel products, and these requirements could change from one carton to another, even for the same types of products with the same design. We rely on our internal quality control personnel to inspect the finished goods and rectify any defectiveness so that the goods can be delivered to our customers in a form that would meet their quality expectations. If we fail to meet the specifications of our customers, we may not be able to monitor the quality of our suppliers at all times. For apparel products that do not satisfy the quality standards or our customers’ specifications, we may be forced to provide products to our customers on a delayed basis or cancel their order, our reputation in the industry and customer relationships would be adversely affected, and we may suffer from loss of sales and be exposed to commercial claims.

Our profit margin may be adversely affected by the increasing costs of raw materials and labor.

Changes in the costs of raw materials or labor indirectly affect our cost structure. We utilize third-party contract manufacturers to produce all of our apparel products. Any increase in production costs, including procurement costs for raw materials and increases in labor costs, may be passed on to us, while we may not be able to pass on all or any part of the subsequent increase in costs to our customers, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial performance.

We do not enter into long-term contracts with our suppliers. We usually enter into fixed-price contracts with our suppliers, including those for raw materials concurrently with our acceptance of each customer order, but in some cases a short time gap may be inevitable. In cases where we outsource procurement of raw materials to our contract manufacturers, rising raw material costs may be passed onto us by our contract manufacturers and put pressure on our profit margin. Any increase in the wage of workers in the apparel manufacturing industry and capital expenditures to enhance working conditions could increase the operating costs of our suppliers causing them to increase our contract prices. If we are not able to control our costs and/or pass on such additional costs to our customers or allocate such production work to other suppliers of similar quality at comparable terms, our profit margin could decrease, and we could record losses in some of our projects.

We face keen competition from other players in the market.

The apparel supply chain services industry in Hong Kong and the apparel retail industry in the UK has a large number of participants, which makes the industry highly fragmented and competitive. We compete with other companies on the basis of service quality and pricing. Some of our competitors may have more variety of services, greater pricing flexibility, better in house technology, stronger brand recognition, longer operating history and a more established customer base. As a result, these competitors may have greater credibility with our potential customers in our target market segments. They may have greater resources to support their service and product offerings, such as better in-house technology infrastructure, stronger brand and pricing flexibility. Unless we remain competitive, we may face increasing pricing pressure and gradual loss of our orders and customers.

We are dependent on our key executives, management team and professional staff.

We have a team of experienced and competent management who is responsible for overseeing financial condition and performance, allocating and budgeting human resources and formulating business strategies. For example, each of Ms. Eva Yuk Yin Siu and Ms. Man Chi Wai, the founders of Operating Subsidiaries, has over 30 years of experience in the fashion garment industry. Leveraging on their experience and network in the industry, we have been successfully expanding our client base and source of deals and transactions. However, we cannot assure you that we can retain the services of our key executives, personnel and members of our management team and find suitable replacements if any of them terminates his or her engagement with us, given the intense competition for experienced and competent personnel in the industry.

Apart from our senior management, we also rely on our professional staff in different business operations to implement our business strategies, provide quality services to clients, manage our compliance and risks, identify and capture business opportunities, maintain relationship with clients and procure new clients. Loss of our professional staff and failure to recruit replacement will materially and adversely affect our business operations.

We may be unable to obtain sufficient funding on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

The future expansion of our business may require us to incur additional borrowings and diversify sources of funding. Whether we are able to raise additional capital at costs acceptable to us depends on the financial success of our current business and the successful implementation of our key strategic initiatives. This may be affected by various financial, economic and market conditions and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. If we are unable to obtain sufficient banking facilities on acceptable terms to meet our operational and expansion demands, this may put strains on our cash flow and our ability to successfully implement our expansion plans.

Our insurance coverage may be inadequate to protect us from potential losses.

We may not be fully insured for our losses under our current insurance policies in place. We do not maintain any business interruption or key person life insurance. Our trade credit insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our losses in the event of non-payment. There are certain types of losses, such as from war, acts of terrorism and certain natural disasters, for which we cannot obtain insurance at a reasonable cost, or at all. If any of these occurs, it may result in us incurring substantial losses and the diversion of our resources, which are not covered by our insurance. It may in turn materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

We or our Operating Subsidiaries may be subject to litigation, arbitration, or other legal proceeding risk.

We or our Operating Subsidiaries may be subject to arbitration claims and lawsuits in the ordinary course of our business. As of the date of this report, neither we nor our Operating Subsidiaries are a party to, or are aware of any threat of, any legal proceeding that, in the opinion of our management, is likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operations. Actions brought against us may result in settlements, awards, injunctions, fines, penalties, and other results adverse to us. A substantial judgment, settlement, fine or penalty could be material to our operating results or cash flows for a particular period, depending on our results for that period, or could cause us significant reputational harm, which could harm our business prospects.

Our services depend on the reliability of computer systems maintained by us and our outsourcing vendors and the ability to implement, maintain and upgrade our information technology and security measures.

Our services depend on the reliability of computer systems maintained by us and our outsourcing vendors to operate efficiently and reliably at all times. Certain emergencies or contingencies could occur, such as a natural disaster or a significant power outage, which could temporarily shut down our facilities and computer systems. Further, our Operating Subsidiaries’ servers may be subject to computer viruses, hacking, vandalism, physical or electronic break-ins and other disruptions, which could lead to a loss of data. In addition, if the technological and operational platforms and capabilities become outdated, we will be at a disadvantage when competing with our competitors. In addition, our failure to back up our data and information in a timely manner may cause material disruption of our business operation and may therefore adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We may be unable to successfully implement our future business plans and objectives.

Our success is dependent on, among other things, our proper and timely execution of our future business plans. Our future business plans may be hindered by factors beyond our control, such as competition within the industry we operate, our ability to cope with high exposure to financial risk, operational risk, market risk and credit risk as our business and customer base expands and our ability to provide, maintain and improve the level of human and other resources in servicing our customers. As such, we cannot assure that our future business plans will materialize, or that our objectives will be accomplished fully or partially, or our business strategies will generate the intended benefits to us as initially contemplated. If we fail to implement our business development strategies successfully, our business performance, financial condition and future prospects and growth could be materially and adversely affected.

We may in the future pursue acquisitions and joint ventures as part of our growth strategy. Any future acquisition or joint venture may result in exposure to potential liabilities of the acquired companies and significant transaction costs, and also may present new risks associated with entering additional markets or offering new products or services and integrating the acquired companies or newly established joint ventures. Moreover, we may not have sufficient management, financial and other resources to integrate companies we acquire or to successfully operate joint ventures, and we may be unable to profitably operate our expanded company structure. Additionally, any new business that we may acquire or joint ventures we may form, once integrated with our existing operations, may not produce expected or intended results.

Our internal control system may become ineffective or inadequate.

We rely on our internal control system to ensure effective business operations. We have established, maintained and relied on an internal control system comprising a series of policies and procedures. There is no assurance that the internal control system in place will prove at all times adequate and effective to deal with all the possible risks given the fast changing financial and regulatory environment in which we operate. We cannot assure that our internal control system has no deficiencies or inherent limitations, or that it can fully prevent us from our employee misconduct. Such deficiencies or inherent limitations may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

A sustained outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Since late December 2019, the outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus, later named COVID-19, spread rapidly throughout China and later to the rest of the world. On January 30, 2020, the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee of the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a PHEIC, and later on March 11, 2020, a global pandemic. The COVID-19 outbreak has led governments across the globe to impose a series of measures intended to contain its spread, including border closures, travel bans, quarantine measures, social distancing, and restrictions on business operations and large gatherings. While the spread of COVID-19 was substantially controlled in 2021, several variants of COVID-19 have emerged in different parts of the world and restrictions were re-imposed from time to time in certain cities to combat sporadic outbreaks. For instance, in early 2022, there was an uptick in cases in Shanghai, China, caused by the highly contagious Omicron variant. The outbreak in Shanghai spread to many other provinces and cities in China, where the contract manufacturers we use to produce all of our products are located. Travel restrictions and other limitations were imposed in various places across China in response to these new cases. Given the rapidly expanding nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, we believe that COVID-19 has impacted and will likely continue to impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

This outbreak of COVID-19 has caused companies like us and our business partners to implement temporary adjustments to work schedules and travel plans, mandating employees to work from home and collaborate remotely. As a result, we may have experienced lower efficiency and productivity, internally and externally, which may adversely affect our service quality. Moreover, our business depends on our employees. If any of our employees has contracted or is suspected of having contracted COVID-19, these employees will be required to be quarantined and they could pass it to other of our employees, potentially resulting in severe disruption to our business.

Furthermore, our results of operations have been severely affected by the COVID-19 outbreak. Due to the instability of global financial markets and other economic and financial challenges brought about by COVID-19, our businesses and clients have been adversely affected by travel restrictions preventing travel from and to Hong Kong. More broadly, the COVID-19 outbreak threatens global economies and has caused significant market volatility and declines in general economic activities. This may have severely dampened the confidence in global markets and potential clients.

Any future impact on our results of operations will depend on, to a large extent, future developments and new information that may emerge regarding the duration and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic and the actions taken by government authorities and other entities to contain the spread or treat its impact, almost all of which are beyond our control. Given the general slowdown in economic conditions globally, volatility in the capital markets as well as the general negative impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the apparel solutions services market, we cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain the growth rate we have experienced or projected. We will continue to closely monitor the situation throughout 2023 and beyond.

Global climate change and related legal and regulatory developments could negatively affect our business, results of operations, liquidity, and financial condition

The effects of climate change resulting from increased concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as droughts, heat waves, flooding, wildfires, increased storm severity, sea level rise, and power outages or shortages, particularly in certain regions in which we operate, may materially adversely impact our business. China, where a significant portion of our manufacturing operations are conducted through contract manufacturers, is presently undergoing the worst heat wave in 60 years while also contending with a prolonged drought drying up reservoirs and crippling hydropower stations. This has resulted in power shortages and factories having to cease or limit their production operations. While the Company has not experienced any disruptions in the operations of its contract manufactures, any such disruptions could have a material adverse effect on its business, operations, liquidity, and financial condition.

A severe or prolonged downturn in the global economy, whether caused by economic or political instability, could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The recent global market and economic crisis stemming from COVID-19 resulted in recessions occurring in most major economies. Continued concerns about the systemic impact of potential long-term and wide-spread recession, energy costs, geopolitical issues, sovereign debt issues, COVID-19 and new variants thereof and the availability and cost of credit have contributed to increased market volatility and diminished expectations for economic growth around the world. The difficult economic outlook has negatively affected businesses and consumer confidence and contributed to significant volatility.

There is continuing uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies that have been adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including Hong Kong’s. There have also been concerns over unrest in several geographic areas, which may result in significant market volatility. Any prolonged slowdown in the global and/or Hong Kong economy may have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition, and continued turbulence in the international markets may adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets to meet liquidity needs.

The business of our Operating Subsidiaries is substantially concentrated in North America where one customer in Canada accounted for approximately 71.3%, 91.4% and 94.5% of our revenues for the years ended December 31,2023, 2022 and 2021 and is therefore heavily dependent on the North American economy.   Economic conditions in North America are sensitive to global economic conditions. If there is any significant decline in the North American economy and we are unable to generate business in other geographic locations, our revenue, profitability, and business prospects will be materially affected. Also, major market disruptions and adverse changes in market conditions and uncertainty in the regulatory climate worldwide may adversely affect our business and industry or impair our ability to borrow or make any future financial arrangements.

The war in Ukraine has affected global economic markets, and the uncertain resolution of this conflict could result in protracted and/or severe damage to the global economy. Russia’s military interventions in Ukraine have led to, and may lead to, additional sanctions being levied by the United States, European Union and other countries against Russia. Russia’s military incursion and the resulting sanctions could adversely affect global energy and financial markets and thus could affect our client’s business and our business, even though we do not have any direct exposure to Russia or the adjoining geographic regions. The extent and duration of the military action, sanctions, and resulting market disruptions are impossible to predict, but could be substantial. Any such disruptions caused by Russian military action or resulting sanctions may magnify the impact of other risks described in this section. We cannot predict the progress or outcome of the situation in Ukraine, as the conflict and governmental reactions are rapidly developing and beyond their control. Prolonged unrest, intensified military activities, or more extensive sanctions impacting the region could have a material adverse effect on the global economy, and such effect could in turn have a material adverse effect on the operations, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, and business outlook of our business.

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A. History and Development of the Company.

Historical Structure

NCI, incorporated in July 2021 under the laws of the Cayman Islands, is the holding company of our Operating Subsidiaries, Neo-Concept HK, and Neo-Concept UK. Through our Operating Subsidiaries, NCI is a one-stop apparel solution services provider, offering a full suite of services in the apparel supply chain, including market trend analysis, product design and development, raw material sourcing, production and quality control, and logistics management serving the European and North American markets.

Prior to a restructuring in 2021, our Operating Subsidiaries were part of NCH, a consortium of vertically integrated companies that provide a full range of garment supply chain services including but not limited to garment trading and manufacturing, retail, and apparel solution services. With operations across Hong Kong, China, East Asia, UK, Europe, and North America, NCH was and still is under the common control of our Controlling Shareholder, who both restructured the business of NCH and founded NCI. To avoid any potential conflicts of interest due to the common control, NCI, Splendid Vibe Limited, Ample Excellence Limited and Neo-Concept (BVI) Limited, the holding companies of NCH, have entered into an Exclusive Territory and Non-Competition Agreement (“Agreement”) which identifies their respective exclusive geographic areas of operations and addresses NCH’s existing customers. See “Corporate History and Structure — Exclusive Territory and Non-Competition Agreement.”

As part of the reorganization prior to the listing, on October 29, 2021, NCI acquired all the shares of NCA from the Controlling Shareholder and Ms. Man Chi Wai and became the holding company of NCA, Neo-Concept HK, Neo-Concept (NY) Corporation and Neo-Concept UK. Neo-Concept (NY) Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Neo-Concept HK, had no significant operations during the two years ended December 31, 2020, and 2021 and on November 12, 2021, Neo-Concept HK disposed of all the shares of Neo-Concept (NY) Corporation to Neo-Concept (BVI) Limited, an affiliated company controlled by the Controlling Shareholder.

Share re-designation and Share Consolidation

On March 3, 2025, the shareholders of the Company resolved and approved the following resolutions:

On May 9, 2025, the shareholders of the Company resolved and approved that with effect from such date and time to be determined by the board of directors of the Company which in any event shall not be later than 1 July 2025:

As of the date of this Annual Report, the Share Consolidation has not yet been effective. 

Neo-Concept International Group Holdings Limited’s Offices

Our principal executive office is located at 10/F, Seaview Centre, No.139-141 Hoi Bun Road, Kwun Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Our telephone number is (+852) 2798 8639. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the office of Osiris International Cayman Limited, Suite #4-210, Governors Square, 23 Lime Tree Bay Avenue, PO Box 32311, Grand Cayman KY1-1209, Cayman Islands.

Our agent for service of process in the United States is Cogency Global Inc., located at 122 East 42^nd Street, 18^th Floor New York, NY 10168. Our website is located at http://www.neo-ig.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not a part of, and shall not be incorporated by reference into, this report.

B. Business overview

Overview

NCI is a one-stop apparel solution services provider. We offer a full suite of services in the apparel supply chain, including market trend analysis, product design and development, raw material sourcing, production and quality control, and logistics management serving customers located in the European, and North American markets through Neo-Concept HK. As we are involved from the initial stages of the development process, we strive to use sustainable solutions to fulfill our customers’ needs. Our process begins by conducting market trend analysis to identify changes in fashion trends. We discuss with customers their requirements for the upcoming season and pitch various designs having considered emerging trends and our customer’s needs. We utilize technology to iterate samples which both reduces waste and allows us to speed up the overall development process. We engage a contract manufacturer to produce prototypes and once a design is finalized, we proceed to bulk production. During production, we closely monitor the production schedule and conduct quality control on the finished product before it is finally delivered to our customer.

We are committed to reducing our environmental impact through recycling, clean processes, traceable sourcing and other eco-friendly practices.

In 2000, Neo-Concept UK began to sell apparel products in the UK under the brand “les 100 ciels” through its retail stores.

In 2024, our group formed a joint venture with a company in the United Arabs Emirates for the purpose of selling our own-branded products under the brand “les 100 ciels” in the Middle East and Northern African regions.

In March 2025, the first Middle East “les 100 ciels” shop was opened in Abu Dhabi, the United Arabs Emirates.

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe that the following strengths distinguish us from our competitors and have contributed to our success:

A focus on sustainability

Our founders, Ms. Siu and Ms. Wai, have decades of experience creating sustainable apparel which we believe sets us apart and grants us unique expertise in the apparel services industry. We have a strong commitment to sustainable practices. For example, we require raw material suppliers to implement clean and ethical processes for sourcing and producing natural fibers such as merino wool and cashmere.

We have also focused on creating a cleaner and more ethical process for the production of our cashmere products. We require our cashmere fibers to be sourced from ethical farms in Inner Mongolia and for each step in the production to be documented for maximum transparency amidst growing concerns of worker abuse. To reduce chemical dyeing and clean water consumption in our processes, we also advocate for the use of recycled cashmere and undyed cashmere. We are a member of the Textile Exchange, a non-profit organization based in the U.S., with the mission to promote the sustainable development of the entire textile value chain, and strictly observe the technical and social compliance global standards in all the factories and partner facilities we utilize. We have been certified by the Textile Exchange under the Responsible Wool Standard (RWS) for our supply chain. This standard is used to track the wool used in our products through the chain of custody in order to preserve the identity of the material and its movements through our supply chain up to the final product.

Given the recent emphasis on climate change and sustainability, green brands are thriving, and more retailers are incorporating sustainable practices into their production. This is a trend that we believe will continue across the North American, UK and European markets. As a result, demand for our services has grown and we have developed various lines of products with our customers utilizing eco-friendly materials and processes. To showcase our commitment to sustainable practices, we have also applied for and received certifications/registrations under the:

We believe our certifications will increase our favorability with and ability to attract a wider spectrum of customers in the future. See “Business — Our Business Operations — Raw Material Sourcing” for further details. These certifications will also facilitate the transition by NCH to us of existing NCH clients that are within our exclusive territory and that require such certifications for us to provide products and services to them. See “Corporate History and Structure — Exclusive Territory and Non-Competition Agreement”.

Close relationships with our major customers and strategic partners

Our relationship with our top customer, a prominent retailer based in Canada, has been crucial to our current success. We have worked with this customer on a recurring basis since 2012. As they have grown, we have been able to increase both the scale and volume of the services and products provided to them.

As a strategic partner to our core customers, we provide brands with a variety of affordable luxury apparel products and the full spectrum of apparel supply chain solution services.

In addition, by working closely with our core customers, we are able to push forward otherwise unfeasible initiatives. For example, one of our top customers is cooperating with us on a new recycling project to recover boiled wool waste during production and recycle this into material that can be used in new production runs. By creating a circular production process, we have reduced waste and helped the customer meet their sustainable growth goals. We have also worked with various brands as an original design manufacturer to help them meet their sustainability goals.

We provide one-stop apparel solution services

Our strength as a one stop apparel solution services provider is our ability to offer our customers a simplified and comprehensive supply chain experience. Our services cover every step from initial design concepts, sourcing, manufacturing, to quality assurance, packaging, and logistics. With the design, planning, execution, control, and monitoring of supply chain activities we offer a competitive infrastructure for customers. Customers are provided with solutions along the supply chain in an efficient and cost-effective manner, so they are able to prioritize their own core competencies and business objectives.

Our management members have deep industry knowledge and proven track records

Our management members bring with them an average of over 30 years of experience in the apparel industry having co-founded NCH in 1990. Ms. Siu, the co-founder of our Operating Subsidiaries, chairlady of our board of directors, and our chief executive officer, focuses on our development plan and business strategy. She has over 30 years of management, business and marketing and operating experience in apparel manufacturing and trading. Ms. Wai, the co-founder of our Operating Subsidiaries, is mainly responsible for operational efficiency and achievement. She has over 30 years of experience in the garment industry and is actively involved in the garment sourcing and trading business. We believe that our cohesive corporate culture inspires innovation, motivates quality service and encourages collaboration. The collective industry knowledge and skills of our management give us the capability to manage risks, respond timely to market trends, and capture lucrative market opportunities. We believe the in-depth industry experience, knowledge of supply chain management and established connections with customers of our management differentiate us from our competitors.

Our Strategies

Our aim is to further strengthen our market position and continue to be a competitive apparel solution services business by pursuing the following key strategies:

Strengthen our design and development capabilities

We consider our ability to develop designs according to the latest fashion trends and styles crucial to our success in the industry. Our design and development team conducts market trend analysis on the latest fashion trends and works with our customers to produce custom designs. To further enhance our design and development capabilities, we intend to expand our design and development team. By strengthening our design and development capabilities, we aim to incorporate more sustainable materials into product components in our design and development stage in the future.

Integrate sustainability into product sourcing and environmental marketing

One of our goals is to integrate sustainability into every aspect of our business model. We have had success adopting innovative sustainability concepts, for instance, requiring manufacturers to use recycled materials in the production line, such as wastage from spinning and production processes. We will seek to identify opportunities to further reduce our environmental footprint, especially in areas that are in sync with the priorities of our customers. In addition, we integrate environmental marketing into consultations with customers, providing guidance and recommendations on how to meet sustainability goals. We have had success in offering eco-friendly yarn compositions and using recycled, regenerated, and traceable yarn products that fall within customers’ budgets and specification.

To showcase our commitment to sustainable practices, we have also applied for certifications under the Global Recycled Standard 4.0, the Organic Content Standard 3.0, the Global Organic Textile Standard 6.0, and have been registered as a user of the Better Cotton Platform. We believe this will increase our appeal and ability to attract a wider spectrum of customers in the future.

Broaden our customer base and work together with our customers to expand our product mix and maintain customer relationships

We expect demand for our apparel services to continue to grow as retailers and consumers are increasingly conscious of ethical consumerism and environmental, social and governance (“ESG”). Our goal is to position ourselves as a leading provider of sustainable apparel solution services and be the first choice for brands seeking to “go-green” in North America and Europe. As our customers continue to grow, we will bring our expertise and creative vision to enhance and expand our existing product mix. We will also increase the frequency of our liaison with existing customers to better understand their needs and enhance our tailor-made apparel solution services. We will continue to broaden the range of apparel products handled by us and strengthen our design and development capabilities in different categories, so that we can tap into new markets and attract new customers.

Acquisition of companies and/or formation of joint ventures

We intend to acquire stakes in companies and/or forming joint ventures with potential business partners, with a view to support the business growth of our Group and diversify our revenue sources. We have not identified any targets for the potential acquisition or joint ventures as of the as of the date of this report.

While we have not identified any specific targets, we plan to selectively pursue acquisitions and formation of joint ventures that complement our existing operations, facilitate our business strategies as well as strengthening our products, enhancing our production capabilities and/or expanding our market presence in our core markets, in order to maximize the potential value and capability of our Company. Our potential targets for acquisition and formation of joint venture will focus on companies with business and products that will enhance our market share and bring synergic effect to our business. We will select potential targets based on various factors including each candidate’s market share, reputation and customer base.

OUR BUSINESS OPERATIONS

We are a one-stop apparel solution services provider. We offer a full suite of services in the apparel supply chain, including market trend analysis, product design and development, raw material sourcing, production and quality control, and logistics management. Through Neo-Concept HK, our Operating Subsidiary established in Hong Kong, we provide our apparel solution services to our customers located in North America and Europe. Our 360 degree supply chain services deliver value at each stage of the process.

The following diagram illustrates the operation flow of our 360 degree supply chain services:

We handle a wide range of apparel products which can be categorized as finished garments. Each series of apparel products handled by us is arguably unique, as they are manufactured according to our customers’ specifications.

Market Trend Analysis

Our goal is to keep abreast of the changes in global fashion trends and the local market response to different styles. We meet with online fashion retailers, textile manufacturers and apparel sourcing agents regularly to deepen our understanding of the market, budgets, and seasonal designs.

We capitalize on our market intelligence to formulate our business plan for seasons ahead. Our seasonal business plan usually involves strategic procurement of raw materials, especially natural fibers, and creation of design sketches responsive to consumer preferences for the season.

Product Design and Development

We have an in-house design team with in-depth technical apparel know-how and experience in the fashion industry. They produce seasonal collections to inspire customers with ideas on design, trends, materials, and techniques that fit a customer’s brand ethos. Alternatively, we work to meet the specifications of a customer’s own designs to deliver products based on the customer’s budget and timeframe.

We typically go through a process of using software to render virtual samples to our customers and through a number of iterations identify a product design that fits their needs and specifications. Alternatively, customers can submit their own design, in which case we will make modifications so that the apparel product can be produced within their budget and other specifications, such as incorporating the use of sustainable materials. Some customers present their concept to us, and we collaboratively generate the design based on their concept and make modifications to the design together.

Raw Material Sourcing

We require our contract manufacturers to source raw materials from select third party vendors that possess certain certifications to guarantee they meet international standards and individual customer needs. Neo-Concept HK has obtained the following industry certifications:

We have quality control procedures in place to evaluate the performance of raw materials used by our contract manufacturers throughout the production process. Our evaluation is based on a number of factors, including sustainability efforts, technical capabilities, quality, manufacturing capacity, industry reputation, years of experience, timely delivery records, costs and payment terms. We perform laboratory tests on random samples and perform on-site inspections on the raw materials used in the manufacturing process to ensure they comply with international standards as well as our customer specifications.

The raw materials used in our products consist of merino wool, cashmere, cotton, leather, and other synthetic materials, including a variety of sustainable, innovative, and ethically sourced materials such as recycled nylon. Recycled nylon is made from the wasted fishing nets from deep-sea fishing activities and reused as raw material for textiles. The ghost fishing nets are regenerated and produced by zero-carbon factories, which can be applied to all types of yarns and fabric. It can be recycled physically and chemically, also being proven its biodegradability.

Production Management and Quality Control

We do not own or operate any manufacturing operations and all of our apparel products (including sample products and finished goods) are produced by contract manufacturers. As part of our apparel solution services, we are responsible for the overall production management, monitoring of production schedule, evaluation of manufacturing services and conducting quality control on finished goods. During the production process, we regularly communicate with manufacturers and check their production schedule to ensure that they are able to deliver the finished goods on time. We also perform on-site quality inspections regularly on raw materials, semi-finished products, and finished products for quality control purposes.

We have stringent quality control procedures throughout the supply chain. Our staff are trained to implement our Total Quality Management System (TQM). This system is integrated with InspectLink software to ensure that garments are inspected throughout the entire manufacturing process, from material development and sampling to production and the final garments. If any defect is found, we will require suppliers to rectify the defects.

As part of our sustainability efforts, we monitor the market to identify new innovative materials and processes that can help to reduce the environmental footprint of our production, whether it be carbon emissions, water consumption or waste pollution.

For example, by adopting processes such as the Dry Dye™ (also known as ZERO-D® dyeing solution) we can achieve a water-based printing solution for a number of our textiles with zero polluted water discharge and reduction of water usage by over 99%.

Logistics Management

Our logistics management services cover every movement of inventory in our customers’ supply chain. We rely on third party service providers or our contract manufacturer for transportation services to the port of destination or our customers warehouse and keep track of the process to monitor the whereabouts of the inventory to ensure it is delivered within the timeline specified by the customer.

RETAIL SALES OF BRANDED APPAREL PRODUCTS

Our own brand of apparel products mainly consists of knitwear sold under the licensed brand “les 100 ciels.” We drive sales through a mix of digital and physical retail locations. Our retail operations in the UK are conducted through Neo-Concept UK, our Operating Subsidiary established in the UK.

In addition to our three physical stores in the UK and our website, we also sell our apparel products through third party online platforms to leverage our digital exposure. We utilize Wolf & Badger, which is based in the UK, to help drive growth in the UK. Our apparel products sold under the “les 100 ciels” brand consists mainly of knitwear made from cashmere.

les 100 ciels womenswear

By selling direct to consumer we can also avoid the costs associated with traditional wholesalers, creating a more efficient cost structure and higher gross margin, which we believe allows us to deliver more affordable products and a better experience to customers. We believe our model enables us to provide high-quality products priced lower compared to a traditional wholesale model.

CUSTOMERS

Our customers mainly include brand owners, apparel sourcing agents and online fashion retailers, primarily located in North America and Europe. We have a particularly strong customer base in Canada and the U.S. which accounts for over 86.98% of total revenues, and we maintain stable and ongoing business relationships with all our major customers.

Our top customer is a Canadian based retailer listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange which contributed approximately 49.05% and 71.3% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Neo-Concept HK has been providing our apparel solution services to our top customer since 2012. During this time, it has expanded the service scope to cover a wider range of products. We currently work with seven brands/sub-brands of our top customer, each with its distinct brand identity and which spans across different product categories, including knitwear, woven, cut, and sewn fine knits and a variety of accessories. Although our customer concentration is extremely high, we believe this is a natural result of our business strategy to grow and expand our product offerings organically along with our customers.

Our goal is to work collaboratively with our customers on a long-term basis to create and expand our product offering and position ourselves as a vital partner in the development process. We will continue to strengthen our design and development capabilities and expand our product and service offerings to our customers for every new season. We will also aim to diversify our customer base and revenue source, by expanding both online and offline retail sales of the “les 100 ciels” products.

We do not enter into long-term agreements with our customers, which we believe is in line with market practice.

SUPPLIERS

We have two principal suppliers, (i) NCH, an affiliated company controlled by our Controlling Shareholder, and (ii) an independent third party based in Hong Kong with manufacturing facilities in Mainland China, which we have engaged to produce the majority of apparel products for and arrange delivery to our customers during the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023. We selected these suppliers due to their performance based on a pre-defined set of criteria, including size, quality, reputation, price, and on-time delivery records.

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 our two principal suppliers together accounted for 100% and 93.9% of our total purchases, respectively. We believe it is common for market participants in the apparel supply chain industry to establish reliance on a few suppliers. Establishing and maintaining long-term strategic partnership with strong suppliers with proven capability and the capability to handle a breadth of product categories allow us to enhance our own product offerings and be more competitive in the market.

We do not enter into any long-term supply agreements with our suppliers, which we believe is in line with market practice.

PRICING

Our revenue is mainly generated from North America and Europe, and our products are quoted in US$. We usually adopt a cost-plus pricing strategy and generally price our apparel services based on the following factors: (i) nature of raw material; (ii) complexity of design; (iii) quotations from third party suppliers, such as costs of raw materials, contract manufacturing services and transportation; (iv) volume of order; (v) timing requirements; (vi) retail price of similar apparel products in the market; and (vii) profit margin within the industry.

Our retail sales of branded products are also priced based a cost-plus pricing model.

PRODUCT RETURN

Sales of private-labelled apparel products

We do not have a product return or warranty policy for our finished garments. Customers have the right to inspect the finished goods before delivery for defects and deviation from specifications. We do not assume the risk of damages or losses after the finished goods are delivered to the place designated by our customers. To maintain long-term business relationship with our customers, we follow up after completion of a given project to solicit feedback.

Retail sales of own-branded apparel products

For sales of our “les 100 ciels” products through our physical and digital channels, we provide a 28 day return window to our customer for unworn apparel, and a credit note to the value of the items for up to 35 days.

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we are not aware of any material claims against us in relation to defective products, nor any material product returns from our customers.

MARKETING

We implement a number of marketing and promotion measures to source new customers. Our new customers are primarily referrals from our existing customers which, in our view, is a reflection of their satisfaction with our services. We also utilize our business network for introductions to new partners and customers. Our strategy is to fully understand our customers product and services requirements and work together to achieve their needs in a cost-effective way. Our marketing activities also involve creating seasonal sales tools to demonstrate our capabilities, as well as inspire our customers with trend infographics and an in-house collection demonstrating our technical ability and designs. We use these during face-to-face meetings, to allow our customer to understand our latest design collections and significantly enhance customer experience with us.

SEASONALITY

The apparel market exhibits seasonality with dynamic changes in trends and consumers’ preferences depending on the time of year. Apparel sales are generally highest from July to September, mainly attributable to climate and frequent online sales events during these months. The aggregate sales generated in these months accounted for approximately 49.58% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024.

COMPETITION

The industry in which we operate is large, fragmented and highly competitive. We face fierce competition among service providers in terms of the product design, price, quality control and delivery of products. Our competitors include other apparel service providers and one-stop garment manufacturers including our affiliate, NCH who also provides apparel solutions services to customers in North America and Europe. To avoid any potential conflicts of interest due to the common control, we have entered into an Agreement with Neo-Concept (BVI) Limited, Ample Excellence Limited, and Splendid Vibe Limited, the holding companies of NCH. Please see “Corporate History and Structure — Exclusive Territory and Non-Competition Agreement” for further details.

While the market is fragmented, many of our direct competitors operate at a larger scale and have substantially greater resources than us. Access to offshore manufacturing and the growth of ecommerce have made it easier for new companies to enter the markets in which we compete, further increasing competition in the already competitive apparel industry.

Despite the intense competition, we believe our provision of integrated supply chain solutions and value-added services places us in a strong position. Our focus on sustainable practices, innovative materials and products, and collaborative partnerships with core customers allows us to successfully compete in the industry.

COVID-19 Update

Since late December 2019, the outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus, later named COVID-19, spread rapidly throughout China and later to the rest of the world. On January 30, 2020, the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee of the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC),” and later on March 11, 2020, a global pandemic. The COVID-19 outbreak has led governments across the globe to impose a series of measures intended to contain its spread, including border closures, travel bans, quarantine measures, social distancing, and restrictions on business operations and large gatherings. While the spread of COVID-19 was substantially controlled in 2021, several variants of COVID-19 have emerged in different parts of the world and restrictions were re-imposed from time to time in certain cities to combat sporadic outbreaks. For instance, in early 2022, there was an uptick in cases in Shanghai, China, caused by the highly contagious Omicron variant. The outbreak in Shanghai spread to many other provinces and cities in China, where the contract manufacturers we use to produce all of our products are located. Travel restrictions and other limitations were imposed in various places across China in response to these new cases.

The COVID-19 pandemic has also had and will continue to have a major impact on the retail industry and our customers. For example, in March 2020, upon declaration of the COVID-19 as a pandemic by the World Health Organization, our largest customer temporarily closed all of its retail locations in Canada and the United States according to guidelines from the local government authorities. It has since re-opened its retail locations in phases, with all locations re-opened as of July 2021.

Given the rapidly expanding nature of COVID-19 pandemic, we believe that COVID-19 has impacted and will likely continue to impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused companies like us and our business partners to implement temporary adjustments to work schedules and travel plans, mandating employees to work from home and collaborate remotely. As a result, we may have experienced lower efficiency and productivity, internally and externally, which may adversely affect our service quality. Moreover, our business depends on our employees. If any of our employees has contracted or is suspected of having contracted COVID-19, these employees will be required to be quarantined and they could pass it to other of our employees, potentially resulting in severe disruption to our business.

Furthermore, our results of operations have been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the instability of global financial markets and other economic and financial challenges brought about by COVID-19. The COVID-19 pandemic threatens global economies and has caused significant market volatility and declines in general economic activities. This may have severely dampened the confidence in global markets and potential clients.

Any future impact on our results of operations will depend on, to a large extent, future developments and new information that may emerge regarding the duration and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic and the actions taken by government authorities and other entities to contain the spread or treat its impact, almost all of which are beyond our control. We will continue to closely monitor the situation throughout 2023 and beyond.

Regulations

Regulations Related to our Business Operations in Hong Kong

Hong Kong Regulations Related to Services Providers

Business registration requirement

The Business Registration Ordinance (Chapter 310 of the Laws of Hong Kong) requires every person carrying on any business to make an application to the Commissioner of Inland Revenue in the prescribed manner for the registration of that business. The Commissioner of Inland Revenue must register each business for which a business registration application is made and as soon as practicable after the prescribed business registration fee and levy are paid and issue a business registration certificate or branch registration certificate for the relevant business or the relevant branch, as the case may be.

As of the date of this report, Neo-Concept HK holds a valid business registration certificate.

Regulations related to employment and labor protection

Employment Ordinance (Chapter 57 of the Laws of Hong Kong)

The Employment Ordinance (Chapter 57 of the Laws of Hong Kong), or the EO, is an ordinance enacted for, amongst other things, the protection of the wages of employees and the regulation of the general conditions of employment and employment agencies. Under the EO, an employee is generally entitled to, amongst other things, notice of termination of his or her employment contract; payment in lieu of notice; maternity protection in the case of a pregnant employee; not less than one rest day in every period of seven days; severance payments or long service payments; sickness allowance; statutory holidays or alternative holidays; and paid annual leave of up to 14 days depending on the period of employment.

As of the date of this report, Neo-Concept HK has complied with the provisions under the EO.

Employees’ Compensation Ordinance (Chapter 282 of the Laws of Hong Kong)

The Employees’ Compensation Ordinance (Chapter 282 of the Laws of Hong Kong), or the ECO, is an ordinance enacted for the purpose of providing for the payment of compensation to employees injured in the course of employment. As stipulated by the ECO, no employer shall employ any employee in any employment unless there is in force in relation to such employee a policy of insurance issued by an insurer for an amount not less than the applicable amount specified in the Fourth Schedule of the ECO in respect of the liability of the employer. According to the Fourth Schedule of the ECO, the insured amount shall be not less than HKD 100,000,000 per event if a company has no more than 200 employees. Any employer who contravenes this requirement commits a criminal offence and is liable on conviction to a fine and imprisonment. An employer who has taken out an insurance policy under the ECO is required to display a prescribed notice of insurance in a conspicuous place on each of its premises where any employee is employed.

As of the date of this report, employee compensation insurance has been obtained for all employees of Neo-Concept HK.

Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Ordinance (Chapter 485 of the Laws of Hong Kong)

The Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Ordinance (Chapter 485 of the Laws of Hong Kong), or the MPFSO, is an ordinance enacted for the purposes of providing for the establishment of non-governmental mandatory provident fund schemes, or the MPF Schemes. The MPFSO requires every employer of an employee of 18 years of age or above but under 65 years of age to take all practical steps to ensure the employee becomes a member of a registered MPF Scheme. Subject to the minimum and maximum relevant income levels, it is mandatory for both employers and their employees to contribute 5% of the employee’s relevant income to the MPF Scheme. Any employer who contravenes this requirement commits a criminal offence and is liable on conviction to a fine and imprisonment.

As of the date of this report, the Company believes it has made all contributions required under the MPFSO.

Regulations related to Personal Data

Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance (Chapter 486 of the Laws of Hong Kong)

The Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance (Chapter 486 of the Laws of Hong Kong), or the PDPO, imposes a statutory duty on data users to comply with the requirements of the six data protection principles (the “Data Protection Principles”) contained in Schedule 1 to the PDPO. The PDPO provides that a data user shall not do an act, or engage in a practice, that contravenes a Data Protection Principle unless the act or practice, as the case may be, is required or permitted under the PDPO. The six Data Protection Principles are:

Non-compliance with a Data Protection Principle may lead to a complaint to the Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data (the “Privacy Commissioner”). The Privacy Commissioner may serve an enforcement notice to direct the data user to remedy the contravention and/or instigate prosecution actions. A data user who contravenes an enforcement notice commits an offense which may lead to a fine and imprisonment.

The PDPO also gives data subjects certain rights, inter alia:

The PDPO criminalizes, including but not limited to, the misuse or inappropriate use of personal data in direct marketing activities, non-compliance with a data access request and the unauthorized disclosure of personal data obtained without the relevant data user’s consent. An individual who suffers damage, including injured feelings, by reason of a contravention of the PDPO in relation to his or her personal data may seek compensation from the data user concerned.

As of the date of this report, Neo-Concept HK is in compliance with the provisions of the PDPO.

Regulations Related to our Business Operations in UK

United Kingdom Regulations Related to Retail Sales of Products

Sale of Goods

Sale of Goods Act 1979 (“SoGA”) implies a number of important terms into business to business sale of goods contracts, particularly in relation to the title to the goods and the quality of the goods. It also lays down a large number of presumptions, which, in the absence of express drafting to the contrary, apply to a business to business sale of goods contract. The key terms implied by SoGA are: (a) That the seller has the right to sell the goods (i.e. good title); (b) That the goods are free from undisclosed charges or encumbrances and that the buyer will enjoy quiet possession of the goods; (c) Where goods are sold by description, that the goods will correspond with that description; (d) Where goods are sold in the course of a business, that the goods are of satisfactory quality; and (e) Where goods are sold in the course of a business and the buyer, expressly or by implication, makes known to the seller the purpose for which they want the goods, that the goods will be reasonably fit for that purpose. SoGA entitles buyers to reject non-conforming goods and reclaim the purchase price (where already paid). Certain other provisions of SoGA will apply to business to consumer sale of goods contracts (for example regarding the point at which a contract is made under English law), but the implied terms discussed above are now included as mandatory standards in specific consumer rights legislation as set out below.

Consumer Rights

There are an extensive range of UK laws and regulations concerning consumer rights in the UK that are applicable to retail sales, including the Consumer Rights Act 2015 (“CRA”), the Electronic Commerce (EC Directive) Regulations 2002 (“E-Commerce Regs”), Consumer Contracts (Information, Cancellation and Additional Charges) Regulations 2013 (“CCRs”) and Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 (“CPUT”). These regulations govern the sale of goods and services to UK consumers, both online and in-stores. They grant consumers a minimum standard of rights (including with regard to title, fitness for purpose, cooling-off periods, product delivery & returns and defective or misleadingly described goods) as well as imposing requirements on businesses with regard to the information that must be provided to a consumer, both prior to and after entering into a contract. The regulations also govern the way businesses market and promote consumer products, as well as their communications with consumers across all formats (whether online or in-store).

Data Protection

The key relevant regulations applicable to the processing of the data of UK citizens are the UK Data Protection Act 2018 (the “DPA”) and the retained UK version of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (the “UK GDPR”) (collectively referred to as the “DP Legislation”). The purpose of the DP Legislation is to ensure the protection of personal data of living individuals in the UK (e.g., employees, customers), to ensure such data is processed securely, fairly and transparently and to restrict the way such data is shared with third parties, including internationally. The DP Legislation also enshrines certain rights for individuals, which may be enforced against companies, including rights to access their data or have it deleted.

The DP Legislation includes robust penalties for non-compliance, including fines of up to 4% of an organization’s global annual turnover. The legislation requires those entities subject to it to give specific types of information and notices to data subjects (which will include customers, suppliers and its own staff) and in some cases seek consent from such data subjects before collecting or using their data for certain purposes, including but not limited to some marketing activities.

Electronic Communications

The Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2003 (“PECR”) impose obligations on businesses with regard to any electronic communications with UK consumers. PECR sits alongside the DPA and grants individuals in the UK specific privacy rights in relation to electronic communications, including imposing specific rules on marketing calls, emails, texts, and faxes; the placing of cookies (pixels, tags and similar technologies); keeping communications services secure; and customer privacy as regards traffic and location data, itemized billing, line identification, and directory listings. The aim of the regulation is to protect consumers from unsolicited marketing and to give them greater control over the receipt of electronic marketing communications.

Other Key United Kingdom Regulations Applicable to UK Companies

Anti-Bribery & Corruption

The Bribery Act 2010 of the United Kingdom (the “BA”) imposes obligations on UK businesses with the aim of preventing bribery and corruption. The BA has “extra-territorial” effect with the aim of preventing the giving or receiving of bribes (including low level facilitation or “grease” payments) regardless of where such acts take place — i.e. whether in the UK or any other country in the world.

The BA includes a corporate offence of “failure to prevent bribery” which puts an onus on companies to have in place a set of “adequate procedures” to prevent bribery within their organization and supply chain globally — such procedures may include staff and supplier training; policies; senior level commitment; and due diligence on suppliers and associated parties. The BA creates both civil and criminal offences, while penalties for breaching the legislation include fines and imprisonment (including for directors, where a company is liable for failure to prevent bribery).

Modern Slavery

The Modern Slavery Act 2015 (the “MSA”) imposes obligations on UK businesses with the aim of preventing modern slavery both within UK businesses and their global supply chains. The MSA requires certain large organizations (with a turnover of £36 million or more) to publish an annual Modern Slavery Act Transparency Statement, the purpose of which is for such organizations to, in summary, set out the measures they have in place and provide a detailed picture of all the steps they are taking, to ensure that their business and supply chains are free of modern slavery.

United Kingdom Regulations Relating to Employment

The Employment Rights Act 1996 (“ERA”) is the primary piece of legislation which governs the relationship between Neo-Concept UK and those of its employees who work in England and Wales. The ERA regulates matters such as particulars of employment, protection of wages, whistleblowing, protection from detriment in employment, time off work, leave for maternity, paternity, and adoption, shared parental leave and parental leave, flexible working, termination of employment, unfair dismissal, redundancy and redundancy payments.

Neo-Concept UK is also subject to various other statutes which apply with respect to its employment arrangements in England and Wales, including (a) Working Time Regulations 1998 which covers matters such as holiday and holiday pay, working hours and rest breaks; (b) Fixed Term Employees (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2002 which covers treatment of fixed term employees; (c) Part-Time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2002 which covers treatment of part-time workers; (d) Equality Act 2010 which provides protection against unlawful discrimination in employment; (e) Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 which covers occupational health and safety; (f) Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 2006 which, amongst other things, provides restrictions on varying terms and conditions of employment in connection with a transfer; (g) Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 which, amongst other things, provides for consultation requirements in respect of collective dismissals; (h) National Minimum Wage Act 1998 which implements a minimum hourly rate of pay set by the government that applies to all workers over compulsory school leaving age; and (i) Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and Patents Act 1977, which together create a statutory framework for employers to own the inventions and literary work made or created by their employees in the course of their employment.

C. Organizational structure.

The chart below illustrates our corporate structure and identifies our subsidiaries as of the date of this report:

We are a “controlled company” as defined under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules because our Controlling Shareholder owns 71.5% of our total issued and outstanding Class A Ordinary Shares, representing 84.64% of the total voting power.

At each general meeting, each shareholder who is present in person or by proxy (or, in the case of a shareholder being a corporation, by its duly authorized representative) will have one vote for each Class A Ordinary Share which such shareholder holds. There are no prohibitions to cumulative voting under the laws of the Cayman Islands, but our Memorandum and Articles of Association do not provide for cumulative voting.

Exclusive Territory and Non-Competition Agreement

NCH also operates as a comprehensive apparel solutions services provider in North America and Europe principally. As such, NCH is in direct competition with our business in such regions. To address this, we entered into an Exclusive Territory and Non-Competition Agreement (“Agreement”) with Neo-Concept (BVI) Limited, Ample Excellence Limited and Splendid Vibe Limited (collectively the “Parent Group”), the holding companies of NCH and other subsidiaries under the common control of our Controlling Shareholder.

Under the Agreement we entered into with the Parent Group, we have agreed that during the non-competition period (which will end on the later of (1) two years after the first date when our Controlling Shareholder ceases to own in aggregate at least 20% of the voting power of our then outstanding securities and (2) the fifth anniversary of the completion of our IPO) that the Parent Group and its subsidiaries, including NCH but excluding NCI Group) (the “Neo Concept Group”), will not compete with our Company in the businesses currently conducted by us through our Operating Subsidiaries in North America and Europe namely, the businesses of apparel solution services in the UK, Europe and North America (the “Protected Territories”) and retail sale of apparel products. However, since we are in the process of and have not yet obtained all of the certifications required by certain clients to guarantee that their raw material sourcing meets international standards we have agreed that Neo Concept Group shall continue to service its existing portfolio of customers in the Protected Territories that require the additional certifications provided that once NCI Group obtains and provides documentation that the necessary certifications required by a Portfolio Customer have been secured, Neo Concept Group will use its best endeavors to transfer within 45 days the Portfolio Customers to NCI Group. In the event that Neo Concept Group is unable, unsuccessful or a Portfolio Customer is unwilling to the transfer of its account to NCI Group, then NCI Group shall be entitled to receive the economic benefit inuring to Neo Concept Group from that Portfolio Customer as measured by a royalty of 10% of all sales and services by Neo Concept Group to that Portfolio Customer.

As of the date of this report, we have a total of 11 customers which we provide apparel solution services, each of which are not current clients of NCH and are therefore protected under the terms of the Agreement. Under the terms of the Agreement, we retain the right to sell to any of NCH’s existing portfolio of customers.

The Agreement also provides for a non-solicitation obligation so that NCH may not, during the non-competition period, hire, or solicit for hire, any active employees of, or individuals providing consulting services to NCI or its subsidiaries, or any former employees of, or individuals providing consulting services to NCI or its subsidiaries within six months of the termination of their employment or consulting services, without NCI’s consent, except for solicitation activities through generalized non-targeted advertisement not directed to such employees or individuals that do not result in a hiring within the non-competition period.

D. Property, plant and equipment.

We do not own any real property.

Our principal executive office is located at 10/F, Seaview Centre, No.139-141 Hoi Bun Road, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong. The office has a size of approximately 10,700 square feet. We lease our office in Hong Kong from our affiliated company, NCH. We entered into official rental agreement for the premises and accounted for the relevant cost as rental expense. See “Related Party Transactions” for details.

We currently lease five retail shops in London, UK, totaling approximately 4,100 square feet, a retail shop in Abu Dhabi, the United Arabs Emirates totaling approximately 1,969 square feet and an office with a size of approximately 700 square feet. 

We believe that our facilities are adequate to meet our needs for the immediate future, and that, should it be needed, suitable additional space will be available on commercially reasonable terms to accommodate any expansion of our operations.

ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes which appear elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report, including those set forth under “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors.”

Exchange rate information

NCI is a holding company with operations conducted in Hong Kong through its key operating subsidiary in Hong Kong, Neo-Concept HK, using Hong Kong dollars. Neo-Concept HK’s reporting currency is Hong Kong dollars. Translations of amounts from HKD into US$ are solely for the convenience of the reader and were calculated at the noon buying rate of US$1 = HKD 7.7677, as published in H.10 statistical release of the United States Federal Reserve Board. No representation is made that the HKD amounts could have been, or could be, converted, realized, or settled into US$ at such rate or at any other rate. We make no representation that the HKD or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this report could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or HKD, as the case may be, at any particular rate.

A. Results of operations

Year ended December 31, 2024 compared with year ended December 31, 2023

Revenue

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we generated our revenue through two revenue streams: sales of private -labelled apparel products and retail sales of own -branded apparel products.

Our revenue increased by 35.3% to HKD235,667,734 (US$30,339,448) for the year ended December 31, 2024, from HKD174,202,627 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was mainly caused by the increase in sales of private-labelled apparel products by 25.9% to HKD196,736,307 (US$25,327,485) for the year ended December 31, 2024, from HK$156,316,352 for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was mainly due to increase in number of commercial customers from 18 in 2023 to 21 customers in 2024 by the successful marking and promotional strategies such has social media marketing and promotional events and increase in sales of own-branded apparel products by 117.7% to HKD38,931,427 (US$5,011,963) for the year ended December 31, 2024, from HK$17,886,275 for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was mainly due to business expansion including establishment four more retail shops in London and led to increase in retail sales.

Cost of revenue

Our cost of revenue increased by 33.8% to HKD186,223,181 (US$23,974,043) for the year ended December 31, 2024, from HKD139,154,316 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was in correspondence to our increase of sales in revenue.

Gross profit and gross profit margin

Our overall gross profit increased by 41.1% to HKD49,444,553 (US$6,365,405) for the year ended December 31, 2024, from HKD35,048,311 for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to the increase in our revenue in sales of own-branded apparel products in UK as the Company newly established 4 retail shops. Our overall gross profit margin increased by 0.9 percentage points to 21.0% for the year ended December 31, 2024, from 20.1% for the year ended December 31, 2023, mainly due to our increase in sales of products with higher margin.

Our gross profit for private-labelled apparel products decreased by 16.5% to HKD18,428,315 (US$2,372,429) for the year ended December 31, 2024, from HKD22,076,593 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was principally due to the increase in the cost of purchase from suppliers. Our gross profit margin for private-labelled apparel products decreased by 4.7 percentage points to 9.4% for the year ended December 31, 2024, from 14.1% for the year ended December 31, 2023 as overall cost of purchase from suppliers increased in 2024.

Our gross profit for own-branded apparel products increased by 139.1% to HKD31,016,238 (US$3,992,976) for the year ended December 31, 2024, from HKD12,971,718 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was mainly due to business expansion including open-up of new retail shops in the UK. Our gross profit margin for own-branded apparel products increased by 7.2 percentage points to 79.7% for the year ended December 31, 2024, from 72.5% for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was mainly due to the increase in sales of products with higher margin.

Selling and marketing expenses

Our selling and marketing expenses increased by 40.2% to HKD4,392,521 (US$565,485) for the year ended December 31, 2024, from HKD3,132,277 for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to increase in marketing and displaying expenses due to business expansion including open up of new retail shops in the UK as a result of increase in sales.

General and administrative expenses

Our general and administrative expenses increased by 46.4% to HKD33,480,608 (US$4,310,234) for the year ended December 31, 2024, from HKD22,869,509 for the year ended December 31, 2023, the increase was principally due to (i) the business expansion including open-up of four new retail shops in the UK which led to the increase in staff cost, lease expenses and overall general administrative expenses, (ii) increase in amortization of intangible assets as acquisition of trademarks in 2024, (iii) increase in expected credit loss and impairment losses on receivables and (iv) increase in legal and professional fee for the audit fee and business expansion consultation.

Interest expense

Our interest expense represented factoring charges and interest expense for our bank borrowings, it decreased by 34.7% to HKD3,759,032 (US$483,931) for the year ended December 31, 2024 from HKD5,759,182 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was mainly due to (i) repayment of bank borrowings and (ii) decrease in weighted average interest rate.

Other income

Our agency income representing service fee charged to a related party, NCH, for promoting NCH’s products in UK, it decreased by 56.0% to HKD1,170,664 (US$150,709) for the year ended December 31, 2024 from HKD2,662,034 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was principally in correspondence with the decrease in the discretionary income from Neo-Concept UK in 2024.

Other expenses

Our other expenses decreased by 100% to nil for the year ended December 31, 2024, from HKD302,784 for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Provision for income tax expense

Provision for income tax expense represents current profit tax. Current profit tax represented tax recorded in Hong Kong.

Hong Kong current profit tax arose from the operation of Neo-Concept HK in Hong Kong and its applicable tax rate is 16.5%. From year of assessment of 2019/2020 onwards, Hong Kong profits tax rates are 8.25% on assessable profits up to HKD2,000,000, and 16.5% on any part of assessable profits over HKD2,000,000.

Our income tax expense decreased by 18.1% to HKD1,085,909 (US$139,798) for the year ended December 31, 2024 from HKD1,325,137 for the year ended December 31, 2023, mainly due to the tax loss utilization by the subsidiary, Neo-Concept (UK) Limited.

Our effective tax rate increased by 11.2 percentage points to 11.9% for the year ended December 31, 2024 from 23.1% for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in effective tax rate was mainly due to the tax loss utilization by the subsidiary, Neo-Concept (UK) Limited.

Net income

Our net income increased by 82.6% to HKD8,063,331 (US$1,038,059) for the year ended December 31, 2024, from HKD4,414,733 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in net income was predominantly due to the increase in our revenue in 2024.

Year ended December 31, 2023 compared with year ended December 31, 2022

Revenue

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we generated our revenue through two revenue streams: sales of private -labelled apparel products and retail sales of own -branded apparel products.

Our revenue decreased by 49.9% to HKD174,202,627 (US$22,302,504) for the year ended December 31, 2023, from HKD347,451,568 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was mainly caused by the decrease in sales of private -labelled apparel products by 53.5% to HKD156,316,352 (US$20,012,592) for the year ended December 31, 2023, from HK336,306,554 for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was mainly due to decrease of orders from our largest customer.

Cost of revenue

Our cost of revenue decreased by 54.5% to HKD139,154,316 (US$17,815,401) for the year ended December 31, 2023, from HKD305,616,607 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was in correspondence to our decrease of sales in revenue.

Gross profit and gross profit margin

Our overall gross profit decreased by 16.2% to HKD35,048,311 (US$4,487,103) for the year ended December 31, 2023, from HKD41,834,961 for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to the decrease in our revenue. Our overall gross profit margin however increased by 8.1 percentage points to 20.1% for the year ended December 31, 2023, from 12.0% for the year ended December 31, 2022, mainly due to our increase in sales of products with higher margin.

Our gross profit for private-labelled apparel products decreased by 36.7% to HKD22,076,593 (US$2,826,383) for the year ended December 31, 2023, from HKD34,877,334 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was principally in correspondence to the decrease of revenue upon the decrease of orders from our largest customer. Our gross profit margin for private-labelled apparel products however increased by 3.7 percentage points to 14.1% for the year ended December 31, 2023, from 10.4% for the year ended December 31, 2022 as we increased our sales in products with higher margin in 2023.

Our gross profit for own-branded apparel products increased by 86.4% to HKD12,971,718 (US$1,660,720) for the year ended December 31, 2023, from HKD6,957,627 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was mainly due to business expansion including open-up of new retail shops in the UK. Our gross profit margin for own-branded apparel products increased by 10.1 percentage points to 72.5% for the year ended December 31, 2023, from 62.4% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was mainly due to the increase in sales of products with higher margin.

Selling and marketing expenses

Our selling and marketing expenses increased by 19.0% to HKD3,132,277 (US$401,014) for the year ended December 31, 2023, from HKD2,631,231 for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to increase in marketing and displaying expenses due to business expansion including open up of new retail shops in the UK, which were partially offset by the decrease in transportation costs as a result of decrease in sales.

General and administrative expenses

Our general and administrative expenses increased by 12.8% to HKD22,869,509 (US$2,927,897) for the year ended December 31, 2023, from HKD20,268,417 for the year ended December 31, 2022, the increase was principally due to the increase in rental and office expenses due to business expansion including open-up of new retail shops in the UK, expected credit loss and impairment losses on receivables, which were partially offset by the decrease in legal and professional fee as the engagements for professionals to assist us in the preparation for our IPO project reduced.

Interest expense

Our interest expense represented factoring charges and interest expense for our bank borrowings, which stayed relatively stable at HKD6,133,455 and HKD5,759,182 (US$737,326) for the year ended December 31, 2022, and 2023, respectively.

Other income

Our agency income representing service fee charged to a related party, NCH, for promoting NCH’s products in UK stayed relatively stable at HKD2,586,019 and 2,662,034 (US$340,810) for the year ended December 31, 2022, and 2023, respectively.

Other expenses

Our other expenses increased by 3,967.5% to HKD302,784 (US$38,764) for the year ended December 31, 2023, from HKD7,444 for the year ended December 31, 2022, the increase was principally due to the increase in exchange loss, net due to currency fluctuation and increase in penalty arising in the normal course of business.

Provision for income tax expense

Provision for income tax expense represents current profit tax. Current profit tax represented tax recorded in Hong Kong.

Hong Kong current profit tax arose from the operation of Neo-Concept HK in Hong Kong and its applicable tax rate is 16.5%. From year of assessment of 2019/2020 onwards, Hong Kong profits tax rates are 8.25% on assessable profits up to HKD2,000,000, and 16.5% on any part of assessable profits over HKD2,000,000.

Our income tax expense decreased by 55.5% to HKD1,35,137 (US$169,652) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from HKD2,979,918 for the year ended December 31, 2022, mainly due to the decrease in assessable profit.

Our effective tax rate increased by 3.7 percentage points to 23.1% for the year ended December 31, 2023 from 19.4% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in effective tax rate was mainly due to Neo-Concept UK changed from loss-making to profitable.

Net income

Our net income decreased by 64.4% to HKD4,414,733 (US$565,202) for the year ended December 31, 2023, from HKD12,400,516 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in net income was predominantly due to the decrease in our revenue in 2022.

B. Liquidity and capital resources

Accounts receivable, net

Accounts receivable represented receivables from our customers arising from our sales. We generally grant our customers a credit period ranging from 30 to 60 days, depending on their reputation, transaction history and the products purchased. Our accounts receivable increased by 5.6% to HKD34,169,661 (US$4,398,943) as of December 31, 2024, from HKD32,343,592 as of December 31, 2023, the Company utilize factoring to maintain the stability of accounts receivable.

Our accounts receivable increased by 212.8% to HKD32,343,592 (US$4,140,828) as of December 31, 2023, from HKD10,339,186 as of December 31, 2022, because we utilized less factoring of accounts receivable to save from high arrangement fee.

Prepayment and other current assets