PKX 20-F Report ended Dec. 31, 2018

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 30, 2019

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 20-F

(Mark One)

☐

REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

OR

☐

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐

SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 1-13368

POSCO

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

POSCO		The Republic of Korea
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)		(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

POSCO Center, 440 Teheran-ro, Gangnam-gu

Seoul, Korea 06194

(Address of principal executive offices)

Lim, Sung-Su

POSCO Center, 440 Teheran-ro, Gangnam-gu

Seoul, Korea 06194

Telephone: +82-2-3457-1098; E-mail: s2blue@posco.com; Facsimile: +82-2-3457-1997

(Name, telephone, e-mail and/or facsimile number and address of company contact person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

Title of Each Class		Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
American Depositary Shares, each representing one-fourth of one share of common stock		New York Stock Exchange, Inc.
Common Stock, par value Won 5,000 per share *		New York Stock Exchange, Inc. *

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.

None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.

None

As of December 31, 2018, there were 80,001,132 shares of common stock, par value Won 5,000 per share, outstanding

(not including 7,185,703 shares of common stock held by the company as treasury shares)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non -accelerated filer ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing. U.S. GAAP ☐ IFRS ☒ Other ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

*	Not for trading, but only in connection with the registration of the American Depositary Shares.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

GLOSSARY							1
PART I							2
ITEM 1.		IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGERS AND ADVISERS					2
		Item 1.A.		Directors and Senior Management			2
		Item 1.B.		Advisers			2
		Item 1.C.		Auditor			2
ITEM 2.		OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE					2
		Item 2.A.		Offer Statistics			2
		Item 2.B.		Method and Expected Timetable			2
ITEM 3.		KEY INFORMATION					2
		Item 3.A.		Selected Financial Data			2
		Item 3.B.		Capitalization and Indebtedness			4
		Item 3.C.		Reasons for Offer and Use of Proceeds			4
		Item 3.D.		Risk Factors			4
ITEM 4.		INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY					21
		Item 4.A.		History and Development of the Company			21
		Item 4.B.		Business Overview			21
		Item 4.C.		Organizational Structure			35
		Item 4.D.		Property, Plants and Equipment			35
ITEM 4A.		UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS					38
ITEM 5.		OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS					38
		Item 5.A.		Operating Results			38
		Item 5.B.		Liquidity and Capital Resources			73
		Item 5.C.		Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, Etc.			76
		Item 5.D.		Trend Information			76
		Item 5.E.		Off-balance Sheet Arrangements			77
		Item 5.F.		Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations			77
		Item 5.G.		Safe Harbor			77
ITEM 6.		DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES					77
		Item 6.A.		Directors and Senior Management			77
		Item 6.B.		Compensation			80
		Item 6.C.		Board Practices			81
		Item 6.D.		Employees			82
		Item 6.E.		Share Ownership			83
ITEM 7.		MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS					84
		Item 7.A.		Major Shareholders			84
		Item 7.B.		Related Party Transactions			84
		Item 7.C.		Interests of Experts and Counsel			84
ITEM 8.		FINANCIAL INFORMATION					84
		Item 8.A.		Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information			84
		Item 8.B.		Significant Changes			86
ITEM 9.		THE OFFER AND LISTING					86
		Item 9.A.		Offer and Listing Details			86

i

		Item 9.B.		Plan of Distribution			87
		Item 9.C.		Markets			87
		Item 9.D.		Selling Shareholders			87
		Item 9.E.		Dilution			87
		Item 9.F.		Expenses of the Issuer			87
ITEM 10.		ADDITIONAL INFORMATION					87
		Item 10.A.		Share Capital			87
		Item 10.B.		Memorandum and Articles of Association			87
		Item 10.C.		Material Contracts			92
		Item 10.D.		Exchange Controls			92
		Item 10.E.		Taxation			97
		Item 10.F.		Dividends and Paying Agents			102
		Item 10.G.		Statements by Experts			102
		Item 10.H.		Documents on Display			103
		Item 10.I.		Subsidiary Information			103
ITEM 11.		QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK					103
ITEM 12.		DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES					105
		Item 12.A.		Debt Securities			105
		Item 12.B.		Warrants and Rights			105
		Item 12.C.		Other Securities			105
		Item 12.D.		American Depositary Shares			106
PART II							107
ITEM 13.		DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES					107
ITEM 14.		MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS					107
ITEM 15.		CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES					107
ITEM 16.		[RESERVED]					108
		Item 16.A.		Audit Committee Financial Expert			108
		Item 16.B.		Code of Ethics			108
		Item 16.C.		Principal Accountant Fees and Services			109
		Item 16.D.		Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees			109
		Item 16.E.		Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers			110
		Item 16.F.		Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant			110
		Item 16.G.		Corporate Governance			110
		Item 16.H.		Mine Safety Disclosure			111
PART III							112
ITEM 17.		FINANCIAL STATEMENTS					112
ITEM 18.		FINANCIAL STATEMENTS					112
ITEM 19.		EXHIBITS					112

ii

GLOSSARY

“ADR”		American Depositary Receipt evidencing ADSs.
“ADR depositary”		Citibank, N.A.
“ADS”		American Depositary Share representing one-fourth of one share of Common Stock.
“Commercial Code”		Commercial Code of the Republic of Korea.
“common stock”		Common stock, par value Won 5,000 per share, of POSCO.
“deposit agreement”		Deposit Agreement, dated as of July 19, 2013, among POSCO, the ADR Depositary and all holders and beneficial owners from time to time of ADRs issued thereunder.
“Dollars,” “$” or “US$”		The currency of the United States of America.
“FSCMA”		Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act of the Republic of Korea.
“Government”		The government of the Republic of Korea.
“IASB”		International Accounting Standards Board.
“IFRS”		International Financial Reporting Standards.
“Yen”		The currency of Japan.
“Korea”		The Republic of Korea.
“Gwangyang Works”		Gwangyang Steel Works.
“We”		POSCO and its consolidated subsidiaries.
“Pohang Works”		Pohang Steel Works.
“POSCO Group”		POSCO and its consolidated subsidiaries.
“Renminbi”		The currency of the People’s Republic of China.
“Securities Act”		The United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
“Securities Exchange Act”		The United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
“SEC”		The United States Securities and Exchange Commission.
“tons”		Metric tons (1,000 kilograms), equal to 2,204.6 pounds.
“U.S. GAAP”		Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America.
“Won” or “ ￦ ”		The currency of the Republic of Korea.

Any discrepancies in any table between totals and the sums of the amounts listed are due to rounding.

1

PART I

Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Managers and Advisers

Item 1.A. Directors and Senior Management

Not applicable

Item 1.B. Advisers

Not applicable

Item 1.C. Auditor

Not applicable

Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not applicable

Item 2.A. Offer Statistics

Not applicable

Item 2.B. Method

and Expected Timetable

Not applicable

Item 3. Key Information

Item 3.A.

Selected Financial Data

The selected financial data presented below should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes thereto and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” included elsewhere in this annual report. The selected financial data in Won as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018 were derived from our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Our Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB.

In addition to preparing financial statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB included in this annual report, we prepare financial statements in accordance with Korean International Financial Reporting Standards (“K-IFRS”) as adopted by the Korean Accounting Standards Board (the “KASB”), which we are required to file with the Financial Services Commission and the Korea Exchange under the FSCMA. English translations of such financial statements are furnished to the SEC under Form 6-K. K-IFRS differs in certain respects from IFRS as issued by the IASB in the presentation of operating profit. Additionally, under K-IFRS, revenue from the development and sale of certain real estate is recognized using the percentage of completion method. However, under IFRS as issued by the IASB, revenue from the development and sale of real estate is recognized when an individual unit of residential real estate is delivered to the buyer. As a result, our consolidated statements of comprehensive income and our consolidated statements of financial position prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB included in this annual report differ from our consolidated statements of comprehensive income and consolidated statements of financial position prepared in accordance with K-IFRS. See “Item 5.A. Operating Results — Explanatory Note Regarding Presentation of Certain Financial Information under K-IFRS.”

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The information set forth below is not necessarily indicative of the results of future operations and should be read in conjunction with “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this annual report.

Selected consolidated statement of comprehensive income data

		For the Year Ended December 31,
		2014				2015				2016				2017				2018
		(In billions of Won, except per share data)
Revenue		￦	64,759			￦	58,522			￦	52,940			￦	60,187			￦	65,155
Cost of sales			57,465				52,018				46,271				51,916				57,129
Gross profit			7,293				6,504				6,668				8,271				8,026
Impairment loss on trade accounts and notes receivable			109				190				165				174				75
Other administrative expenses			2,201				2,206				2,126				2,003				1,986
Selling expenses			1,760				1,729				1,554				1,557				369
Impairment loss on other receivables			96				158				38				98				63
Other operating income			269				549				215				448				524
Other operating expenses			884				1,285				718				691				2,014
Operating profit			2,513				1,486				2,282				4,196				4,042
Share of profit (loss) of equity-accounted investees, net			(300	)			(506	)			(89	)			11				113
Finance income			2,397				2,557				2,232				2,373				1,706
Finance costs			3,222				3,387				3,014				2,484				2,244
Profit before income tax			1,388				150				1,412				4,095				3,616
Income tax expense			824				267				380				1,186				1,684
Profit (loss)			564				(116	)			1,032				2,909				1,932
Total comprehensive income (loss)			108				(278	)			1,486				2,348				1,504
Profit (loss) for the period attributable to:
Owners of the controlling company			633				171				1,355				2,756				1,712
Non-controlling interests			(69	)			(288	)			(323	)			153				220
Total comprehensive income (loss) attributable to:
Owners of the controlling company			182				24				1,814				2,184				1,293
Non-controlling interests			(73	)			(302	)			(328	)			164				211
Basic and diluted earnings per share (1)			7,514				1,731				16,521				34,040				21,177
Dividends per share of common stock			8,000				8,000				8,000				8,000				10,000

Selected consolidated statements of financial position data

		As of December 31,
		2014				2015				2016				2017				2018
		(In billions of Won)
Working capital (2)		￦	10,833			￦	9,148			￦	10,711			￦	12,354			￦	14,721
Total current assets			33,208				29,502				29,655				31,844				34,152
Property, plant and equipment, net			35,241				34,523				33,770				31,884				30,018
Total non-current assets			52,636				51,246				50,483				47,941				44,625
Total assets			85,844				80,748				80,138				79,786				78,777
Short-term borrowings and current installments of long-term borrowings			12,195				12,371				10,195				11,275				10,290
Long-term borrowings, excluding current installments			15,233				12,849				12,510				9,789				9,920
Total liabilities			40,586				35,735				34,372				32,459				32,104
Share capital			482				482				482				482				482
Total equity			45,257				45,013				45,765				47,327				46,673

3

Selected consolidated statements of cash flows data

		For the Year Ended December 31,
		2014				2015				2016				2017				2018
		(In billions of Won)
Net cash provided by operating activities		￦	3,412			￦	7,602			￦	5,269			￦	5,607			￦	5,870
Net cash used in investing activities			(3,745	)			(4,535	)			(3,755	)			(3,818	)			(2,648	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities			135				(2,242	)			(3,951	)			(1,566	)			(3,195	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents			(186	)			849				(2,424	)			165				31
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year			4,209				4,022				4,871				2,448				2,613
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year			4,022				4,871				2,448				2,613				2,644

(1)

See Note 36 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for method of calculation. The weighted average number of common shares outstanding used to calculate basic and diluted earnings per share was 79,801,539 shares as of December 31, 2014, 79,993,834 shares as of December 31, 2015, 79,996,389 shares as of December 31, 2016, 79,998,600 shares as of December 31, 2017 and 80,000,606 shares as of December 31, 2018.

(2)	“Working capital” means current assets minus current liabilities.

Item 3.B.

Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable

Item 3.C. Reasons for Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable

Item 3.D. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the risks described below.

The global economic downturn may adversely affect our business and performance. The global economic outlook for the near future remains uncertain.

Our business is affected by highly cyclical market demand for our steel products from a number of industries, including the construction, automotive, shipbuilding and electrical appliances industries as well as downstream steel processors, which are sensitive to general conditions in the global economy. Macroeconomic factors, such as the economic growth rate, employment levels, interest rates, inflation rates, exchange rates, commodity prices, demographic trends and fiscal policies of governments can have a significant effect on such industries. From time to time, these industries have experienced significant and sometimes prolonged downturns, which in turn have negatively impacted our steel business. Global economic conditions have deteriorated in recent years, with global financial and capital markets experiencing substantial volatility. Such developments have been caused by, and continue to be exacerbated by, among other things, the slowdown of economic growth in China and other major emerging market economies, adverse economic and political conditions in Europe and Latin America and continuing geopolitical and social instability in North Korea and various parts of the Middle East, as well as uncertainty regarding the timing and method of the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union (“Brexit”), and a deterioration in economic and trade relations between the United States and its major trading partners, including China, Canada and Mexico.

An actual or anticipated further deterioration of global economic conditions may result in a decline in demand for our products that could have a negative impact on the prices at which they can be sold. In such a case, we will likely face pressure to reduce prices and we may need to rationalize our production capacity and reduce fixed costs. In the past, we have adjusted our crude steel production levels and sales prices in response to sluggish demand from our customers in industries adversely impacted by the deteriorating economic conditions. We produced 42.2 million tons of crude

4

steel and stainless steel in 2016, 42.2 million tons in 2017 and 42.9 million tons in 2018. The average unit sales prices for our semi-finished and finished steel products were Won 745 thousand per ton in 2016, Won 904 thousand per ton in 2017 and Won 934 thousand per ton in 2018.

We expect fluctuation in demand for our steel products and trading services to continue to prevail at least in the near future. We may decide to further adjust our future crude steel production or our sales prices on an on-going basis subject to market demand for our products, the production outlook of the global steel industry and global economic conditions in general. In addition, economic downturns in the Korean and global economies could result in market conditions characterized by weaker demand for steel products from a number of industries as well as falling prices for export and import products and reduced trade levels. Deterioration of market conditions may result in changes in assumptions underlying the carrying value of certain assets, which in turn could result in impairment of such assets, including intangible assets such as goodwill. In addition, our ability to reduce expenditures for production facilities and research and development during an industry downturn is limited because of the need to maintain our competitive position. If we are unable to reduce our expenses sufficiently to offset reductions in price and sales volume, our margins will suffer and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Korea is our most important market, and our current business and future growth could be materially and adversely affected if economic conditions in Korea deteriorate.

We are incorporated in Korea, and a substantial portion of our operations and assets are located in Korea. Korea is our most important market, accounting for 38.4% of our total revenue from steel products produced and sold by us in 2018. Domestic demand for our products is affected by the condition of major steel consuming industries, such as construction, shipbuilding, automotive, electrical appliances and downstream steel processors, and the Korean economy in general. In addition, the trading operations of POSCO International Corporation (“POSCO International” and formerly known as POSCO Daewoo Corporation) are affected by the general level of trade between Korea and other countries, which in turn tends to fluctuate based on general conditions in the Korean and global economies. As a result, we are subject to political, economic, legal and regulatory risks specific to Korea, and our performance and successful fulfillment of our operational strategies are largely dependent on the overall Korean economy. The economic indicators in Korea in recent years have shown mixed signs, and future growth of the Korean economy is subject to many factors beyond our control, including developments in the global economy.

In recent years, adverse conditions and volatility in the worldwide financial markets, fluctuations in oil and commodity prices and the general weakness of the global economy have contributed to the uncertainty of global economic prospects in general and have adversely affected, and may continue to adversely affect, the Korean economy. The value of the Won relative to major foreign currencies has also fluctuated significantly and, as a result of changing global and Korean economic conditions, there has been volatility in the stock prices of Korean companies in recent years. Future declines in the Korea Composite Stock Price Index (the “KOSPI”) and large amounts of sales of Korean securities by foreign investors and subsequent repatriation of the proceeds of such sales may adversely affect the value of the Won, the foreign currency reserves held by financial institutions in Korea and the ability of Korean companies to raise capital. Any future deterioration of the Korean or global economy could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Developments that could have an adverse impact on Korea’s economy include:

•

declines in consumer confidence and a slowdown in consumer spending;

•

deterioration in economic or diplomatic relations between Korea and its trading partners or allies, including deterioration resulting from territorial or trade disputes or disagreements in foreign policy (such as the controversy between Korea and China regarding the deployment of a Terminal High Altitude Area Defense system in Korea by the United States in

5

March 2017 and the ensuing economic and other retaliatory measures by China against Korea during the remainder of 2017);

•

adverse conditions in the economies of countries and regions that are important export markets for Korea, such as China, the United States, Europe and Japan, or in emerging market economies in Asia or elsewhere, as well as increased uncertainties related to Brexit;

•

adverse changes or volatility in foreign currency reserve levels, commodity prices (including oil prices), exchange rates (including fluctuation of the U.S. dollar, Euro or Japanese Yen exchange rates or revaluation of the Chinese Renminbi), interest rates, inflation rates or stock markets;

•

increased sovereign default risk in select countries and the resulting adverse effects on the global financial markets;

•

investigations of large Korean business groups and their senior management for possible misconduct;

•

a continuing rise in the level of household debt and increasing delinquencies and credit defaults by retail and small- and medium-sized enterprise borrowers in Korea;

•

social and labor unrest;

•

decreases in the market prices of Korean real estate;

•

the economic impact of any pending or future free trade agreements or of any changes to existing free trade agreements;

•

a decrease in tax revenue or a substantial increase in the Government’s expenditures for fiscal stimulus measures, unemployment compensation and other economic and social programs that would lead to an increased government budget deficit;

•

financial problems or lack of progress in the restructuring of Korean business groups, other large troubled companies, their suppliers or the financial sector;

•

loss of investor confidence arising from corporate accounting irregularities or corporate governance issues concerning certain Korean companies;

•

increases in social expenditures to support an aging population in Korea or decreases in economic productivity due to the declining population size in Korea;

•

geo-political uncertainty and risk of further attacks by terrorist groups around the world;

•

the occurrence of severe health epidemics in Korea or other parts of the world, such as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome outbreak in Korea in 2015;

•

natural or man-made disasters that have a significant adverse economic or other impact on Korea or its major trading partners;

•

political uncertainty or increasing strife among or within political parties in Korea;

•

hostilities or political or social tensions involving oil producing countries in the Middle East and North Africa and any material disruption in the global supply of oil or sudden increase in the price of oil;

•

increased reliance on exports to service foreign currency debts, which could cause friction with Korea’s trading partners;

•

the continued growth of the Chinese economy, to the extent its benefits (such as increased exports to China) are outweighed by its costs (such as competition in export markets or for foreign investment and the relocation of manufacturing bases from Korea to China);

6

•

political or social tensions involving Russia and any resulting adverse effects on the global supply of oil or the global financial markets; and

•

an increase in the level of tensions or an outbreak of hostilities between North Korea and Korea or the United States.

We rely on export sales for a significant portion of our total sales. Adverse economic and financial developments in Asia in the future may have an adverse effect on demand for our products in Asia and increase our foreign exchange risks.

Our export sales and overseas sales to customers abroad accounted for 61.6% of our total revenue from steel products produced and sold by us in 2018. Our export sales volume to customers in Asia, including China, Japan, Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia, accounted for 62.6% of our total export sales revenue from steel products produced and exported by us in 2018, and we expect our sales to these countries to remain important in the future. In particular, our export volume to China has increased in recent years and accounted for 28.9% of our total export sales revenue from steel products produced and exported by us in 2018. Accordingly, adverse economic and financial developments in these countries may have an adverse effect on demand for our products. Unfavorable or uncertain economic and market conditions, which can be caused, among others, by difficulties in the financial sector, corporate, political or other scandals that may reduce confidence in the markets, declines in business confidence, increases in inflation, natural disasters or pandemics, outbreaks of hostilities or other geopolitical instability. Deterioration in economic or diplomatic relations between Korea and its trading partners or allies, including deterioration resulting from territorial or trade disputes or disagreements in foreign policy (such as the controversy between Korea and China, which is Korea’s largest export market, regarding the deployment of a Terminal High Altitude Area Defense system in Korea by the United States in March 2017 and the ensuing economic and other retaliatory actions by China against Korea during the remainder of 2017), or a combination of these or other factors, have, in the past adversely affected, and may in the future adversely affect, demand for our products.

Economic weakness in Asia may also adversely affect our sales to the Korean companies that export to the region, especially companies in the construction, shipbuilding, automotive, electrical appliances and downstream steel processing industries. Weaker demand in these countries, combined with an increase in global production capacity, may also reduce export prices in Dollar terms of our principal products sold to customers in Asia. For a discussion of production over-capacity in the global steel industry, see “— We operate in the highly competitive steel, trading and construction industries, and our failure to successfully compete would adversely affect our market position and business.” We attempt to maintain and expand our export sales to generate foreign currency receipts to cover our foreign currency purchases and debt service requirements. Consequently, any decrease in our export sales could also increase our foreign exchange risks.

Depreciation of the value of the Won against the Dollar and other major foreign currencies may have a material adverse effect on the results of our operations and on the price of the ADSs.

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared from our local currency denominated financial results, assets and liabilities and our subsidiaries around the world, which are then translated into Won. A substantial proportion of our consolidated financial results is accounted for in currencies other than the Won. Accordingly, our consolidated financial results and assets and liabilities may be materially affected by changes in the exchange rates of foreign currencies. In 2018, 61.6% of our total revenue from steel products produced and sold by us was in overseas markets outside of Korea. To the extent that we incur costs in one currency and make sales in another, our profit margins may be affected by changes in the exchange rates between the two currencies. Since the currency in which sales are recorded may not be the same as the currency in which expenses are incurred, foreign

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exchange rate fluctuations may materially affect our results of operations. Depreciation of the Won may materially affect the results of our operations because, among other things, it causes:

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an increase in the amount of Won required for us to make interest and principal payments on our foreign currency-denominated debt;

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an increase in Won terms in the costs of raw materials and equipment that we purchase from overseas sources and a substantial portion of our freight costs, which are denominated primarily in Dollars; and

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foreign exchange translation losses on foreign-currency denominated liabilities, which lower our earnings for accounting purposes.

Appreciation of the Won against major currencies, on the other hand, causes:

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our export products to be less competitive by raising our prices in Dollar, Yen and Renminbi terms; and

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a reduction in net sales and accounts receivables in Won from export sales, which are primarily denominated in Dollars and to a lesser extent in Yen and Renminbi.

The overall net impact from fluctuations of the Won against major currencies is difficult to estimate and varies from year to year. We strive to naturally offset our foreign exchange risk by matching foreign currency receivables with our foreign currency payables and our overseas subsidiaries have sought to further mitigate the adverse impact of exchange rate fluctuations by conducting business transactions in the local currency of the respective market in which the transactions occur. In particular, POSCO International’s exposure to fluctuations in exchange rates, including the Won/Dollar exchange rate, is limited because trading transactions typically involve matched purchase and sale contracts, which result in limited settlement exposure, and because POSCO International’s contracts with domestic suppliers of products for export and with domestic purchasers of imported products are generally denominated in Dollars. Although the impact of exchange rate fluctuations is partially mitigated by such strategies, we and our subsidiaries, particularly POSCO International and POSCO Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd. (“POSCO E&C”), also periodically enter into derivative contracts, primarily foreign currency swaps and forward exchange contracts, to further hedge some of our foreign exchange risks. However, our results of operations have historically been affected by exchange rate fluctuations and there can be no assurance that such strategies will be sufficient to reduce or eliminate the adverse impact of such fluctuations in the future.

Fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Won and the Dollar will also affect the Dollar equivalent of the Won price of the shares of our common stock on the KRX KOSPI Market and, as a result, will likely affect the market price of the ADSs. These fluctuations will also affect the Dollar conversion by the depositary for the ADRs of cash dividends, if any, paid in Won on shares of common stock represented by the ADSs.

We are dependent on imported raw materials, and significant increases in market prices of essential raw materials could adversely affect our margins and profits.

We purchase substantially all of the principal raw materials we use from sources outside Korea, including iron ore and coal. POSCO imported approximately 54 million dry metric tons of iron ore and 29 million wet metric tons of coal in 2018. Iron ore is imported primarily from Australia, Brazil and Canada. Coal is imported primarily from Australia, Canada and Russia. Although we have not experienced significant unanticipated supply disruptions in the past, supply disruptions, which could be caused by political or other events in the countries from which we import these materials, could adversely affect our operations. In addition, we are particularly exposed to increases in the prices of coal, iron ore and nickel, which represent the largest components of our cost of goods sold. The prices

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of our key raw materials have fluctuated significantly in recent years. For example, the average market price of coal per wet metric ton (Premium Low Vol Coking Coal, FOB Australia Index announced by Platts) was US$143 in 2016, US$188 in 2017 and US$207 in 2018. The average market price of iron ore per dry metric ton (Iron Ore 62% Fe, CFR China Index announced by Platts) was US$58 in 2016, US$71 in 2017 and US$69 in 2018.

Our long-term supply contracts generally have terms of three to ten years and provide for periodic price adjustments to the then-market prices. We typically adjust the prices on a quarterly basis and maintain approximately one month of inventory of raw materials. Such price adjustments are driven by various factors, including the global economic outlook, global market prices of raw materials and steel products, supply and demand outlook of raw materials and production costs of raw materials. For both coal and iron ore, we typically agree on the purchase price with the suppliers primarily based on the spot market price periodically announced by Platts (Premium Low Vol Coking Coal, FOB Australia Index and Iron Ore 62% Fe, CFR China Index). As of December 31, 2018, 100 million tons of iron ore and 14 million tons of coal remained to be purchased under long-term supply contracts. Future increases in prices of our key raw materials and our inability to pass along such increases to our customers could adversely affect our margins and profits. Increased prices may also cause potential customers to defer purchase of steel products, while rapidly falling prices may increase loss on valuation of raw material inventory purchased when prices were higher, either of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We operate in the highly competitive steel, trading and construction industries, and our failure to successfully compete would adversely affect our market position and business.

Steel. The markets for our steel products are highly competitive and we face intense global competition. China is the largest steel producing country in the world by a significant margin, with the balance between its domestic production and demand being an important factor in the determination of global steel prices. In recent years, a slowdown in domestic demand for steel products in China resulting from slowed economic growth, combined with an expansion in steel production capacity, has led to production over-capacity in the Chinese steel industry, which in turn has led the Chinese government to pursue aggressive consolidation in the Chinese steel industry, such as the consolidation of Baosteel Group and Wuhan Iron and Steel in 2016, that has resulted in fewer but larger steel manufacturers that are able to compete more effectively in the global steel industry. In addition, the global steel industry has experienced consolidation in the past, including through the mergers of Mittal and Arcelor in 2006 and Nippon Steel and Sumitomo Metal in 2012. Competition from such global steel manufacturers with expanded production capacity as well as competitors from emerging markets, especially from China and India, has resulted in significant price competition and may result in declining margins and reductions in revenue in the future. Our larger competitors may use their resources, which may be greater than ours, against us in a variety of ways, including by making additional acquisitions, investing more aggressively in product development and capacity and displacing demand for our export products.

In the past, increased production capacity, combined with decreased demand resulting from a slowdown of the global economy, has from time to time resulted in production over-capacity in the global steel industry which in turn resulted in downward pressure on global steel prices. For example, the global steel prices decreased in the fourth quarter of 2018 in part due to a decrease in demand from China as well as an increase in the production capacity of Chinese manufacturers that survived the consolidation of the Chinese steel industry. Production over-capacity in global steel industry may intensify if global economic growth slows or demand from developing countries, particularly from China, continues to lag behind the growth in production capacity. Production over-capacity in the global steel industry is likely to:

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reduce export prices in Dollar terms of our principal products, which in turn may reduce our sales prices in Korea;

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increase competition in the Korean market as foreign producers seek to export steel products to Korea as other markets experience a slowdown;

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negatively affect demand for our products abroad and our ability to expand export sales; and

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affect our ability to increase steel production in general.

Steel also competes with other natural and synthetic materials that may be used as steel substitutes, such as aluminum, cement, composites, glass, plastic and wood. Government regulatory initiatives mandating the use of such materials instead of steel, whether for environmental or other reasons, as well as the development of attractive alternative substitutes for steel products, may reduce demand for steel products and increase competition in the global steel industry.

As part of our strategy to compete in this challenging landscape, we will continue to invest in developing innovative products that offer the greatest potential returns and enhance the overall quality of our products, as well as make additional investments in the development of new manufacturing technologies. However, there is no assurance that we will be able to continue to compete successfully in this economic environment or that a slowdown of the global economy or production over-capacity will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Trading. POSCO International competes principally with other Korean general trading companies that are affiliated with major domestic business groups, as well as global trading companies based in other countries. In the domestic market, competition for export transactions on behalf of domestic suppliers and import transactions on behalf of domestic purchasers was limited, as most affiliated general trading companies of large Korean business groups generally relied on affiliate transactions for the bulk of their trading business. However, in recent years, many of these Korean general trading companies have reduced their reliance on their affiliated business group and transactions carried out on behalf of their member companies and instead have generally evolved to focus on segments of the import and export markets in which they have a competitive advantage. As a result, competition among Korean general trading companies in the area of traditional trade has become more intense.

The overseas trading markets in which POSCO International operates are also highly competitive. POSCO International’s principal competitors in overseas trading markets include Korean trading companies that operate in various international markets, as well as foreign trading companies, particularly those based in Japan. As POSCO International diversifies into businesses other than traditional trading such as natural resources development, it also increasingly competes with other Korean and international companies involved in these businesses. Some of POSCO International’s competitors may be more experienced and have greater financial resources and pricing flexibility than POSCO International, as well as more extensive global networks and wider access to customers. There is no assurance that POSCO International will be able to continue to compete successfully in this economic environment or that the prolonged slowdown of the global economy will not have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations or financial condition. In 2018, we recognized impairment of goodwill of Won 158 billion related to a decrease in value-in-use of POSCO International.

Construction. POSCO E&C, our consolidated subsidiary, operates in the highly competitive construction industry. Competition is based primarily on price, reputation for quality, reliability, punctuality and financial strength of contractors. Intense competition among construction companies may result in, among other things, a decrease in the price POSCO E&C can charge for its services, difficulty in winning bids for construction projects, an increase in construction costs and difficulty in obtaining high-quality contractors and qualified employees.

In Korea, POSCO E&C’s main competition in the construction of residential and non-residential buildings, EPC (or engineering, procurement and construction) projects, urban planning and development projects and civil works projects consists of approximately ten major domestic

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construction companies, many of which are member companies of other large business groups in Korea and are capable of undertaking larger-scale, higher-value-added projects that offer greater potential returns. A series of measures introduced by the Government over the past few years to regulate housing prices in Korea, as well as increasing popularity of low-bid contracts in civil works project mandates, have contributed to increased competition in the Korean construction industry in recent years.

Competition for new project awards in overseas markets is also intense. In these markets, POSCO E&C faces competition from local construction companies and other major Korean construction companies with overseas operations, as well as international construction companies from other countries. Construction companies from other developed countries may be more experienced, have greater financial resources and possess more sophisticated technology than POSCO E&C, while construction companies from developing countries often have the advantage of lower wage costs. Some of these competitors have achieved higher market penetration than POSCO E&C has in specific markets in which it competes, and POSCO E&C may need to accept lower margins in order for it to compete successfully against them. POSCO E&C’s failure to successfully compete in the domestic or overseas construction markets could adversely affect its market position and its results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be able to successfully execute our diversification strategy.

In part to prepare for the eventual maturation of the Korean steel market, we have made investments in the past decade to secure new growth engines by diversifying into new businesses related to our steel operations that we believe will offer greater potential returns, such as participation in EPC projects in the steel sector and natural resources development, as well as entering into new businesses not related to our steel operations such as power generation and alternative energy solutions, LNG and agricultural trading and production of anode and cathode materials for rechargeable batteries as well as other comprehensive materials such as lithium, magnesium sheet, nickel and cobalt. From time to time, we may selectively acquire or invest in companies to pursue such diversification strategy.

The success of our diversification strategy will depend, in part, on our ability to realize the anticipated growth opportunities and synergies. Some of our diversification efforts have not been successful. For example, we incurred impairment loss of Won 810 billion in 2018 related to our synthetic natural gas production facility in Gwangyang due to our discontinuation of the business which we had launched in 2011, which was adversely impacted by a decline in the market price of liquefied natural gas (“LNG”). The realization of the anticipated benefits depends on numerous factors, some of which are outside our control, including the availability of qualified personnel, establishment of new relationships and expansion of existing relationships with various customers and suppliers, procurement of necessary technology and know-how to engage in such businesses and decreases in the prices of competing products or services that make our products or services less competitive. The realization of the anticipated benefits may be impeded, delayed or reduced as a result of numerous factors, some of which are outside our control. These factors include:

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difficulties in integrating the operations of the acquired business, including information and accounting systems, personnel, policies and procedures, and in reorganizing or reducing overlapping operations, marketing networks and administrative functions, which may require significant amounts of time, financial resources and management attention;

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unforeseen contingent risks or latent liabilities relating to the acquisition that may become apparent in the future;

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difficulties in managing a larger business; and

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loss of key management personnel or customers.

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In addition, in order to finance these acquisitions, we intend to use cash on hand, funds from operations, issuances of equity and debt securities, and, if necessary, financings from banks and other sources as well as entering into consortiums with financial investors. However, no assurance can be given that we will be able to obtain sufficient financing for such acquisitions or investments on terms commercially acceptable to us or at all. We cannot assure you that our diversification strategy can be completed profitably or that the diversification efforts will not adversely affect our combined business, financial condition and results of operations.

Expansion of our production operations abroad is important to our long-term success, and our limited experience in the operation of our business outside Korea increases the risk that our international expansion efforts will not be successful.

We conduct international trading and construction operations abroad, and our business relies on a global trading network comprised of overseas subsidiaries, branches and representative offices. Although many of our subsidiaries and overseas branches are located in developed countries, we also operate in numerous countries with developing economies. In addition, we intend to continue to expand our steel production operations internationally by carefully seeking out promising investment opportunities, particularly in China, India, Southeast Asia and Latin America, in part to prepare for the eventual maturation of the Korean steel market. We may enter into additional joint ventures with foreign steel producers that would enable us to rely on these businesses to conduct our operations, establish local networks and coordinate our sales and marketing efforts abroad. To the extent that we enter into these arrangements, our success will depend in part on the willingness of our partner companies to dedicate sufficient resources to their partnership with us.

In other situations, we may decide to establish manufacturing facilities by ourselves instead of relying on partners. The demand and market acceptance for our products produced abroad are subject to a high level of uncertainty and are substantially dependent upon the market condition of the global steel industry. We cannot assure you that our international expansion plan will be profitable or that we can recoup the costs related to such investments.

Expansion of our trading, construction and production operations abroad requires management attention and resources. In addition, we face additional risks associated with our expansion outside Korea, including:

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challenges caused by distance, language and cultural differences;

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higher costs associated with doing business internationally;

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legal and regulatory restrictions, including foreign exchange controls that might prevent us from repatriating cash earned in countries outside Korea;

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longer payment cycles in some countries;

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credit risk and higher levels of payment fraud;

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currency exchange risks;

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potentially adverse tax consequences;

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political and economic instability; and

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seasonal reductions in business activity during the summer months in some countries.

We have limited insurance coverage and may incur significant losses resulting from operating hazards, product liability claims from customers or business interruptions.

The normal operation of our manufacturing facilities may be interrupted by accidents caused by operating hazards, power supply disruptions and equipment failures, as well as natural disasters. As

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with other industrial companies, our operations involve the use, handling, generation, processing, storage, transportation and disposal of hazardous materials, which may result in fires, explosions, spills and other unexpected or dangerous accidents causing property damage as well as personal injuries or death. We are also exposed to risks associated with product liability claims in the event that the use of the products we sell results in injury. We maintain property insurance for our property, plant and equipment that we believe to be consistent with market practice in Korea. However, we may not have adequate resources to satisfy a judgment in excess of our insurance coverage in the event of a successful claim against us. Any occurrence of accidents or other events affecting our operations could result in potentially significant monetary damages, diversion of resources, production disruption and delay in delivery of our products, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Further increases in, or new impositions of, anti-dumping, safeguard or countervailing duty proceedings may have an adverse impact on our export sales.

As a steel producer with global sales and operations, we are involved in trade remedy proceedings in markets worldwide, including in the United States. We proactively participate in and plan for such proceedings to minimize any adverse effects and associated risks. While there has been an increase in the number of trade cases in recent years, and an increased focus on trade issues by government officials, all such cases have been product and market-specific, and thus have been limited in scope relative to our global sales and operations. We continue to carefully monitor developments with respect to trade remedy policy in all markets in which we participate and, where necessary, vigorously defend our rights through litigation before tribunals such as the U.S. Court of International Trade. Our products that are subject to anti-dumping duties, safeguard duties, countervailing duties, quotas or tariffs in the aggregate currently do not account for a material portion of our total sales, and such proceedings have not had a material adverse impact on our business and operations in recent years. However, there can be no assurance that increases in, or new impositions of, anti-dumping duties, safeguard duties, countervailing duties, quotas or tariffs on our exports of products abroad may not have a material adverse impact on our exports in the future.

We participate in overseas natural resources exploration, development and production projects, which expose us to various risks.

As part of our efforts to diversify our operations, we carefully seek out promising overseas natural resources exploration, development and production opportunities. For instance, we purchased lithium mining rights at the Salar del Hombre Muerto salt flat in northern Argentina in August 2018 for $280 million. We also participate in natural resources projects as part of consortia or through acquisitions of minority interests, such as a gas field exploration project in Myanmar through POSCO International. We may also selectively acquire or invest in companies or businesses that engage in such activities. To the extent that we enter into these arrangements, our success in these endeavors will depend in part on the willingness of our partner companies to dedicate sufficient resources to their partnership with us, as well as our ability to finance such investments.

The demand and market acceptance for such activities abroad are subject to a substantially higher level of uncertainty than our traditional steel business and are substantially dependent upon the market condition of the global natural resources industry as well as the political and social environment of the target countries. The performance of projects in which we participate may be adversely affected by the occurrence of military hostility, political unrest or acts of terrorism. In addition, some of our current exploration, development and production projects involve drilling exploratory wells on properties with no proven amount of natural resource reserves. Although all drilling, whether developmental or exploratory, involves risks, exploratory drilling involves greater risks of dry holes or failure to find commercial quantities of natural resources. Other risks to which such activities are subject include obtaining required regulatory approvals and licenses, securing and maintaining

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adequate property rights to land and natural resources, and managing local opposition to project development. A decrease in the market price of raw materials may also adversely impact the value of our investments related to natural resources projects, potentially resulting in impairment losses. For example, in 2018, we recognized impairment of industrial property rights of Won 78 billion related to our investment in Hume Coal Pty Limited, a coal mining company in Australia, and Won 50 billion in connection with a shale oil and gas project in Canada. We have limited experience in this business, and we cannot assure you that our overseas natural resources exploration, development and production projects will be profitable, that we will be able to meet the financing requirements for such projects, or that we can recoup the costs related to such investments, which in turn could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may encounter problems with joint overseas natural resources exploration, development and production projects and large-scale infrastructure projects, which may materially and adversely affect our business.

We typically pursue our natural resources exploration, development and production projects jointly with consortium partners or through acquisition of minority interests in such projects, and we expect to be involved in other joint projects in the future. We sometimes hold a majority interest in the projects among the consortium partners, but we often lack a controlling interest in the joint projects. Therefore, we may not be able to require that our joint ventures sell assets or return invested capital, make additional capital contributions or take any other action without the vote of at least a majority of our consortium partners. If there are disagreements between our consortium partners and us regarding the business and operations of the joint projects, we cannot assure you that we will be able to resolve them in a manner that will be in our best interests. Certain major decisions, such as selling a stake in the joint project, may require the consent of all other partners. These limitations may adversely affect our ability to obtain the economic and other benefits we seek from participating in these projects.

In addition, our consortium partners may:

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have economic or business interests or goals that are inconsistent with ours;

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take actions contrary to our instructions, requests, policies or objectives;

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be unable or unwilling to fulfill their obligations;

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have financial difficulties; or

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have disputes with us as to their rights, responsibilities and obligations.

Any of these and other factors may have a material adverse effect on the performance of our joint projects and expose us to a number of risks, including the risk that the partners may be incapable of providing the required financial support to the partnerships and the risk that the partners may not be able to fulfill their other obligations, resulting in disputes not only between our partners and us, but also between the joint ventures and their customers. Such a material adverse effect on the performance of our joint projects may in turn materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Cyclical fluctuations based on macroeconomic factors may adversely affect POSCO E&C’s business and performance.

We engage in engineering and construction activities through POSCO E&C. The Construction Segment is highly cyclical and tends to fluctuate based on macroeconomic factors, such as consumer confidence and income, employment levels, interest rates, inflation rates, demographic trends and policies of the Government. From time to time, the construction industry has experienced significant and sometimes prolonged downturns, and our construction revenues have fluctuated in the past

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depending on the level of public and private sector construction activities in Korea and abroad. In addition, the performance of POSCO E&C’s domestic residential property business is highly dependent on the general condition of the real estate market in Korea. Although the construction industry in Korea has shown signs of recovery in recent years, the demand for construction activities abroad remains weak and the overall prospects for Korean construction companies in 2019 and beyond remain uncertain. A prolonged general downturn in the construction market resulting in weaker demand may adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Many of POSCO E&C’s domestic and overseas construction projects are on a fixed-price basis, which could result in losses for us in the event that unforeseen additional expenses arise with respect to the project.

Many of POSCO E&C’s domestic and overseas construction projects are carried out on a fixed-price basis according to a predetermined timetable, pursuant to the terms of a fixed-price contract. Under such fixed-price contracts, POSCO E&C retains all cost savings on completed contracts but is also liable for the full amount of all cost overruns and may be required to pay damages for late delivery. The pricing of fixed-price contracts is crucial to POSCO E&C’s profitability, as is its ability to quantify risks to be borne by it and to provide for contingencies in the contract accordingly.

POSCO E&C attempts to anticipate costs of labor, raw materials, parts and components in its bids on fixed-price contracts. However, the costs incurred and gross profits realized on a fixed-price contract may vary from its estimates due to factors such as:

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unanticipated variations in labor and equipment productivity over the term of a contract;

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unanticipated increases in labor, raw material, parts and components, subcontracting and overhead costs, including as a result of bad weather;

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delivery delays and corrective measures for poor workmanship; and

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errors in estimates and bidding.

If unforeseen additional expenses arise over the course of a construction project, such expenses are usually borne by POSCO E&C, and its profit from the project will be correspondingly reduced or eliminated. For example, we incurred losses in recent years in connection with a delay in the construction of CSP-Companhia Siderurgia do Pecem steel plant complex in Brazil. If POSCO E&C experiences significant unforeseen additional expenses with respect to its fixed price projects, it may incur losses on such projects, which could have a material adverse effect on its financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to environmental regulations, and our operations could expose us to substantial liabilities.

We are subject to national and local environmental laws and regulations, including increasing pressure to reduce emission of carbon dioxide relating to our manufacturing process, and our steel manufacturing and construction operations could expose us to risk of substantial liability relating to environmental or health and safety issues, such as those resulting from discharge of pollutants and carbon dioxide into the environment, the handling, storage and disposal of solid or hazardous materials or wastes and the investigation and remediation of contaminated sites. We may be responsible for the investigation and remediation of environmental conditions at currently and formerly operated manufacturing or construction sites. For example, we incurred expenses in recent years relating to contamination of land near our magnesium smelting plant located in Gangneung, Korea and gas treatment plant located in our Pohang Works. We may also be subject to associated liabilities, including liabilities for natural resource damage, third party property damage or personal injury resulting from lawsuits brought by the Government or private litigants. In the course of our operations,

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hazardous wastes may be generated at third party-owned or operated sites, and hazardous wastes may be disposed of or treated at third party-owned or operated disposal sites. If those sites become contaminated, we could also be held responsible for the cost of investigation and remediation of such sites, for any associated natural resource damage, and for civil or criminal fines or penalties.

If our cybersecurity is breached, we may incur significant legal and financial exposure, damage to our reputation and a loss of confidence of our customers.

Our business involves the storage and transmission of confidential information relating to us as well as our customers and suppliers, and any breach in our cybersecurity could expose us to a risk of loss, the improper use or disclosure of such information, ensuing potential liability or litigation, any of which could harm our reputation and adversely affect our business. Although there has been no material instance where an unauthorized party was able to obtain access to our data or our customers’ data, there can be no assurance that we will not be vulnerable to cyber-attacks in the future.

Our cybersecurity measures may also fail due to employee error, malfeasance or otherwise. Instituting appropriate access controls and safeguards across our information technology infrastructure is challenging. Furthermore, outside parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to our data or our customers’ data or accounts or may otherwise obtain access to such data or accounts. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service or sabotage systems change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures. If an actual or perceived breach of our cybersecurity occurs or the market perception of the effectiveness of our cybersecurity measures is adversely affected, we may incur significant legal and financial exposure, including legal claims and regulatory fines and penalties, damage to our reputation and a loss of confidence of our customers, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Failure to protect our intellectual property rights could impair our competitiveness and harm our business and future prospects.

We believe that developing new steel manufacturing technologies that can be differentiated from those of our competitors, such as FINEX, automotive steel manufacturing technology and high-manganese steel manufacturing technology, is critical to the success of our business. We take active measures to obtain protection of our intellectual property by obtaining patents and undertaking monitoring activities in our major markets. However, we cannot assure you that the measures we take will effectively deter competitors from improper use of our proprietary technologies. Our competitors may misappropriate our intellectual property, disputes as to ownership of intellectual property may arise and our intellectual property may otherwise become known or independently developed by our competitors. Any failure to protect our intellectual property could impair our competitiveness and harm our business and future prospects.

We rely on trade secrets and other unpatented proprietary know-how to maintain our competitive position, and unauthorized disclosure of our trade secrets or other unpatented proprietary know-how could negatively affect our business.

We rely on trade secrets and unpatented proprietary know-how and information. We enter into confidentiality agreements with each of our employees and consultants upon the commencement of an employment or consulting relationship. These agreements generally provide that all inventions, ideas, discoveries, improvements and patentable material made or conceived by the individual arising out of the employment or consulting relationship and all confidential information developed or made known to the individual during the term of the relationship is our exclusive property. We cannot assure the enforceability of these types of agreements, or that they will not be breached. We also cannot be certain that we will have adequate remedies for any breach. The disclosure of our trade secrets or other know-how as a result of such a breach could adversely affect our business.

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We face the risk of litigation proceedings relating to infringement of intellectual property rights of third parties, which, if determined adversely to us, could cause us to lose significant rights, pay significant damage awards or suspend the sale of certain products.

Our success depends largely on our ability to develop and use our technology and know-how in a proprietary manner without infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties. The validity and scope of claims relating to technology and patents involve complex scientific, legal and factual questions and analysis and, therefore, may be highly uncertain. In addition, because patent applications in many jurisdictions are kept confidential for an extended period before they are published, we may be unaware of other persons’ pending patent applications that relate to our products or manufacturing processes. Accordingly, we face the risk of litigation proceedings relating to infringement of intellectual property rights of third parties.

The plaintiffs in actions relating to infringement of intellectual property rights typically seek injunctions and substantial damages. Although patent and other intellectual property disputes are often settled through licensing or similar arrangements, there can be no assurance that such licenses can be obtained on acceptable terms or at all. Accordingly, regardless of the scope or validity of disputed patents or the merits of any patent infringement claims by potential or actual litigants, we may have to engage in protracted litigation. The defense and prosecution of intellectual property suits, patent opposition proceedings and related legal and administrative proceedings can be both costly and time consuming and may significantly divert the efforts and resources of our technical and management personnel. An adverse determination in any such litigation or proceedings could subject us to pay substantial damages to third parties, require us to seek licenses from third parties and pay ongoing royalties or redesign certain products, or subject us to injunctions prohibiting the manufacture and sale of our products or the use of technologies in certain jurisdictions. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be exposed to potential claims for unpaid wages and become subject to additional labor costs arising from the Supreme Court of Korea’s interpretation of ordinary wages.

Under the Labor Standards Act, an employee’s “ordinary wage” is used as the basis for calculating various statutory benefits. Prior to the Supreme Court of Korea’s decision described below, we and other companies in Korea had interpreted the previous guidelines issued by the Ministry of Employment and Labor as excluding fixed bonuses that are paid other than on a monthly basis, such as bi monthly, quarterly or biannually paid bonuses, from employees’ ordinary wages.

On December 18, 2013, the Supreme Court of Korea ruled that regularly paid bonuses, including those that are paid other than on a monthly basis, are included in the scope of employees’ ordinary wages if these bonuses are paid (i) “regularly,” (ii) “uniformly” and (iii) on a “fixed basis,” notwithstanding differential amounts based on seniority. Under this decision, any provision of a collective bargaining agreement or other agreements that attempt to exclude such regular bonuses from employees’ ordinary wages will be deemed void for violation of the mandatory provisions of Korean law.

The Supreme Court of Korea’s decision clarified that if payment of a regular bonus is limited only to those working for the employer on a specific date, such bonus is not fixed and thus does not constitute part of an employee’s ordinary wage. The Ministry of Employment and Labor subsequently published guidelines on January 23, 2014 (the “Guidelines”). According to the Guidelines, the Government excludes, from ordinary wages, regular bonuses contingent on employment on a specific date. Based on the Supreme Court of Korea’s decision and the Guidelines, we believe that regular bonuses we have paid to our employees are likely not required to be included in their ordinary wages because we have paid regular bonuses only to those working for us on the date of payment calculation, the 15th day of each month. However, if we are nonetheless determined to have underpaid

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employees by under-calculating their ordinary wages over the past three years or in the future, we may be liable for additional payments reflecting the expanded scope of employees’ ordinary wages. Any such additional payments may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Escalations in tensions with North Korea could have an adverse effect on us and the market value of our common shares and ADSs.

Relations between Korea and North Korea have been tense throughout Korea’s modern history. The level of tension between the two Koreas has fluctuated and may increase abruptly as a result of current and future events. In particular, there have been heightened security concerns in recent years stemming from North Korea’s nuclear weapon and ballistic missile programs as well as its hostile military actions against Korea. Some of the significant incidents in recent years include the following:

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North Korea renounced its obligations under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in January 2003 and conducted six rounds of nuclear tests since October 2006, including claimed detonations of hydrogen bombs, which are more powerful than plutonium bombs, and warheads that can be mounted on ballistic missiles. Over the years, North Korea has also conducted a series of ballistic missile tests, including missiles launched from submarines and intercontinental ballistic missiles that it claims can reach the United States mainland. In response, the Government has repeatedly condemned the provocations and flagrant violations of relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions. In February 2016, the Government also closed the inter-Korea Gaesong Industrial Complex in response to North Korea’s fourth nuclear test in January 2016. Internationally, the United Nations Security Council has passed a series of resolutions condemning North Korea’s actions and significantly expanding the scope of sanctions applicable to North Korea, most recently in December 2017 in response to North Korea’s intercontinental ballistic missile test in November 2017. Over the years, the United States and the European Union have also expanded their sanctions applicable to North Korea.

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In March 2010, a Korean naval vessel was destroyed by an underwater explosion, killing many of the crewmen on board. The Government formally accused North Korea of causing the sinking, while North Korea denied responsibility. Moreover, in November 2010, North Korea fired more than one hundred artillery shells that hit Korea’s Yeonpyeong Island near the Northern Limit Line, which acts as the de facto maritime boundary between Korea and North Korea on the west coast of the Korean peninsula, causing casualties and significant property damage. The Government condemned North Korea for the attack and vowed stern retaliation should there be further provocation.

North Korea’s economy also faces severe challenges, which may further aggravate social and political pressures within North Korea.

Although bilateral summit meetings were held between Korea and North Korea in April, May and September 2018 and between the United States and North Korea in June 2018 and February 2019, there can be no assurance that the level of tensions affecting the Korean peninsula will not escalate in the future. Any increase in tensions, which may occur, for example, if North Korea experiences a leadership crisis, high-level contacts between Korea or the United States and North Korea break down or further military hostilities occur, could have a material adverse effect on the Korean economy and on our business, financial condition and results of operations and the market value of our common stock and ADSs.

If you surrender your ADRs to withdraw shares of our common stock, you may not be allowed to deposit the shares again to obtain ADRs.

Under the deposit agreement, holders of shares of our common stock may deposit those shares with the ADR depositary’s custodian in Korea and obtain ADRs, and holders of ADRs may surrender

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ADRs to the ADR depositary and receive shares of our common stock. However, under current Korean laws and regulations, the depositary bank is required to obtain our prior consent for the number of shares to be deposited in any given proposed deposit that exceeds the difference between (i) the aggregate number of shares deposited by us for the issuance of ADSs (including deposits in connection with the initial and all subsequent offerings of ADSs and stock dividends or other distributions related to these ADSs) and (ii) the number of shares on deposit with the depositary bank at the time of such proposed deposit. It is possible that we may not give the consent. As a result, if you surrender ADRs and withdraw shares of common stock, you may not be able to deposit the shares again to obtain ADRs. See “Item 10. Additional Information — Item 10.D. Exchange Controls.”

You may not be able to exercise preemptive rights for additional shares of common stock and may suffer dilution of your equity interest in us.

The Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation require us, with some exceptions, to offer shareholders the right to subscribe for new shares in proportion to their existing ownership percentage whenever new shares are issued. If we issue new shares to persons other than our shareholders (See “Item 10.B. Memorandum and Articles of Association — Preemptive Rights and Issuance of Additional Shares”), a holder of our ADSs will experience dilution of such holding. If none of these exceptions is available, we will be required to grant preemptive rights when issuing additional common shares under Korean law. Under the deposit agreement governing the ADSs, if we offer any rights to subscribe for additional shares of our common stock or any rights of any other nature, the ADR depositary, after consultation with us, may make the rights available to you or use reasonable efforts to dispose of the rights on your behalf and make the net proceeds available to you. The ADR depositary, however, is not required to make available to you any rights to purchase any additional shares unless it deems that doing so is lawful and feasible and:

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a registration statement filed by us under the Securities Act is in effect with respect to those shares; or

•

the offering and sale of those shares is exempt from or is not subject to the registration requirements of the Securities Act.

We are under no obligation to file any registration statement under the Securities Act to enable you to exercise preemptive rights in respect of the common shares underlying the ADSs, and we cannot assure you that any registration statement would be filed or that an exemption from the registration requirement under the Securities Act would be available. Accordingly, if a registration statement is required for you to exercise preemptive rights but is not filed by us, you will not be able to exercise your preemptive rights for additional shares and may suffer dilution of your equity interest in us.

U.S. investors may have difficulty enforcing civil liabilities against us and our directors and senior management.

We are incorporated in Korea with our principal executive offices located in Seoul. The majority of our directors and senior management are residents of jurisdictions outside the United States, and the majority of our assets and the assets of such persons are located outside the United States. As a result, U.S. investors may find it difficult to effect service of process within the United States upon us or such persons or to enforce outside the United States judgments obtained against us or such persons in U.S. courts, including actions predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. It may also be difficult for an investor to enforce in U.S. courts judgments obtained against us or such persons in courts in jurisdictions outside the United States, including actions predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. It may also be difficult for a U.S. investor to bring an action in a Korean court predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against our directors and senior management and non-U.S. experts named in this annual report.

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We expect to continue operations and investments relating to countries targeted by United States and European Union economic sanctions.

The U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, or “OFAC,” enforces certain laws and regulations (“OFAC Sanctions”) that impose restrictions upon U.S. persons and, in some instances, foreign entities owned or controlled by U.S. persons, with respect to activities or transactions with certain countries, governments, entities and individuals that are the subject of OFAC Sanctions (“U.S. Sanctions Targets”). U.S. persons are also generally strictly prohibited from facilitating such activities or transactions. Similarly, the European Union enforces certain laws and regulations (“E.U. Sanctions”) that impose restrictions upon nationals of E.U. member states, persons located within E.U. member states, entities incorporated or constituted under the law of an E.U. member state, or business conducted in whole or in part in E.U. member states with respect to activities or transactions with certain countries, governments, entities and individuals that are the subject of E.U. Sanctions (“E.U. Sanctions Targets” and together with U.S. Sanctions Targets, “Sanctions Targets”). E.U. persons are also generally prohibited from activities that promote such activities or transactions.

We engage in limited business activities in countries that are deemed Sanctions Targets, including Iran and Cuba. We produce and export, typically through our sales subsidiaries, steel products to such countries, including automotive steel sheets and other steel materials to Iranian entities. Our subsidiaries also engage in limited business activities in countries that are deemed Sanctions Targets. In particular, POSCO International engages in the trading of steel, raw materials and other items with entities in countries that are deemed Sanctions Targets, including Iran and Cuba. We believe that such activities and investments do not involve any U.S. goods or services. Our activities in Iran and Cuba accounted for approximately 0.5% of our consolidated revenues in 2016, 0.6% in 2017 and 0.3% in 2018.

We expect to continue to engage in business activities and make investments in countries that are deemed Sanctions Targets over the foreseeable future. Although we believe that OFAC Sanctions under their current terms are not applicable to our current activities, our reputation may be adversely affected, and some of our U.S. investors may be required to divest their investments in us under the laws of certain U.S. states or under internal investment policies or may decide for reputational reasons to divest such investments. We are aware of initiatives by U.S. governmental entities and U.S. institutional investors, such as pension funds, to adopt or consider adopting laws, regulations or policies prohibiting transactions with or investment in, or requiring divestment from, entities doing business with countries identified as state sponsors of terrorism. We cannot assure you that the foregoing will not occur or that such occurrence will not have a material adverse effect on the value of our securities.

This annual report contains “forward-looking statements” that are subject to various risks and uncertainties.

This annual report contains “forward-looking statements” that are based on our current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections about our company and our industry. The forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those statements using words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continues,” “expect,” “estimate,” “intend,” “project,” “aim,” “plan,” “likely to,” “target,” “contemplate,” “predict,” “potential” and similar expressions and future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “might,” “can,” “may,” or similar expressions generally intended to identify forward-looking statements. Those statements include, among other things, the discussions of our business strategy and expectations concerning our market position, future operations, margins, profitability, liquidity and capital resources. We caution you that reliance on any forward-looking statement involves risks and uncertainties, and that although we believe that the assumptions on which our forward-looking statements are based are reasonable, any of those assumptions could prove to be inaccurate, and, as a result, the forward-looking statements based on those assumptions could be

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incorrect. The uncertainties in this regard include, but are not limited to, those identified in the risk factors discussed above. In light of these and other uncertainties, you should not conclude that we will necessarily achieve any plans and objectives or projected financial results referred to in any of the forward-looking statements. We do not undertake to release the results of any revisions of these forward-looking statements to reflect future events or circumstances.

Item 4. Information on the Company

Item 4.A. History and Development of the Company

We were established by the Government on April 1, 1968, under the Commercial Code, to manufacture and distribute steel rolled products and plates in the domestic and overseas markets. The Government owned more than 70% of our equity until 1988, when the Government reduced its ownership of our common stock to 35% through a public offering and listing our shares on the KRX KOSPI Market. In December 1998, the Government sold all of our common stock it owned directly, and The Korea Development Bank completed the sale of our shares that it owned in September 2000. The Government no longer holds any direct interest in us, and our outstanding common stock is currently held by individuals and institutions. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions — Item 7A. Major Stockholders.”

Our legal and commercial name is POSCO. Our principal executive offices are located at POSCO Center, 440 Teheran-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea 06194, and our telephone number is +82-2-3457-0114. The address of our English website is http://www.posco.com .

The SEC maintains a website ( http://www.sec.gov ), which contains reports, information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

Item 4.B. Business Overview

The Company

We are the largest fully integrated steel producer in Korea, and one of the largest steel producers in the world, based on annual crude steel production. We produced approximately 42.9 million tons of crude steel and stainless steel in 2018, a substantial portion of which was produced at Pohang Works and Gwangyang Works. As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately 47.6 million tons of annual crude steel and stainless steel production capacity, including 17.6 million tons of production capacity of Pohang Works and 24.8 million tons of production capacity of Gwangyang Works. We believe Pohang Works and Gwangyang Works are two of the most technologically advanced integrated steel facilities in the world. We manufacture and sell a diversified line of steel products, including cold rolled and hot rolled products, stainless steel products, plates, wire rods and silicon steel sheets, and we are able to meet a broad range of customer needs from manufacturing industries that consume steel, including automotive, shipbuilding, home appliance, engineering and machinery industries.

Korea is our most important market. Domestic sales accounted for 38.4% of our total revenue from steel products produced and sold by us in 2018 and 39.0% in 2017. On a non-consolidated basis, we believe that our steel products constituted approximately 50% of the total sales volume of such steel products sold in Korea in 2018 and approximately 44% in 2017. Our export sales and overseas sales to customers abroad accounted for 61.6% of our total revenue from steel products produced and sold by us in 2018 and 61.0% in 2017. Our major export market is Asia, with China accounting for 28.9%, Asia other than China and Japan accounting for 23.4%, and Japan accounting for 10.3% of our total steel export revenue from steel products produced and exported by us in 2018 and China accounting for 28.5%, Asia other than China and Japan accounting for 23.3%, and Japan accounting for 11.3% of our total steel export revenue from steel products produced and exported by us in 2017.

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We also engage in businesses that complement our steel manufacturing operations as well as carefully seek out promising investment opportunities to diversify our businesses both vertically and horizontally, in part to prepare for the eventual maturation of the Korean steel market. POSCO International is a global trading company that primarily engages in trading of steel and raw materials as well as investing in energy and mineral development projects throughout the world. POSCO E&C is one of the leading engineering and construction companies in Korea that primarily engages in the planning, design and construction of industrial plants and architectural works and civil engineering. POSCO Energy Corporation is the largest private power generation company in Korea.

We generated revenue of Won 65,155 billion and profit of Won 1,932 billion in 2018, compared to revenue of Won 60,187 billion and profit of Won 2,909 billion in 2017. We had total assets of Won 78,777 billion and total equity of Won 46,673 billion as of December 31, 2018, compared to total assets of Won 79,786 billion and total equity of Won 47,327 billion as of December 31, 2017.

Major Products

We manufacture and sell a broad line of steel products, including the following:

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cold rolled products;

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hot rolled products;

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stainless steel products;

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plates;

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wire rods; and

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silicon steel sheets.

The table below sets out our revenue of steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers (either by us or through POSCO Processing & Service Co., Ltd. (“POSCO P&S”), our former subsidiary that primarily engaged in sales of steel products produced by us prior to the transfer of its steel product sales business to POSCO International in March 2017) which are recognized as external revenue of the Steel Segment, by major steel product categories for the periods indicated. Such amounts do not include steel products produced by us and sold to our consolidated subsidiaries (including POSCO International) other than POSCO P&S. Although our external revenue of the Steel Segment increased in 2017 compared to 2016 and 2018 compared to 2017, they were negatively impacted in 2017 and 2018 by the recognition of the external revenue of POSCO P&S’s steel product sales business under the Trading Segment commencing March 2017 following the transfer of such business to POSCO International.

		For the Year Ended December 31,
		2016								2017								2018
Steel Products		Billions of Won				%				Billions of Won				%				Billions of Won				%
Cold rolled products		￦	8,467				31.5	%		￦	9,441				31.2	%		￦	10,585				32.7	%
Hot rolled products			4,377				16.3				5,101				16.9				5,620				17.4
Stainless steel products			6,064				22.6				6,624				21.9				6,624				20.5
Plates			2,762				10.3				3,087				10.2				3,587				11.1
Wire rods			1,747				6.5				1,880				6.2				1,882				5.8
Silicon steel sheets			1,100				4.1				1,025				3.4				1,012				3.1
Sub-total			24,517				91.3				27,159				89.8				29,309				90.6
Others			2,327				8.7				3,072				10.2				3,049				9.4
Total		￦	26,844				100.0	%		￦	30,230				100.0	%		￦	32,358				100.0	%

The table below sets out our sales volume of the principal categories of steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers (either by us or through POSCO P&S prior to the transfer

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of its steel product sales business to POSCO International in March 2017), which are recognized as external sales volume of the Steel Segment, by major steel product categories for the periods indicated. Such amounts do not include steel products produced by us and sold to our consolidated subsidiaries (including POSCO International) other than POSCO P&S. In 2017 and 2018, our external sales volume of the Steel Segment was negatively impacted by the recognition of the external sales volume of POSCO P&S’s steel product sales business under the Trading Segment commencing March 2017 following the transfer of such business to POSCO International.

		For the Year Ended December 31,
		2016								2017								2018
Steel Products		Thousands of Tons				%				Thousands of Tons				%				Thousands of Tons				%
Cold rolled products			12,713				38.7	%			11,279				37.5	%			12,300				39.2	%
Hot rolled products			8,632				26.2				7,786				25.9				8,153				26.0
Stainless steel products			3,027				9.2				2,874				9.6				2,853				9.1
Plates			4,748				14.4				4,896				16.3				4,957				15.8
Wire rods			2,737				8.3				2,333				7.8				2,227				7.1
Silicon steel sheets			1,032				3.1				877				2.9				892				2.8
Total (1)			32,888				100.0	%			30,046				100.0	%			31,381				100	%

(1)	Not including sales volume of steel products categorized under “others.”

In addition to steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers (either by us or through POSCO P&S prior to the transfer of its steel product sales business to POSCO International in March 2017), we engage our consolidated sales subsidiaries (including POSCO International) to sell our steel products produced by us. Our revenue from steel products produced by us and sold to our consolidated sales subsidiaries that in turn sold them to their external customers amounted to Won 6,403 billion in 2016, Won 7,385 billion in 2017 and Won 7,492 billion in 2018. Sales of such steel products by our consolidated sales subsidiaries to external customers are recognized as external revenue of the Trading Segment.

Cold Rolled Products

Cold rolled coils and further refined galvanized cold rolled products are used mainly in the automotive industry to produce car body panels. Other users include the household goods, electrical appliances, engineering and metal goods industries.

Our deliveries of cold rolled products produced by us and directly sold to external customers amounted to 12.3 million tons in 2018, representing 39.2% of our total sales volume of principal steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers.

Cold rolled products constitute our largest product category in terms of sales volume and revenue from steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers. In 2018, our sales volume of cold rolled products produced by us and directly sold to external customers increased by 9.1% compared to our sales volume in 2017 primarily due to an increase in sales of cold rolled products manufactured and sold by our Chinese subsidiaries.

Including sales of cold rolled products produced by us and sold through our consolidated sales subsidiaries in addition to cold rolled products produced by us and directly sold to external customers, we believe we had a domestic market share for cold rolled products of approximately 61% on a non-consolidated basis in 2018.

Hot Rolled Products

Hot rolled coils and sheets have many different industrial applications. They are used to manufacture structural steel used in the construction of buildings, industrial pipes and tanks, and

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