NFBK 10-Q Quarterly Report March 31, 2021 | Alphaminr
Northfield Bancorp, Inc.
ALPHAMINR

NFBK 10-Q Quarter ended March 31, 2021

Balance Sheet
Cash Flow
Income Statement
Debt
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2021
or
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For transition period from __________ to __________

Commission File Number: 001-35791
Northfield Bancorp, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware 80-0882592
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
581 Main Street, Woodbridge, New Jersey 07095
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: ( 732 ) 499-7200
Not Applicable
(Former name, former address, and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class Trading Symbol Name of exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share NFBK The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:
Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☒
Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐


If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes ☐ No ☒ .
As of April 30, 2021, the registrant had 51,303,231 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share, issued and outstanding.




NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Form 10-Q Quarterly Report
Table of Contents
Page
Item 1.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 5.
Item 6.
3

PART I
ITEM 1.     FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited) (In thousands, except share amounts)
March 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
ASSETS:
Cash and due from banks $ 15,920 $ 16,115
Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions 111,650 71,429
Total cash and cash equivalents 127,570 87,544
Trading securities 12,142 12,291
Debt securities available-for-sale, at estimated fair value (and no allowance for credit losses at March 31, 2021)
1,207,238 1,264,805
Debt securities held-to-maturity, at amortized cost 6,913 7,234
(estimated fair value of $ 7,241 at March 31, 2021, and $ 7,574 at December 31, 2020, and no allowance for credit losses at March 31, 2021)
Equity securities 473 253
Loans held-for-sale — 19,895
Loans held-for-investment, net 3,933,015 3,823,238
Less: allowance for loan losses ( 43,197 ) ( 37,607 )
Net loans held-for-investment 3,889,818 3,785,631
Accrued interest receivable 14,753 14,690
Bank-owned life insurance 162,771 161,924
Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of New York stock, at cost 28,641 28,641
Operating lease right-of-use assets 35,662 36,741
Premises and equipment, net 27,509 28,188
Goodwill 41,320 41,320
Other assets 22,114 25,387
Total assets $ 5,576,924 $ 5,514,544
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
LIABILITIES:
Deposits $ 4,135,716 $ 4,076,551
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 75,000 75,000
FHLB advances and other borrowings 517,170 516,789
Operating lease liabilities 42,067 42,734
Advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance 24,027 19,677
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 28,379 29,812
Total liabilities 4,822,359 4,760,563
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
Preferred stock, $ 0.01 par value: 25,000,000 shares authorized, none issued or outstanding
— —
Common stock, $ 0.01 par value: 150,000,000 shares authorized, 64,770,875 shares issued at
March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, 51,668,197 and 52,209,897 outstanding at March 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively
648 648
Additional paid-in-capital 589,188 590,506
Unallocated common stock held by employee stock ownership plan ( 18,286 ) ( 18,529 )
Retained earnings 348,236 338,093
Accumulated other comprehensive income 12,267 13,160
Treasury stock at cost: 13,102,678 and 12,560,978 shares at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively
( 177,488 ) ( 169,897 )
Total stockholders’ equity 754,565 753,981
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 5,576,924 $ 5,514,544

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
4

NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Unaudited) (In thousands, except per share data)
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020
Interest income:
Loans $ 41,277 $ 35,337
Mortgage-backed securities 2,959 5,622
Other securities 424 1,024
FHLB of New York dividends 370 577
Deposits in other financial institutions 37 172
Total interest income 45,067 42,732
Interest expense:
Deposits 1,870 9,279
Borrowings 3,021 3,520
Total interest expense 4,891 12,799
Net interest income 40,176 29,933
(Credit) provision for loan losses ( 2,374 ) 8,183
Net interest income after provision for loan losses 42,550 21,750
Non-interest income:
Fees and service charges for customer services 1,197 1,120
Income on bank-owned life insurance 848 876
Gains (losses) on available-for-sale debt securities, net 97 ( 13 )
Gains (losses) on trading securities, net 364 ( 1,992 )
Other 130 117
Total non-interest income 2,636 108
Non-interest expense:
Compensation and employee benefits 10,532 7,289
Occupancy 3,701 3,060
Furniture and equipment 437 333
Data processing 1,632 1,460
Professional fees 906 1,109
Advertising 465 818
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") insurance 375 —
Other 1,515 1,613
Total non-interest expense 19,563 15,682
Income before income tax expense 25,623 6,176
Income tax expense 6,946 1,625
Net income $ 18,677 $ 4,551
Net income per common share:
Basic $ 0.38 $ 0.10
Diluted $ 0.38 $ 0.10
See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
5

NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME - (Continued)
(Unaudited) (In thousands)
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020
Net income $ 18,677 $ 4,551
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized (losses) gains on debt securities available-for-sale:
Net unrealized holding (losses) gains ( 1,144 ) 8,310
Less: reclassification adjustment for net (gains) losses included in net income ( 97 ) 13
Net unrealized (losses) gains ( 1,241 ) 8,323
Income tax benefit (expense) related to net unrealized holding (losses) gains on debt securities available-for-sale 321 ( 2,326 )
Income tax expense (benefit) related to reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses included in net income 27 ( 3 )
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax ( 893 ) 5,994
Comprehensive income $ 17,784 $ 10,545


See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
6


NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 and 2020
(Unaudited) (In thousands, except share data)
Common Stock
Shares Outstanding Par Value Additional Paid-in Capital Unallocated Common Stock Held by the Employee Stock Ownership Plan Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss) Net of tax Treasury Stock Total Stockholders' Equity
Balance at December 31, 2019 49,175,347 $ 609 $ 548,486 $ ( 19,740 ) $ 322,581 $ 4,699 $ ( 160,782 ) $ 695,853
Net income 4,551 4,551
Other comprehensive income, net of tax 5,994 5,994
ESOP shares allocated or committed to be released 198 248 446
Stock compensation expense 448 448
Issuance of restricted stock 103,581 ( 1,416 ) 1,416 —
Exercise of stock options, net 13,000 ( 4 ) 179 175
Cash dividends declared and paid ($ 0.11 per common share)
( 5,151 ) ( 5,151 )
Balance at March 31, 2020 49,291,928 $ 609 $ 547,712 $ ( 19,492 ) $ 321,981 $ 10,693 $ ( 159,187 ) $ 702,316
Balance at December 31, 2020 52,209,897 $ 648 $ 590,506 $ ( 18,529 ) $ 338,093 $ 13,160 $ ( 169,897 ) $ 753,981
Cumulative adjustment for adoption of ASU 2016-13 ( 3,087 ) ( 3,087 )
Balance at January 1, 2021 52,209,897 648 590,506 ( 18,529 ) 335,006 13,160 ( 169,897 ) 750,894
Net income 18,677 18,677
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax ( 893 ) ( 893 )
ESOP shares allocated or committed to be released 169 243 412
Stock compensation expense 244 244
Restricted stock issuance 147,307 ( 1,821 ) 1,821 —
Restricted stock forfeitures ( 1,674 ) 26 ( 26 ) —
Exercise of stock options, net 54,990 64 744 808
Cash dividends declared and paid ($ 0.11 per common share)
( 5,447 ) ( 5,447 )
Repurchase of treasury stock (average cost of $ 13.64 per share)
( 742,323 ) ( 10,130 ) ( 10,130 )
Balance at March 31, 2021 51,668,197 $ 648 $ 589,188 $ ( 18,286 ) $ 348,236 $ 12,267 $ ( 177,488 ) $ 754,565




See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
7

NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited) (In thousands)
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020
Net income $ 18,677 $ 4,551
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
(Recovery) provision for loan losses ( 2,374 ) 8,183
ESOP and stock compensation expense 656 894
Depreciation 972 795
Amortization of premiums, and deferred loan costs, net of (accretion) discounts, and deferred loan fees 564 1,065
Amortization of intangible assets 50 55
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets 1,079 1,059
Income on bank-owned life insurance ( 848 ) ( 876 )
Net gain on sale of loans held-for-sale ( 39 ) —
(Gains) losses on available-for-sale debt securities, net ( 97 ) 13
(Gains) losses on trading securities, net ( 364 ) 1,992
Net sales of trading securities 513 842
(Increase) decrease in accrued interest receivable ( 63 ) 311
Decrease (increase) in other assets 2,905 ( 1,023 )
Decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities ( 1,433 ) ( 5,912 )
Net cash provided by operating activities 20,198 11,949
Cash flows from investing activities:
Net increase in loans receivable ( 107,720 ) ( 72,609 )
Proceeds from sale of loans held-for-sale 23,537 —
Purchases of FHLB of New York stock — ( 7,515 )
Redemptions of FHLB of New York stock — 17,235
Purchases of debt securities available-for-sale ( 103,743 ) ( 26,320 )
Purchases of equity securities ( 220 ) ( 142 )
Principal payments and maturities on debt securities available-for-sale 152,892 110,946
Principal payments and maturities on debt securities held-to-maturity 306 52
Proceeds from sale of debt securities available-for-sale 5,942 —
Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance — 2
Purchases and improvements of premises and equipment ( 293 ) ( 806 )
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities ( 29,299 ) 20,843
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net increase in deposits 59,165 77,313
Dividends paid ( 5,447 ) ( 5,151 )
Exercise of stock options 808 175
Purchase of treasury stock ( 10,130 ) —
Increase in advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance 4,350 2,399
Proceeds from securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other borrowings 381 220,353
Repayments related to securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other borrowings — ( 361,000 )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 49,127 ( 65,911 )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 40,026 ( 33,119 )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 87,544 147,818
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 127,570 $ 114,699


See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
8

NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - (Continued)
(Unaudited) (In thousands)
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020
Supplemental cash flow information:
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest $ 5,042 $ 13,003
Income taxes 496 550
Non-cash transactions:
Loan charge-offs, net 2,389 90
Transfer of loans held-for-investment to loans-held-for-sale at fair value 5,215 —
Transfer of loans held-for-sale at fair value to loans held-for-investment 1,612 —
Transfer of loans held-for-investment to other real estate owned 100 —
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities — 3,028


See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

9
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1 – Consolidated Financial Statements
Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements are comprised of the accounts of Northfield Bancorp, Inc. (and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Northfield Investments, Inc. and Northfield Bank (the “ Bank ” ), and the Bank’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, NSB Services Corp. and NSB Realty Trust, collectively the “ Company ” ). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting solely of normal and recurring adjustments) necessary for the fair presentation of the consolidated balance sheets and the consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the unaudited periods presented have been included. The results of operations and other data presented for the three months ended March 31, 2021 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2021 or for any other period. Whenever necessary, certain prior year amounts are reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.
In preparing the unaudited consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ( “ U.S. GAAP ” ), management has made estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated balance sheets and the consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the periods indicated. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to change are: the allowance for loan losses, estimated cash flows of our purchased credit-deteriorated (“PCD”, or, previously, purchased credit-impaired “PCI” ) loans and the valuation allowance against deferred tax assets. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed periodically and the effects of revisions are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period they are deemed necessary. While management uses its best judgment, actual amounts or results could differ significantly from those estimates.
Certain information and note disclosures usually included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ( “ SEC ” ) for the preparation of interim financial statements. The consolidated financial statements presented should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes to consolidated financial statements included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, as filed with the SEC.

Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses

On January 1, 2021, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): “Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (“ASU 2016-13”) which replaces the incurred loss methodology with an expected loss methodology that is referred to as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) methodology. The Company used the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and off-balance sheet credit exposures. The adoption of the new standard resulted in the Company recording an increase in the allowance for credit losses of $ 11.1 million, comprised of $ 10.4 million and $ 737,000 , respectively, for loans and unfunded commitments, including $ 6.8 million related to PCD loans. For PCD loans, the allowance for credit losses recorded is recognized through a gross-up that increases the amortized cost basis of loans with a corresponding increase to the allowance for credit losses, and therefore results in no impact to shareholders' equity. The remaining increase to the allowance for credit losses of $ 4.3 million was offset in stockholders' equity and deferred taxes. As a result of adopting CECL, the Company's prior distinction between the originated loan portfolio and the non-PCD acquired loan portfolio is no longer necessary. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2021 are presented under CECL, while prior period amounts continue to be recorded with previously applicable U.S. GAAP. Further information regarding the impact of CECL can be found in Note 6 - Loans, Note 7 - Allowance for Loan Losses and Note 15 - Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted.

10
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
COVID-19

On March 13, 2020, the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic was declared a national emergency in the United States. The spread of COVID-19 has negatively impacted the national and local economy, disrupted supply chains and increased unemployment levels. The initial temporary closure and gradual reopening of many businesses and the implementation of social distancing and stay-at-home policies has and will continue to impact many of the Company’s customers. The Company is committed to supporting its customers, employees and communities during this time of recovery and continues to update protocols to adapt to the changing environment. The Company's bank branches offer drive through services without interruption, while lobbies are fully open or accessible to clients via appointment. The Company continues to provide secure and efficient remote and in-person work options for back office employees.

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act was signed into law. It contains substantial tax and spending provisions intended to address the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act includes a range of other provisions designed to support the U.S. economy and mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on financial institutions and their customers, including through the authorization of various relief programs and measures that the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the Small Business Administration, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and other federal banking agencies have implemented or may implement.

The CARES Act also includes a provision that permits a financial institution to elect to suspend temporarily TDR accounting under current U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) in certain circumstances. To be eligible, a loan modification must be: (1) related to COVID-19; (2) executed on a loan that was not more than 30 days past due as of December 31, 2019; and (3) executed between March 1, 2020, and the earlier of (a) 60 days after the date of termination of the national emergency or (b) December 31, 2020. This relief was further extended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act to the earlier of January 1, 2022 or 60 days after the date of termination of the national emergency. The relief provided includes short-term (e.g., up to six months) modifications such as payment deferrals, fee waivers, extensions of repayment terms, or delays in payment that are insignificant. Borrowers considered current are those that are less than 30 days past due on their contractual payments at the time a modification program is implemented. The banking regulators issued similar guidance, which also clarified that a COVID-19-related modification should not be considered a TDR if the borrower was current on payments at the time the underlying loan modification program was implemented and if the modification is considered to be short-term. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic impact to customers, the Company introduced a short-term modification program in March 2020 that provided temporary payment relief to those borrowers directly impacted by COVID-19. The program allows for a deferral of payments typically for 90 days, which may be extended for additional 90 day periods. See Note 6 - Loans for additional details of the Company's loan modification program.

A provision in the CARES Act provides for a loan guarantee program called the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”), which provides 100% federally guaranteed loans for small businesses to cover payroll, utilities, rent and interest. These small business loans are fully guaranteed by the Small Business Administration (“SBA”) and may be forgiven if borrowers maintain their payrolls and satisfy certain other conditions for a period of time during the COVID-19 pandemic. As of March 31, 2021, the Company had originated over 1,757 PPP loans to new and existing customers, totaling approximately $ 167.9 million. PPP provides for lender processing fees that range from 1% to 5% of the final disbursement made to individual borrowers. As of March 31, 2021, we have received cumulative loan processing fees of $ 8.8 million, of which $ 3.1 million has been recognized in earnings through March 31, 2021, including $ 1.3 million recognized in the quarter ended March 31, 2021. The remaining unearned fees will be recognized in income over the remaining term of the loans. PPP loans are fully guaranteed by the SBA and are therefore excluded from the allowance for loan and lease losses calculation.

The Company continues to maintain a strong liquidity and capital position as a buffer to protect against the economic uncertainties presented by the COVID-19 pandemic. As of March 31, 2021, both the Company and the Bank's capital ratios were in excess of regulatory requirements and are both currently classified as well capitalized. The Company maintains access to multiple sources of liquidity and expects to have sufficient funds available to meet current commitments in the normal course of business.

11
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
While the Company has not to date incurred any material adverse effects on its results of operations as a result of COVID-19, the full impact of the pandemic is still unknown at this time and will depend on future developments, including the duration of the pandemic, the success of the continued COVID-19 vaccine rollout, and other actions taken by governmental authorities and other third parties in response to the pandemic. If the pandemic continues and the economy cannot fully reopen in the near term, it may negatively impact the demand for loans and other services we offer. Because of the significant uncertainties related to the ultimate duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on our customers and prospects, and on the local and national economy, there can be no assurances as to how the crisis may ultimately affect the Company's loan portfolio, and business as a whole. As such, the Company could be subject to certain risks, any of which could have a material, adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity, and results of operations.

Note 2 – Business Combinations
On July 1, 2020, the Company completed its acquisition of VSB Bancorp, Inc. (“Victory”), parent company of Victory State Bank, in a stock transaction, which after purchase accounting adjustments added $ 402.8 million to total assets, including $ 180.4 million to loans, and $ 354.6 million to deposits, and six branch offices in Staten Island, New York. Under the terms of the merger agreement, each share of Victory common stock was exchanged for 2.0463 shares of Northfield common stock with fractional shares paid out in cash.

The transaction was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. Under this method of accounting, the purchase price has been allocated to the respective assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their estimated fair values, net of tax, as of July 1, 2020, and results of operations have been included in the Company's consolidated statements of income from that date forward. The excess of consideration paid over the fair value of the net assets acquired has been recorded as goodwill.

The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition for Victory (in thousands):
At July 1, 2020
Fair Value
Total Purchase Price $ 41,173
Assets acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 72,875
Debt securities available for sale 126,931
Loans 180,431
Accrued interest receivable 1,415
Bank-owned life insurance 5,714
Premises and equipment 7,789
Other assets 4,702
Total assets acquired 399,857
Liabilities assumed:
Deposits 354,592
Other liabilities 7,001
Total liabilities assumed 361,593
Net assets acquired $ 38,264
Goodwill recorded in the merger $ 2,909

The calculation of goodwill is subject to change for up to one year after the date of acquisition as additional information that existed as of the acquisition date estimates and uncertainties become available. As the Company finalizes its review of the acquired assets and liabilities, certain adjustments to the recorded carrying values may be required.

Fair Value Measurement of Assets Assumed and Liabilities Assumed

Described below are the methods used to determine the fair value of the significant assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the Victory acquisition.

12
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
Cash and cash equivalents. The estimated fair values of cash and cash equivalents approximate their stated face amounts, as these financial instruments are either due on demand or have short-term maturities.

Debt securities Available-for-Sale. The estimated fair values of the securities were calculated utilizing Level 2 inputs. Prices for the securities were obtained from an independent nationally recognized third-party pricing service.

Loans. The acquired loan portfolio was valued based on current guidance which defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Level 3 inputs were utilized to value the portfolio and included the use of present value techniques employing cash flow estimates and the incorporated assumptions that marketplace participants would use in estimating fair values. In instances where reliable market information was not available, the Company used its own assumptions in an effort to determine reasonable fair value. Specifically, management utilized three separate fair value analyses which a market participant would employ in estimating the total fair value adjustment. The three separate fair valuation methodologies used were: 1) interest rate loan fair value analysis; 2) general credit fair value adjustment; and 3) specific credit fair value adjustment.

To prepare the interest rate fair value analysis, loans were grouped by characteristics such as loan type, term, collateral and rate. Market rates for similar loans were obtained from various external data sources and reviewed by Company management for reasonableness. The average of these rates was used as the fair value interest rate a market participant would utilize. A present value approach was utilized to calculate the interest rate fair value adjustment.

The general credit fair value adjustment was calculated using a two-part general credit fair value analysis: 1) expected credit losses; and 2) estimated fair value adjustment for qualitative factors. The expected credit losses were calculated using an average of historical losses of the acquired bank and industry bench mark loss rates observed for loans with similar underlying characteristics. The adjustment related to qualitative factors was impacted by general economic conditions and the risk related to lack of familiarity with the originator's underwriting process.

To calculate the specific credit fair value adjustment, management reviewed the acquired loan portfolio for loans meeting the definition of an impaired loan with deteriorated credit quality. Loans meeting this definition were reviewed by comparing the contractual cash flows to expected collectible cash flows. The aggregate expected cash flows less the acquisition date fair value resulted in an accretable yield amount. The accretable yield amount will be recognized over the life of the loans on a level yield basis as an adjustment to yield.

The following is a summary of the credit impaired loans acquired in the Victory acquisition as of the closing date (in thousands):
July 1, 2020
Contractually required principal and interest $ 7,809
Contractual cash flows not expected to be collected (non-accretable discount) 3,315
Expected cash flows to be collected at acquisition 4,494
Interest component of expected cash flows (accretable yield) ( 599 )
Fair value of acquired loans $ 3,895

Leases. Five lease obligations were added as part of the acquisition, and the Company recorded a $ 2.5 million operating lease right-of-use asset and operating lease liability for these lease obligations.

Deposits. The fair values of deposit liabilities with no stated maturity (i.e., non-interest bearing demand accounts, interest-bearing negotiable orders of withdrawal ("NOW"), savings and money market accounts) are equal to the carrying amounts payable on demand. The fair values of certificates of deposit represent contractual cash flows, discounted to present value using interest rates currently offered on deposits with similar characteristics and remaining maturities.


13
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
Note 3 – Debt Securities Available-for-Sale
The following is a comparative summary of mortgage-backed and other debt securities available-for-sale at March 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020 (in thousands):
March 31, 2021
Gross Gross Estimated
Amortized unrealized unrealized fair
cost gains losses value
U.S. Government agency securities $ 2,758 $ — $ ( 68 ) $ 2,690
Mortgage-backed securities:
Pass-through certificates:
Government sponsored enterprises ("GSEs") 244,399 9,522 ( 358 ) 253,563
Real estate mortgage investment conduits ("REMICs"):
GSE 818,623 7,392 ( 322 ) 825,693
1,063,022 16,914 ( 680 ) 1,079,256
Other debt securities:
Municipal bonds 102 1 — 103
Corporate bonds 123,732 891 ( 181 ) 124,442
Asset-backed securities 733 14 — 747
124,567 906 ( 181 ) 125,292
Total debt securities available-for-sale $ 1,190,347 $ 17,820 $ ( 929 ) $ 1,207,238
December 31, 2020
Gross Gross Estimated
Amortized unrealized unrealized fair
cost gains losses value
U.S. Government agency securities $ 3,168 $ — $ ( 10 ) $ 3,158
Mortgage-backed securities:
Pass-through certificates:
GSE 270,867 10,720 ( 244 ) 281,343
REMICs:
GSE 884,414 7,027 ( 476 ) 890,965
Non-GSE 4 — — 4
1,155,285 17,747 ( 720 ) 1,172,312
Other debt securities:
Municipal bonds 122 1 — 123
Corporate bonds 87,319 1,099 — 88,418
Asset-backed securities 779 15 — 794
88,220 1,115 — 89,335
Total debt securities available-for-sale $ 1,246,673 $ 18,862 $ ( 730 ) $ 1,264,805
14
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
The following is a summary of the expected maturity distribution of debt securities available-for-sale, other than mortgage-backed securities, at March 31, 2021 (in thousands):
Available-for-sale Amortized cost Estimated fair value
Due in one year or less $ 25,288 $ 25,872
Due after one year through five years 83,535 83,815
Due after five years through ten years 17,769 17,548
Due after ten years 733 747
$ 127,325 $ 127,982
Contractual maturities for mortgage-backed securities are not included above, as expected maturities on mortgage-backed securities may differ from contractual maturities as borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalties.

Certain debt securities available-for-sale are pledged or encumbered to secure borrowings under Pledge Agreements and Repurchase Agreements and for other purposes required by law. At March 31, 2021, the fair value of debt securities available-for-sale that were pledged to secure borrowings and deposits was $ 587.2 million.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company had gross proceeds of $ 5.9 million on sales and calls of debt securities available-for-sale, with gross realized gains of $ 97,000 related to sales of securities and no gross realized losses related to sales of securities. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company had no gross proceeds on sales of debt securities available-for-sale, no gross realized gains, and gross realized losses of $ 13,000 related to calls of securities. The Company recognized net gains of $ 364,000 on its trading securities portfolio during the three months ended March 31, 2021, and net losses of $ 2.0 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020.

Gross unrealized losses on mortgage-backed and other debt securities available-for-sale, and the estimated fair value of the related securities, aggregated by security category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at March 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, were as follows (in thousands):

March 31, 2021
Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total
Unrealized Estimated Unrealized Estimated Unrealized Estimated
losses fair value losses fair value losses fair value
U.S. Government agency securities $ ( 68 ) $ 2,690 $ — $ — $ ( 68 ) $ 2,690
Mortgage-backed securities:
Pass-through certificates:
GSE ( 353 ) 33,531 ( 5 ) 254 ( 358 ) 33,785
REMICs:
GSE ( 322 ) 57,352 — — ( 322 ) 57,352
Other debt securities:
Corporate bonds ( 181 ) 35,274 — — ( 181 ) 35,274
Total $ ( 924 ) $ 128,847 $ ( 5 ) $ 254 $ ( 929 ) $ 129,101


15
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
December 31, 2020
Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total
Unrealized Estimated Unrealized Estimated Unrealized Estimated
losses fair value losses fair value losses fair value
U.S. Government agency securities ( 10 ) $ 3,158 $ — $ — $ ( 10 ) $ 3,158
Mortgage-backed securities:
Pass-through certificates:
GSE ( 233 ) 28,419 ( 11 ) 459 ( 244 ) 28,878
REMICs:
GSE ( 476 ) 210,569 — — ( 476 ) 210,569
Total $ ( 719 ) $ 242,146 $ ( 11 ) $ 459 $ ( 730 ) $ 242,605
The Company held six pass-through mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by GSEs that were in a continuous unrealized loss position of twelve months or greater at March 31, 2021. There were 22 pass-through mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by GSEs, 44 REMIC mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by GSEs, five corporate bonds and one U.S. Government agency security that were in an unrealized loss position of less than 12 months at March 31, 2021. All securities referred to above were rated investment grade at March 31, 2021.

Available for sale debt securities in unrealized loss positions are evaluated for impairment related to credit losses on a quarterly basis. In performing an assessment of whether any decline in fair value is due to a credit loss, the Company considers the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost, changes in credit ratings, any adverse economic conditions, as well as all relevant information at the individual security level such as credit deterioration of the issuer or collateral underlying the security. In assessing the impairment, the Company compares the present value of cash flows expected to be collected with the amortized cost basis of the security. If it is determined that the decline in fair value was due to credit losses, an allowance for credit losses is recorded, limited to the amount the fair value is less than amortized cost basis. The Company did not recognize any allowance for credit losses on its available-for-sale debt securities during the three months ended March 31, 2021.

The non-credit related decrease in the fair value, such as a decline due to changes in market interest rates, is recorded in other comprehensive income, net of tax. The Company also assesses the intent to sell the securities (as well as the likelihood of a near-term recovery). If the Company intends to sell an available for sale debt security or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the debt security is written down to its fair value and the write down is charged to the debt security’s fair value at the reporting date with any incremental impairment reported in earnings.

The Company has made the accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale securities from the estimate of credit losses. Accrued interest receivable associated with debt securities available-for-sale totaling $ 1.5 million at March 31, 2021, is reported in accrued interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheet.
16
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)

Note 4 – Debt Securities Held-to-Maturity
The following is a summary of mortgage-backed securities held-to-maturity at March 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020 (in thousands):
March 31, 2021
Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value
Mortgage-backed securities:
Pass-through certificates:
GSE $ 6,913 $ 328 $ — $ 7,241
Total securities held-to-maturity $ 6,913 $ 328 $ — $ 7,241
December 31, 2020
Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value
Mortgage-backed securities:
Pass-through certificates:
GSE $ 7,234 $ 340 $ — $ 7,574
Total securities held-to-maturity $ 7,234 $ 340 $ — $ 7,574
Contractual maturities for mortgage-backed securities are not presented, as expected maturities on mortgage-backed securities may differ from contractual maturities as borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalties. There were no sales of held-to-maturity securities for the three months ended March 31, 2021 or March 31, 2020.

At March 31, 2021, debt securities held-to-maturity with a carrying value of $ 5.9 million were pledged to secure borrowings and deposits.

At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, there were no debt securities held-to-maturity in an unrealized loss position.

The Company's held-to-maturity securities are residential mortgage-backed securities issued by Ginnie Mae, Freddie MAC and Fannie Mae, and it is expected that the securities will not be settled at prices less than the amortized cost bases of the securities as such securities are backed by the full faith and credit of and/or guaranteed by the U.S. government. Accordingly, no allowance for credit losses has been recorded for these securities.

The Company has made the accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest receivable on held-to-maturity securities from the estimate of credit losses. Accrued interest receivable associated with held-to-maturity securities totaling $ 20,800 at March 31, 2021, is reported in accrued interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheet.

Note 5 – Equity Securities

At March 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, equity securities totaled $ 473,000 and $ 253,000 , respectively. Equity securities consist of money market mutual funds recorded at fair value.
17
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)

Note 6 – Loans
On January 1, 2021, the Company adopted the CECL standard for measuring credit losses, which replaced the incurred loss methodology. As a result of adopting CECL, the Company combined it’s originated loan portfolio and the acquired loan portfolio into the respective portfolio segments. Other than to combine the originated and non-PCD acquired loan portfolios, the Company's portfolio segments and loan classes remain unchanged following the adoption of the CECL standard. Prior period disclosures have been revised to conform to current period presentation (by combining originated and acquired portfolio segments), however, the Company did not recast comparative financial information and that is still presented in accordance with previous applicable U.S. GAAP.

The following table summarizes the Company’s loans held-for-investment (in thousands):

March 31, December 31,
2021 2020
Real estate loans:
Multifamily $ 2,571,409 $ 2,509,310
Commercial mortgage 734,113 716,973
One-to-four family residential mortgage 202,948 210,817
Home equity and lines of credit 93,118 91,126
Construction and land 77,206 74,318
Total real estate loans 3,678,794 3,602,544
Commercial and industrial loans (1)
234,518 194,352
Other loans 1,658 3,029
Total commercial and industrial and other loans 236,176 197,381
Deferred origination loan costs, net (1)
— 4,795
Loans held-for-investment, net (excluding PCD/PCI) 3,914,970 3,804,720
PCD/PCI loans 18,045 18,518
Total Loans held-for-investment, net 3,933,015 3,823,238
Allowance for loan losses ( 43,197 ) ( 37,607 )
Net loans held-for-investment $ 3,889,818 $ 3,785,631
(1) Under CECL origination deferred fees, deferred fees on acquired loans, and purchase accounting adjustments in connection with loans acquired are included in loans by respective portfolio.
(2) Included in commercial and industrial loans at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are PPP loans totaling $ 167.9 million and $ 126.5 million, respectively.

The Company had no loans held-for-sale at March 31, 2021. At December 31, 2020, loans held-for-sale totaled $ 19.9 million.

In addition to originating loans, the Company may acquire loans through portfolio purchases or acquisitions of other companies. Purchased loans that have evidence of more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination are deemed purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans. In accordance with ASU 2016-13, with its adoption of the CECL standard, the Company did not reassess whether previously recognized purchased credit impaired (“PCI”) loans accounted for under prior accounting guidance met the criteria of a PCD loan as of the date of adoption and all loans considered to be PCI prior to the adoption of CECL were converted to PCD upon adoption. For PCD loans, each loan pool is accounted for as a single asset with a single composite interest rate and an aggregate expectation of cash flows. PCD loans totaled $ 18.0 million at March 31, 2021, as compared to $ 18.5 million of PCI loans at December 31, 2020. The majority of the PCD loan balance is attributable to those loans acquired as part of a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation-assisted transaction. At March 31, 2021, PCD loans consisted of approximately 16 % one-to-four family residential loans, 26 % commercial real estate loans and 44 % commercial and industrial loans, with the remaining balance in construction and home equity loans. At December 31, 2020, PCI loans consisted of approximately 22 % one-to-four family residential loans, 23 % commercial real estate loans and 40 % commercial and industrial loans, with the remaining balance in home equity loans.
18
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)



Credit Quality Indicators

The Company monitors the credit quality of its loan portfolio on a regular basis. Credit quality is monitored by reviewing certain credit quality indicators. Management has determined that loan-to-value ratios (at period end) and internally assigned credit risk ratings by loan type are the key credit quality indicators that best measure the credit quality of the Company’s loan receivables. Loan-to-value ( “LTV” ) ratios used by management in monitoring credit quality are based on current period loan balances and original appraised values at the time of origination (unless a current appraisal has been obtained as a result of the loan being deemed impaired).
The Company maintains a credit risk rating system as part of the risk assessment of its loan portfolio. The Company’s lending officers are required to assign a credit risk rating to each loan in their portfolio at origination. This risk rating is reviewed periodically and adjusted if necessary. Monthly, management presents monitored assets to the loan committee. In addition, the Company engages a third-party independent loan reviewer that performs semi-annual reviews of a sample of loans, validating the credit risk ratings assigned to such loans. The credit risk ratings play an important role in the establishment of the provision for loan losses and the allowance for loan losses for originated loans held-for-investment. After determining the loss factor for each originated portfolio segment held-for-investment, the collectively evaluated for impairment balance of the held-for-investment portfolio is multiplied by the collectively evaluated for impairment loss factor for the respective portfolio segment in order to determine the allowance for loans collectively evaluated for impairment.

When assigning a risk rating to a loan, management utilizes the Bank’s internal nine-point credit risk rating system.

1. Strong
2. Good
3. Acceptable
4. Adequate
5. Watch
6. Special Mention
7. Substandard
8. Doubtful
9. Loss
Loans rated 1 to 5 are considered pass ratings. An asset is classified substandard if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Substandard assets have well defined weaknesses based on objective evidence, and are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as doubtful have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable based on current circumstances. Assets classified as loss are those considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as assets is not warranted. Assets which do not currently expose the Company to sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories, but possess weaknesses, are required to be designated special mention.

19
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
The following table presents the Company’s loans held-for-investment, excluding PCD loans, by loan class, credit risk ratings and year of origination, as of March 31, 2021 (in thousands):

March 31, 2021
2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior Revolving Loans Total
Real Estate:
Multifamily
Pass $ 161,305 $ 562,841 $ 407,309 $ 345,635 $ 283,681 $ 793,689 $ 44 $ 2,554,504
Special Mention — — — — — 450 — 450
Substandard — — 4,691 3,361 — 8,403 — 16,455
Total multifamily 161,305 562,841 412,000 348,996 283,681 802,542 44 2,571,409
Commercial
Pass 33,829 72,556 100,207 92,969 66,730 312,858 3,583 682,732
Special Mention — — 1,297 9,046 — 9,506 500 20,349
Substandard — 2,470 9,660 328 4,079 14,495 — 31,032
Total commercial 33,829 75,026 111,164 102,343 70,809 336,859 4,083 734,113
One-to-four family residential
Pass 966 9,689 14,189 15,717 13,097 141,652 1,613 196,923
Special Mention — — 467 — — 2,428 — 2,895
Substandard — — 600 — — 2,530 — 3,130
Total one-to-four family residential 966 9,689 15,256 15,717 13,097 146,610 1,613 202,948
Construction and land
Pass 6,654 14,328 5,760 36,750 7,515 3,641 1,018 75,666
Special Mention — — — — — — — —
Substandard — — 1,150 390 — — — 1,540
Total construction and land 6,654 14,328 6,910 37,140 7,515 3,641 1,018 77,206
Home equity and lines of credit
Pass 3,831 14,641 9,894 8,832 3,315 13,848 38,019 92,380
Special Mention — — — — — 306 — 306
Substandard — — 99 88 — 245 — 432
Total home equity and lines of credit 3,831 14,641 9,993 8,920 3,315 14,399 38,019 93,118
Total Real Estate Loans 206,585 676,525 555,323 513,116 378,417 1,304,051 44,777 3,678,794
Commercial and industrial
Pass 67,372 113,363 6,407 3,462 1,356 12,961 26,406 231,327
Special Mention — 81 210 42 147 324 — 804
Substandard — 499 360 666 — 862 — 2,387
Total commercial and industrial 67,372 113,943 6,977 4,170 1,503 14,147 26,406 234,518
Other
Pass 1,257 191 32 51 — 51 73 1,655
Substandard — — — — — 3 — 3
Total other 1,257 191 32 51 — 54 73 1,658
Total loans held-for-investment, net $ 275,214 $ 790,659 $ 562,332 $ 517,337 $ 379,920 $ 1,318,252 $ 71,256 $ 3,914,970

20
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
The following table details the recorded investment of loans held-for-investment, excluding PCI loans, net of deferred fees and costs, by loan type and credit quality indicator at December 31, 2020 (in thousands):

At December 31, 2020
Real Estate
Multifamily Commercial One-to-Four Family Construction and Land Home Equity and Lines of Credit Commercial and Industrial Other Total
Internal Risk Rating
Pass $ 2,497,556 $ 667,568 $ 207,633 $ 74,351 $ 92,385 $ 189,372 $ 3,026 $ 3,731,891
Special Mention 458 20,422 2,456 — 311 498 — 24,145
Substandard 14,920 29,576 2,133 — 441 1,611 3 48,684
Total loans held-for-investment, net $ 2,512,934 $ 717,566 $ 212,222 $ 74,351 $ 93,137 $ 191,481 $ 3,029 $ 3,804,720

Past Due and Non-Accrual Loans

Included in loans receivable held-for-investment are loans for which the accrual of interest income has been discontinued due to deterioration in the financial condition of the borrowers. The recorded investment of these non-accrual loans was $ 8.4 million and $ 8.5 million at March 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively. Generally, loans are placed on non-accrual status when they become 90 days or more delinquent, or sooner if considered appropriate by management, and remain on non-accrual status until they are brought current, have six consecutive months of performance under the loan terms, and factors indicating reasonable doubt about the timely collection of payments no longer exist. Therefore, loans may be current in accordance with their loan terms, or may be less than 90 days delinquent and still be on a non-accruing status.

When an individual loan no longer demonstrates the similar credit risk characteristics as other loans within its current segment, the Company evaluates each for expected credit losses on an individual basis. All non-accrual loans $ 500,000 and above and all loans designated as troubled debt restructures (“TDRs”) are individually evaluated. The non-accrual amounts included in loans individually evaluated for impairment were $ 5.4 million and $ 5.5 million at March 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively. Loans on non-accrual status with principal balances less than $ 500,000 , and therefore not individually evaluated for impairment, amounted to $ 3.0 million at March 31, 2021, and $ 3.0 million at December 31, 2020. Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest were $ 1.6 million at March 31, 2021, and $ 1.1 million at December 31, 2020, and consisted of loans that are considered well-secured and in the process of collection.

The Company had no loans held-for-sale at March 31, 2021. At December 31, 2020, the Company had $ 19.9 million in loans held-for-sale. At December 31, 2020, the loans held-for-sale were comprised of commercial real estate and multifamily loans, primarily accommodation (hotel or motel) loans that were modified in the form of interest and/or principal payment deferrals due to COVID-19 related hardships, and had not returned to contractual payments after 180 days of relief. The sale of these loans was completed in March 2021.
21
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
The following tables set forth the detail, and delinquency status, of non-performing loans (non-accrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing), net of deferred fees and costs, at March 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, excluding PCD/PCI loans (in thousands):
March 31, 2021
Total Non-Performing Loans
Non-Accruing Loans
Current 30-89 Days Past Due 90 Days or More Past Due Total 90 Days or More Past Due and Accruing Total Non-Performing Loans
Loans held-for-investment:
Real estate loans:
Commercial
Substandard $ 2,817 $ 100 $ 2,044 $ 4,961 $ 219 $ 5,180
Total commercial 2,817 100 2,044 4,961 219 5,180
One-to-four family residential
Substandard 406 — 399 805 172 977
Total one-to-four family residential 406 — 399 805 172 977
Construction and land
Substandard — — 1,150 1,150 — 1,150
Total construction and land — — 1,150 1,150 — 1,150
Multifamily
Substandard — — 1,145 1,145 516 1,661
Total multifamily — — 1,145 1,145 516 1,661
Home equity and lines of credit
Substandard 58 — 129 187 — 187
Total home equity and lines of credit 58 — 129 187 — 187
Total real estate 3,281 100 4,867 8,248 907 9,155
Commercial and industrial loans
Pass — — — — 92 92
Special Mention — — — — 85 85
Substandard 1 36 161 198 561 759
Total commercial and industrial loans 1 36 161 198 738 936
Other loans
Pass — — — — 3 3
Total other — — — — 3 3
Total non-performing loans $ 3,282 $ 136 $ 5,028 $ 8,446 $ 1,648 $ 10,094
22
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
December 31, 2020
Total Non-Performing Loans
Non-Accruing Loans
Current 30-89 Days Past Due 90 Days or More Past Due Total 90 Days or More Past Due and Accruing Total Non-Performing Loans
Loans held-for-investment:
Real estate loans:
Commercial
Pass $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 500 $ 500
Substandard 2,829 537 2,863 6,229 — $ 6,229
Total commercial 2,829 537 2,863 6,229 500 6,729
One-to-four family residential
Substandard 413 — 493 906 174 1,080
Total one-to-four family residential 413 — 493 906 174 1,080
Multifamily
Substandard — — 1,153 1,153 — 1,153
Total multifamily — — 1,153 1,153 — 1,153
Home equity and lines of credit
Substandard 60 — 131 191 — 191
Total home equity and lines of credit 60 — 131 191 — 191
Total real estate 3,302 537 4,640 8,479 674 9,153
Commercial and industrial loans
Pass — — — — 101 101
Special Mention — — — — 85 85
Substandard — — 37 37 250 287
Total commercial and industrial loans — — 37 37 436 473
Other loans
Pass — — — — 3 3
Total other — — — — 3 3
Total non-performing loans $ 3,302 $ 537 $ 4,677 $ 8,516 $ 1,113 $ 9,629
23
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
The following tables set forth the detail and delinquency status of loans held-for-investment, excluding PCD/PCI loans, net of deferred fees and costs, at March 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020 (in thousands):
March 31, 2021
Past Due Loans
30-89 Days Past Due 90 Days or More Past Due 90 Days or More Past Due and Accruing Total Past Due Current Total Loans Receivable, net
Loans held-for-investment:
Real estate loans:
Commercial
Pass $ 1,651 $ — $ — $ 1,651 $ 681,081 $ 682,732
Special Mention — — — — 20,349 20,349
Substandard 2,906 2,044 219 5,169 25,863 31,032
Total commercial 4,557 2,044 219 6,820 727,293 734,113
One-to-four family residential
Pass 1,827 — — 1,827 195,096 196,923
Special Mention 1,085 — — 1,085 1,810 2,895
Substandard 1,111 399 172 1,682 1,448 3,130
Total one-to-four family residential 4,023 399 172 4,594 198,354 202,948
Construction and land
Pass — — — — 75,666 75,666
Substandard 390 1,150 — 1,540 — 1,540
Total construction and land 390 1,150 — 1,540 75,666 77,206
Multifamily
Pass 1,256 — — 1,256 2,553,248 2,554,504
Special Mention — — — — 450 450
Substandard 1,163 1,145 516 2,824 13,631 16,455
Total multifamily 2,419 1,145 516 4,080 2,567,329 2,571,409
Home equity and lines of credit
Pass 229 — — 229 92,151 92,380
Special Mention 44 — — 44 262 306
Substandard 99 129 — 228 204 432
Total home equity and lines of credit 372 129 — 501 92,617 93,118
Total real estate 11,761 4,867 907 17,535 3,661,259 3,678,794
Commercial and industrial
Pass 1,471 — 92 1,563 229,764 231,327
Special Mention 259 — 85 344 460 804
Substandard 785 161 561 1,507 880 2,387
Total commercial and industrial 2,515 161 738 3,414 231,104 234,518
Other loans
Pass 7 — — 7 1,648 1,655
Substandard — — 3 3 — 3
Total other loans 7 — 3 10 1,648 1,658
Total loans held-for-investment $ 14,283 $ 5,028 $ 1,648 $ 20,959 $ 3,894,011 $ 3,914,970

24
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
December 31, 2020
Performing (Accruing) Loans
0-29 Days Past Due 30-89 Days Past Due Total Non-Performing Loans Total Loans Receivable, net
Loans held-for-investment:
Real estate loans:
Commercial
Pass $ 660,996 $ 6,072 $ 667,068 $ 500 $ 667,568
Special Mention 20,350 72 20,422 — 20,422
Substandard 20,699 2,648 23,347 6,229 29,576
Total commercial 702,045 8,792 710,837 6,729 717,566
One-to-four family residential
Pass 207,351 282 207,633 — 207,633
Special Mention 1,586 870 2,456 — 2,456
Substandard 1,053 — 1,053 1,080 2,133
Total one-to-four family residential 209,990 1,152 211,142 1,080 212,222
Construction and land
Pass 73,357 994 74,351 — 74,351
Total construction and land 73,357 994 74,351 — 74,351
Multifamily
Pass 2,496,273 1,283 2,497,556 — 2,497,556
Special Mention 458 — 458 — 458
Substandard 13,157 610 13,767 1,153 14,920
Total multifamily 2,509,888 1,893 2,511,781 1,153 2,512,934
Home equity and lines of credit
Pass 92,305 80 92,385 — 92,385
Special Mention 111 200 311 — 311
Substandard 150 100 250 191 441
Total home equity and lines of credit 92,566 380 92,946 191 93,137
Total real estate 3,587,846 13,211 3,601,057 9,153 3,610,210
Commercial and industrial
Pass 188,639 632 189,271 101 189,372
Special Mention 352 61 413 85 498
Substandard 1,257 67 1,324 287 1,611
Total commercial and industrial 190,248 760 191,008 473 191,481
Other loans
Pass 3,015 11 3,026 — 3,026
Substandard — — — 3 3
Total other loans 3,015 11 3,026 3 3,029
Total loans held-for-investment, net $ 3,781,109 $ 13,982 $ 3,795,091 $ 9,629 $ 3,804,720
25
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
The following table summarizes information on non-accrual loans, excluding PCD loans, at March 31, 2021 (in thousands):
At or for the Three Months Ended
March 31, 2021
Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance With No Related Allowance Interest Income
Real estate loans:
Commercial $ 4,961 $ 5,471 $ 3,275 $ 25
One-to-four family residential 805 836 228 6
Construction and land 1,150 1,150 1,150 —
Multifamily 1,145 1,154 — 14
Home equity and lines of credit 187 436 — 2
Commercial and industrial 198 392 1 2
Total non-accrual loans $ 8,446 $ 9,439 $ 4,654 $ 49

The following table summarizes impaired loans as of December 31, 2020 (in thousands):
December 31, 2020
Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance
With No Allowance Recorded:
Real estate loans:
Commercial $ 8,838 $ 10,076 $ —
One-to-four family residential 1,903 2,032 —
Multifamily 626 1,097 —
Home equity and lines of credit 15 15 —
Total Real Estate 11,382 13,220 —
With a Related Allowance Recorded:
Real estate loans:
Commercial 1,812 2,244 ( 66 )
Home equity and lines of credit 32 32 ( 3 )
Total Real Estate 1,844 2,276 ( 69 )
Commercial and industrial loans 16 16 ( 4 )
Total:
Real estate loans
Commercial 10,650 12,320 ( 66 )
One-to-four family residential 1,903 2,032 —
Multifamily 626 1,097 —
Home equity and lines of credit 47 47 ( 3 )
Commercial and industrial loans 16 16 ( 4 )
$ 13,242 $ 15,512 $ ( 73 )
26
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
Included in the table above at December 31, 2020, are impaired loans with carrying balances of $ 7.8 million that were not written down by charge-offs or for which there are no specific reserves in our allowance for loan losses. Loans not written down by charge-offs or specific reserves at December 31, 2020, are considered to have sufficient collateral values, less costs to sell, to support the carrying balances of the loans.

The following table summarizes the average recorded investment in impaired loans, excluding PCI loans, and interest income recognized as of, and for, the three months March 31, 2020 (in thousands):
March 31, 2020
Average Recorded Investment Interest Income
With No Allowance Recorded:
Real estate loans:
Commercial $ 16,198 $ 112
One-to-four family residential 2,464 33
Multifamily 1,036 13
Home equity and lines of credit 21 —
Commercial and industrial loans 38 —
With a Related Allowance Recorded:
Real estate loans:
Commercial 930 —
Home equity and lines of credit 33 1
Commercial and industrial loans 18 —
Total:
Real estate loans
Commercial 17,128 112
One-to-four family residential 2,464 33
Multifamily 1,036 13
Home equity and lines of credit 54 1
Commercial and industrial loans 56 —
$ 20,738 $ 159
Collateral-Dependent Loans

Loans for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral are considered to be collateral-dependent loans. Collateral can have a significant financial effect in mitigating exposure to credit risk and, where there is sufficient collateral, an allowance for expected credit losses is not recognized or is minimal. For collateral-dependent loans, the allowance for expected credit losses is individually assessed based on the fair value of the collateral less estimated costs of sale. The Company's collateral-dependent loans are secured by real estate. Collateral values are generally based on appraisals which are adjusted for changes in market indices. As of March 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, the Company had $ 9.8 million and $ 10.0 million of collateral-dependent impaired loans, respectively. The collateral-dependent loans at March 31, 2021 consisted of $ 7.6 million in commercial real estate loans, $ 1.2 million in construction loans, $ 610,000 in multifamily loans, and $ 388,000 in one-to-four family residential loans. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, there was no significant deterioration or changes in the collateral securing these loans.

27
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
Troubled Debt Restructured Loans

There were no loans modified in a TDR during the three months ended March 31, 2021 or 2020.
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic impact to customers, a short-term modification program that complied with Section 4013 of the CARES Act and the Interagency Statement on Loan Modifications and Reporting for Financial Institutions Working with Customers Affected by the Coronavirus was implemented to provide temporary payment relief to those borrowers directly impacted by COVID-19. The program allows for deferral of payments for 90 days, which may extend for an additional 90 day periods, with modifications in the form of payment deferrals, fee waivers, extensions of repayment terms, or other delays in payment. As of March 31, 2021, the Company had 24 loan modifications (excluding PCD loans) with principal and/or interest payment deferrals on outstanding loan balances of $ 28.8 million. Of these 24 payment deferrals, seven were principal deferrals totaling $ 8.8 million, and 17 were principal and interest deferrals totaling $ 20.0 million. As these deferrals were current as of December 31, 2019, or the date of modification, these loans are not considered TDRs. Loans in deferment status (“COVID-19 Modified Loans”) will continue to accrue interest during the deferment period unless otherwise classified as nonperforming. COVID-19 Modified Loans are required to make escrow payments for real estate taxes and insurance, if applicable. For loans given relief of interest, the deferred interest is generally to be paid back over a period not to exceed 18 months. Principal deferrals may be brought current or recast into outstanding principal at time of rate reset or repaid at the end of the loan's contractual term. COVID-19 Modified Loan agreements generally also include covenants that prohibit distributions, bonuses, or payments of management fees to related entities until all deferred payments are made.
At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company had TDRs of $ 11.7 million and $ 12.1 million, respectively.

Management classifies all TDRs as loans individually evaluated for impairment. Loans individually evaluated for impairment are assessed to determine that the loan’s carrying value is not in excess of the estimated fair value of the collateral less cost to sell, if the loan is collateral-dependent, or the present value of the expected future cash flows, if the loan is not collateral-dependent. Management performs an evaluation of each impaired loan and generally obtains updated appraisals as part of the evaluation. In addition, management adjusts estimated fair values down to appropriately consider recent market conditions, our willingness to accept a lower sales price to effect a quick sale, and costs to dispose of any supporting collateral. Determining the estimated fair value of underlying collateral (and related costs to sell) can be difficult in illiquid real estate markets and is subject to significant assumptions and estimates. Management employs an independent third-party management firm that specializes in appraisal preparation and review to ascertain the reasonableness of updated appraisals. Projecting the expected cash flows under TDRs which are not collateral-dependent is inherently subjective and requires, among other things, an evaluation of the borrower’s current and projected financial condition. Actual results may be significantly different than our projections and our established allowance for loan losses on these loans, which could have a material effect on our financial results.

At March 31, 2021, there were no TDRs that were restructured during the preceding twelve months that subsequently defaulted. At March 31, 2020, there was one TDR with a balance of $ 27,000 that was restructured during the preceding twelve months that subsequently defaulted.
28
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
Note 7 – Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans (“ACL”)

On January 1, 2021, the Company adopted the CECL standard, which requires the measurement of expected credit losses for financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loans, and certain off-balance-sheet credit exposures. As a result of the adoption of CECL, the Company recorded a $ 10.4 million increase to its allowance for credit losses on loans, including $ 6.8 million related to PCD loans. For PCD loans, the allowance for credit losses recorded is recognized through a gross-up that increases the amortized cost basis of loans with a corresponding increase to the allowance for credit losses, and therefore results in no impact to shareholders' equity.

Under the CECL standard, the Company determines the ACL on loans based upon a consideration of its historical portfolio loss experience, current borrower-specific risk characteristics, forecasts of future economic conditions, reversion period, prepayments and qualitative adjustments. The allowance is measured on a collective (loan segment) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. Loans that do not share common risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis and are excluded from the collective evaluation. Accrued interest on loans is excluded from the calculation of the ACL due to the Company's established non-accrual policy which results in the reversal of uncollectible accrued interest on non-accrual loans against interest income in a timely manner. Accrued interest receivable on loans held-for-investment totaled $ 13.2 million at March 31, 2021 and is reported in accrued interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheet.

The Company’s loan portfolio segmentation includes: multifamily, commercial real estate, one-to-four family residential mortgage, home equity and lines of credit, commercial and industrial, construction and other consumer loans.

Allowance for Collectively Evaluated Loans Held-for-Investment

In estimating the quantitative component of the allowance on a collective basis, the Company uses a risk rating migration model which calculates an expected life of loan loss percentage for each loan by generating probability of default and loss given default metrics. The metrics are based on the migration of loans from performing to loss by credit quality rating or delinquency categories using historical life-of-loan analysis periods for each loan portfolio pool, and the severity of loss, based on the aggregate net lifetime losses incurred using the Company's own historical loss experience and comparable peer data loss history. The model's expected losses based on loss history are adjusted for qualitative factors. Among other things, these adjustments include and account for differences in: (i) changes in lending policies and procedures; (ii) changes in local, regional, national, and international economic and business conditions and developments that affect the collectability of our portfolio, including the condition of various market segments; (iii) changes in the experience, ability and depth of lending management and other relevant staff; (iv) changes in the quality of our loan review system; (v) the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit, and changes in the level of such concentrations; and (vi) the effect of other external factors such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated credit losses in our existing portfolio.

The Company utilizes a two-year reasonable and supportable forecast period after which estimated losses revert to historical loss experience immediately for the remaining life of the loan. In establishing its estimate of expected credit losses, the Company utilizes five externally-sourced forward-looking economic scenarios developed by Moody's Analytics (“Moody's”).

Management utilizes five Moody's scenarios so as to incorporate uncertainties related to the unprecedented economic environment arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. These scenarios, which range from more benign to more severe economic outlooks, represent a ‘most likely outcome’ (the “Baseline” scenario) and four less likely scenarios referred to as the “Upside” scenarios and the “Downside” scenarios. Each scenario is assigned a weighting with a majority of the weighting placed on the Baseline scenario and lower weights placed on both the Upside and Downside scenarios. The weighting assigned by management is based on the economic outlook and available information at the reporting date. The model projects economic variables under each scenario based on detailed statistical analyses. The Company has identified and selected key variables that most closely correlated to its historical credit performance, which include: Gross domestic product, unemployment, and three collateral indices: the Commercial Property Price Index, the Commercial Property Price Apartment Index and the Case-Shiller Home Price Index.

29
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
Allowance for Individually Evaluated Loans

The Company measures specific reserves for individual loans that do not share common risk characteristics with other loans, consisting of all TDRs and non-accrual loans with an outstanding balance of $ 500,000 or greater. Loans individually evaluated for impairment are assessed to determine that the loan’s carrying value is not in excess of the estimated fair value of the collateral less cost to sell, if the loan is collateral-dependent, or the present value of the expected future cash flows, if the loan is not collateral-dependent. Management performs an evaluation of each impaired loan and generally obtains updated appraisals as part of the evaluation. In addition, management adjusts estimated fair values down to appropriately consider recent market conditions, our willingness to accept a lower sales price to effect a quick sale, and costs to dispose of any supporting collateral. Determining the estimated fair value of underlying collateral (and related costs to sell) can be difficult in illiquid real estate markets and is subject to significant assumptions and estimates. Management employs an independent third-party management firm that specializes in appraisal preparation and review to ascertain the reasonableness of updated appraisals. Projecting the expected cash flows under troubled debt restructurings which are not collateral-dependent is inherently subjective and requires, among other things, an evaluation of the borrower’s current and projected financial condition. Actual results may be significantly different than our projections and our established allowance for credit losses on these loans, which could have a material effect on our financial results. Individually impaired loans that have no impairment losses are not considered for collective allowances described earlier. At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the specific component of the ACL for loans individually evaluated for impairment was $ 77,000 and $ 73,000 , respectively.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Off-Balance Sheet Exposures

An ACL for off-balance-sheet exposures represents an estimate of expected credit losses arising from off-balance sheet exposures such as loan commitments, standby letters of credit and unused lines of credit (loans on books already). Commitments to fund unused lines of credit are agreements to lend additional funds to customers as long as there have been no violations of any of the conditions established in the agreements (original or restructured). Commitments to originate loans generally have a fixed expiration or other termination clauses, which may require payment of a fee. Since some of these loan commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, total commitments do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The reserve for off-balance sheet exposures is determined using the CECL reserve factor in the related funded loan segment, adjusted for an average historical funding rate. The allowance for credit losses for off-balance sheet credit exposures is recorded in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and the corresponding provision is included in other non-interest expense.

The table below summarizes the allowance for credit losses for off-balance sheet credit exposures (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
Balance at beginning of period $ 808
Impact of CECL adoption 737
Balance at January 1, 2021 1,545
Provision for credit losses 157
Balance at end of period $ 1,702

30
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
The following tables set forth activity in our allowance for credit losses on loans, by loan type, as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2021, and March 31, 2020 (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
Real Estate
Commercial (1)
One-to-Four Family Construction and Land Home Equity and Lines of Credit Commercial and Industrial Other Total Loans (excluding PCD) PCD Total
Beginning balance $ 33,005 $ 207 $ 1,214 $ 260 $ 1,842 $ 198 $ 36,726 $ 881 $ 37,607
Impact of CECL adoption ( 1,949 ) 5,233 ( 921 ) 419 947 ( 188 ) 3,541 6,812 10,353
Balance at January 1, 2021 31,056 5,440 293 679 2,789 10 40,267 7,693 47,960
Charge-offs ( 21 ) — — — — — ( 21 ) ( 2,411 ) ( 2,432 )
Recoveries 19 1 — — 21 2 43 — 43
Provisions (credit) ( 2,172 ) ( 269 ) ( 24 ) ( 36 ) 130 ( 3 ) ( 2,374 ) — ( 2,374 )
Ending balance $ 28,882 $ 5,172 $ 269 $ 643 $ 2,940 $ 9 $ 37,915 $ 5,282 $ 43,197
(1) Commercial includes commercial real estate loans collateralized by owner-occupied, non-owner occupied, and multifamily properties.

Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Real Estate
Commercial One-to-Four Family Construction and Land Multifamily Home Equity and Lines of Credit Commercial and Industrial Other Total Loans (excluding PCI) PCI Total
Allowance for loan losses:
Beginning balance $ 4,891 $ 180 $ 536 $ 20,203 $ 317 $ 1,640 $ 151 $ 27,918 $ 789 $ 28,707
Charge-offs ( 433 ) — — — — ( 37 ) — ( 470 ) — ( 470 )
Recoveries 375 1 — — 1 2 1 380 — 380
Provisions (credit) 611 131 135 6,686 256 430 ( 66 ) 8,183 — 8,183
Ending balance $ 5,444 $ 312 $ 671 $ 26,889 $ 574 $ 2,035 $ 86 $ 36,011 $ 789 $ 36,800

31
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
The following tables detail the amount of loans receivable held-for-investment, net of deferred loan fees and costs, that are evaluated, individually and collectively, for impairment, and the related portion of the allowance for loan losses that is allocated to each loan portfolio segment, at March 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020 (in thousands):
March 31, 2021
Real Estate
Commercial (1)
One-to-Four Family Construction and Land Home Equity and Lines of Credit Commercial and Industrial Other Total Loans (excluding PCD) PCD Total
Allowance for credit losses on loans:
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment $ 69 $ 4 $ — $ 2 $ 2 $ — $ 77 $ — $ 77
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment 28,813 5,168 269 641 2,938 9 37,838 5,282 43,120
Loans, net:
Ending balance 3,305,522 202,948 77,206 93,118 234,518 1,658 3,914,970 18,045 3,933,015
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment 9,839 1,634 1,150 45 16 — 12,684 — 12,684
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment 3,295,683 201,314 76,056 93,073 66,628 1,658 3,734,412 18,045 3,752,457
PPP loans not evaluated for impairment (2)
— — — — 167,874 — 167,874 — 167,874

December 31, 2020
Real Estate
Commercial One-to-Four Family Construction and Land Multifamily Home Equity and Lines of Credit Commercial and Industrial Other Total Loans (excluding PCI) PCI Total
Allowance for credit losses on loans:
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment $ 66 $ — $ — $ — $ 3 $ 4 $ — $ 73 $ — $ 73
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment 5,944 207 1,214 26,995 257 1,838 198 36,653 881 37,534
Loans, net:
Ending balance 717,566 212,222 74,351 2,512,934 93,137 191,481 3,029 3,804,720 18,518 3,823,238
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment 10,650 1,903 — 626 47 16 — 13,242 — 13,242
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment 706,916 210,319 74,351 2,512,308 93,090 64,930 3,029 3,664,943 18,518 3,683,461
PPP loans not evaluated for impairment (2)
— — — — — 126,535 — 126,535 — 126,535
(1) Commercial includes commercial real estate loans collateralized by owner-occupied, non-owner occupied, and multifamily properties.
(2) PPP loans are guaranteed by the SBA and therefore excluded from the allowance for loan losses.
32
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)

Note 8 – Deposits

Deposit account balances are summarized as follows (in thousands):
March 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
Non-interest-bearing checking $ 771,432 $ 695,831
NOW and interest-bearing checking 918,367 905,208
Savings and money market 1,815,727 1,953,885
Certificates of deposit 630,190 521,627
Total deposits $ 4,135,716 $ 4,076,551
Interest expense on deposit accounts is summarized for the periods indicated (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020
NOW and interest-bearing checking, savings, and money market $ 932 $ 4,073
Certificates of deposit 938 5,206
Total interest expense on deposit accounts $ 1,870 $ 9,279

Note 9 – Equity Incentive Plans

The following table is a summary of the Company’s stock options outstanding as of March 31, 2021, and changes therein during the three months then ended.
Number of Stock Options Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Contractual Life (years)
Outstanding - December 31, 2020 2,214,193 $ 4.01 $ 13.94 3.96
Forfeited ( 41,090 ) 3.96 13.62 —
Exercised ( 54,990 ) 4.06 14.69 —
Outstanding - March 31, 2021 2,118,113 4.01 13.92 3.71
Exercisable - March 31, 2021 2,101,034 4.00 13.91 3.70
Expected future stock option expense related to the non-vested options outstanding as of March 31, 2021, is $ 25,000 over a weighted average period of 0.6 years.
On January 29, 2021, the Company granted to directors and employees, under the 2019 EIP, 147,315 restricted stock units with a total grant-date fair value of $ 1.8 million. Of these grants, 32,769 vest one year from the date of grant and 114,546 vest in equal installments over a five-year period beginning one year from the date of grant. The Company also issued 29,615 performance-based restricted stock units to its executive officers with a total grant date fair value of $ 366,041 . Vesting of the performance-based restricted stock units will be based on achievement of certain levels of Core Return on Average Assets and will cliff-vest after a three-year measurement period ended January 29, 2024, based on the Company's performance relative to a peer group as determined by the Compensation Committee of the Board. At the end of the performance period, the number of actual shares to be awarded may vary between 0 % and 225 % of target amounts.

The following is a summary of the status of the Company’s restricted stock awards as of March 31, 2021, and changes therein during the three months then ended.
Number of Shares Awarded Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested at December 31, 2020 104,010 $ 15.91
Granted 176,930 12.59
Vested ( 38,470 ) 15.81
Forfeited ( 4,022 ) 15.81
Non-vested at March 31, 2021 238,448 13.46
33
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
Expected future stock award expense related to the non-vested restricted share awards as of March 31, 2021, is $ 2.6 million over a weighted average period of 3.3 years.
During the three months ended March 31, 2021, and March 31, 2020, the Company recorded $ 243,000 and $ 448,000 , respectively, of stock-based compensation related to the above plans.

Note 10 – Fair Value Measurements
The following tables present the assets reported on the consolidated balance sheets at their estimated fair value as of March 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, by level within the fair value hierarchy as required by the Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic of the FASB ASC. Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The fair value hierarchy is as follows:

• Level 1 Inputs – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.

• Level 2 Inputs – Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (for example, interest rates, volatilities, prepayment speeds, loss severities, credit risks and default rates) or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlations or other means.

• Level 3 Inputs – Significant unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities.

The methods of determining the fair value of assets and liabilities presented in this note are consistent with our methodologies disclosed in Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
34
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
Fair Value Measurements at March 31, 2021 Using:
Carrying Value Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
(in thousands)
Measured on a recurring basis:
Assets:
Investment securities:
Debt securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Government agency $ 2,690 $ — $ 2,690 $ —
Mortgage-backed securities:
Pass-through certificates:
GSE 253,563 — 253,563 —
REMICs:
GSE 825,693 — 825,693 —
1,079,256 — 1,079,256 —
Other debt securities:
Municipal bonds 103 — 103 —
Corporate bonds 124,442 — 124,442 —
Asset-backed securities 747 — 747 —
125,292 — 125,292 —
Total debt securities available-for-sale 1,207,238 — 1,207,238 —
Trading securities 12,142 12,142 — —
Equity securities 473 473 — —
Total $ 1,219,853 $ 12,615 $ 1,207,238 $ —
Measured on a non-recurring basis:
Assets:
Loans individually evaluated for impairment:
Real estate loans:
Commercial real estate $ 3,871 $ — $ — $ 3,871
One-to-four family residential mortgage 540 — — 540
Multifamily 12 — — 12
Home equity and lines of credit 29 — — 29
Total individually evaluated real estate loans 4,452 — — 4,452
Commercial and industrial loans 14 — — 14
Other real estate owned 100 — — 100
Total $ 4,566 $ — $ — $ 4,566
35
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2020 Using:
Carrying Value Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets
(Level 1) 		Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2) 		Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
(in thousands)
Measured on a recurring basis:
Assets:
Investment securities:
Debt securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Government agency securities $ 3,158 $ — $ 3,158 $ —
Mortgage-backed securities:
Pass-through certificates:
GSE 281,343 — 281,343 —
REMICs:
GSE 890,965 — 890,965 —
Non-GSE 4 — 4 —
1,172,312 — 1,172,312 —
Other debt securities:
Municipal bonds 123 — 123 —
Corporate bonds 88,418 — 88,418 —
Asset-backed securities 794 — 794 —
89,335 — 89,335 —
Total debt securities available-for-sale 1,264,805 — 1,264,805 —
Trading securities 12,291 12,291 — —
Equity securities 253 253 — —
Total $ 1,277,349 $ 12,544 $ 1,264,805 $ —
Measured on a non-recurring basis:
Assets:
Impaired loans:
Real estate loans:
Commercial real estate $ 5,268 $ — $ — $ 5,268
Multifamily 16 — — 16
Home equity and lines of credit 28 — — 28
Total impaired real estate loans 5,312 — — 5,312
Commercial and industrial loans 13 — — 13
Total $ 5,325 $ — $ — $ 5,325
The following table presents qualitative information for Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at March 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020 (dollars in thousands):
Fair Value Valuation Methodology Unobservable
Inputs 		Range of Inputs
March 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 March 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
Individually evaluated loans $ 4,466 $ 5,325 Appraisals Discount for costs to sell 7.0 % 7.0 %
Discount for quick sale 10.0 % 10.0 %
Discounted cash flows Interest rates
4.88 % to 6.25 %
4.88 % to 6.25 %
Other real estate owned 100 — Appraisals Discount for costs to sell 7.0 % N/A
36
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
The valuation techniques described below were used to measure fair value of financial instruments in the tables below on a recurring basis and a non-recurring basis as of March 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020.
Debt Securities Available for Sale: The estimated fair values for mortgage-backed securities, corporate, and other debt securities are obtained from an independent nationally recognized third-party pricing service. The estimated fair values are derived primarily from cash flow models, which include assumptions for interest rates, credit losses, and prepayment speeds. Broker/dealer quotes are utilized as well, when such quotes are available and deemed representative of the market. The significant inputs utilized in the cash flow models are based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company (Observable Inputs), and are therefore classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. There were no transfers of securities between Level 1 and Level 2 during the three months ended March 31, 2021 or March 31, 2020.
Trading Securities: Fair values are derived from quoted market prices in active markets. The assets consist of publicly traded mutual funds.

Equity Securities: Fair values of equity securities consisting of publicly traded mutual funds are derived from quoted market prices in active markets.
Loans individually evaluated for impairment: At March 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, the Company had loans individually evaluated for impairment (excluding PCD/PCI loans) with outstanding principal balances of $ 6.5 million and $ 7.4 million, respectively, which were recorded at their estimated fair value of $ 4.5 million and $ 5.3 million, respectively. The Company recorded a net increase in the specific reserve for impaired loans of $ 3,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and a net decrease in the specific reserve for impaired loans of $ 79,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2020. Net charge-offs of $ 2.4 million and $ 90,000 were recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and March 31, 2020, respectively, utilizing Level 3 inputs. For purposes of estimating the fair value of impaired loans, management utilizes independent appraisals, if the loan is collateral-dependent, adjusted downward by management, as necessary, for changes in relevant valuation factors subsequent to the appraisal date, or the present value of expected future cash flows for non-collateral dependent loans and TDRs.

Other Real Estate Owned: At March 31, 2021, the Company had assets acquired through foreclosure
of $ 100,000 , recorded at estimated fair value, less estimated selling costs when acquired, thus establishing a new cost basis. Estimated fair value is generally based on independent appraisals. These appraisals include adjustments to comparable assets based on the appraisers’ market knowledge and experience, and are considered Level 3 inputs. When an asset is acquired, the excess of the loan balance over fair value, less estimated selling costs, is charged to the allowance for loan losses. If the estimated fair value of the asset declines, a write-down is recorded through non-interest expense. The valuation of foreclosed assets is subjective in nature and may be adjusted in the future because of changes in the economic conditions.
In addition, the Company may be required, from time to time, to measure the fair value of certain other financial assets on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The adjustments to fair value usually result from the application of lower-of-cost-or-market accounting or write downs of individual assets.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments:
The FASB ASC Topic for Financial Instruments requires disclosure of the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities, including those financial assets and financial liabilities that are not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis. The methodologies for estimating the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis are discussed above. The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of other financial assets and financial liabilities not already discussed above:
(a)     Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents are short-term in nature with original maturities of three months or less; the carrying amount approximates fair value. Certificates of deposit having original terms of six-months or less; the carrying value generally approximates fair value. Certificates of deposit with an original maturity of six months or greater; the fair value is derived from discounted cash flows.
37
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
(b) Debt Securities (Held-to-Maturity)
The estimated fair values for substantially all of our securities are obtained from an independent nationally recognized pricing service. The independent pricing service utilizes market prices of same or similar securities whenever such prices are available. Prices involving distressed sellers are not utilized in determining fair value. Where necessary, the independent third-party pricing service estimates fair value using models employing techniques such as discounted cash flow analysis. The assumptions used in these models typically include assumptions for interest rates, credit losses, and prepayments, utilizing market observable data where available.
(c)    Investments in Equity Securities at Net Asset Value Per Share

The Company uses net asset value as a practical expedient to record its investment in a private SBA Loan Fund since the shares in the fund are not publicly traded, do not have a readily determinable fair value and the net asset value per share is calculated in a manner consistent with the measurement principles of an investment company.
(d) Federal Home Loan Bank of New York Stock

The fair value for Federal Home Loan Bank of New York ("FHLBNY") stock is its carrying value, since this is the amount for which it could be redeemed and there is no active market for this stock.
(e) Loans (Held-for-Investment)
Fair values are estimated for portfolios of loans with similar financial characteristics. Loans are segregated by type such as originated and purchased, and further segregated by residential mortgage, construction, land, multifamily, commercial and consumer. Each loan category is further segmented into amortizing and non-amortizing and fixed and adjustable rate interest terms and by performing and nonperforming categories. The fair value of loans is estimated using a discounted cash flow analysis. The discount rates used to determine fair value use interest rate spreads that reflect factors such as liquidity, credit, and nonperformance risk of the loans.
(f) Loans (Held-for-Sale)
Held-for-sale loans are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or estimated fair value, less costs to sell, and therefore fair value is equal to carrying value.
(g)    Deposits
The fair value of deposits with no stated maturity, such as non-interest bearing demand deposits, savings, NOW and money market accounts, is equal to the amount payable on demand. The fair value of certificates of deposit is based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows. The discount rate is estimated using the rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities.
(h) Commitments to Extend Credit and Standby Letters of Credit

The fair value of commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is estimated using the fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements and the present creditworthiness of the counterparties. For fixed-rate loan commitments, fair value also considers the difference between current levels of interest rates and the committed rates. The fair value of off-balance sheet commitments is insignificant and therefore not included in the following table.
38
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
(i)    Borrowings
The fair value of borrowed funds is estimated by discounting future cash flows based on rates currently available for debt with similar terms and remaining maturity.
(j)    Advance Payments by Borrowers for Taxes and Insurance
Advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance have no stated maturity; the fair value is equal to the amount currently payable.

(k)    Derivatives

The fair value of the Company's derivatives is determined using discounted cash flow analysis using observable market-based inputs, which are considered Level 2 inputs.

The estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at March 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, is presented in the following tables (in thousands):
March 31, 2021
Estimated Fair Value
Carrying Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 127,570 $ 127,570 $ — $ — $ 127,570
Trading securities 12,142 12,142 — — 12,142
Debt securities available-for-sale 1,207,238 — 1,207,238 — 1,207,238
Debt securities held-to-maturity 6,913 — 7,241 — 7,241
Equity securities 473 473 — — 473
FHLBNY stock, at cost 28,641 — 28,641 — 28,641
Net loans held-for-investment 3,889,818 — — 3,959,088 3,959,088
Derivative assets 1,219 — 1,219 — 1,219
Financial liabilities:
Deposits $ 4,135,716 $ — $ 4,140,621 $ — $ 4,140,621
Borrowed funds 592,170 — 604,460 — 604,460
Advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance 24,027 — 24,027 — 24,027
Derivative liabilities 1,220 — 1,220 — 1,220
39
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
December 31, 2020
Estimated Fair Value
Carrying Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 87,544 $ 87,544 $ — $ — $ 87,544
Trading securities 12,291 12,291 — — 12,291
Debt securities available-for-sale 1,264,805 — 1,264,805 — 1,264,805
Debt securities held-to-maturity 7,234 — 7,574 — 7,574
Equity securities 253 253 — — 253
FHLBNY stock, at cost 28,641 — 28,641 — 28,641
Loans held-for-sale 19,895 — — 19,895 19,895
Net loans held-for-investment 3,785,631 — — 3,842,054 3,842,054
Derivative assets 1,498 — 1,498 — 1,498
Financial liabilities:
Deposits $ 4,076,551 $ — $ 4,082,538 $ — $ 4,082,538
Borrowed funds 591,789 — 609,900 — 609,900
Advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance 19,677 — 19,677 — 19,677
Derivative liabilities 1,502 — 1,502 — 1,502
Limitations
Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected losses, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments, and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and, therefore, cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates. Fair value estimates are based on existing on-and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in the estimates.
Note 11 – Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. For purposes of calculating basic earnings per share, weighted average common shares outstanding excludes unallocated employee stock ownership plan (“ESOP”) shares that have not been committed for release and unvested restricted stock.

Diluted earnings per share is computed using the same method as basic earnings per share, but reflects the potential dilution that could occur if stock options and unvested shares of restricted stock were exercised and converted into common stock. These potentially dilutive shares would then be included in the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period using the treasury stock method. When applying the treasury stock method we added the assumed proceeds from option exercises and the average unamortized compensation costs related to unvested shares of restricted stock and stock options. We then divided this sum by our average stock price for the period to calculate assumed shares repurchased. The excess of the number of shares issuable over the number of shares assumed to be repurchased is added to basic weighted average common shares to calculate diluted earnings per share.
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NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
The following is a summary of the Company’s earnings per share calculations and reconciliation of basic to diluted earnings per share for the periods indicated (in thousands, except per share data):
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020
Net income available to common stockholders $ 18,677 $ 4,551
Weighted average shares outstanding-basic 49,528,419 46,791,768
Effect of non-vested restricted stock and stock options outstanding 105,225 191,698
Weighted average shares outstanding-diluted 49,633,644 46,983,466
Earnings per share-basic $ 0.38 $ 0.10
Earnings per share-diluted $ 0.38 $ 0.10
Anti-dilutive shares 1,002,377 1,001,828
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NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
Note 12 – Leases

The Company’s leases primarily relate to real estate property for branches and office space with terms extending from three months up to 34.3 years. At March 31, 2021, all of the Company's leases are classified as operating leases, which are required to be recognized on the consolidated statements of financial condition as a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability.

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Right-of-use assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recorded at the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate, at lease inception, over a similar term in determining the present value of lease payments. Certain leases include options to renew, with one or more renewal terms ranging from five to ten years . If the exercise of a renewal option is considered to be reasonably certain, the Company includes the extended term in the calculation of the right-of-use asset and lease liability.

At March 31, 2021, the Company’s operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities included on the consolidated balance sheet were $ 35.7 million and $ 42.1 million, respectively. At December 31, 2020, the Company’s operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities included on the consolidated balance sheet were $ 36.7 million and $ 42.7 million, respectively. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, while variable lease payments are recognized as incurred. Variable lease payments include common area maintenance charges, real estate taxes, repairs and maintenance costs and utilities. Operating and variable lease expenses are recorded in occupancy expense on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
Supplemental lease information at or for the three months ended March 31, 2021, and March 31, 2020 is as follows (dollars in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020
Operating lease cost $ 1,455 $ 1,439
Variable lease cost 1,235 544
Net lease cost $ 2,690 $ 1,983
Cash paid for amounts included in measurement of operating lease liabilities $ 1,708 $ 1,545
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities $ — $ 3,028
Weighted average remaining lease term 12.26 years 12.71 years
Weighted average discount rate 3.60 % 3.59 %
The following table summarizes lease payment obligations for each of the next five years and thereafter in addition to a reconcilement to the Company's current lease liability (in thousands):
Year Amount
2021 $ 4,669
2022 5,550
2023 5,504
2024 5,067
2025 4,710
Thereafter 28,196
Total lease payments 53,696
Less: imputed interest 11,629
Present value of lease liabilities $ 42,067
As of March 31, 2021, the Company had not entered into any leases that have not yet commenced.
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NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
Note 13 – Revenue Recognition
The Company records revenue from contracts with customers in accordance with ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”) . The standard’s core principle is that a company will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Topic 606 does not apply to revenue associated with financial instruments, including revenue from loans and securities, which comprise the majority of the Company’s revenue.
The Company’s revenue streams that are within the scope of Topic 606 include service charges on deposit accounts, ATM and card interchange fees, investment services fees, and other miscellaneous income. Fees and service charges for customer services include: (i) service charges on deposit accounts, including account maintenance fees, overdraft fees, insufficient funds fees, wire fees, and other deposit related fees; (ii) ATM and card interchange fees, which include fees generated when a Bank cardholder uses a non-Bank ATM or a non-Bank cardholder uses a Bank ATM, and fees earned whenever the Bank's debit cards are processed through card payment networks such as Visa; and (iii) investment services fees earned through partnering with a third party investment and brokerage service firm to provide insurance and investment products to customers. The Company's performance obligation for fees and service charges is satisfied and related revenue recognized immediately or in the month of performance of services. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, other income primarily includes rental income from subleasing one of the Company's branches to a third party and gains on the sale or payoff of loans. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, other income primarily includes rental income from subleasing one of the Company's branches to a third party. Other income is recognized at the time the transaction occurs.
The following table summarizes non-interest income for the periods indicated (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020
Fees and service charges for customer services:
Service charges $ 720 $ 753
ATM and card interchange fees 399 304
Investment fees 78 63
Total fees and service charges for customer services 1,197 1,120
Income on bank-owned life insurance (1)
848 876
Gains (losses) on available-for-sale debt securities, net (1)
97 ( 13 )
Gains (losses) on trading securities, net (1)
364 ( 1,992 )
Swap income (1)
— 76
Other 130 41
Total non-interest income $ 2,636 $ 108
(1) Not in scope of Topic 606

Note 14 – Derivatives

The Company has interest rate derivatives resulting from a service provided to certain qualified borrowers in a loan-related transaction and, therefore, are not used to manage interest rate risk in the Company’s assets or liabilities. The interest rate swap agreement which the Company executes with the commercial borrower is collateralized by the borrower’s commercial real estate financed by the Company. The collateral exceeds the maximum potential amount of future payments under the credit derivative. As these interest rate swaps do not meet the hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value of both the customer swaps and the offsetting swaps are recognized directly in earnings.

At March 31, 2021, the Company had seven interest rate swaps with a notional amount of $ 38.9 million. At December 31, 2020, the Company had seven interest rate swaps with a notional amount of $ 39.2 million. For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and March 31, 2020, the Company recorded net fee income of $ 0 and $ 76,000 , respectively.

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NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)
The table below presents the fair value of the derivatives as well as their location on the consolidated balance sheets (in thousands):

Fair Value
Balance Sheet Location March 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
Other assets $ 1,219 $ 1,498
Other liabilities 1,220 1,502

Note 15 – Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): “Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (“ASU 2016-13”). This guidance was subsequently amended by ASU No. 2019-04, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments”; ASU No. 2019-05, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief”; and ASU No. 2019-11, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses”. ASU No. 2016-13 and its subsequent updates are collectively known as “CECL”. CECL replaces the current incurred loss impairment model that recognizes losses when a probable threshold is met with a requirement to recognize lifetime expected credit losses immediately when a financial asset is originated or purchased. For available-for-sale debt securities where fair value is less than cost, credit-related impairment would be recognized in an allowance for credit losses and adjusted in each subsequent period for changes in credit risk. CECL also expands the disclosure requirements regarding an entity’s assumptions, models, and methods for estimating the allowance for credit losses.

ASU 2016-13 and its related amendments were initially effective for financial statements for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company elected to defer the adoption of the CECL methodology permitted by the CARES Act, signed into law on March 27, 2020, which provided financial institutions with the option to defer adoption of ASU 2016-13 until the earlier of the end of the pandemic or December 31, 2020. This relief was further extended by the Consolidations Appropriations Act enacted on December 27, 2020, to the earlier of the first day of an entity's fiscal year after the date the national emergency terminates or January 1, 2022. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 and its related amendments on January 1, 2021, using a modified retrospective approach. Our implementation process included: assessment and documentation of governance and reporting processes and related internal controls; model development, documentation and validation; and the incorporation of qualitative adjustments for model limitations, among other things. ASU 2016-13 lists several credit loss methods that are acceptable such as a discounted cash flow method, loss-rate method and probability of default/loss given default (“PD/LGD”) method. The Company utilizes the PD/LGD methodology to estimate its allowance for loan losses.

At adoption, the Company recorded an $ 11.1 million increase to its allowance for credit losses, including reserves of $ 10.4 million related to loans and $ 737,000 related to unfunded credit commitments. Of the $ 10.4 million increase in loan reserves, $ 6.8 million represents PCD loan-related reserves which were recognized through a gross-up that increases the amortized cost basis of loans with a corresponding increase to the allowance for credit losses, and therefore results in no impact to shareholders' equity. The non-PCD loan related increase to the allowance for credit losses of $ 4.3 million, including the reserves for unfunded loan commitments, was offset in shareholders' equity and deferred tax assets. For further details on the adoption of CECL see Note 6 - Loans and Note 7 - Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans.




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ITEM 2.    MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Quarterly Report contains certain “forward-looking statements,” which can be identified by the use of such words as “estimate,” “project,” “believe,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “seek,” “expect,” “annualized,” “could,” “may,” “should,” “will,” and words of similar meaning. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

• statements of our goals, intentions, and expectations;
• statements regarding our business plans, prospects, growth and operating strategies;
• statements regarding the quality of our loan and investment portfolios; and
• estimates of our risks and future costs and benefits.
These forward-looking statements are based on the current beliefs and expectations of our management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change.

The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements:
• the disruption to local, regional, national and global economic activity caused by infectious disease outbreaks, including the outbreak of COVID-19, and the significant impact that such outbreaks may have on our growth, operations, earnings and asset quality;
• general economic conditions, either nationally or in our market areas, including employment prospects, real estate values and conditions, that are worse than expected;
• the effects of any civil unrest;
• competition among depository and other financial institutions;
• inflation and changes in the interest rate environment that reduce our margins and yields or reduce the fair value of financial instruments;
• adverse changes in the securities or credit markets;
• changes in laws, tax policies, or government regulations or policies affecting financial institutions, including changes in regulatory fees and capital requirements;
• our ability to enter new markets successfully and capitalize on growth opportunities;
• our ability to access cost-effective funding;
• our ability to successfully integrate acquired entities;
• changes in consumer demand, spending, borrowing and savings habits;
• changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the bank regulatory agencies, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB"), the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"), or the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board;
• cyber attacks, computer viruses and other technological risks that may breach the security of our websites or other systems to obtain unauthorized access to confidential information and destroy data or disable our systems;
• technological changes that may be more difficult or expensive than expected;
• changes in our organization, compensation, and benefit plans;
• our ability to retain key employees;
• changes in the level of government support for housing finance;
• changes in monetary or fiscal policies of the U.S. Government, including policies of the U.S. Treasury and the Federal Reserve Board ( the "FRB");
• the ability of third-party providers to perform their obligations to us;
• the ability of the U.S. Government to manage federal debt limits;
• the effects of any U.S. Government shutdowns;
• significant increases in our loan losses, including increases that may result from the new accounting guidance known as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model which may increase the required level of our allowance for loan losses after adoption effective January 1, 2021; and
• changes in the financial condition, results of operations, or future prospects of issuers of securities that we own.

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Given the ongoing and dynamic nature of current economic circumstances, it is difficult to predict the full impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on our business. The extent of such impact will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain, including when the coronavirus can be fully controlled and abated and whether the gradual reopening of businesses will result in a meaningful increase in economic activity. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the related adverse local and national economic consequences, we could be subject to any of the following risks, any of which could have a material, adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity, and results of operations:

• demand for our products and services may decline, making it difficult to execute on our strategic initiatives related to growing assets and earnings;
• if the economy is unable to fully reopen, and increased levels of unemployment continue for an extended period of time, loan delinquencies, problem assets, and foreclosures may increase, resulting in increased charge-offs and reduced income;
• a worsening of business and economic conditions or a downturn in the financial markets could result in an impairment of certain intangible assets, such as goodwill or our servicing assets;
• litigation, regulatory enforcement risk and reputation risk regarding our participation in the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) and the risk that the Small Business Administration (the “SBA”) may not fund some or all PPP loan guaranties;
• disruptions in the businesses or the unavailability of the services of third parties we use in our operations such as property appraisers, loan servicers, providers of electronic payment and settlement systems, and local and federal government agencies and courthouses, could negatively affect our operations;
• collateral for loans, especially real estate, may decline in value, which could cause loan losses to increase;
• our allowance for loan losses may have to be increased if borrowers experience financial difficulties beyond forbearance periods, which will adversely affect our net income;
• the net worth and liquidity of loan guarantors may decline, impairing their ability to honor commitments to us;
• as the result of the decline in the FRB's target federal funds rate, the yield on our assets may decline to a greater extent than the decline in our cost of interest-bearing liabilities, reducing our net interest margin and spread and reducing net income;
• a material decrease in net income or a net loss over several quarters could result in a decrease or elimination of our quarterly cash dividend;
• potential goodwill impairment charges if acquired assets and operations are adversely affected and remain at reduced levels;
• our cyber security risks are increased to the extent we have an increase in the number of employees working remotely;
• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) premiums may increase if the agency experience additional resolution costs;
• Internal controls as designed may not prove effective, to the extent procedures are modified as a result of remote work locations; and
• the unanticipated loss or unavailability of key employees due to the outbreak, which could harm our ability to operate our business or execute our business strategy, especially as we may not be successful in finding and integrating suitable successors.

Because of these and other uncertainties, our actual future results may be materially different from the results indicated by these forward-looking statements. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on such statements. Except as required by law, we disclaim any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

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Critical Accounting Policies
Note 1 to the Company’s Audited Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2020, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, as supplemented by this report, contains a summary of significant accounting policies. Various elements of these accounting policies, by their nature, are inherently subject to estimation techniques, valuation assumptions and other subjective assessments. Certain assets are carried in the consolidated balance sheets at estimated fair value or the lower of cost or estimated fair value. Policies with respect to the methodologies used to determine the allowance for credit losses on loans, estimated cash flows of our purchased credit-deteriorated (“PCD”, or, previously, purchased credit-impaired “PCI”) loans, and judgments regarding the valuation allowance against deferred tax assets are the most critical accounting policies because they are important to the presentation of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations, involve a higher degree of complexity, and require management to make subjective judgments which often require assumptions or estimates about highly uncertain matters. The use of different judgments, assumptions, and estimates could result in material differences in the results of operations or financial condition. These critical accounting policies and their application are reviewed periodically and, at least annually, with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.
At March 31, 2021, we identified our policy on the allowance for credit losses to be a critical accounting policy because management has to make subjective and/or complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain and because it is likely that materially different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions. On January 1, 2021, we adopted new accounting guidance which requires entities to estimate and recognize an allowance for lifetime expected credit losses for loans, unfunded credit commitments and held-to-maturity debt securities measured at amortized cost. Previously, an allowance for credit losses on loans was recognized based on probable incurred losses. See Notes 6, 7 and 15 to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our accounting policies and methodologies for establishing the allowance for credit losses.
The accounting estimates relating to the allowance for credit losses remain "critical accounting estimates" for the following reasons:

• Changes in the provision for credit losses can materially affect our financial results;
• Estimates relating to the allowance for credit losses require us to utilize a reasonable and supportable forecast period based upon forward-looking economic scenarios in order to estimate probability of default and loss given default rates which our CECL methodology encompasses;
• The allowance for credit losses is influenced by factors outside of our control such as industry and business trends, as well as economic conditions such as trends in housing prices, interest rates, gross domestic product, inflation, and unemployment; and
• Judgment is required to determine whether the models used to generate the allowance for credit losses produce an estimate that is sufficient to encompass the current view of lifetime expected credit losses.

Our estimation process is subject to risks and uncertainties, including a reliance on historical loss and trend information that may not be representative of current conditions and indicative of future performance. Changes in such estimates could significantly impact our allowance and provision for credit losses. Accordingly, our actual credit loss experience may not be in line with our expectations.

For a further discussion of the critical accounting policies of the Company, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Overview
This overview highlights selected information and may not contain all the information that is important to you in understanding our performance during the period. For a more complete understanding of trends, events, commitments, uncertainties, liquidity, capital resources, and critical accounting estimates, you should read this entire document carefully, as well as our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.
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Net income was $18.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, as compared to $4.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. Basic and diluted earnings per common share were $0.38 for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to basic and diluted earnings per common share of $0.10 for the three months ended March 31, 2020. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, our return on average assets was 1.36%, as compared to 0.37% for the three months ended March 31, 2020. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, our return on average stockholders’ equity was 10.03% as compared to 2.60% for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The most significant impact on our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2021, as compared to the prior year period was the decrease in our provision for loan losses, which decreased by $10.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, to a negative provision of $2.4 million, compared to a provision of $8.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The higher provision for loan losses in the first quarter of 2020 was primarily due to increases in the qualitative factors used in determining the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses related to unemployment, loan risk rating changes and increased risks related to loans on forbearance, resulting from economic uncertainty attributable to the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, under the incurred loss methodology. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company recorded a negative provision of $2.4 million, driven primarily by an improvement in economic forecasts for the current quarter. Earnings for the quarter ended March 31, 2021, also reflect approximately $1.9 million of accretable income related to the payoffs of PCD loans during the quarter and $1.3 million in fees related to loans originated under the PPP.

Total assets increased by $62.4 million, or 1.1%, to $5.58 billion at March 31, 2021, from $5.51 billion at December 31, 2020, primarily due to increases in cash and cash equivalents of $40.0 million or 45.7% and total loans of $89.9 million, or 2.3%. Partially offsetting these increases was a decrease in available-for-sale debt securities of $57.6 million, or 4.6%, a decrease in other assets of $3.3 million, or 12.9%, and an increase in the allowance for credit losses of $5.6 million, or 14.9%.

The Company adopted the CECL accounting standard effective January 1, 2021, and recorded an increase in the allowance for credit losses of $11.1 million, comprised of $10.4 million and $737,000, respectively, for loans and unfunded commitments, including $6.8 million related to PCD loans. For PCD loans, the allowance for credit losses recorded is recognized through a gross-up that increases the amortized cost basis of loans with a corresponding increase to the allowance for credit losses, and, therefore results in no impact to stockholders' equity. The remaining increase to the allowance for credit losses of $4.3 million was offset in stockholders' equity and deferred tax assets.
Comparison of Financial Condition at March 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020

Total assets increased $62.4 million, or 1.1%, to $5.58 billion at March 31, 2021, from $5.51 billion at December 31, 2020, primarily due to increases in cash and cash equivalents of $40.0 million or 45.7% and total loans of $89.9 million, or 2.3%. Partially offsetting these increases was a decrease in available-for-sale debt securities of $57.6 million, or 4.6%, a decrease in other assets of $3.3 million, or 12.9%, and an increase in the allowance for credit losses of $5.6 million, or 14.9%.
Cash and cash equivalents increased by $40.0 million, or 45.7%, to $127.6 million at March 31, 2021, from $87.5 million at December 31, 2020 as a result of normal fluctuations. Balances fluctuate based on the timing of receipt of security and loan repayments and the redeployment of cash into higher-yielding assets such as loans and securities, or the funding of deposit outflows or borrowing maturities.

The Company’s available-for-sale debt securities portfolio decreased by $57.6 million, or 4.6%, to $1.21 billion at March 31, 2021, from $1.26 billion at December 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily attributable to paydowns, maturities, calls, and sales. At March 31, 2021, $1.08 billion of the portfolio consisted of residential mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, or Ginnie Mae. In addition, the Company held $124.4 million in corporate bonds, all of which were considered investment grade at March 31, 2021, $2.7 million in U.S. Government agency securities, $103,000 in municipal bonds, and $747,000 in other debt securities. The effective duration of the securities portfolio at March 31, 2021 was 1.17 years.

As of March 31, 2021, our non-owner occupied commercial real estate concentration (as defined by regulatory guidance issued in 2006) to total risk-based capital was approximately 488.0%. Management believes that Northfield Bank (the "Bank") has implemented appropriate risk management practices including risk assessments, board-approved underwriting policies and related procedures which include monitoring Bank portfolio performance, performing market analysis (economic and real estate), and stressing of the Bank’s commercial real estate portfolio under severe, adverse economic conditions. Although management believes the Bank has implemented appropriate policies and procedures to manage our commercial real estate concentration risk, the Bank’s regulators could require us to implement additional policies and procedures or could require us to maintain higher levels of regulatory capital, which might adversely affect our loan originations, ability to pay dividends, and profitability.
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Loans held-for-investment, net, increased $109.8 million to $3.93 billion at March 31, 2021, from $3.82 billion at December 31, 2020, primarily due to increases in multifamily real estate loans of $58.4 million, or 2.3%, to $2.57 billion at March 31, 2021, from $2.51 billion at December 31, 2020, commercial and industrial loans of $45.0 million, or 23.1%, to $239.3 million at March 31, 2021, from $194.4 million at December 31, 2020, and commercial real estate loans of $16.6 million, or 2.3% to $733.6 million at March 31, 2021, from $717.0 million at December 31, 2020.

The following tables detail our multifamily real estate originations for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
Multifamily Originations Weighted Average Interest Rate Weighted Average LTV Ratio Weighted Average Months to Next Rate Change or Maturity for Fixed Rate Loans (F)ixed or (V)ariable Amortization Term
$ 161,087 3.11% 57% 75 V 10 to 30 Years
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Multifamily Originations Weighted Average Interest Rate Weighted Average LTV Ratio Weighted Average Months to Next Rate Change or Maturity for Fixed Rate Loans (F)ixed or (V)ariable Amortization Term
$ 181,511 3.67% 60% 94 V 30 Years
1,500 4.40% 47% 180 F 15 Years
$ 183,011 3.68% 60%

There were no loans held-for-sale at March 31, 2021 compared to $19.9 million at December 31, 2020. At December 31, 2020, loans held-for-sale were comprised of commercial real estate and multifamily loans, primarily accommodation loans that were modified in the form of interest and/or principal payment deferrals due to COVID-19 related hardships, and had not returned to contractual payments after 180 days of relief. The sale of these loans was completed in March 2021.
PCD loans totaled $18.0 million at March 31, 2021, and $18.5 million at December 31, 2020. Upon adoption of the CECL accounting standard on January 1, 2021, the allowance for credit losses related to PCD loans was recorded through a gross-up that increased the amortized cost-basis of PCD loans by $6.8 million with a corresponding increase to the allowance for credit losses. The decrease in the PCD loan balance at March 31, 2021, is due to 10 PCD loan sold during the quarter. The majority of the remaining PCD loan balance consists of loans acquired as part of a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation-assisted transaction. The Company accreted interest income of $2.4 million attributable to PCD loans for the three months ended March 31, 2021, as compared to $803,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The increase in income accreted for the quarter was related to the payoffs of PCD loans. PCD loans had an allowance for credit losses of approximately $5.3 million at March 31, 2021.

Bank-owned life insurance increased $847,000, or 0.5%, to $162.8 million at March 31, 2021, as compared to $161.9 million at December 31, 2020. The increase resulted from income earned on bank-owned life insurance for the three months ended March 31, 2021.
Other assets decreased $3.3 million, or 12.9% to $22.1 million at March 31, 2021, from $25.4 million at December 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in net deferred tax assets associated with a decrease in net unrealized gains on our debt securities available-for-sale portfolio.

Total liabilities increased $61.8 million, or 1.3%, to $4.82 billion at March 31, 2021, from $4.76 billion at December 31, 2020. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in deposits of $59.2 million and an increase in advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance of $4.4 million, partially offset by a decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities of $1.4 million.
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Deposits increased $59.2 million, or 1.5%, to $4.14 billion at March 31, 2021, as compared to $4.08 billion at December 31, 2020. The increase was attributable to increases of $88.8 million in transaction accounts, $9.7 million in savings accounts, and $108.6 million in certificates of deposit, partially offset by a decrease of $147.8 million in money market accounts.

Borrowings and securities sold under agreements to repurchase increased to $592.2 million at March 31, 2021, from $591.8 million at December 31, 2020. Management utilizes borrowings to mitigate interest rate risk, for short-term liquidity, and to a lesser extent as part of leverage strategies.

The following is a table of term borrowing maturities (excluding overnight borrowings and floating rate advances) and the weighted average rate by year at March 31, 2021 (in thousands):

Year Amount Weighted Average Rate
2021 $170,000 1.98%
2022 120,000 2.29%
2023 87,500 2.89%
2024 50,000 2.47%
2025 112,500 1.48%
Thereafter 45,000 1.45%
$585,000 2.08%
Total stockholders’ equity increased by $584,000 to $754.6 million at March 31, 2021, from $754.0 million at December 31, 2020. The increase was attributable to net income of $18.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, and a $1.5 million increase in equity award activity, partially offset by an $893,000 decrease in accumulated other comprehensive income associated with unrealized gains on our debt securities available-for-sale portfolio, $5.5 million in dividend payments, and $10.1 million in stock repurchases. The Company repurchased 742,323 shares of its common stock outstanding at an average price of $13.64 for a total of $10.1 million during the first quarter of 2021, pursuant to the approved stock repurchase plans. In connection with the adoption of CECL, effective January 1, 2021, the Company recognized a cumulative effect adjustment that reduced stockholders’ equity by $3.1 million, net of tax, to establish initial allowances against credit losses on loans and off-balance sheet credit exposures.

Comparison of Operating Results for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 and 2020
Net income was $18.7 million and $4.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and March 31, 2020, respectively. Significant variances from the comparable prior year period are as follows: a $10.2 million increase in net interest income, a $10.6 million decrease in the provision for loan losses, a $2.5 million increase in non-interest income, a $3.9 million increase in non-interest expense, and a $5.3 million increase in income tax expense.

Interest Income . Interest income increased $2.3 million, or 5.5%, to $45.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, from $42.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, due to an increase in the average balance of interest-earning assets of $569.6 million, or 12.2%. The increase was due primarily to increases in average loans outstanding of $402.5 million and average mortgage-backed securities of $161.3 million and average interest earning deposits in financial institutions of $63.0 million. Partially offsetting the increase in the average balance of interest-earning assets was a 19 basis point decrease in the yields earned on interest-earning assets to 3.48% for the three months ended March 31, 2021, from 3.67% for the comparative prior year period. The decrease in earning asset yields was due to decreases in market interest rates coupled with PPP loan originations, which have lower yields than other loans. The Company accreted interest income related to its PCD loans of $2.4 million and $803,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2021, and March 31, 2020, respectively. Interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2021, included loan prepayment income of $860,000 as compared to $627,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

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Interest Expense . Interest expense decreased $7.9 million, or 61.8%, to $4.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, as compared to $12.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The decrease was due to a decrease in interest expense on deposits of $7.4 million, or 79.8%, as well as a decrease in interest expense on borrowings of $499,000, or 14.2%. The decrease in interest expense on deposits was attributable to a 98 basis point decrease in the cost of interest-bearing deposits to 0.22% for the three months ended March 31, 2021, partially offset by a $264.0 million, or 8.5% increase in the average balance of interest-bearing deposit accounts, due to organic deposit growth. The decrease in the cost of interest-bearing deposits was primarily due to the lower interest rate environment and a shift in the composition of the deposit portfolio towards more core deposits. The decrease in interest expense on borrowings was attributable to an $87.5 million, or 12.9%, decrease in average borrowings outstanding.
Net Interest Income . Net interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2021, increased $10.2 million, or 34.2%, to $40.2 million, from $29.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, primarily due to a $569.6 million, or 12.2%, increase in our average interest-earning assets and a 53 basis point increase in our net interest margin to 3.10% from 2.57% for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The increase in our average interest-earning assets was due to increases in average loans outstanding of $402.5 million, average mortgage-backed securities of $161.3 million, and average interest-earning deposits in financial institutions of $63.0 million, partially offset by decreases in average other securities of $54.6 million and average FHLBNY stock of $2.6 million. The increase in net interest margin was primarily due to the decrease in the cost of interest-bearing liabilities outpacing the decrease in yields on interest-earning assets. Yields on interest earning assets decreased 19 basis points to 3.48% for the three months ended March 31, 2021, from 3.67% for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The cost of interest bearing liabilities decreased by 86 basis points to 0.50% for the three months ended March 31, 2021, from 1.36% for the three months ended March 31, 2020, driven by lower cost of deposits and borrowed funds.
Provision for Loan Losses . The provision for loan losses decreased by $10.6 million to a negative provision of $2.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $8.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The higher provision for loan losses in the first quarter of 2020 was primarily due to increases in the qualitative factors used in determining the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses related to unemployment, loan risk rating changes and increased risks related to loans on forbearance, resulting from economic uncertainty attributable to the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, under the incurred loss methodology. As discussed above, effective January 1, 2021, the Company adopted the CECL accounting standard. CECL requires the measurement of all expected credit losses over the life of financial instruments held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. In connection with the adoption of CECL, the Company recognized a cumulative effect adjustment that reduced stockholders’ equity by $3.1 million, net of tax. At adoption, the Company increased its allowance for credit losses by $11.1 million, comprised of $10.4 million and $737,000, respectively, for loans and unfunded commitments, including $6.8 million related to PCD loans. For PCD loans, the allowance for credit losses recorded is recognized through a gross-up that increases the amortized cost basis of loans with a corresponding increase to the allowance for credit losses, and therefore results in no impact to shareholders' equity. For the for three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company recorded a negative provision of $2.4 million, driven primarily by an improvement in economic forecasts for the current quarter. Net charge-offs were $2.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, primarily related to PCD loans, as compared to $90,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2020.
Non-interest Income . Non-interest income increased $2.5 million to $2.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, from $108,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2020, primarily due to an increase of $2.4 million in gains on trading securities, net. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, gains on trading securities were $364,000 as compared to losses of $2.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The trading portfolio is utilized to fund the Company’s deferred compensation obligation to certain employees and directors under the Company's deferred compensation plan (the “Plan”). The participants of this Plan, at their election, defer a portion of their compensation. Gains and losses on trading securities have no effect on net income since participants benefit from, and bear the full risk of, changes in the trading securities market values. Therefore, the Company records an equal and offsetting amount in compensation expense, reflecting the change in the Company’s obligations under the Plan.
Non-interest Expense . Non-interest expense increased $3.9 million, or 24.7%, to $19.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $15.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. This is due primarily to a $3.2 million increase in employee compensation and benefits, $2.4 million of which is attributable to the increase in the Company's deferred compensation plan expense which as discussed above has no effect on net income, as well as increases in salary and medical benefit expenses associated with increased personnel from our acquisition of VSB Bancorp, Inc. (“Victory”) on July 1, 2020. Additionally, occupancy expense increased by $641,000, primarily attributable to higher snow removal costs.

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Income Tax Expense . The Company recorded income tax expense of $6.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2021, was 27.1% compared to 26.3% for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The higher effective tax rate is primarily due to higher taxable income.

On April 19, 2021, the Governor of New York signed into law an increase in the tax rate from 6.5% to 7.25%. This would have increased our tax expense by approximately $45,000 if enacted in the first quarter of 2021.
The following table sets forth average balances, average yields and costs, and certain other information for the periods indicated.
For the Three Months Ended
March 31, 2021
March 31, 2020
Average Outstanding Balance Interest
Average Yield/ Rate (1)
Average Outstanding Balance Interest
Average Yield/ Rate (1)
Interest-earning assets:
Loans (2)
$ 3,873,884 $ 41,277 4.32 % $ 3,471,367 $ 35,337 4.09 %
Mortgage-backed securities (3)
1,116,281 2,959 1.08 955,024 5,622 2.37
Other securities (3)
101,523 424 1.69 156,074 1,024 2.64
Federal Home Loan Bank of New York stock 28,641 370 5.24 31,263 577 7.42
Interest-earning deposits in financial institutions 133,207 37 0.11 70,225 172 0.99
Total interest-earning assets 5,253,536 45,067 3.48 4,683,953 42,732 3.67
Non-interest-earning assets 310,681 289,925
Total assets $ 5,564,217 $ 4,973,878
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Savings, NOW, and money market accounts $ 2,768,816 $ 932 0.14 % $ 2,002,066 $ 4,073 0.82 %
Certificates of deposit 611,267 938 0.62 1,114,043 5,206 1.88
Total interest-bearing deposits 3,380,083 1,870 0.22 3,116,109 9,279 1.20
Borrowed funds 591,993 3,021 2.07 679,476 3,520 2.08
Total interest-bearing liabilities $ 3,972,076 4,891 0.50 $ 3,795,585 12,799 1.36
Non-interest bearing deposits 739,064 382,044
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 98,261 93,129
Total liabilities 4,809,401 4,270,758
Stockholders' equity 754,816 703,120
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 5,564,217 $ 4,973,878
Net interest income $ 40,176 $ 29,933
Net interest rate spread (4)
2.98 % 2.31 %
Net interest-earning assets (5)
$ 1,281,460 $ 888,368
Net interest margin (6)
3.10 % 2.57 %
Average interest-earning assets to interest-bearing liabilities 132.26 % 123.41 %

(1)    Average yields and rates are annualized.
(2)     Includes non-accruing loans.
(3)     Securities available-for-sale and other securities are reported at amortized cost.
(4)     Net interest rate spread represents the difference between the weighted average yield on interest-earning assets and the weighted average cost of interest-bearing liabilities.
(5)     Net interest-earning assets represent total interest-earning assets less total interest-bearing liabilities.
(6)    Net interest margin represents net interest income divided by average total interest-earning assets.

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Asset Quality
PCD Loans (Held-for-Investment)
Under the new CECL standard, the Company will continue to account for PCD loans at estimated fair value using discounted expected future cash flows deemed to be collectible on the date acquired. Based on its detailed review of PCD loans and experience in loan workouts, management believes it has a reasonable expectation about the amount and timing of future cash flows and accordingly has classified PCD loans ($18.0 million at March 31, 2021 and $18.5 million at December 31, 2020) as accruing, even though they may be contractually past due. At March 31, 2021, 2.9% of PCD loans were past due 30 to 89 days, and 19.7% were past due 90 days or more, as compared to 9.6% and 35.2%, respectively, at December 31, 2020.
Loans
The following table details total non-accruing loans, non-performing loans, non-performing assets and troubled debt restructurings ("TDRs") (including held-for-sale, but excluding PCD) on which interest is accruing, and accruing loans 30 to 89 days delinquent at March 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020 ( in thousands):

March 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
Non-accrual loans:
Held-for-investment
Real estate loans:
Commercial $ 4,961 $ 6,229
One-to-four family residential 805 906
Construction and land 1,150 —
Multifamily 1,145 1,153
Home equity and lines of credit 187 191
Commercial and industrial 198 37
Total non-accrual loans held-for-investment 8,446 8,516
Loans delinquent 90 days or more and still accruing:
Held-for-investment
Real estate loans:
Commercial 219 500
One-to-four family residential 172 174
Multifamily 516 —
Commercial and industrial 738 436
Other 3 3
Total loans delinquent 90 days or more and still accruing held-for-investment 1,648 1,113
Non-performing loans held-for-sale
Real estate loans:
Commercial — 18,250
Multifamily — 1,612
Commercial and industrial — 33
Total non-performing loans held-for-sale — 19,895
Total non-performing loans 10,094 29,524
Other real estate owned 100 —
Total non-performing assets $ 10,194 $ 29,524
Non-performing loans to total loans 0.26 % 0.77 %
Non-performing assets to total assets 0.18 % 0.54 %
Loans subject to restructuring agreements and still accruing $ 7,326 $ 7,697
Accruing loans 30 to 89 days delinquent $ 14,148 $ 13,982
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Other Real Estate Owned

Other real estate owned is comprised of one property acquired during the three months ended March 31, 2021, as a result of foreclosure. The property is located in New Jersey and had a carrying value of approximately $100,000 and is included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2021.

Accruing Loans 30 to 89 Days Delinquent
Loans 30 to 89 days delinquent and on accrual status totaled $14.1 million and $14.0 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The following table sets forth delinquencies for accruing loans by type and by amount at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (in thousands):
March 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
Held-for-investment
Real estate loans:
Commercial $ 4,457 $ 8,792
One-to-four family residential 4,023 1,152
Multifamily 2,419 1,893
Construction and land 390 994
Home equity and lines of credit 372 380
Commercial and industrial loans 2,480 760
Other loans 7 11
Total delinquent accruing loans $ 14,148 $ 13,982

Loans Subject to TDR Agreements
Included in non-accruing loans are loans subject to TDR agreements totaling $3.7 million at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. There were no loans modified as TDRs during the three months ended March 31, 2021. At March 31, 2021, one of the non-accruing TDRs with a net loan balance of $382,000 was not performing in accordance with its restructured terms and was collateralized by real estate with an estimated fair value of $620,000. At December 31, 2020, two of the non-accruing TDRs totaling $462,500 were not performing in accordance with their restructured terms and were collateralized by real estate with an aggregate estimated fair value of $620,000.

The Company also holds loans subject to TDR agreements that are on accrual status totaling $7.3 million and $7.7 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. At March 31, 2021, $6.1 million, or 83.5%, of the $7.3 million of accruing loans subject to TDR agreements were performing in accordance with their restructured terms. At December 31, 2020, $6.5 million, or 84.1%, of the $7.7 million of accruing loans subject to TDR agreements were performing in accordance with their restructured terms. Generally, the types of concessions that we make to troubled borrowers include both temporary and permanent reductions to interest rates, extensions of payment terms, and, to a lesser extent, forgiveness of principal and interest.

The following table details the amounts and categories of the loans subject to restructuring agreements by loan type as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (in thousands):
March 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
Non-Accruing Accruing Non-Accruing Accruing
Real estate loans:
Commercial $ 3,274 $ 5,414 $ 3,292 $ 5,518
One-to-four family residential 406 1,229 413 1,490
Multifamily — 623 — 626
Home equity and lines of credit — 45 — 47
Commercial and industrial loans — 15 — 16
$ 3,680 $ 7,326 $ 3,705 $ 7,697
Performing in accordance with restructured terms 87.6 % 83.5 % 87.5 % 84.1 %
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Management continues to evaluate the Company's exposure to increased loan losses related to the COVID-19 pandemic, in particular the commercial real estate and multifamily loan portfolios. During the second quarter of 2020, the Company implemented a customer relief program to assist borrowers that may be experiencing financial hardship due to COVID-19 related challenges. The relief program grants principal and/or interest payment deferrals typically for a period of 90 days, which management may choose to extend for additional 90 days periods. At the peak of forbearance in June 2020, the Company had 286 loans approved for payment deferral representing $360.2 million, or approximately 10% of the Company's loan portfolio. As of March 31, 2021, the Company had approximately $28.8 million, or 24 outstanding loans, (excluding PCD loans) remaining in deferral, representing approximately 0.7% of the Company’s outstanding loan portfolio (excluding PCD loans) as of that date. Loans currently in deferment status (“COVID-19 Modified Loans”) will continue to accrue interest during the deferment period unless otherwise classified as nonperforming. COVID-19 Modified Loans are required to make escrow payments for real estate taxes and insurance, if applicable. The COVID-19 Modified Loan agreements also require loans to be brought back to their fully contractual terms within 12 to 18 months and include covenants that prohibit distributions, bonuses, or payments of management fees to related entities until all deferred payments are made. Consistent with industry regulatory guidance, borrowers that were otherwise current on loan payments that were granted COVID-19 related financial hardship payment deferrals will continue to be reported as current loans throughout the agreed upon deferral period. Borrowers, which were delinquent in their payments to the Bank, prior to requesting a COVID-19 related financial hardship payment deferral are reviewed on a case by case basis for TDR classification and non-performing loan status.


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The following table sets forth the property types collateralizing our originated and acquired (excluding PCD) loans and loans in forbearance as of March 31, 2021 (dollars in thousands):
Loan Portfolio by Property Type as of March 31, 2021
Loans in Forbearance for COVID Relief as of March 31, 2021
Number of Loans Amount Average Loan Size Weighted Average LTV Ratio % of Total Loans Number of Loans Amount Average Loan Size Weighted Average LTV Ratio % of Portfolio by Property Type
Commercial Real Estate and Multifamily
Multifamily (1)
1,122 $ 2,571,409 $ 2,292 53 % 65.8 % 7 $ 17,988 $ 2,570 46 % 0.70 %
Mixed use (majority of space is non-residential) 227 151,604 668 46 % 3.9 % 4 7,550 1,888 46 % 4.98 %
Retail 88 147,484 1,676 47 % 3.8 % 1 607 607 55 % 0.41 %
Office buildings 111 107,263 966 46 % 2.7 % — — — — % — %
Accommodations 9 52,277 5,809 37 % 1.3 % 1 155 155 16 % 0.30 %
Nursing Home 5 27,608 5,522 58 % 0.7 % — — — — % — %
Medical Office Buildings 24 26,765 1,115 64 % 0.7 % — — — — % — %
Industrial and Manufacturing (Office and Plant) 23 18,608 809 44 % 0.5 % — — — — % — %
Warehousing 30 23,907 797 46 % 0.6 % — — — — % — %
Restaurant 22 13,045 593 51 % 0.3 % — — — — % — %
Religious 16 10,716 670 39 % 0.3 % — — — — % — %
Bank Branch 7 5,516 788 44 % 0.1 % — — — — % — %
Schools/Child Daycare 6 5,604 934 36 % 0.1 % — — — — % — %
Automobile 18 6,482 360 52 % 0.2 % — — — — % — %
Funeral Home 2 1,771 885 63 % — % — — — — % — %
Leisure 4 4,011 1,003 47 % 0.1 % 1 79 79 7 % 1.97 %
Car Wash 1 509 509 19 % — % — — — — % — %
Other 138 130,942 949 59 % 3.3 % — — — — % — %
Total commercial real estate and multifamily 1,853 3,305,521 1,784 52 % 84.4 % 14 26,379 1,884 46 % 0.80 %
One-to-four family residential 648 202,948 313 35 % 5.2 % 5 2,300 460 39 % 1.13 %
Home equity and lines of credit 1,741 93,119 53 47 % 2.4 % 1 32 32 67 % 0.03 %
Construction and land 43 77,205 1,795 38 % 2.0 % — — — — % — %
Commercial and industrial loans 2,544 234,518 92 NM 6.0 % 4 129 32 NM 0.06 %
Other 125 1,659 13 NM — % — — — — % — %
Total loans (excluding PCD) 6,954 $ 3,914,970 563 100.0 % 24 $ 28,840 1,202 0.74 %
(1) Property type is apartment units equal or greater than five units.

Of the loans currently in deferral as of March 31, 2021, seven loans totaling $11.8 million are in their first deferral period and 17 loans totaling $17.0 million are repeat deferrals. As of May 7, 2021, four loans in the table above totaling $4.3 million returned to contractual payments. A further seven loans totaling $5.3 million were granted additional relief, the majority being repeat deferrals.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity . The objective of our liquidity management is to ensure the availability of sufficient funds to meet financial commitments and to take advantage of lending and investment opportunities. The Bank manages liquidity in order to meet deposit withdrawals on demand or at contractual maturity, to repay borrowings as they mature, and to fund new loans and investments as opportunities arise.
The Bank's primary sources of funds are deposits, principal and interest payments on loans and securities, borrowed funds, the proceeds from maturing securities and short-term investments, and to a lesser extent, proceeds from the sales of loans and securities and wholesale borrowings. The scheduled amortization of loans and securities, as well as proceeds from borrowed funds, are predictable sources of funds. Other funding sources, however, such as deposit inflows and loan prepayments are greatly influenced by market interest rates, economic conditions, and competition. The Bank is a member of the FHLBNY, which provides an additional source of short-term and long-term funding. The Bank also has short-term borrowing capabilities with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The Bank’s borrowed funds, excluding lease obligations, floating rate advances and overnight line of credit, were $585.0 million at March 31, 2021, and had a weighted average interest rate of 2.08%. A total of $195.0 million of these borrowings will mature in less than one year. Borrowed funds, excluding floating rate advances and overnight line of credit, were $585.0 million at December 31, 2020. The Bank has the ability to obtain additional funding from the FHLB of approximately $1.92 billion utilizing unencumbered securities of $583.3 million, loans of $1.34 billion, and encumbered securities of $279,000 at March 31, 2021. Additionally, the Bank has remaining borrowing capacity utilizing encumbered securities through the FRB Discount Window of $23.0 million. The Bank expects to have sufficient funds available to meet current commitments in the normal course of business.

Northfield Bancorp, Inc. (standalone) is a separate legal entity from the Bank and must provide for its own liquidity to pay dividends, repurchase its stock, and for other corporate purposes. Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s primary source of liquidity is dividend payments from the Bank. At March 31, 2021, Northfield Bancorp, Inc. (standalone) had liquid assets of $75.6 million.

Capital Resources . Federal regulations require federally insured depository institutions to meet several minimum capital standards: a common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 4.5%, a Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 6.0%, a total capital to risk-based assets of 8.0%, and a 4.0% Tier 1 capital to total assets leverage ratio. In addition to establishing the minimum regulatory capital requirements, the regulations limit capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management if the institution does not hold a “capital conservation buffer” consisting of 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets in addition to the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements.
As a result of the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act, the federal banking agencies developed a “Community Bank Leverage Ratio” (“CBLR”) (the ratio of a bank’s tangible equity capital to average total consolidated assets) for financial institutions with assets of less than $10 billion. A qualifying community bank that exceeds this ratio will be deemed to be in compliance with all other capital and leverage requirements, including the capital requirements to be considered “well capitalized” under Prompt Corrective Action statutes. The federal banking agencies approved 9% as the minimum capital for the CBLR. Effective March 31, 2020, a financial institution can elect to be subject to this new definition. Northfield Bank and Northfield Bancorp have elected to opt into the CBLR framework, beginning with the Call Reports filed for the first quarter of 2020. The CBLR replaced the risk-based and leverage capital requirements in the generally applicable capital rules. On April 6, 2020, the federal banking regulators, implementing the applicable provisions of the CARES Act, modified the CBLR framework so that the minimum CBLR will be 8% beginning in the second quarter and for the remainder of calendar year 2020, 8.5% for calendar year 2021, and 9% thereafter.

At March 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, as set forth in the following table, both Northfield Bank and Northfield Bancorp, Inc. exceeded all of the regulatory capital requirements to which they were subject at such dates.
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Northfield Bank Northfield Bancorp, Inc. For Capital Adequacy Purposes For Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
As of March 31, 2021:
CBLR 10.92% 12.69% 8.00% 8.00%
As of December 31, 2020:
CBLR 11.96% 12.73% 8.00% 8.00%
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Contractual Obligations
In the normal course of operations, the Company engages in a variety of financial transactions that, in accordance with U.S. GAAP, are not recorded in the financial statements. These transactions primarily relate to lending commitments. These arrangements are not expected to have a material impact on the Company's results of operations or financial condition.
The following table shows the contractual obligations of the Company by expected payment period as of March 31, 2021 (in thousands):
Contractual Obligations Total Less than One Year One to less than Three Years Three to less than Five Years More than Five Years
Borrowings $ 585,000 $ 195,000 $ 182,500 $ 162,500 $ 45,000
Operating lease liabilities 53,696 6,118 10,937 9,488 27,153
Commitments to originate loans 112,596 112,596 — — —
Commitments to fund unused lines of credit 213,408 213,408 — — —
Commitments to fund unused lines of credit are agreements to lend additional funds to customers as long as there have been no violations of any of the conditions established in the agreements (original or restructured). Commitments to originate loans generally have a fixed expiration or other termination clauses, which may require payment of a fee. Since some of these loan commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, total commitments do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. At March 31, 2021, the reserve for commitments to fund unused lines of credit recorded in accrued expenses and other liabilities was $1.7 million.

For further information regarding our off-balance sheet arrangements and contractual obligations, see "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
ASU No. 2020-04. On March 12, 2020, FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform ("ASC 848") : Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting” , which provides temporary optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform. The ASU provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles to contract modifications and hedging relationships, subject to meeting certain criteria, that reference the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued. It is intended to help stakeholders during the global market-wide reference rate transition period. The guidance is effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. The Company is implementing a transition plan to identify and modify its loans and other financial instruments that are either directly or indirectly influenced by LIBOR. The Company is in the process of evaluating ASU No. 2020-04 and its impact on the Company’s transition away from LIBOR for its loan and other financial instruments, with no material expected impact on the Company's financial condition or results of operation at this time.

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ASU No. 2019-12. In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes.” ASU No. 2019-12 simplifies accounting for income taxes by removing specific technical exceptions in ASC 740 related to the incremental approach for intra-period tax allocation, the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period and the recognition for deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences. ASU No. 2019-12 also simplifies aspects of the accounting for franchise taxes and enacted changes in tax laws or rates and clarifies the accounting for transactions that result in a step-up in the tax basis of goodwill. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. ASU No. 2019-12 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.
ASU No. 2018-14. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-14, “Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans.” This ASU makes minor changes to the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension and/or other postretirement benefit plans. ASU 2018-14 is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. As ASU 2018-14 only revises disclosure requirements, it will not have an impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.
See Note 15 of the Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements for information about recent accounting pronouncements adopted.
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ITEM 3.    QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Management of Market Risk
General .  A majority of our assets and liabilities are monetary in nature. Consequently, our most significant form of market risk is interest rate risk. Our assets, consisting primarily of mortgage-related securities and loans, generally have longer maturities than our liabilities, which consist primarily of deposits and wholesale borrowings. As a result, a principal part of our business strategy involves managing interest rate risk and limiting the exposure of our net interest income to changes in market interest rates. Accordingly, our Board of Directors has established a Management Asset-Liability Committee, comprised of our Senior Vice President ("SVP") & Chief Investment Officer and Treasurer, who chairs this Committee, our President and Chief Executive Officer, our Executive Vice President ("EVP") & Chief Risk Officer, EVP & Chief Financial Officer, EVP & Chief Lending Officer, EVP of Business Development, Branch Administration and Deposit Operations, and SVP & Director of Marketing, and other officers and staff as necessary or appropriate. This committee is responsible for, among other things, evaluating the interest rate risk inherent in our assets and liabilities, for recommending to the risk management committee of our Board of Directors the level of risk that is appropriate given our business strategy, operating environment, capital, liquidity and performance objectives, and for managing this risk consistent with the guidelines approved by the Board of Directors.
We seek to manage our interest rate risk in order to minimize the exposure of our earnings and capital to changes in interest rates. As part of our ongoing asset-liability management, we currently use the following strategies to manage our interest rate risk:

• originating multifamily loans and commercial real estate loans that generally have shorter maturities than one-to-four family residential real estate loans and have higher interest rates that generally reset from five to ten years;
• investing in investment grade corporate securities and mortgage-backed securities; and
• obtaining general financing through lower-cost core deposits, brokered deposits, and longer-term FHLB advances and repurchase agreements.
Shortening the average term of our interest-earning assets by increasing our investments in shorter-term assets, as well as originating loans with variable interest rates, helps to match the maturities and interest rates of our assets and liabilities better, thereby reducing the exposure of our net interest income to changes in market interest rates.
Net Portfolio Value Analysis . We compute amounts by which the net present value of our assets and liabilities (net portfolio value or "NPV") would change in the event market interest rates changed over an assumed range of rates. Our simulation model uses a discounted cash flow analysis to measure the interest rate sensitivity of our NPV. Depending on current market interest rates, we estimate the economic value of these assets and liabilities under the assumption that interest rates experience an instantaneous and sustained increase of 100, 200, 300, or 400 basis points, or a decrease of 100 and 200 basis points, which is based on the current interest rate environment. A basis point equals one-hundredth of one percent, and 100 basis points equals one percent. An increase in interest rates from 3% to 4% would mean, for example, a 100 basis point increase in the “Change in Interest Rates” column below.
Net Interest Income Analysis. In addition to NPV calculations, we analyze our sensitivity to changes in interest rates through our net interest income model. Net interest income is the difference between the interest income we earn on our interest-earning assets, such as loans and securities, and the interest we pay on our interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings. In our model, we estimate what our net interest income would be for a twelve-month period. Depending on current market interest rates we then calculate what the net interest income would be for the same period under the assumption that interest rates experience an instantaneous and sustained increase or decrease of 100, 200, 300, or 400 basis points, or a decrease of 100 and 200 basis points, which is based on the current interest rate environment.

The following tables set forth, as of March 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, our calculation of the estimated changes in our NPV, NPV ratio, and percent change in net interest income that would result from the designated instantaneous and sustained changes in interest rates (dollars in thousands). Computations of prospective effects of hypothetical interest rate changes are based on numerous assumptions, including relative levels of market interest rates, loan prepayments and deposit repricing characteristics, including decay rates, and correlations to movements in interest rates, and should not be relied on as indicative of actual results.
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NPV at March 31, 2021
Change in Interest Rates (basis points) Estimated Present Value of Assets Estimated Present Value of Liabilities Estimated NPV Estimated Change In NPV Estimated Change in NPV % Estimated NPV/Present Value of Assets Ratio Next 12 Months Net Interest Income Percent Change Months 13-24 Net Interest Income Percent Change
+400 $ 5,148,918 $ 4,251,279 $ 897,639 $ (49,759) (5.25) % 17.43 % (0.93) % 16.60 %
+300 5,253,941 4,345,509 908,432 (38,966) (4.11) 17.29 (0.58) 12.71
+200 5,365,532 4,444,021 921,511 (25,887) (2.73) 17.17 (0.24) 8.93
+100 5,480,265 4,547,489 932,776 (14,622) (1.54) 17.02 (0.12) 4.72
— 5,603,927 4,656,529 947,398 — — 16.91 — —
(100) 5,759,191 4,778,338 980,853 33,455 3.53 17.03 (2.24) (5.88)
(200) 5,885,046 4,850,146 1,034,900 87,502 9.24 17.59 (3.77) (8.52)
NPV at December 31, 2020
Change in Interest Rates (basis points) Estimated Present Value of Assets Estimated Present Value of Liabilities Estimated NPV Estimated Change In NPV Estimated Change in NPV % Estimated NPV/Present Value of Assets Ratio Next 12 Months Net Interest Income Percent Change Months 13-24 Net Interest Income Percent Change
+400 $ 5,085,541 $ 4,262,399 $ 823,142 $ (29,103) (3.41) % 16.19 % 1.52 % 20.02 %
+300 5,183,396 4,358,918 824,478 (27,767) (3.26) 15.91 1.35 15.41
+200 5,289,795 4,459,805 829,990 (22,255) (2.61) 15.69 1.19 10.99
+100 5,401,377 4,565,784 835,593 (16,652) (1.95) 15.47 0.78 5.98
— 5,529,750 4,677,505 852,245 — — 15.41 — —
(100) 5,678,960 4,781,710 897,250 45,005 5.28 15.80 (2.41) (5.73)
(200) 5,814,119 4,794,445 1,019,674 167,429 19.65 17.54 (3.70) (7.89)
At March 31, 2021, in the event of a 200 basis point decrease in interest rates, we would experience a 9.24% increase in estimated net portfolio value and a 3.77% decrease in net interest income in year one and an 8.52% decrease in net interest income in year two. In the event of a 400 basis point increase in interest rates, we would experience a 5.25% decrease in estimated net portfolio value and a 0.93% decrease in net interest income in year one and a 16.60% increase in net interest income in year two. Our policies provide that, in the event of a 200 basis point decrease or less in interest rates, our net present value ratio should decrease by no more than 300 basis points and 10%, and in the event of a 400 basis point increase or less, our net present value should decrease by no more than 475 basis points and 35%. In the event of a 200 basis point decrease or less, our projected net interest income should decrease by no more than 10% in year one and 10% in year two, and in the event of a 400 basis point increase or less, our projected net interest income should decrease by no more than 30% in year one and 20% in year two. However, when the federal funds rate is low and negative rate shocks do not produce meaningful results, management may temporarily suspend use of guidelines for negative interest rate shocks. At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we were in compliance with all Board-approved policies with respect to interest rate risk management.
Certain shortcomings are inherent in the methodologies used in determining interest rate risk through changes in net portfolio value and net interest income. Our model requires us to make certain assumptions that may or may not reflect the manner in which actual yields and costs respond to changes in market interest rates. However, we also apply consistent parallel yield curve shifts (in both directions) to determine possible changes in net interest income if the theoretical yield curve shifts occurred gradually. Net interest income analysis also adjusts the asset and liability repricing analysis based on changes in prepayment rates resulting from the parallel yield curve shifts. In addition, the net portfolio value and net interest income information presented assume that the composition of our interest-sensitive assets and liabilities existing at the beginning of a period remains constant over the period being measured and assume that a particular change in interest rates is reflected uniformly across the yield curve regardless of the duration or repricing of specific assets and liabilities. Accordingly, although interest rate risk calculations provide an indication of our interest rate risk exposure at a particular point in time, such measurements are not intended to and do not provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in market interest rates on our net portfolio value or net interest income and will differ from actual results.
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ITEM 4.    CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the President and Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of March 31, 2021. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s management, including the President and Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
During the three months ended March 31, 2021, there were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The Company and subsidiaries are subject to various legal actions arising in the normal course of business.  In the opinion of management, the resolution of these legal actions is not expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

ITEM 1A.  RISK FACTORS
During the quarter ended March 31, 2021, there have been no material changes to the risk factors as previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or as previously disclosed in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

ITEM 2.     UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
(a) Unregistered Sale of Equity Securities . There were no sales of unregistered securities during the period covered by this report.
(b) Use of Proceeds . Not applicable.
(c) Repurchases of Our Equity Securities .

On March 18, 2021, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a new stock repurchase program. The program permits $54.2 million of the Company's shares of common stock to be repurchased in open market or private transactions, through block trades, and pursuant to any trading plan that may be adopted in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The timing of the repurchases will depend on certain factors, including but not limited to, market conditions and prices, the Company’s liquidity and capital requirements, and alternative uses of capital. Any repurchased shares will be held as treasury stock and will be available for general corporate purposes. The repurchases may be suspended, terminated or modified at any time for any reason, including market conditions, the cost of repurchasing shares, the availability of alternative investment opportunities, liquidity, and other factors deemed appropriate.

The following table reports information regarding purchases of the Company’s common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2021.
Period (a) Total Number of Shares Purchased (b) Average Price Paid per Share (c) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
(d) Approximate Number of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
January 1, 2021 to January 31, 2021 389,710 $ 12.90 389,710 174,778
February 1, 2021 to February 28, 2021 174,778 13.12 174,778 —
March 1, 2021 to March 31, 2021 177,835 15.79 177,835 900,771
Total 742,323 13.64 742,323

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None.

ITEM 4.     MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
None.

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
The following exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are included with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Exhibit Number Description
Certification of Steven M. Klein, President and Chief Executive Officer, Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a)
Certification of William R. Jacobs, Chief Financial Officer, Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a)
Certification of Steven M. Klein, President and Chief Executive Officer, and William R. Jacobs, Chief Financial Officer, Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language) Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104 Cover page information from the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 10, 2021, formatted in Inline XBRL
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.
(Registrant)
Date: May 10, 2021
/s/   Steven M. Klein
Steven M. Klein
President and Chief Executive Officer
/s/   William R. Jacobs
William R. Jacobs
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
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