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QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended
September 30,
2025
or
☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from __________ to __________
Commission File Number:
001-40926
Vivid Seats Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
86-3355184
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
24 E. Washington Street,
Suite 900
Chicago
,
Illinois
60602
(Address of principal executive offices)
(Zip Code)
(
312
)
291-9966
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class
Trading Symbol(s)
Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share
SEAT
The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Warrants to purchase Class A common stock
SEATW
The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes
☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes
☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer
☐
Accelerated filer
☒
Non-accelerated filer
☐
Smaller reporting company
☒
Emerging growth company
☒
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No
☒
As of October 31, 2025, the registrant had outstanding
10,725,316
shares of Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, net of treasury shares (which figure reflects (i) the Reverse Stock Split (as defined herein) that became effective on August 5, 2025 and (ii) the Corporate Simplification (as defined herein) that was consummated on October 31, 2025).
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Report”) contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), regarding future events and the future results of Vivid Seats Inc. and its subsidiaries, including Hoya Intermediate, LLC (“Hoya Intermediate”), Hoya Midco, LLC, and Vivid Seats LLC (collectively, “we,” “us,” and “our”). Words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “design,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “future,” “goal,” “intend,” “likely,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “propose,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” and “would,” as well as similar expressions which predict or indicate future events and trends or which do not relate to historical matters, are intended to identify such forward-looking statements.
We may use forward-looking statements when addressing topics such as our future operating results and financial performance, including our ability to generate sufficient cash flows and/or raise additional capital when necessary or desirable, our success in attracting, hiring, motivating, and retaining our senior management team, key technical employees, and other highly skilled personnel, any payment of dividends on our Class A common stock, and other topics relating to our business, operations, and financial performance, such as:
•
The supply and demand of live concert, sporting, and theater events;
•
The impact of adverse economic conditions and other factors affecting discretionary consumer and corporate spending;
•
Our ability to maintain and develop our relationships with ticket buyers, sellers, and partners;
•
Our ability to compete in the ticketing industry;
•
Our ability to continue to maintain and improve our platform and to successfully develop new and improved solutions and enhancements;
•
The impact of extraordinary events, including disease epidemics;
•
Our ability to identify suitable acquisition targets, to complete planned acquisitions, and to realize the expected benefits of completed acquisitions and other strategic investments;
•
Our ability to comply with applicable laws and regulations;
•
The impact of unfavorable outcomes in legislation and legal proceedings;
•
Our ability to realize the anticipated benefits of the Reverse Stock Split and the Corporate Simplification (each as defined herein)
;
and
•
Our ability to maintain the integrity of our information systems and infrastructure, and to identify, assess, and manage relevant cybersecurity risks.
We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations, estimates, forecasts, and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. While we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, conditions, or results, and are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that can be difficult to predict and/or are outside of our control. Therefore, actual results may differ materially from those contemplated by any forward-looking statements.
Important factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” sections of this Report and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 (our “2024 Form 10-K”), as well as in our press releases and other filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).
You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Report (or, in the case of statements incorporated by reference herein, as of the date of the incorporated document). Except
1
as required by applicable law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.
2
VIVID SEATS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share and per share data) (Unaudited)
September 30,
December 31,
2025
2024
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents
$
145,108
$
243,482
Restricted cash
605
1,166
Accounts receivable – net
38,483
48,315
Inventory – net
23,569
19,601
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
26,147
32,607
Total current assets
233,912
345,171
Property and equipment – net
12,814
12,567
Right-of-use assets – net
10,921
12,008
Intangible assets – net
189,166
233,116
Goodwill – net
648,622
943,119
Deferred tax assets – net
1,181
77,967
Investments
6,599
6,929
Other assets
3,867
5,219
Total assets
$
1,107,082
$
1,636,096
Liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interests, and shareholders' equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable
$
199,157
$
232,984
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
126,990
165,047
Deferred revenue
18,123
23,804
Current maturities of long-term debt
3,950
3,950
Total current liabilities
348,220
425,785
Long-term debt – net
384,212
384,960
Long-term lease liabilities
17,079
18,731
TRA liability
180
155,720
Other liabilities
21,892
36,865
Total liabilities
771,583
1,022,061
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13)
Redeemable noncontrolling interests
63,344
352,922
Shareholders' equity:
Class A common stock, $
0.0001
par value;
500,000,000
shares authorized,
7,456,747
and
7,190,975
shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively
14
14
Class B common stock, $
0.0001
par value;
250,000,000
shares authorized,
3,811,250
shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024
8
8
Additional paid-in capital
1,450,104
1,267,710
Treasury stock, at cost,
949,665
and
571,687
shares at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively
(
93,892
)
(
75,568
)
Accumulated deficit
(
1,084,314
)
(
930,171
)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
235
(
880
)
Total shareholders' equity
272,155
261,113
Total liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interests, and shareholders' equity
$
1,107,082
$
1,636,096
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
3
VIVID SEATS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except share and per share data) (Unaudited)
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025
2024
2025
2024
Revenues
$
136,373
$
186,605
$
443,962
$
575,773
Costs and expenses:
Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)
44,340
51,029
131,294
149,377
Marketing and selling
55,973
67,835
173,885
205,695
General and administrative
45,183
46,306
139,537
149,725
Depreciation and amortization
13,723
10,669
37,689
31,654
Impairment charges
—
—
320,449
—
Total costs and expenses
159,219
175,839
802,854
536,451
Income (loss) from operations
(
22,846
)
10,766
(
358,892
)
39,322
Interest expense – net
6,111
6,300
17,410
16,706
Other income – net
(
13
)
(
9,020
)
(
154,364
)
(
3,236
)
Loss on extinguishment of debt
—
—
801
—
Income (loss) before income taxes
(
28,944
)
13,486
(
222,739
)
25,852
Income tax expense (benefit)
(
9,231
)
4,290
70,089
7,136
Net income (loss)
(
19,713
)
9,196
(
292,828
)
18,716
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests
(
11,187
)
3,900
(
138,685
)
8,405
Net income (loss) attributable to Class A common stockholders
$
(
8,526
)
$
5,296
$
(
154,143
)
$
10,311
Net income (loss) per Class A common stock:
Basic
$
(
1.31
)
$
0.81
$
(
23.52
)
$
1.56
Diluted
$
(
1.91
)
$
0.80
$
(
28.25
)
$
1.55
Weighted average Class A common stock outstanding:
Basic
6,490,954
6,576,079
6,553,724
6,623,019
Diluted
10,302,204
6,597,734
10,364,974
6,657,007
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
4
VIVID SEATS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(in thousands) (Unaudited)
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025
2024
2025
2024
Net income (loss)
$
(
19,713
)
$
9,196
$
(
292,828
)
$
18,716
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustment
(
275
)
2,936
1,797
(
210
)
Unrealized gain (loss) on Note
(
2
)
205
(
40
)
247
Total other comprehensive income (loss)
(
277
)
3,141
1,757
37
Comprehensive income (loss)
(
19,990
)
12,337
(
291,071
)
18,753
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests
(
11,187
)
3,900
(
138,685
)
8,405
Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests:
Foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests
(
102
)
1,079
657
(
78
)
Unrealized gain (loss) on Note attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests
(
1
)
76
(
15
)
91
Total other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests
(
103
)
1,155
642
13
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Class A common stockholders
$
(
8,700
)
$
7,282
$
(
153,028
)
$
10,335
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
5
VIVID SEATS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(in thousands, except share data) (Unaudited)
Class A common stock
Class B common stock
Treasury stock
Redeemable noncontrolling interests
Shares
Amount
Shares
Amount
Additional paid-in capital
Shares
Amount
Accumulated deficit
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Total shareholders' equity
Balances at January 1, 2024
$
481,742
7,058,366
$
14
3,811,250
$
8
$
1,096,430
(
364,575
)
$
(
52,586
)
$
(
939,596
)
$
747
$
105,017
Net income
4,665
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6,077
—
6,077
Issuances of Class A common stock
—
48,078
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Net settlement of equity incentive awards
—
(
3,995
)
—
—
—
(
462
)
—
—
—
—
(
462
)
Deemed contributions from former parent
75
—
—
—
—
133
—
—
—
—
133
Equity-based compensation
—
—
—
—
—
8,439
—
—
—
—
8,439
Repurchases of Class A common stock
—
—
—
—
—
—
(
35,750
)
(
4,120
)
—
—
(
4,120
)
Tax distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests
(
3,654
)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Other comprehensive loss
(
643
)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(
1,130
)
(
1,130
)
Subsequent remeasurement of redeemable noncontrolling interests
(
25,597
)
—
—
—
—
25,597
—
—
—
—
25,597
Balances at March 31, 2024
456,588
7,102,449
14
3,811,250
8
1,130,137
(
400,325
)
(
56,706
)
(
933,519
)
(
383
)
139,551
Net loss
(
160
)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(
1,061
)
—
(
1,061
)
Issuances of Class A common stock
—
26,245
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Net settlement of equity incentive awards
—
(
959
)
—
—
—
(
104
)
—
—
—
—
(
104
)
Deemed contributions from former parent
2,959
—
—
—
—
5,113
—
—
—
—
5,113
Equity-based compensation
—
—
—
—
—
11,237
—
—
—
—
11,237
Repurchases of Class A common stock
—
—
—
—
—
—
(
137,183
)
(
15,949
)
—
—
(
15,949
)
Tax distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests
(
2,760
)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Other comprehensive loss
(
476
)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(
833
)
(
833
)
Subsequent remeasurement of redeemable noncontrolling interests
(
17,857
)
—
—
—
—
17,857
—
—
—
—
17,857
Balances at June 30, 2024
438,294
7,127,735
14
3,811,250
8
1,164,240
(
537,508
)
(
72,655
)
(
934,580
)
(
1,216
)
155,811
Net income
3,900
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5,296
—
5,296
Issuances of Class A common stock
—
16,563
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Net settlement of equity incentive awards
—
(
967
)
—
—
—
(
79
)
—
—
—
—
(
79
)
Equity-based compensation
—
—
—
—
—
10,880
—
—
—
—
10,880
Repurchases of Class A common stock
—
—
—
—
—
—
(
34,179
)
(
2,929
)
—
—
(
2,929
)
Tax distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests
(
2,839
)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Other comprehensive income
1,155
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1,986
1,986
Subsequent remeasurement of redeemable noncontrolling interests
(
158,477
)
—
—
—
—
158,477
—
—
—
—
158,477
Balances at September 30, 2024
$
282,033
7,143,331
$
14
3,811,250
$
8
$
1,333,518
(
571,687
)
$
(
75,584
)
$
(
929,284
)
$
770
$
329,442
6
VIVID SEATS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(in thousands, except share data) (Unaudited)
Class A common stock
Class B common stock
Treasury stock
Redeemable noncontrolling interests
Shares
Amount
Shares
Amount
Additional paid-in capital
Shares
Amount
Accumulated deficit
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Total shareholders' equity
Balances at January 1, 2025
$
352,922
7,190,975
$
14
3,811,250
$
8
$
1,267,710
(
571,687
)
$
(
75,568
)
$
(
930,171
)
$
(
880
)
$
261,113
Net loss
(
3,846
)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(
5,942
)
—
(
5,942
)
Issuances of Class A common stock
—
136,496
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Equity-based compensation
—
—
—
—
—
10,935
—
—
—
—
10,935
Repurchases of Class A common stock
—
—
—
—
—
—
(
118,926
)
(
6,917
)
—
—
(
6,917
)
Tax distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests
(
1,689
)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Other comprehensive income
429
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
747
747
Net settlement of equity incentive awards
—
(
15,922
)
—
—
—
(
1,411
)
—
—
—
—
(
1,411
)
Subsequent remeasurement of redeemable noncontrolling interests
(
122,189
)
—
—
—
—
122,189
—
—
—
—
122,189
Balances at March 31, 2025
225,627
7,311,549
14
3,811,250
8
1,399,423
(
690,613
)
(
82,485
)
(
936,113
)
(
133
)
380,714
Net loss
(
123,652
)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(
139,675
)
—
(
139,675
)
Issuances of Class A common stock
—
100,410
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Equity-based compensation
—
—
—
—
—
11,838
—
—
—
—
11,838
Repurchases of Class A common stock
—
—
—
—
—
—
(
195,166
)
(
9,220
)
—
—
(
9,220
)
Other comprehensive income
316
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
542
542
Net settlement of equity incentive awards
—
(
8,916
)
—
—
—
(
331
)
—
—
—
—
(
331
)
Subsequent remeasurement of redeemable noncontrolling interests
26,531
—
—
—
—
(
26,531
)
—
—
—
—
(
26,531
)
Balances at June 30, 2025
128,822
7,403,043
14
3,811,250
8
1,384,399
(
885,779
)
(
91,705
)
(
1,075,788
)
409
217,337
Net loss
(
11,187
)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(
8,526
)
—
(
8,526
)
Issuances of Class A common stock
—
59,971
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Equity-based compensation
—
—
—
—
—
11,628
—
—
—
—
11,628
Repurchases of Class A common stock
—
—
—
—
—
—
(
63,886
)
(
2,187
)
—
—
(
2,187
)
Other comprehensive loss
(
103
)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(
174
)
(
174
)
Net settlement of equity incentive awards
—
(
6,078
)
—
—
—
(
106
)
—
—
—
—
(
106
)
Repurchase and retirement of fractional shares resulting from Reverse Stock Split
—
(
189
)
—
—
—
(
5
)
—
—
—
—
(
5
)
Subsequent remeasurement of redeemable noncontrolling interests
(
54,188
)
—
—
—
—
54,188
—
—
—
—
54,188
Balances at September 30, 2025
$
63,344
7,456,747
$
14
3,811,250
$
8
$
1,450,104
(
949,665
)
$
(
93,892
)
$
(
1,084,314
)
$
235
$
272,155
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
7
VIVID SEATS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands) (Unaudited)
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025
2024
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income (loss)
$
(
292,828
)
$
18,716
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization
37,689
31,654
Amortization of leases
1,165
1,379
Amortization of deferred financing costs
735
718
Equity-based compensation
33,886
38,284
Change in fair value of Intermediate Warrants
(
5,713
)
(
5,713
)
Loss on asset disposals
380
160
Change in fair value of derivative asset
841
537
Deferred income tax expense
76,786
3,378
Non-cash interest expense (income) – net
499
(
442
)
Foreign currency loss (gain) – net
(
2,363
)
266
Loss on extinguishment of debt
801
—
Adjustment of liabilities under TRA
(
149,787
)
—
Impairment charges
320,449
—
Write-off of 2024 Sponsorship Loan
2,024
—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable – net
10,027
(
6,879
)
Inventory – net
(
3,967
)
(
1,234
)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
6,254
4,164
Accounts payable
(
34,242
)
(
33,113
)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
(
39,611
)
(
35,140
)
Deferred revenue
(
5,681
)
(
10,042
)
Long-term lease liabilities
(
1,731
)
—
Other assets and liabilities – net
(
9,009
)
(
558
)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
(
53,396
)
6,135
Cash flows from investing activities
Disbursement of 2024 Sponsorship Loan
—
(
2,000
)
Purchases of property and equipment
(
2,053
)
(
767
)
Purchases of personal seat licenses
(
990
)
(
737
)
Investments in developed technology
(
12,533
)
(
14,334
)
Purchases of seat images
(
686
)
—
Net cash used in investing activities
(
16,262
)
(
17,838
)
Cash flows from financing activities
Payments of 2022 First Lien Loan
—
(
689
)
Payments of Shoko Chukin Bank Loan
—
(
2,655
)
Proceeds from 2024 First Lien Loan
—
125,500
Repurchases of Class A common stock
(
18,292
)
(
22,998
)
Payments of taxes related to net settlement of equity incentive awards
(
1,848
)
(
645
)
Repurchase and retirement of fractional shares resulting from Reverse Stock Split
(
5
)
—
Tax distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests
(
1,689
)
(
9,253
)
Payment of liabilities under TRA
(
4,005
)
(
77
)
Payment of deferred financing costs and other debt-related expenses
(
162
)
(
315
)
Payments of 2024 First Lien Loan
(
76,986
)
(
987
)
Proceeds from 2025 First Lien Loan
76,986
—
Payments of 2025 First Lien Loan
(
1,964
)
—
Payments toward Acquired Domain Name Obligation
(
1,500
)
—
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
(
29,465
)
87,881
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
188
(
151
)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
(
98,935
)
76,027
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash – beginning of period
244,648
132,434
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash – end of period
$
145,713
$
208,461
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information
Cash paid for interest
$
20,984
$
16,728
Cash paid for income taxes
$
5,259
$
5,144
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities
$
2,467
$
2,325
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities
$
—
$
935
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
8
VIVID SEATS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands) (Unaudited)
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing activities
Equity-based compensation expense related to capitalized development costs
$
515
$
—
Excise taxes related to repurchases of Class A common stock recorded in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
$
29
$
—
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
9
Vivid Seats INC.
NOTES to the CONDENSED Consolidated Financial Statements
(UNAUDITED)
1.
Background and Basis of Presentation
Vivid Seats Inc. (“VSI”) and its subsidiaries, including Hoya Intermediate, LLC (“Hoya Intermediate”), Hoya Midco, LLC, and Vivid Seats LLC (collectively, “we,” “us,” and “our”), provide an online ticket marketplace that enables consumers to easily discover and purchase tickets to live events and attractions and book hotel rooms and packages. In our Marketplace segment, we primarily act as an intermediary between ticket buyers, sellers, and partners within our online ticket marketplace, while enabling ticket sellers and partners to seamlessly manage their operations. In our Resale segment, we primarily acquire tickets to resell on secondary ticket marketplaces, including our own.
We have prepared these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) rules that permit reduced disclosure for interim periods. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for comprehensive annual financial statements. In our opinion, these condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments that are necessary for a fair presentation of our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows for the periods presented and are of a normal, recurring nature. The results reflected in these condensed consolidated financial statements are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the full year. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read together with the audited annual consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, which was filed with the SEC on March 12, 2025. These condensed consolidated financial statements include all of our accounts, including those of our consolidated subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
Reverse Stock Split
On August 5, 2025, following the approval of our stockholders and our Board of Directors (our “Board”), we amended our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to effect a 1-for-20 reverse stock split of our common stock pursuant to which every 20 shares of Class A and Class B common stock were combined into one share of Class A and Class B common stock, respectively (the “Reverse Stock Split”). The Reverse Stock Split became effective at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on August 5, 2025, and our Class A common stock began trading on a split-adjusted basis at the open of trading on August 6, 2025.
The Reverse Stock Split affected all holders of our common stock uniformly and did not affect any such holder’s percentage ownership interest in our company or proportionate voting power. However, if the Reverse Stock Split would have resulted in a stockholder holding fractional shares because the number of shares they held before the Reverse Stock Split was not evenly divisible by the 1-for-20 split ratio, we instead repurchased such fractional shares for cash and retired them from circulation, resulting in a less than $
0.1
million cash outlay. The repurchase and retirement of such fractional shares
is recorded as a separate component of both Class A common stock (for the number of shares that were repurchased and retired) and Additional paid-in capital (for the amount of the cash payment) in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity. The Reverse Stock Split did not affect the number of authorized shares or the par value of our common stock.
All share and per share amounts included in these condensed consolidated financial statements have been adjusted to reflect the Reverse Stock Split.
2. New Accounting Standards
Issued Accounting Standards Adopted
Segment Reporting
- Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures
In 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2023-07,
Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures
, which updates reportable segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments are to be applied retrospectively to all prior reporting periods presented in an entity’s financial statements. We adopted the amendments during the year ended December 31, 2024 with no material impact on
10
Vivid Seats INC.
NOTES to the CONDENSED Consolidated Financial Statements
(UNAUDITED)
our consolidated financial statements, other than the impact thereof on our segment reporting footnote. See Note 4,
Segment Reporting
, for more information.
Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted
Income Taxes
In 2023
,
the
FASB issued ASU 2023-09
, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,
which requires that an entity, on an annual basis, disclose additional income tax information, primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The amendments are intended to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The amendments will be effective beginning with the annual reporting period for the year ending December 31, 2025. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting the amendments, which are expected to result in enhanced disclosures, on our future consolidated financial statements
.
Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03,
Income Statement Reporting—Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses
. The amendments are intended to improve the disclosures about a public business entity’s expenses by requiring more detailed information about the types of expenses (including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and amortization) included within income statement expense captions. The amendments will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The amendments are to be applied prospectively with the option for retrospective application. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting the amendments on our future consolidated financial statements.
Software Costs
On September 18, 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06,
Intangibles — Goodwill and Other — Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software
, which amends certain aspects of the accounting for and disclosure of software costs under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Subtopic 350-40,
Intangibles — Goodwill and Other — Internal-Use Software
.
The amendments will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027 and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The amendments may be applied prospectively, retrospectively, or via a modified prospective transition method. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting the amendments on our future consolidated financial statements.
3. Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606,
Revenue from Contracts with Customers
. As discussed in Note 4,
Segment Reporting
, we have determined that we have
two
operating and reportable segments: Marketplace and Resale.
The following tables present Marketplace revenues by business model and event category for the
three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025
2024
2025
2024
Owned Properties revenues
$
96,582
$
129,159
$
303,253
$
394,317
Private Label Offering revenues
8,225
23,494
49,772
88,394
Marketplace revenues
$
104,807
$
152,653
$
353,025
$
482,711
11
Vivid Seats INC.
NOTES to the CONDENSED Consolidated Financial Statements
(UNAUDITED)
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025
2024
2025
2024
Concert revenues
$
43,072
$
67,701
$
151,812
$
216,533
Sport revenues
33,900
50,378
108,316
149,183
Theater revenues
22,439
28,705
77,716
97,544
Other revenues
5,396
5,869
15,181
19,451
Marketplace revenues
$
104,807
$
152,653
$
353,025
$
482,711
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we recognized Resale revenues of $
31.5
million and $
90.9
million, respectively, compared to Resale revenues of $
34.0
million and $
93.1
million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.
At September 30, 2025, Deferred revenue in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets was $
18.1
million, which primarily relates to our rewards loyalty program that allows enrolled ticket buyers on Vivid Seats-branded properties to earn reward credits to spend on future orders.
Stamps earned under the program expire in
two
to
three years
, if not converted to credits, and credits expire in
two
to
four years
, if not redeemed. We expect to recognize a
ll outstanding deferred revenue within the
next seven years
.
At December 31, 2024
, $
23.8
million was recorded as Deferred revenue in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, of which $
3.2
million and $
12.9
million was recognized as revenue during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively.
At December 31, 2023, $
34.7
million was recorded as Deferred revenue in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, of which $
6.1
million and $
20.2
million was recognized as revenue during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024
, respectively.
4. Segment Reporting
Operating segments are defined as components of an entity for which discrete financial information is available and is regularly reviewed by the entity’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) in making decisions regarding resource allocation and performance assessment. Our CODM is our Chief Executive Officer.
We have determined that we have
two
operating and reportable segments: Marketplace and Resale. In our Marketplace segment, we primarily act as an intermediary between ticket buyers, sellers, and partners within our online ticket marketplace, through which we earn revenue processing ticket sales for live events and attractions and from facilitating the booking of hotel rooms and packages. In our Resale segment, we primarily acquire tickets to resell on secondary ticket marketplaces, including our own.
For both segments, our CODM uses contribution margin (defined as revenues less cost of revenues and marketing and selling expenses) as a means to allocate resources, evaluate performance, and make strategic decisions during the annual budgeting and forecasting process.
Cost of revenues largely consist of payment processing fees for our Marketplace segment and ticket costs for our Resale segment. Marketing and selling expenses, which relate entirely to our Marketplace segment, consist almost entirely of advertising costs. Most advertising costs are aimed towards acquiring new customers online through paid search engine marketing, fees paid to our advertising affiliates and distributors, and other various digital marketing activities. However, to a lesser extent, advertising costs are also aimed towards acquiring new customers offline through traditional media channels, advertising agency costs, and partnership expenses with sports teams and other media partners.
We do not report our assets, capital expenditures, general and administrative expenses, or depreciation and amortization expenses by segment because our CODM does not use this information to evaluate the performance of our operating segments.
12
Vivid Seats INC.
NOTES to the CONDENSED Consolidated Financial Statements
(UNAUDITED)
The following tables summarize our segment information for the
three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):
Three Months Ended September 30, 2025
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
Marketplace
Resale
Total
Marketplace
Resale
Total
Revenues
$
104,807
$
31,566
$
136,373
$
353,025
$
90,937
$
443,962
Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)
16,769
27,571
44,340
55,930
75,364
131,294
Marketing and selling:
Online advertising
52,013
—
52,013
159,842
—
159,842
Offline advertising
3,960
—
3,960
14,043
—
14,043
Total marketing and selling
55,973
—
55,973
173,885
—
173,885
Contribution margin
32,065
3,995
36,060
123,210
15,573
138,783
General and administrative
45,183
139,537
Depreciation and amortization
13,723
37,689
Impairment charges
—
320,449
Loss from operations
(
22,846
)
(
358,892
)
Interest expense – net
6,111
17,410
Other income – net
(
13
)
(
154,364
)
Loss on extinguishment of debt
—
801
Loss before income taxes
$
(
28,944
)
$
(
222,739
)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Marketplace
Resale
Total
Marketplace
Resale
Total
Revenues
$
152,653
$
33,952
$
186,605
$
482,711
$
93,062
$
575,773
Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)
23,052
27,977
51,029
74,356
75,021
149,377
Marketing and selling:
Online advertising
63,500
—
63,500
189,311
—
189,311
Offline advertising
4,335
—
4,335
16,384
—
16,384
Total marketing and selling
67,835
—
67,835
205,695
—
205,695
Contribution margin
61,766
5,975
67,741
202,660
18,041
220,701
General and administrative
46,306
149,725
Depreciation and amortization
10,669
31,654
Income from operations
10,766
39,322
Interest expense – net
6,300
16,706
Other income – net
(
9,020
)
(
3,236
)
Income before income taxes
$
13,486
$
25,852
Substantially all of our sales occur and assets reside in the United States.
5. Accounts Receivable
-
Net
The following table presents the major components of accounts receivable at
September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
September 30,
December 31,
2025
2024
Uncollateralized payment processor obligations
$
14,765
$
28,740
Due from ticket sellers for cancellation charges
8,090
6,835
Due from distribution partners for cancellation charges
13,860
13,308
Event insurance and other commissions receivable
3,461
4,980
Other trade receivables
11,066
6,437
Accounts receivable
51,242
60,300
Less: allowance for credit losses
(
12,759
)
(
11,985
)
Accounts receivable – net
$
38,483
$
48,315
Accounts receivable is recorded net of our allowance for credit losses. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had recorded a cumulative allowance for credit losses of $
12.8
million and $
12.0
million, respectively, to reflect potential challenges in collecting funds from distribution partners and ticket sellers, particularly for amounts due upon usage of store credit previously issued to buyers. The allowance for credit losses increased between
13
Vivid Seats INC.
NOTES to the CONDENSED Consolidated Financial Statements
(UNAUDITED)
December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2025 primarily due to an increase in amounts due from distribution partners that are unlikely to be collected based on actual store credit usage.
We wrote off zero and $
0.1
million for uncollectible accounts receivable balances during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025
, respectively. There were
no
write offs for uncollectible accounts receivable balances during the
three and nine months ended September 30, 2024
.
6. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
The following table presents the major components of prepaid expenses and other current assets at
September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
September 30,
December 31,
2025
2024
Recovery of future customer compensation
$
12,564
$
20,335
Prepaid expenses
10,346
7,388
Other current assets
3,237
4,884
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
$
26,147
$
32,607
Recovery of future customer compensation represents expected recoveries of compensation to be paid to customers for event cancellations or other service issues related to previously recorded sales transactions. Recovery of future customer compensation costs decreased by $
7.8
million between December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2025 primarily due to a decrease in estimated future event cancellations. A r
elated provision for expected compensation to customers is recorded in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
7. Goodwill – Net and Intangible Assets – Net
Goodwill – Net
Goodwill, which derives from business combinations, is recorded net of foreign currency translation adjustments and accumulated impairment charges. Since our goodwill relates entirely to our Marketplace segment, there is only one reporting unit (the “Marketplace Reporting Unit”) that is relevant for the purpose of performing impairment assessments.
At June 30, 2025, we performed a qualitative impairment assessment to determine if it was more likely than not that the fair value of the Marketplace Reporting Unit was less than its carrying value by evaluating relevant events and circumstances. After considering recent declines in our financial performance, near-term outlook, and Class A common stock price, among other factors, we concluded that it was no longer more likely than not that the fair value of the Marketplace Reporting Unit exceeded its carrying value as of June 30, 2025. As a result, we concluded that a triggering event had occurred and we performed a quantitative impairment test.
The fair value of goodwill in the quantitative impairment test was determined using a combination of an income approach, which estimates fair value based upon projections of future revenues, expenses, and cash flows discounted to their respective present values, and a market approach. The valuation methodology and underlying financial information included in our determination of fair value required significant judgments by management. The principal assumptions used in our discounted cash flow analysis were (i) long-term projections of our financial performance and (ii) the weighted average cost of capital of market participants, adjusted for the risk attributable to our business and industry. The principal assumption used in the market approach was an estimate of a market-based multiple to determine estimated fair value.
Based on our impairment analysis, we determined that the estimated fair value of the Marketplace Reporting Unit was lower than its carrying value, indicating that the goodwill had been impaired as of June 30, 2025. Consequently, we recognized a non-cash impairment expense of $
297.4
million related to our goodwill during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and the nine months ended September 30, 2025, which is recorded in Impairment charges in
14
Vivid Seats INC.
NOTES to the CONDENSED Consolidated Financial Statements
(UNAUDITED)
the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
At September 30, 2025, we performed a qualitative impairment assessment and concluded that a triggering event had not occurred.
The following table
summarizes the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 (in thousands):
Gross goodwill balance at December 31, 2024
$
1,320,219
Accumulated impairment charges
(
377,100
)
Goodwill – net balance at December 31, 2024
943,119
Foreign currency translation adjustment
2,915
Impairment charges
(
297,412
)
Goodwill – net balance at September 30, 2025
$
648,622
As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024
, accumulated impairment charges related to our goodwill were $
674.5
million and $
377.1
million, respectively.
Intangible Assets – Net
The following table presents the major classes of intangible assets at
September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
September 30,
December 31,
2025
2024
Definite-lived intangible assets
Supplier relationships
$
57,123
$
57,123
Customer relationships
34,620
34,620
Acquired developed technology
28,418
29,240
Capitalized development costs
58,313
46,293
Capitalized development costs – work in progress
6,917
6,839
Acquired Domain Name
17,348
17,348
Seat images
1,033
347
Foreign currency translation adjustment
(
116
)
(
1,891
)
Total gross book value
203,656
189,919
Less: accumulated amortization
Supplier relationships
(
26,000
)
(
16,048
)
Customer relationships
(
21,979
)
(
14,053
)
Acquired developed technology
(
15,562
)
(
10,025
)
Capitalized development costs
(
37,128
)
(
27,325
)
Acquired Domain Name
(
1,015
)
(
88
)
Seat images
(
171
)
(
26
)
Foreign currency translation adjustment
(
129
)
357
Total accumulated amortization
(
101,984
)
(
67,208
)
Indefinite-lived intangible assets
Trademarks
110,538
110,538
Foreign currency translation adjustment
(
7
)
(
133
)
Accumulated impairment charges
(
23,037
)
—
Intangible assets – net
$
189,166
$
233,116
Definite-Lived Intangible Assets
Definite-lived intangible assets, which primarily derive from acquisitions and internal strategic investments, are recorded net of foreign currency translation adjustments and accumulated amortization.
15
Vivid Seats INC.
NOTES to the CONDENSED Consolidated Financial Statements
(UNAUDITED)
In October 2024, we acquired a domain name we had previously licensed (the “Acquired Domain Name”). In exchange for the Acquired Domain Name, we are required to disburse monthly interest-free cash payments totaling $
31.4
million through 2040 (the “Acquired Domain Name Obligation”).
We account for the Acquired Domain Name as a definite-lived intangible asset under ASC Topic 350,
Intangibles—Goodwill and Other
. The purchase price of the Acquired Domain Name was $
17.3
million, which will be amortized over a total period of
15.6
years (the “Acquired Domain Name Term”). As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024
, the Acquired Domain Name had a carrying value of $
16.3
million and $
17.3
million, respectively, which is recorded in Intangible assets – net in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
We account for the Acquired Domain Name Obligation as a liability for which interest will accrue over the Acquired Domain Name Term at an effective interest rate of
8.6
%
per annum. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Acquired Domain Name Obligation had a carrying value of $
16.8
million and $
17.2
million, respectively, of which $
0.6
million is recorded in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and the remainder is recorded in Other liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025
, we recognized an expense of $
0.3
million and $
1.1
million, respectively, for interest incurred in relation to the Acquired Domain Name Obligation, which is recorded in Interest expense – net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we recognized an expense of $
13.0
million and $
35.7
million, respectively, for amortization related to our definite-lived intangible assets. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized an expense of $
10.2
million and $
30.3
million, respectively, for amortization related to our definite-lived intangible assets. Amortization expenses related to our definite-lived intangible assets are recorded in Depreciation and amortization expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025
, we recognized a loss of $
0.1
million and $
0.3
million, respectively, for asset disposals related to our definite-lived intangible assets. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized a loss of
zero
and $
0.1
million, respectively, for asset disposals related to our definite-lived intangible assets. Losses on asset disposals are recorded in General and administrative expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets
At June 30, 2025, we performed a qualitative impairment assessment to determine if it was more likely than not that the fair value of certain indefinite-lived trademarks was less than their carrying value by evaluating relevant events and circumstances. After considering recent declines in our financial performance and near-term outlook, among other factors, we concluded that it was no longer more likely than not that the fair value of certain indefinite-lived trademarks exceeded their carrying value as of June 30, 2025. As a result, we concluded that a triggering event had occurred and we performed a quantitative impairment test.
The fair value of certain indefinite-lived trademarks in the quantitative impairment test was determined using the relief-from-royalty method, a detailed valuation methodology that involves the application of reasonable royalty rates to a net sales stream using the discounted cash flow method.
Based on our impairment analysis, we determined that the estimated fair value of certain indefinite-lived trademarks was lower than their carrying value, indicating that certain indefinite-lived trademarks had been impaired as of June 30, 2025. Consequently, we recognized a non-cash impairment expense of $
23.0
million related to certain indefinite-lived trademarks during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and the nine months ended September 30, 2025, which is recorded in Impairment charges in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
At September 30, 2025, we performed a qualitative impairment assessment and concluded that a triggering event had not occurred.
At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, accumulated impairment charges related to our indefinite-lived intangible assets were $
101.7
million and $
78.7
million, respectively.
16
Vivid Seats INC.
NOTES to the CONDENSED Consolidated Financial Statements
(UNAUDITED)
The carrying value of our intangible assets decreased by $
44.0
million between December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2025
primarily due to larger accumulated amortization balances for our definite-lived intangible assets and impairment charges related to certain indefinite-lived intangible assets.
8. Investments and Fair Value measurements
Investments
In 2023, we invested $
6.0
million in a privately held company in the form of a convertible promissory note (the “Note”) and a warrant to purchase up to
1,874,933
shares of the company
’
s stock (the “Warrant”). Interest on the Note accrues at
8.0
% per annum, and outstanding principal and accrued interest on the Note is due and payable at the earlier of July 3, 2030 or a change in control of the company. The Warrant is exercisable until the date that is three years after the Note is repaid, subject to certain accelerating events.
We account for the Note in accordance with ASC Topic 320,
Investments - Debt and Equity Securities
, pursuant to which the Note is classified as an available-for-sale security and recognized at fair value with changes in unrealized gains and losses recorded as a separate component of Other comprehensive income (loss) in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) on a recurring basis until realized. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Note had an unrealized loss of
less than $
0.1
million
and an unrealized gain
of $
0.2
million, respectively. The Note’s amortized cost was $
3.8
million and $
3.0
million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. We did not recognize any credit losses related to the Note during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.
We account for the Warrant in accordance with ASC Topic 815,
Derivatives and Hedging
, pursuant to which the Warrant is classified as a derivative instrument and recognized at fair value with changes in unrealized gains and losses recorded in Other income – net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations on a recurring basis until realized. The presentation of the Warrant, including whether it should be recorded as an asset or a liability, is evaluated at the end of each reporting period.
Fair Value Measurements
We measure certain financial assets (i.e., investments) and non-financial assets (i.e., goodwill, intangible assets, and long-lived assets) at fair value in accordance with ASC Topic 820,
Fair Value Measurements
(“ASC 820”), which defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in U.S. GAAP, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. To increase consistency and comparability in fair value measurements, ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels as follows:
•
Level 1
—
Measurements that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
•
Level 2
—
Measurements that include other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.
•
Level 3
—
Measurements derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable. These fair value measurements require significant judgment.
17
Vivid Seats INC.
NOTES to the CONDENSED Consolidated Financial Statements
(UNAUDITED)
Recurring Fair Value Measurements
The following tables present the recurring fair value measurements of our financial assets by hierarchy level at
September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
Fair Value Measurements Using
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
September 30, 2025
Note
$
—
$
—
$
4,115
$
4,115
Warrant
—
—
2,484
2,484
$
—
$
—
$
6,599
$
6,599
Fair Value Measurements Using
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
December 31, 2024
Note
$
—
$
—
$
3,604
$
3,604
Warrant
—
—
3,325
3,325
$
—
$
—
$
6,929
$
6,929
The fair value of the Note is determined using the income approach, which consists entirely of Level 3 inputs. The estimated fair value of the Warrant is determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which requires us to make assumptions and judgments about the variables used in the calculation related to the expected term, the expected volatility, the risk-free rate of interest, and the expected dividend yield. Because of the inherent uncertainty of these valuations, the estimated fair values of the Note and the Warrant may differ significantly from the fair values that would have been used had a ready market for the investments existed, the effects of which could be material.
The following table presents quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs applied to the recurring Level 3 fair value measurements of our financial assets at
September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:
September 30,
December 31,
Asset
Significant Unobservable Inputs
2025
2024
Note
Expected term (years)
4.8
5.5
Implied yield
21.2
%
21.0
%
Warrant
Expected term (years)
4.8
5.5
Expected volatility
55.3
%
59.0
%
Risk-free rate
3.7
%
4.4
%
Expected dividend yield
0.0
%
0.0
%
The following table summarizes the changes in the carrying amounts of the Note and the Warrant (both of which are measured at fair value using Level 3 significant unobservable inputs) during the
nine months ended September 30, 2025 (in thousands):
Note
Warrant
Balances at January 1, 2025
$
3,604
$
3,325
Accretion of discount
153
—
Interest paid-in-kind
398
—
Unrealized losses:
Recorded in Net income (loss)
—
(
841
)
Recorded in Other comprehensive income (loss)
(
40
)
—
Total unrealized losses
(
40
)
(
841
)
Balances at September 30, 2025
$
4,115
$
2,484
18
Vivid Seats INC.
NOTES to the CONDENSED Consolidated Financial Statements
(UNAUDITED)
Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements
The following table presents quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs applied to the nonrecurring Level 3 fair value measurements of our non-financial assets as of June 30, 2025, which was the latest interim quantitative impairment test date of the following non-financial assets:
Asset
Significant Unobservable Inputs
Range (Weighted Average)
Goodwill
Discount rate
12.7
% -
14.7
% (
13.7
%)
Long-term growth rate
2.0
% -
4.0
% (
3.0
%)
Trademarks
Discount rate
12.0
% -
17.3
% (
13.3
%)
Long-term growth rate
3.0
% -
3.0
% (
3.0
%)
Royalty rate
1.5
% -
5.0
% (
2.4
%)
The following table presents the sensitivities to changes in the significant unobservable inputs above as of June 30, 2025, which was the latest interim quantitative impairment test date of the following non-financial assets (in thousands):
Goodwill
Trademarks
50 basis point increase in discount rate
$
(
18,056
)
$
(
2,194
)
50 basis point decrease in long-term growth rate
(
7,696
)
(
1,263
)
50 basis point decrease in royalty rate
—
(
20,275
)
See Note 7,
Goodwill – Net and Intangible Assets – Net
, for more information regarding the fair value methodologies for our non-financial assets.
9. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities
The following table presents the major components of accrued expenses and other current liabilities at
September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
September 30,
December 31,
2025
2024
Accrued marketing expense
$
21,317
$
30,573
Accrued customer credits
52,939
55,785
Accrued future customer compensation
14,872
26,614
Accrued payroll
9,506
10,128
Accrued operating expenses
10,957
16,193
Other current liabilities
17,399
25,754
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
$
126,990
$
165,047
Accrued customer credits represent credits issued and outstanding for event cancellations or other service issues related to previously recorded sales transactions. The accrued amount is reduced by the amount of credits estimated to go unused, or breakage, provided that the credits are not subject to escheatment. We estimate breakage based on historical usage trends and available data on comparable programs, and we recognize breakage in proportion to the pattern of redemption for customer credits. Our breakage estimates could be impacted by future activity that differs from our estimates, the effects of which could be material.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, $
1.5
million and $
4.7
million of accrued customer credits were redeemed, respectively, and we recognized revenue from breakage of
$
1.1
million and $
3.7
million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, $
2.4
million and $
5.4
million of accrued customer credits were redeemed, respectively, and we recognized revenue from breakage of $
5.0
million and $
11.5
million, respectively. Breakage amounts are recorded net of reductions in associated accounts receivable balances.
Accrued future customer compensation represents an estimate of the amount of customer compensation due from future event cancellation charges. These provisions, which are based on historic experience, revenue volumes for future events, and our estimate of the likelihood of future event cancellations, are recognized as a component of
19
Vivid Seats INC.
NOTES to the CONDENSED Consolidated Financial Statements
(UNAUDITED)
Revenues in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. The expected recoveries of these obligations are recorded in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our estimated accrual could be impacted by future activity that differs from our estimates, the effects of which could be material.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we recognized a net decrease in revenue of $
1.3
million
and $
0.2
million, respectively, from reversals of previously recorded revenue and changes to accrued future customer compensation related to event cancellations where the performance obligations were satisfied in prior periods. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized a net increase in revenue of $
1.3
million and $
1.2
million, respectively, from reversals of previously recorded revenue and changes to accrued future customer compensation related to event cancellations where the performance obligations were satisfied in prior periods.
Accrued future customer compensation decreased by $
11.7
million between December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2025 primarily due to a decrease
in estimated future event cancellations. A related provision for expected recovery of compensation from customers is recorded in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
10. Long-Term Debt – Net
The following table presents the major components of long-term debt, net of unamortized debt issuance costs and current maturities, at
September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
September 30,
December 31,
2025
2024
2024 First Lien Loan
$
—
$
393,025
2025 First Lien Loan
391,060
—
Outstanding debt
391,060
393,025
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs
(
2,898
)
(
4,115
)
Long-term debt
388,162
388,910
Less: current maturities of long-term debt
(
3,950
)
(
3,950
)
Long-term debt – net
$
384,212
$
384,960
2022 First Lien Loan and Revolving Facility
In 2022, we refinanced the outstanding balance of our former first lien debt facility with a $
275.0
million term loan (the “2022 First Lien Loan”) and a $
100.0
million revolving credit facility with a maturity date of February 3, 2027 (the “Revolving Facility”).
2024 First Lien Loan
On June 14, 2024, we refinanced the outstanding balance of
the 2022 First Lien Loan with a $
395.0
million term loan (the “2024 First Lien Loan”). The Revolving Facility was not impacted by the refinancing.
The 2024 First Lien Loan carried an interest rate equal to the secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”) (subject to a
0.5
%
floor) plus a margin of
3.00
%
. The effective interest rate on the 2024 First Lien Loan was
7.9
%
per annum at December 31, 2024. Other than with respect to the interest rate, the 2024 First Lien Loan had the same material terms (including with respect to maturity, prepayment, security, covenants, and events of default) as the 2025 First Lien Term Loan (as defined in the “2025 First Lien Loan” section below).
At December 31, 2024, the fair value of the 2024 First Lien Loan approximated its carrying value.
2025 First Lien Loan
On February 5, 2025, we refinanced the outstanding balance of the 2024 First Lien Loan with a $
393.0
million term loan with a maturity date of
February 3, 2029
(the “2025 First Lien Loan”). The Revolving Facility was not impacted by the refinancing.
20
Vivid Seats INC.
NOTES to the CONDENSED Consolidated Financial Statements
(UNAUDITED)
The terms of the 2025 First Lien Loan specify a SOFR-based floating interest rate and contain a springing financial covenant that requires compliance with a first lien net leverage ratio when borrowings under the Revolving Facility exceed certain levels. All obligations under the 2025 First Lien Loan are unconditionally guaranteed by Hoya Intermediate and substantially all of Hoya Intermediate’s existing and future direct and indirect wholly owned domestic subsidiaries (collectively, the “Guarantors”). The 2025 First Lien Loan requires quarterly principal payments of $
1.0
million. All obligations under the 2025 First Lien Loan are secured, subject to permitted liens and other exceptions, by first-priority perfected security interests in substantially all of our and the Guarantors’ assets.
The 2025 First Lien Loan carries an interest rate equal to SOFR (subject to a
0.5
%
floor) plus a margin of
2.25
%
; provided that such margin may be reduced to
2.00
%
if the corporate rating assigned to us by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. and S&P Global Ratings is at least Ba3/BB- (in each case, stable or better). The effective interest rate on the 2025 First Lien Loan
was
6.8
%
per annum at September 30, 2025.
The 2025 First Lien Loan is held by third-party financial institutions and is carried at the outstanding principal balance, less debt issuance costs and any unamortized discount or premium. At September 30, 2025, the estimated fair value and the carrying value of the 2025 First Lien Loan was $
275.7
million and $
388.2
million, respectively. If measured at fair value, the 2025 First Lien Loan would be classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy because its fair value would be estimated using quoted market prices that are directly observable in the marketplace. See Note 8,
Investments and Fair Value Measurements
, for more information regarding our approach and accounting treatment of recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurements.
We are subject to certain reporting and compliance-related covenants to remain in good standing under the 2025 First Lien Loan. These covenants, among other things, limit our ability to incur additional indebtedness and, in certain circumstances, to enter into transactions with affiliates, create liens, merge or consolidate, and make certain payments. Non-compliance with these covenants and a failure to remedy could result in the acceleration of the loans or foreclosure on the collateral. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024
, we were in compliance with all debt covenants related to the 2025 First Lien Loan and the 2024 First Lien Loan, respectively, and had
no
outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Facility.
In accordance with ASC Topic 470,
Debt
, we analyzed our outstanding balances with each lender both immediately before and after refinancing the 2024 First Lien Loan with the 2025 First Lien Loan and determined that the refinancing is partly accounted for as a debt modification (the “First Lien Loan Modification”), partly accounted for as a debt extinguishment (the “First Lien Loan Extinguishment”), and partly accounted for as an issuance of new debt (the “First Lien Loan Issuance”).
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025
, we (i) recognized an expense of
zero
and $
0.6
million, respectively, for third-party fees incurred in relation to the First Lien Loan Modification, which is recorded in Other income – net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations; (ii) recognized an expense of
zero
and $
0.8
million, respectively, for losses incurred in relation to the First Lien Loan Extinguishment, which is recorded in Loss on extinguishment of debt in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations; and (iii) capitalized
zero
and $
0.2
million of third-party fees incurred in relation to the First Lien Loan Issuance, which is recorded in Long-term debt – net in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Shoko Chukin Bank Loan
In connection with our acquisition of Wavedash Co., Ltd., we assumed long-term debt owed to Shoko Chukin Bank (the “Shoko Chukin Bank Loan”
) of JPY
458.3
million (approximately $
3.1
million), which had an original maturity date of
June 24, 2026
and was subject to a fixed interest rate of
1.3
% per annum. On April 4, 2024, we paid off the Shoko Chukin Bank Loan balance in its entirety.
11. Financial Instruments
In connection with the Reverse Stock Split, proportionate equitable adjustments were made to the number of shares of Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants, the Private Warrants, the Exercise Warrants, the Mirror Warrants, and the Intermediate Warrants (each as defined below), as well as to the exercise and redemption prices thereof, as applicable. All share and per share amounts set forth below reflect these adjustments.
21
Vivid Seats INC.
NOTES to the CONDENSED Consolidated Financial Statements
(UNAUDITED)
Public Warrants
In connection with the 2021 transaction pursuant to which Horizon Acquisition Corporation (“Horizon”) merged with and into VSI (the “Merger Transaction”), we issued to former warrant holders of Horizon warrants to purchase
906,638
shares of Class A common stock at an exercise price of $
230.00
per share (the
“Public Warrants”), of which warrants to purchase
258,333
shares were issued to Horizon Sponsor, LLC (“Horizon Sponsor”). The Public Warrants are traded on the Nasdaq Stock Market under the symbol “SEATW.”
We may, in our sole discretion, reduce the exercise price of the Public Warrants to induce early exercise, provided that we provide at least five days’ advance notice. The exercise price and number of shares of Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants may also be adjusted in certain circumstances, including in the event of a share dividend, recapitalization, reorganization, merger, or consolidation. In no event are we required to net cash settle the Public Warrants.
The Public Warrants became exercisable
30
days following the Merger Transaction and expire at the earliest of the date that is
five years
following the Merger Transaction, the date of our liquidation, or the date of our optional redemption thereof provided that the value of our Class A common stock exceeds $
360.00
per share. There is an effective registration statement and prospectus relating to the shares of Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants.
Under certain circumstances, we may elect to redeem the Public Warrants at a redemption price of $
0.20
per Public Warrant at any time during the term of the Public Warrants in which the trading price of our Class A common stock has been at least $
360.00
per share for
20
trading days within a
30
trading-day period. If we elect to redeem the Public Warrants, we must notify the Public Warrant holders in advance, who would then have at least 30 days from the date of such notification to exercise their respective Public Warrants. Any Public Warrants not exercised within that 30-day period will be redeemed pursuant to this provision.
As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024
, there were Public Warrants to purchase
338,342
shares of Class A common stock outstanding.
Private Warrants
In connection with the Merger Transaction, we issued to Horizon Sponsor warrants to purchase
325,989
shares of Class A common stock at an exercise price of $
230.00
per share (the “Private Warrants”). The Private Warrants have similar terms to the Public Warrants, with the most notable difference being that we are unable to redeem the Private Warrants.
As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024
, there were Private Warrants to purchase
325,989
shares of Class A common stock outstanding.
Exercise Warrants
In connection with the Merger Transaction, we issued to Horizon Sponsor warrants to purchase: (i)
850,000
shares of Class A common stock at an exercise price of $
200.00
per share (the “$
200
Exercise Warrants”) and (ii)
850,000
shares of Class A common stock at an exercise of $
300.00
per share (the “$
300
Exercise Warrants” and, together with the $
200
Exercise Warrants, the “Exercise Warrants”). The Exercise Warrants have similar terms to the Public Warrants, except that they have different exercise prices, have an initial term of
10 years
, are not redeemable by us, and are fully transferable.
As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024
, there were Exercise Warrants to purchase
1,700,000
shares of Class A common stock outstanding (comprised of $
200
Exercise Warrants to purchase
850,000
shares and $
300
Exercise Warrants to purchase
850,000
shares
).
Mirror Warrants
In connection with the Merger Transaction, Hoya Intermediate issued to us warrants to purchase: (i)
850,000
of its common units (“Intermediate Units”) at an exercise price of $
200.00
per unit (the “$
200
Mirror Warrants”); (ii)
850,000
Intermediate Units at an exercise of $
300.00
per unit (the “$
300
Mirror Warrants”); and (iii)
1,232,627
Intermediate Units at an exercise price of $
230.00
per unit (the “$
230
22
Vivid Seats INC.
NOTES to the CONDENSED Consolidated Financial Statements
(UNAUDITED)
Mirror Warrants” and, together with the $
200
Mirror Warrants and the $
300
Mirror Warrants, the “Mirror Warrants”). The Mirror Warrants have nearly identical terms to the Public Warrants, the Private Warrants, and the Exercise Warrants. Upon the valid exercise of a Public Warrant, Private Warrant, or Exercise Warrant, Hoya Intermediate will issue to us an equivalent number of Intermediate Units. Similarly, if a Public Warrant, Private Warrant, or Exercise Warrant is tendered, an equivalent number of Mirror Warrants will be tendered.
Because the Public, Private, and Exercise Warrants are indexed to our equity and meet the equity classification guidance of ASC Topic 815-40,
Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity
, they are accounted for as a component of Shareholders' equity and recorded in Additional paid-in capital in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Mirror Warrants eliminate in consolidation and do not impact the presentation of our condensed consolidated financial statements.
As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024
, there were Mirror Warrants to purchase
2,364,331
Intermediate Units outstanding (comprised of $
200
Mirror Warrants to purchase
850,000
units, $
300
Mirror Warrants to purchase
850,000
units, and $
230
Mirror Warrants to purchase
664,331
units).
Intermediate Warrants
In connection with the Merger Transaction, Hoya Intermediate issued to Hoya Topco, LLC (“Hoya Topco”) warrants to purchase: (i)
150,000
Intermediate Units at an exercise price of $
200.00
per unit (the “$
200
Intermediate Warrants”); and (ii)
150,000
Intermediate Units at an exercise of $
300.00
per unit (the “$
300
Intermediate Warrants” and, together with the $
200
Intermediate Warrants, the “Intermediate Warrants”). Upon the valid exercise of an Intermediate Warrant for Intermediate Units, we will issue an equivalent number of shares of Class B common stock to Hoya Topco. Because th
e Intermediate Warrants allow for cash redemption at the option of the warrant holder, they are recorded in Other liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024
, there were Intermediate Warrants to purchase
200,000
Intermediate Units outstanding (comprised of $
200
Intermediate Warrants to purchase
100,000
units and $
300
In
termediate Warrants to purchase
100,000
units).
The following table presents quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs applied to the fair value measurement
of the Intermediate Warrants at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:
September 30,
December 31,
Significant Unobservable Inputs
2025
2024
Expected term (years)
6.1
6.8
Expected volatility
70.0
%
52.0
%
Risk-free rate
3.8
%
4.5
%
Expected dividend yield
0.0
%
0.0
%
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the fair value of the Intermediate Warrants decreased by $
0.9
million and $
5.7
million, respectively, for which we recognized a
gain in both periods. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the fair value of the Intermediate Warrants decreased by $
4.0
million and $
5.7
million, respectively, for which we recognized a gain in both periods. Gains and losses related to the change in fair value of the Intermediate Warrants are recorded in Other income – net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The Intermediate Warrants were amended in connection with the Corporate Simplification (as defined herein) to instead provide for the right to purchase equal numbers of shares of Class A common stock at equal exercise prices. See Note 18,
Subsequent Events
, for more information.
12. Equity
Share Repurchase Program
On February 29, 2024, our Board authorized a share repurchase program for up to $
100.0
million of Class A common stock (the “Share Repurchase Program”). The Share Repurchase Program was publicly announced on March 5, 2024 and does not have a fixed expiration date.
23
Vivid Seats INC.
NOTES to the CONDENSED Consolidated Financial Statements
(UNAUDITED)
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025
, we repurchased
0.1
million and
0.4
million shares of Class A common stock, respectively, under the Share Repurchase Program, for which we paid $
2.1
million and $
18.1
million, respectively, and incurred commissions and excise taxes of $
0.1
million and $
0.2
million, respectively. As of September 30, 2025, we recognized a liability of
less than $
0.1
million
for unpaid excise taxes related to repurchases of Class A common stock, which is recorded in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Cumulatively as of September 30, 2025, we have repurchased
0.6
million shares of Class A common stock under the Share Repurchase Program, for which we have paid $
40.9
million and incurred commissions and excise taxes of $
0.3
million. As of September 30, 2025, $
59.1
million remained available for future repurchases under the Share Repurchase Program.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following table summarizes the changes in each major component of
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Class A common stockholders during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 (in thousands):
From time to time, we are involved in various claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, none of which, in management’s opinion, could have a material effect on our business, financial position, or results of operations other than those matters discussed below.
We were a co-defendant in a class action lawsuit in Canada alleging a failure to disclose service fees prior to checkout. A final order approving the settlement of this lawsuit was entered by the court in 2020. In 2022, certain class members were issued coupons and other class members were notified that they were eligible to submit a claim for a coupon. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024
, a liability of $
0.9
million was recorded in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets related to expected claim submissions and credit redemptions as of the measurement date.
We were a defendant in a lawsuit related to an alleged violation of the Illinois Biometric Information Privacy Act. A final order approving the settlement of this lawsuit was entered by the court on
January 29
, 2025
,
pursuant to which $
0.3
million was paid to cover approved claims and legal and administrative fees. This amount, which was covered in full by insurance, was paid on March 28, 2025. As of September 30, 2025, we had no accrued liability related to this matter. As of December 31, 2024, a liability of $
0.3
million was recorded in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets related to this matter.
Indirect Taxes
In 2018, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its decision in
South Dakota v. Wayfair Inc.
, which overturned previous case law that had precluded state and local governments from imposing sales tax collection requirements on retailers without a physical presence. In response, most jurisdictions have adopted laws that attempt to impose tax collection obligations on out-of-state companies, and we have registered and begun collecting tax where required by statute. It is reasonably possible that state or local governments will continue to adopt or interpret laws such that we will be required to calculate, collect, and remit taxes on sales in their jurisdictions. A successful assertion by one or more jurisdictions could result in material tax liabilities, including uncollected taxes on past sales, as well as penalties and
24
Vivid Seats INC.
NOTES to the CONDENSED Consolidated Financial Statements
(UNAUDITED)
interest. Based on our analysis of certain state and local regulations, specifically related to marketplace facilitators and event ticket sales, we have recorded liabilities in all jurisdictions where we believe a risk of loss is probable and reasonably estimable. We will continuously monitor state and local regulations and will implement required collection and remittance procedures if and when we are subject thereto.
To the extent we have sales for international events, we may be required to register with various foreign jurisdictions and to collect and remit indirect taxes. It is reasonably possible that foreign jurisdictions may continue to adopt or interpret laws that impact the amount we are required to collect and remit. A successful assertion by one or more such jurisdictions could result in material tax liabilities, including uncollected taxes on past sales, as well as penalties and interest. Based on our analysis of certain foreign indirect tax regulations, specifically related to marketplace facilitators and event ticket sales, we have recorded liabilities in the jurisdictions where we believe a risk of loss is probable and reasonably estimable. We will continuously monitor foreign regulations and will implement required collection and remittance procedures if and when we are subject thereto.
As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we recognized a li
ability of $
3.7
million and $
7.5
million, respectively, related to uncollected indirect taxes (including sales taxes). This uncollected indirect tax liability, which is recorded in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, increases when accruals are made in jurisdictions where we expect to remit payment to U.S. and foreign governmental tax authorities before all required amounts are collected from the customer and decreases when we receive abatements and/or recognize other reductions to the balance.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we recognized a net expense of $
0.5
million and a net benefit
of $
0.9
million, respectively, related to the liability for uncollected indirect taxes (including sales taxes). During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized a net expense of $
0.5
million and $
2.6
million, respectively, related to the liability for uncollected indirect taxes (including sales taxes). The net expense/benefit recognized related to the liability for uncollected indirect taxes (including sales taxes) is recorded in General and administrative expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Sponsorship Loan
On August 23, 2024, we and a privately held company entered into a sponsorship and custom content partnership agreement providing us with various marketing services in exchange for our issuance of an interest-free loan payable in installments that could total a maximum of $
5.0
million (the “Sponsorship Loan”). We account for the Sponsorship Loan as a note receivable in accordance with ASC Topic 310,
Receivables
. On August 26, 2024, we disbursed $
2.0
million of the Sponsorship Loan (the “2024 Sponsorship Loan”). While there is no stated maturity date for the 2024 Sponsorship Loan, we are entitled to a portion of advertising revenue received by the counterparty until it is repaid in full.
On June 30, 2025, we recorded a full write-off on the outstanding balance of the 2024 Sponsorship Loan because the counterparty filed for bankruptcy. The Sponsorship Loan’s carrying amount was written down to zero, reflecting the expectation of no recoverable amount under ASC Topic 326,
Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments
. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025
, we recognized a loss of
zero
and $
2.0
million, respectively, in connection to the write-off of the Sponsorship Loan, which is recorded in Other income – net in
the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
14. Related-Party Transactions
Viral Nation Inc.
Viral Nation Inc. (“Viral Nation”) is a marketing agency that creates viral and social media influencer campaigns and provides advertising, marketing, and technology services. Todd Boehly, a member of our Board, serves on the board of directors of Viral Nation and is the Co-Founder, Chairman, and Chief Executive Officer of Eldridge Industries, LLC (“Eldridge”), which owns greater than 10% of Viral Nation. For Viral Nation’s services, we incurred an expense of
less than $
0.1
million
and $
0.3
million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, which is recorded in Marketing and selling expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. We did not incur an expense for Viral Nation’s services during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.
25
Vivid Seats INC.
NOTES to the CONDENSED Consolidated Financial Statements
(UNAUDITED)
Los Angeles Dodgers
The Los Angeles Dodgers are a Major League Baseball team based in Los Angeles, California. Todd Boehly, a member of our Board, owns greater than 10% of the Los Angeles Dodgers. In relation to a strategic partnership with the Los Angeles Dodgers, including our designation as the official ticket marketplace of the Los Angeles Dodgers and certain other advertising, marketing, promotional, and sponsorship benefits, we recognized an expense of $
1.0
million $
2.1
million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024
, respectively, which is recorded in Marketing and selling expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. We did
no
t incur an expense in relation to the strategic partnership with the Los Angeles Dodgers during the
three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.
Mabl, Inc.
Mabl, Inc. (“Mabl”) is a software company that uses its proprietary artificial intelligence-powered platform to provide automation support and other similar technology services. Martin Taylor, a member of our Board, is a Senior Managing Director at Vista Equity Partners, which is an investor in both us and Mabl. For Mabl’
s services, we incurred an expense of $
0.1
million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, which is recorded in General and administrative expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. We incurred an expense of
less than $
0.1
million
for Mabl’s services during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Tax Receivable Agreement
In connection with the Merger Transaction, we entered into a Tax Receivable Agreement (the “TRA”) with the existing Hoya Intermediate unitholders. For more information, see “Tax Receivable Agreement” in Note 15,
Income Taxes
.
15. Income Taxes
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we recognized an income tax benefit of $
9.2
million and an income tax expense
of $
70.1
million, respectively, which is recorded in Income tax expense (benefit) in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. For the three months ended September 30, 2025
, our effective income tax rate differed from the
21
% U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to a reversal of an uncertain tax position. For the
nine months ended September 30, 2025
, our effective income tax rate differed from the
21
% U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to an increase in valuation allowance, reduction in TRA liability, a reversal of an uncertain tax position, and impairment charges in foreign jurisdictions.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized an income tax expense of $
4.3
million and $
7.1
million, respectively, which is recorded in Income tax expense (benefit)
in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Our effective income tax rate differed from the
21
% U.S. federal statutory rate due to a redeemable noncontrolling interests adjustment for VSI’s allocable share of Hoya Intermediate’s
income (loss), state taxes, equity-based compensation, and limitations on compensation deductions.
Deferred Tax Assets – Net
We regularly assess the need for a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets. As of each reporting date, we consider new evidence, both positive and negative, that could affect our view of the future realization of deferred tax assets. As of June 30, 2025 in part because during the three months ended June 30, 2025 we recorded a significant impairment of our goodwill and certain indefinite-lived intangible assets, entered into a cumulative loss position, and had a negative trend in earnings in the U.S. federal tax jurisdiction, we determined that there is sufficient negative evidence to conclude that it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets of $
76.5
million associated with our investment in partnership, TRA, U.S. net operating losses, interest expense limitations, and tax credit carryforwards are not realizable. We therefore increased the valuation allowance accordingly. We continue to monitor the need for a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets at each reporting date.
Tax Receivable Agreement
In connection with the Merger Transaction, we entered into the TRA with the existing Hoya Intermediate unitholders that provides for our payment to such unitholders of
85
%
of the amount of any tax savings that we realize (or, under
26
Vivid Seats INC.
NOTES to the CONDENSED Consolidated Financial Statements
(UNAUDITED)
certain
circumstances, are deemed to realize) as a result of, or attributable to: (i) increases in the tax basis of assets owned directly or indirectly by Hoya Intermediate or its subsidiaries from, among other things, any redemptions or exchanges of Intermediate Units; (ii) existing tax basis (including depreciation and amortization deductions arising from such tax basis) in long-lived assets owned directly or indirectly by Hoya Intermediate or its subsidiaries; and (iii) certain other tax benefits (including deductions in respect of imputed interest) related to us making payments under the TRA.
Amounts payable under the TRA are contingent upon the generation of future taxable income over the term of the TRA and future changes in tax laws. If we do not generate sufficient taxable income in the aggregate over the term of the TRA to utilize the tax benefits, then we would not be required to make the related payments. We account for amounts payable under the TRA in accordance with ASC Topic 450,
Contingencies
. Amounts payable under the TRA are recorded when it is probable that TRA payments will be incurred and the amount is estimable. As of June 30, 2025, we believe, based on applicable accounting standards, that it is no longer probable that we will generate sufficient future taxable income to support a significant amount of the balance of the TRA liability previously recorded as of March 31, 2025. As of June 30, 2025, after evaluating all available positive and negative evidence, we determined that significant negative objective and verifiable evidence in the form of cumulative losses by our domestic operations exists to change our conclusion regarding the future realization of our deferred tax assets, which therefore significantly impacts the amount of future TRA payments that are probable to be made. As of September 30, 2025
, we estimate that a $
5.9
million TRA liability is probable, of which $
5.8
million is due within the next 12 months. During the
three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we recorded income of $
0.6
million and $
149.8
million, respectively, for the change in the TRA liability, which is recorded in Other income – net
in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. The total TRA payment obligation, if there is sufficient taxable income to recognize all TRA attributes, was $
155.7
million and $
159.7
million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we made payments of
zero
and $
4.0
million, respectively, pursuant to the TRA. Both the TRA-related deferred tax assets and the TRA obligation are estimates that are subject to change. If utilization of the deferred tax assets subject to the TRA becomes more likely than not in the future, we expect to record a liability related to the TRA which will be recognized as an expense and recorded in Other income – net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
As of October 31, 2025, all rights and obligations under the TRA were terminated in exchange for the issuance of shares of Class A common stock in connection with the Corporate Simplification (other than certain terms thereof that expressly survived), including $
5.8
million of cash payments that would have otherwise been due in the first quarter of 2026
. As a result of the Corporate Simplification, we will no longer have a TRA liability. See Note 18,
Subsequent Events
, for more information.
OBBB Act
On July 4, 2025, a reconciliation bill commonly referred to as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “OBBB Act”) was signed into law, which includes a broad range of tax reform provisions that may affect our financial results. The OBBB Act allows an elective deduction for domestic research and development, a reinstatement of elective 100% first-year bonus depreciation, and modifications to the calculation for excess business interest expense limitation under Section 163(j) of the Internal Revenue Code. Our analysis shows the OBBB Act will not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2025 given the recorded valuation allowance; however, the evaluation of the impact is ongoing due to the complexity of the provisions within the OBBB Act. The impact of the OBBB Act on our condensed consolidated financial statements will depend on the specific facts in each year and anticipated guidance from the U.S. Department of the Treasury.
16. Equity-Based Compensation
Our 2021 Incentive Award Plan (as amended, the “2021 Plan”) was approved and adopted in order to facilitate the grant of equity incentive awards to our employees, directors, non-employee directors, and consultants. The 2021 Plan became effective in October 2021 upon consummation of the Merger Transaction, and the First Amendment thereto became effective on February 5, 2024.
In connection with the Reverse Stock Split, proportionate equitable adjustments were made to the number of shares of Class A common stock issuable under the 2021 Plan, as well as to the number of shares of Class A common stock
27
Vivid Seats INC.
NOTES to the CONDENSED Consolidated Financial Statements
(UNAUDITED)
underlying outstanding RSUs (as defined below) and stock options (and the exercise prices thereof). All share and per share amounts set forth below reflect these adjustments.
RSUs
Restricted stock units (“RSUs”) are awards that are denominated in a hypothetical equivalent number of shares of Class A common stock. The value of each RSU is equal to the fair value of our Class A common stock on the grant date. Each RSU converts into shares of Class A common stock upon vesting.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, we granted to certain employees
0.7
millio
n and
0.5
million RSUs, respectively, at a weighted average grant date fair value of
$
54.68
pe
r share and $
106.40
per share, respectively.
RSUs granted to employees vest over three years, with one-third vesting on the first anniversary of the grant date and the remaining portion vesting on a quarterly basis thereafter, subject to the employee’s continued employment through the applicable vesting date.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, we granted to our directors less than
0.1
million RSUs at a weighted average grant date fair value of $
30.40
per
share and $
104.80
per share, respectively. RSUs granted to directors fully vest on the earlier of (i) one day prior to the date of our first annual meeting of stockholders following the grant date and (ii) the one-year anniversary of the grant date, subject to the director’s continued service on our Board.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, we granted to certain consultants
less than
0.1
million
RSUs at a weighted average grant date fair value of $
56.22
per sh
are and $
74.40
per share, respectively.
RSUs granted to consultants either fully vest on the first anniversary of the grant date or in equal annual installments over three years, in each case subject to the consultant’s continued service through the applicable vesting date.
The following tables summarize the total activity for RSUs during the
nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except per RSU data):
RSUs
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per RSU
Unvested at December 31, 2024
590
$
112.24
Granted
718
53.12
Forfeited
(
51
)
75.34
Vested
(
296
)
115.26
Unvested at September 30, 2025
961
$
69.10
RSUs
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per RSU
Unvested at December 31, 2023
194
$
170.81
Granted
556
106.61
Forfeited
(
26
)
152.55
Vested
(
91
)
165.95
Unvested at September 30, 2024
633
$
115.95
Stock Options
Stock options provide for the purchase of shares of Class A common stock in the future at an exercise price set on the grant (or modification) date. Our stock option awards vest over three years, with one-third vesting on the first anniversary of the grant date and the remaining options vesting on a quarterly basis thereafter. Stock options granted to employees have a contractual term of ten years from the grant date, subject to the employee’s continued service through the applicable vesting date. Stock options granted to consultants have a contractual term of seven years from the grant date, subject to the consultant’s continued service through the applicable vesting date.
28
Vivid Seats INC.
NOTES to the CONDENSED Consolidated Financial Statements
(UNAUDITED)
The following tables summarize the total activity for stock options during the
nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except price per stock option data):
Stock Options
Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Stock Option
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2024
405
$
162.20
7.7
$
—
Forfeited
(
1
)
143.40
Outstanding at September 30, 2025
404
$
162.26
6.9
$
—
Vested and exercisable at September 30, 2025
383
$
155.52
Stock Options
Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Stock Option
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2023
440
$
160.40
9.0
$
—
Forfeited
(
28
)
139.80
Expired
(
40
)
137.60
Outstanding at September 30, 2024
372
$
164.60
8.0
$
—
Vested and exercisable at September 30, 2024
219
$
152.60
Hoya Topco Profits Interests and Phantom Units
Prior to the Merger Transaction, certain members of management received equity-based compensation awards for profits interests in Hoya Topco in the form of incentive units, phantom units, Class D Units, and Class E Units. Each incentive unit vests ratably over five years and accelerates upon a change in control of Hoya Topco.
On June 10, 2024, the Board of Managers of Hoya Topco approved (i) the redemption, repurchase, and cancellation by Hoya Topco of all of its outstanding profits interests held by our current employees and (ii) the repurchase and cancellation by Hoya Topco of all of its outstanding phantom units held by our employees. There was no equity-based compensation expense previously recognized related to the phantom units.
Hoya Topco had no outstanding profits interests or phantom units held by our current employees, and we had no unrecognized equity-based compensation expense related thereto, as of September 30, 2025.
Equity-Based Compensation Expense
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, equity-based compensation expense related to RSUs was $
10.2
million and $
29.4
m
illion, respectively, compared to $
8.5
million and $
22.4
million during the
three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. Unrecognized equity-based compensation expense relating to unvested RSUs as of September 30, 2025 was $
56.2
million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately
one year
.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025
, equity-based compensation expense related to stock options was $
1.5
million and $
5.2
million, respectively, compared to $
2.3
million and $
8.1
million during the
three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. Unrecognized equity-based compensation expense relating to unvested stock options as of September 30, 2025 was $
2.0
million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately
one year
.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024
, equity-based compensation expense related to profits interests was
zero
and $
3.3
million, respectively.
We did
no
t
recognize any equity-based compensation expense
29
Vivid Seats INC.
NOTES to the CONDENSED Consolidated Financial Statements
(UNAUDITED)
related
to profits interests during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and there
was
no
unrecognized equity-based compensation expense relating to profits interests as of
September 30, 2025.
Equity-based compensation expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 excludes capitalized development costs of $
0.1
million and $
0.5
million, respectively. Equity-based compensation expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024
excludes capitalized development costs of $
0.2
million and $
0.6
million, respectively.
17. Earnings per Share
We calculate basic and diluted net income (loss) per share of Class A common stock in accordance with ASC Topic 260,
Earnings per Share
. Because our Class B common stock does not have economic rights in VSI, it is not considered a participating security for basic and diluted net income (loss) per share, and we do not present basic and diluted net income (loss) per share of Class B common stock. However, holders of Class B common stock are allocated income (loss) from Hoya Intermediate (our operating entity) according to their weighted average percentage ownership of Intermediate Units during each quarter.
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests is calculated by multiplying Hoya Intermediate’s net income (loss) in each quarterly period by Hoya Topco’s weighted average percentage ownership of Intermediate Units during the period. Hoya Topco has the right to exchange its Intermediate Units for shares of Class A common stock on a one-to-one basis or cash proceeds of equal value at the time of redemption. The option to redeem Intermediate Units for cash proceeds must be approved by our Board, which as of September 30, 2025 consisted of a majority of directors nominated by affiliates of Hoya Topco and GTCR, LLC pursuant to our stockholders’ agreement. The ability to put Intermediate Units is solely within the control of the holder of the redeemable noncontrolling interests. If Hoya Topco elects the redemption to be settled in cash, the cash used to settle the redemption must be funded through a private or public offering of Class A common stock and is subject to our Board’s approval.
The following table presents the
net income (loss) attributable to Hoya Topco’s redeemable noncontrolling interests for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025
2024
2025
2024
Net income (loss)—Hoya Intermediate
$
(
30,239
)
$
10,630
$
(
376,203
)
$
23,064
Hoya Topco’s weighted average % allocation of Hoya Intermediate's net income (loss)
37.0
%
36.7
%
36.9
%
36.4
%
Net income (loss) attributable to Hoya Topco's redeemable noncontrolling interests
$
(
11,187
)
$
3,900
$
(
138,685
)
$
8,405
Net income (loss) attributable to Class A common stockholders–basic is calculated by subtracting the portion of Hoya Intermediate’s net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests from our total net income (loss), which includes our net income (loss) for activities outside of our investment in Hoya Intermediate, including income tax expense (benefit) for VSI’s portion of income (loss), as well as the full results of Hoya Intermediate on a consolidated basis.
Net income (loss) per Class A common stock–diluted is based on the average number of shares of Class A common stock used for the basic earnings per share calculation, adjusted for the weighted average number of Class A common share equivalents outstanding for the period determined using the treasury stock and if-converted methods, as applicable. All share and per share amounts included in the calculation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share of Class A common stock have been adjusted to reflect the Reverse Stock Split. Net income (loss) attributable to Class A common stockholders–diluted is adjusted for (i) our share of Hoya Intermediate’s consolidated net income (loss) after giving effect to Intermediate Units that convert into potential shares of Class A common stock, to the extent it is dilutive, and (ii) the impact of changes in the fair value of the Intermediate Warrants, to the extent they are dilutive.
30
Vivid Seats INC.
NOTES to the CONDENSED Consolidated Financial Statements
(UNAUDITED)
The following table presents the computation of basic and diluted
net income (loss) per share of Class A common stock for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except share and per share data):
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025
2024
2025
2024
Numerator—basic
Net income (loss)
$
(
19,713
)
$
9,196
$
(
292,828
)
$
18,716
Less: net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests
11,187
(
3,900
)
138,685
(
8,405
)
Net income (loss) attributable to Class A common stockholders—basic
(
8,526
)
5,296
(
154,143
)
10,311
Denominator—basic
Weighted average Class A common stock outstanding—basic
6,490,954
6,576,079
6,553,724
6,623,019
Net income (loss) per Class A common stock—basic
$
(
1.31
)
$
0.81
$
(
23.52
)
$
1.56
Numerator—diluted
Net income (loss) attributable to Class A common stockholders—basic
$
(
8,526
)
$
5,296
$
(
154,143
)
$
10,311
Weighted average effect of dilutive securities:
Redeemable noncontrolling interests
(
11,187
)
—
(
138,685
)
—
RSUs
—
2
—
8
Net income (loss) attributable to Class A common stockholders—diluted
(
19,713
)
5,298
(
292,828
)
10,319
Denominator—diluted
Weighted average Class A common stock outstanding—basic
6,490,954
6,576,079
6,553,724
6,623,019
Weighted average effect of dilutive securities:
Redeemable noncontrolling interests
3,811,250
—
3,811,250
—
RSUs
—
21,655
—
33,988
Weighted average Class A common stock outstanding—diluted
10,302,204
6,597,734
10,364,974
6,657,007
Net income (loss) per Class A common stock—diluted
$
(
1.91
)
$
0.80
$
(
28.25
)
$
1.55
Potential shares of Class A common stock are excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share of Class A common stock if their effect would have been anti-dilutive for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 or if the issuance of shares is contingent upon events that did not occur by the end of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.
The following table presents the number of shares of common stock issuable under securities that were excluded from the computation of diluted
net income (loss) per share of Class A common stock for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 and could potentially dilute earnings per share in the future:
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025
2024
2025
2024
RSUs
961,136
100,122
57,773
40,092
Stock Options
403,777
370,089
403,777
370,089
Public Warrants
338,342
338,342
338,342
338,342
Private Warrants
325,989
325,990
325,989
325,990
Exercise Warrants
1,700,000
1,700,000
1,700,000
1,700,000
Intermediate Warrants
200,000
200,000
200,000
200,000
Redeemable noncontrolling interests
—
3,811,250
—
3,811,250
18. Subsequent Events
On October 19, 2025, we entered into a Corporate Simplification Agreement (the “CSA”) with Hoya Intermediate and the TRA Parties named therein (including Hoya Topco). Pursuant to the CSA and the ancillary agreements described therein, a series of transactions was consummated over the two business days ending on October 31, 2025 that, among other things, simplified our corporate structure (such transactions, collectively, the “Corporate Simplification”). In connection with the Corporate Simplification, among other things:
31
Vivid Seats INC.
NOTES to the CONDENSED Consolidated Financial Statements
(UNAUDITED)
•
Three Blocker Corporations (as defined in the CSA) merged with and into three of our wholly owned subsidiaries, respectively, such that the Blocker Corporations became our wholly owned subsidiaries;
•
Hoya Topco exchanged all of its shares of Class B common stock (which comprised all of the outstanding shares thereof) and corresponding Intermediate Units for an equal number of shares of Class A common stock, following which we cancelled all outstanding shares of Class B common stock;
•
The warrant agreements relating to the Intermediate Warrants were amended to instead provide for the right to purchase equal numbers of shares of Class A common stock at equal exercise prices, and simultaneously, the warrant agreement between us and Hoya Topco, which provided Hoya Topco with the right to purchase
200,000
shares of Class B common stock at an exercise price of $
0.02
per share, was terminated;
•
All rights and obligations under the TRA and Hoya Intermediate’s Limited Liability Company Agreement were terminated (in each case other than certain terms thereof that expressly survived); and
•
We issued an aggregate of
403,022
shares of Class A common stock (after rounding down any fractional shares) to the TRA Parties.
32
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
This discussion should be read together with our condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Report, as well as our audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes contained in our 2024 Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements, which are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including those discussed in the “Risk Factors” and “Forward-Looking Statements” sections of this Report and our 2024 Form 10-K.
Overview
We are an online ticket marketplace that utilizes our technology platform to connect fans of live events seamlessly with ticket sellers. Our mission is to empower and enable fans to
Experience It Live
. We believe in the power of shared experiences to connect people with live events that deliver some of life’s most exciting moments. We operate a technology platform and marketplace that enables consumers to easily discover and purchase tickets to live events and book hotel rooms and packages while enabling ticket sellers and partners to seamlessly manage their operations. We differentiate from competitors by offering an extensive breadth and depth of ticket listings at a competitive value.
The following table summarizes our Marketplace Gross Order Value (“Marketplace GOV”), revenues, net income (loss), and adjusted EBITDA for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025
2024
2025
2024
Marketplace GOV*
$
618,139
$
871,726
$
2,123,986
$
2,898,269
Revenues
136,373
186,605
443,962
575,773
Net income (loss)
(19,713
)
9,196
(292,828
)
18,716
Adjusted EBITDA*
$
4,905
$
34,077
$
40,982
$
117,172
* See the “Key Business Metrics and Non-U.S. GAAP Financial Measure” section below for more information on Marketplace GOV and adjusted EBITDA, which is a financial measure not defined under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).
Our Business Model
We operate our business in two segments: Marketplace and Resale.
Marketplace Segment
In our Marketplace segment, we primarily act as an intermediary between ticket buyers, sellers, and partners, for which we earn revenue from processing ticket sales for live events and facilitating the booking of hotel rooms and packages through (a) our Owned Properties, which consists of (i) Vivid Seats; (ii) Wavedash Co., Ltd. (“Wavedash”), an online ticket marketplace headquartered in Tokyo, Japan that we acquired in 2023; (iii) Vegas.com, LLC, an online ticket marketplace for live event enthusiasts exploring shows, attractions, tours, flights, and hotels in Las Vegas that we acquired in 2023; and (iv) until it ceased operations on July 18, 2025, Vivid Picks, a real-money daily fantasy sports mobile application, and (b) our Private Label Offering, which consists of numerous distribution partners. To a lesser extent, we also earn revenue from offering event insurance to ticket buyers. Using our online platform, we facilitate customer payments, deposits and withdrawals, coordinate ticket deliveries, and provide customer service. We do not hold ticket inventory in our Marketplace segment.
The amount of Marketplace revenue earned in a given period is primarily represented by service and delivery fees charged to ticket buyers. For historical periods in which Vivid Picks operated, the amount of Marketplace revenue earned in a given period is represented by the difference between cash entry fees collected and cash amounts paid out to users for winning picks, less customer promotions and incentives. For event insurance, the amount of Marketplace revenue earned in a given period is represented by referral fees charged to third-party insurance providers.
The main costs we incur in our Marketplace segment relate to developing and maintaining our online platform, providing back-office support and customer service, facilitating payments and deposits, and shipping non-electronic tickets. We also incur substantial marketing costs, primarily related to online advertising.
33
A key component of our online platform is Skybox, a proprietary enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) tool that is used by the majority of ticket sellers. Skybox is a free-to-use system that helps ticket sellers manage ticket inventories, adjust pricing, and fulfill orders across multiple ticket resale marketplaces. Professional ticket sellers use ERPs to manage their operations, and Skybox is their most widely adopted ERP.
Resale Segment
In our Resale segment, we primarily acquire tickets to resell on secondary ticketing marketplaces, including our own. Our Resale segment also provides internal research and development support for Skybox and supplements our ongoing efforts to deliver industry-leading seller software and tools.
Recent Developments
Corporate Simplification
On October 19, 2025, we entered into a Corporate Simplification Agreement (the “CSA”) with Hoya Intermediate and the TRA Parties named therein (including Hoya Topco, LLC (“Hoya Topco”)). Pursuant to the CSA and the ancillary agreements described therein, a series of transactions was consummated over the two business days ending on October 31, 2025 that, among other things, simplified our corporate structure (such transactions, collectively, the “Corporate Simplification”). In connection with the Corporate Simplification, among other things:
•
Three Blocker Corporations (as defined in the CSA) merged with and into three of our wholly owned subsidiaries, respectively, such that the Blocker Corporations became our wholly owned subsidiaries;
•
Hoya Topco exchanged all of its shares of Class B common stock (which comprised all of the outstanding shares thereof) and corresponding common units of Hoya Intermediate (“Intermediate Units”) for an equal number of shares of Class A common stock, following which we cancelled all outstanding shares of Class B common stock;
•
The warrant agreements relating to the Intermediate Warrants (as defined herein) were amended to instead provide for the right to purchase equal numbers of shares of Class A common stock at equal exercise prices, and simultaneously, the warrant agreement between us and Hoya Topco, which provided Hoya Topco with the right to purchase 200,000 shares of Class B common stock at an exercise price of $0.02 per share, was terminated;
•
All rights and obligations under the TRA and Hoya Intermediate’s Limited Liability Company Agreement were terminated (in each case other than certain terms thereof that expressly survived); and
•
We issued an aggregate of 403,022 shares of Class A common stock (after rounding down any fractional shares) to the TRA Parties.
Reverse Stock Split
On August 5, 2025, following the approval of our stockholders and our Board of Directors (our “Board”), we amended our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to effect a 1-for-20 reverse stock split of our common stock pursuant to which every 20 shares of Class A and Class B common stock were combined into one share of Class A and Class B common stock, respectively (the “Reverse Stock Split”). The Reverse Stock Split became effective at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on August 5, 2025, and our Class A common stock began trading on a split-adjusted basis at the open of trading on August 6, 2025.
The Reverse Stock Split affected all holders of our common stock uniformly and did not affect any such holder’s percentage ownership interest in our company or proportionate voting power. However, if the Reverse Stock Split would have resulted in a stockholder holding fractional shares because the number of shares they held before the Reverse Stock Split was not evenly divisible by the 1-for-20 split ratio, we instead repurchased such fractional shares for cash and retired them from circulation, resulting in a less than $0.1 million cash outlay. The repurchase and retirement of such fractional shares is recorded as a separate component of both Class A common stock (for the number of shares that were repurchased and retired) and Additional paid-in capital (for the amount of the cash payment). The Reverse Stock Split did not affect the number of authorized shares or the par value of our common stock.
34
All share and per share amounts included in this Report have been adjusted to reflect the Reverse Stock Split.
Current Environment and Cost Reduction Program
While we continue to view live events as an attractive long-term opportunity supported by durable supply and demand tailwinds, recent industry trends have been challenging and our Marketplace order volumes have been under pressure thus far in 2025. We attribute this to a combination of economic uncertainty affecting discretionary consumer spending and competitive intensity in performance marketing channels. In response to this evolving industry landscape, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 we began to implement a cost reduction program designed to right-size our business for the current environment and drive enhanced long-term efficiency.
Key Business Metrics and Non-U.S. GAAP Financial Measure
We use the following metrics to evaluate our performance, identify trends, formulate financial projections, and make strategic decisions. We believe these metrics provide useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our results of operations in the same manner as management.
The following table summarizes our key business metrics and non-U.S. GAAP financial measure for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025
2024
2025
2024
Marketplace GOV
(1)
$
618,139
$
871,726
$
2,123,986
$
2,898,269
Marketplace orders
(2)
2,101
2,969
6,570
8,943
Resale orders
(3)
115
116
317
316
Adjusted EBITDA
(4)
$
4,905
$
34,077
$
40,982
$
117,172
(1)
Marketplace GOV represents the total transactional amount of Marketplace orders processed on our online platform during a period, inclusive of fees, exclusive of taxes, and net of event cancellations. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, event cancellations negatively impacted our Marketplace GOV by $11.4 million and $47.2 million, respectively, compared to $35.4 million and $74.9 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.
(2)
Marketplace orders represent the total volume of Marketplace segment transactions processed on our online platform during a period, net of event cancellations. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, our Marketplace segment experienced 39,414 and 129,612 event cancellations, respectively, compared to 77,012 and 179,453 event cancellations during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.
(3)
Resale orders represent the total volume of Resale segment transactions processed on a given platform (including our own) during a period, net of event cancellations. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, our Resale segment experienced 1,598 and 3,759 event cancellations, respectively, compared to 2,411 and 4,494 event cancellations during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.
(4)
Adjusted EBITDA is a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure that we believe provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our results of operations and serves as a useful measure for making period-to-period comparisons of our business performance. See the “Adjusted EBITDA” section below for more information, including a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss), the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure.
Marketplace GOV
Marketplace GOV is a key driver of Marketplace revenue. Marketplace GOV represents the total transactional amount of Marketplace orders processed on our online platform in a period, inclusive of fees, exclusive of taxes, and net of event cancellations. Marketplace GOV reflects our ability to attract and retain customers and provides insight into the overall health of the industry.
Marketplace GOV can be impacted by seasonality. Typically, we experience slightly increased activity in the fourth quarter when all major sports leagues are in season, concert on-sales begin for the following year, and theater event
35
orders increase during the holiday season. Quarterly fluctuations in Marketplace GOV can result from, among other things:
•
Event supply;
•
The popularity of and demand for certain artists, sports teams, tours, and events;
•
The mix of concert venue types between stadiums, arenas, and amphitheaters;
•
The length and team composition of sports playoff series and championship games; and
•
Event cancellations.
Marketplace GOV decreased by $253.6 million, or 29%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 and decreased by $774.3 million, or 27%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases resulted primarily from a decrease in Marketplace orders.
Marketplace Orders
Marketplace orders represent the volume of Marketplace-related transactions processed on our online platform in a period, net of event cancellations. A Marketplace order can include one or more tickets, hotel rooms, or parking passes. Marketplace orders allow us to monitor transaction volume and better identify trends within our Marketplace segment.
Marketplace orders decreased by 0.9 million, or 29%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 and decreased by 2.4 million, or 27%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases resulted primarily from lower activity in our Marketplace segment.
Resale Orders
Resale orders represent the volume of Resale-related transactions processed on a given platform (including our own) in a period, net of event cancellations. A Resale order can include one or more tickets or parking passes. Resale orders allow us to monitor transaction volume and better identify trends within our Resale segment.
Resale orders decreased by less than 0.1 million, or 1%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 and increased by less than 0.1 million, or less than 1%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Adjusted EBITDA
We present adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure, because it is a key measure used by analysts, investors, and others to evaluate companies in our industry. Adjusted EBITDA is also used by management to make operating decisions, including those related to analyzing operating expenses, evaluating performance, and performing strategic planning and annual budgeting.
We believe adjusted EBITDA is a useful measure for understanding, evaluating, and highlighting trends in our operating results and for making period-to-period comparisons of our business performance because it excludes the impact of items that are outside of our control and/or not reflective of ongoing performance related directly to the operation of our business.
Adjusted EBITDA is not based on any comprehensive set of accounting rules or principles and should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, financial measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect all amounts associated with our operating results as determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP and specifically excludes certain recurring costs such as income tax expense (benefit), interest expense – net, depreciation and amortization, sales tax liabilities, transaction costs, equity-based compensation, litigation, settlements, and related costs, change in fair value of warrants, loss on asset disposals, change in fair value of derivative asset, foreign currency loss (gain) – net, loss on extinguishment of debt, adjustment of liabilities under our TRA (as defined herein), impairment charges, and severance compensation. In addition, other companies may calculate adjusted EBITDA differently than we do, thereby limiting its usefulness as a comparative tool. We
36
compensate for these limitations by providing specific information regarding the U.S. GAAP amounts that are excluded from our presentation of adjusted EBITDA.
The following table presents a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss), the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025
2024
2025
2024
Net income (loss)
$
(19,713
)
$
9,196
$
(292,828
)
$
18,716
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to adjusted EBITDA:
Income tax expense (benefit)
(9,231
)
4,290
70,089
7,136
Interest expense – net
6,111
6,300
17,410
16,706
Depreciation and amortization
13,723
10,669
37,689
31,654
Sales tax liability
(1)
500
526
(860
)
2,613
Transaction costs
(2)
935
1,243
8,816
6,649
Equity-based compensation
(3)
11,483
10,685
33,886
38,284
Litigation, settlements, and related costs
(4)
228
157
933
164
Change in fair value of warrants
(5)
(864
)
(3,952
)
(5,713
)
(5,713
)
Loss on asset disposals
(6)
184
38
380
160
Change in fair value of derivative asset
(7)
268
456
841
537
Foreign currency loss (gain) – net
(8)
1,211
(5,531
)
(2,363
)
266
Loss on extinguishment of debt
(9)
—
—
801
—
Adjustment of liabilities under TRA
(10)
(615
)
—
(149,787
)
—
Impairment charges
(11)
—
—
320,449
—
Severance compensation
(12)
685
—
1,239
—
Adjusted EBITDA
$
4,905
$
34,077
$
40,982
$
117,172
(1)
During the periods presented, we accrued for additional uncollected indirect tax liabilities in jurisdictions where we expect to remit payment to U.S. and foreign governmental tax authorities before all required amounts are collected from the customer. We also received abatements and recognized other reductions to the balance of the liability related to uncollected indirect taxes (including sales taxes).
(2)
Consists of: (i) legal, accounting, tax, and other professional fees; (ii) personnel costs related to retention bonuses; (iii) integration costs; and (iv) other transaction-related expenses, none of which are considered indicative of our core operating performance. Costs in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 primarily related to the February 2025 refinancing of the 2024 First Lien Loan with the 2025 First Lien Loan (each as defined herein), repurchases of Class A common stock, the Reverse Stock Split, and various strategic transactions and investments. Costs in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 primarily related to the June 2024 refinancing of the 2022 First Lien Loan (as defined herein) with the 2024 First Lien Loan, repurchases of Class A common stock, acquisitions, and various strategic investments.
(3)
Costs in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 primarily related to equity granted pursuant to our 2021 Incentive Award Plan (as amended, the “2021 Plan”), which is not considered indicative of our core operating performance. Costs in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 primarily related to equity granted pursuant to the 2021 Plan and profits interests issued prior to the 2021 transaction pursuant to which Horizon Acquisition Corporation merged with and into us (the “Merger Transaction”), neither of which are considered indicative of our core operating performance.
(4)
Relates to external legal costs, settlement costs, and insurance recoveries, none of which are considered indicative of our core operating performance.
(5)
Relates to the revaluation of warrants to purchase Intermediate Units (the “Intermediate Warrants”) held by Hoya Topco following the Merger Transaction, which is not considered indicative of our core operating performance.
(6)
Relates to disposals of fixed assets, which are not considered indicative of our core operating performance.
(7)
Relates to the revaluation of derivatives recorded at fair value, which is not considered indicative of our core operating performance.
37
(8)
Relates to net losses (gains) resulting from the impact of exchange rate changes on transactions denominated in non-functional currencies, which are not considered indicative of our core operating performance.
(9)
Relates to losses incurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 in connection with the extinguishment of the 2024 First Lien Loan, which are not considered indicative of our core operating performance.
(10)
Relates to the remeasurement of the TRA liability, which is not considered indicative of our core operating performance.
(11)
Relates to non-cash impairment charges related to our goodwill and certain indefinite-lived intangible assets triggered by the effects of recent declines in our financial performance, near-term outlook, and Class A common stock price, among other factors, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
(12)
Relates to severance-related payments paid to terminated employees as a result of a reduction in employee headcount during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025. The reduction was part of our strategic cost reduction program and is not considered indicative of our core operating performance.
Key Factors Affecting Our Performance
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, there were no material changes to the “Key Factors Affecting Our Performance” discussed in our 2024 Form 10-K and our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025. Our financial position and results of operations depend to a significant extent on those factors.
Results of Operations
Comparison of the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024
The following table presents our results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except percentages):
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025
2024
Change
% Change
2025
2024
Change
% Change
Revenues
$
136,373
$
186,605
$
(50,232
)
(27
)%
$
443,962
$
575,773
$
(131,811
)
(23
)%
Costs and expenses:
Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)
44,340
51,029
(6,689
)
(13
)%
131,294
149,377
(18,083
)
(12
)%
Marketing and selling
55,973
67,835
(11,862
)
(17
)%
173,885
205,695
(31,810
)
(15
)%
General and administrative
45,183
46,306
(1,123
)
(2
)%
139,537
149,725
(10,188
)
(7
)%
Depreciation and amortization
13,723
10,669
3,054
29
%
37,689
31,654
6,035
19
%
Impairment charges
—
—
—
100
%
320,449
—
320,449
100
%
Total costs and expenses
159,219
175,839
(16,620
)
(9
)%
802,854
536,451
266,403
50
%
Income (loss) from operations
(22,846
)
10,766
(33,612
)
(312
)%
(358,892
)
39,322
(398,214
)
(1,013
)%
Interest expense – net
6,111
6,300
(189
)
(3
)%
17,410
16,706
704
4
%
Other income – net
(13
)
(9,020
)
9,007
100
%
(154,364
)
(3,236
)
(151,128
)
(4,670
)%
Loss on extinguishment of debt
—
—
—
100
%
801
—
801
100
%
Income (loss) before income taxes
(28,944
)
13,486
(42,430
)
(315
)%
(222,739
)
25,852
(248,591
)
(962
)%
Income tax expense (benefit)
(9,231
)
4,290
(13,521
)
(315
)%
70,089
7,136
62,953
882
%
Net income (loss)
(19,713
)
9,196
(28,909
)
(314
)%
(292,828
)
18,716
(311,544
)
(1,665
)%
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests
(11,187
)
3,900
(15,087
)
(387
)%
(138,685
)
8,405
(147,090
)
(1,750
)%
Net income (loss) attributable to Class A common stockholders
$
(8,526
)
$
5,296
$
(13,822
)
(261
)%
$
(154,143
)
$
10,311
$
(164,454
)
(1,595
)%
38
Revenues
Total Revenues
The following table presents total revenues by segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except percentages):
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025
2024
Change
% Change
2025
2024
Change
% Change
Marketplace revenues
$
104,807
$
152,653
$
(47,846
)
(31
)%
$
353,025
$
482,711
$
(129,686
)
(27
)%
Resale revenues
31,566
33,952
(2,386
)
(7
)%
90,937
93,062
(2,125
)
(2
)%
Total revenues
$
136,373
$
186,605
$
(50,232
)
(27
)%
$
443,962
$
575,773
$
(131,811
)
(23
)%
Total revenues decreased by $50.2 million, or 27% during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 and decreased by $131.8 million, or 23%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases resulted primarily from a decrease in Marketplace revenues.
Marketplace Revenues
The following table presents Marketplace revenues by event category for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except percentages):
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025
2024
Change
% Change
2025
2024
Change
% Change
Concert revenues
$
43,072
$
67,701
$
(24,629
)
(36
)%
$
151,812
$
216,533
$
(64,721
)
(30
)%
Sport revenues
33,900
50,378
(16,478
)
(33
)%
108,316
149,183
(40,867
)
(27
)%
Theater revenues
22,439
28,705
(6,266
)
(22
)%
77,716
97,544
(19,828
)
(20
)%
Other revenues
5,396
5,869
(473
)
(8
)%
15,181
19,451
(4,270
)
(22
)%
Marketplace revenues
$
104,807
$
152,653
$
(47,846
)
(31
)%
$
353,025
$
482,711
$
(129,686
)
(27
)%
Marketplace revenues decreased by $47.8 million, or 31%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 and decreased by $129.7 million, or 27%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases resulted primarily from, and were relatively consistent with, the 29% and 27% decreases in Marketplace orders during the same respective periods.
Marketplace cancellation charges, which generally have a negative impact on Marketplace revenues, represented a reduction to Marketplace revenues of $1.5 million and $11.0 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to a reduction to Marketplace revenues of $7.3 million and $20.4 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. The decreases resulted primarily from lower payment-related chargeback activity primarily due to a decrease in Marketplace orders, partly offset by lower Marketplace revenues recognized from customer credit breakage.
The following table presents Marketplace revenues by business model for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except percentages):
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025
2024
Change
% Change
2025
2024
Change
% Change
Owned Properties revenues
$
96,582
$
129,159
$
(32,577
)
(25
)%
$
303,253
$
394,317
$
(91,064
)
(23
)%
Private Label Offering revenues
8,225
23,494
(15,269
)
(65
)%
49,772
88,394
(38,622
)
(44
)%
Marketplace revenues
$
104,807
$
152,653
$
(47,846
)
(31
)%
$
353,025
$
482,711
$
(129,686
)
(27
)%
39
The decrease in both Owned Properties and Private Label Offering revenues during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 resulted primarily from a decrease in Marketplace orders, as well as the loss of a significant Private Label partner.
We also earn Marketplace revenue in the form of referral fees charged to third-party insurance providers in exchange for offering event insurance to ticket buyers. Marketplace revenue earned from referral fees was $3.6 million and $13.9 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $6.0 million and $19.6 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. The decreases resulted primarily from a decrease in Marketplace orders.
Resale Revenues
Resale revenues decreased by $2.4 million, or 7%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 and decreased by $2.1 million, or 2%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases resulted primarily from lower average revenue per Resale order, while Resale orders remained nearly the same.
Resale cancellation charges, which generally have a negative impact on Resale revenues, represented a reduction to Resale revenues of $0.3 million during the three months ended September 30, 2025, which was consistent with the $0.3 million reduction to Resale revenues during the three months ended September 30, 2024. Resale cancellation charges represented a reduction to Resale revenues of $1.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $1.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase was due to a higher number of cancelled orders.
Cost of Revenues
Total Cost of Revenues
The following table presents total cost of revenues by segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except percentages):
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025
2024
Change
% Change
2025
2024
Change
% Change
Marketplace cost of revenues
$
16,769
$
23,052
$
(6,283
)
(27
)%
$
55,930
$
74,356
$
(18,426
)
(25
)%
Resale cost of revenues
27,571
27,977
(406
)
(1
)%
75,364
75,021
343
0
%
Total cost of revenues
$
44,340
$
51,029
$
(6,689
)
(13
)%
$
131,294
$
149,377
$
(18,083
)
(12
)%
Total cost of revenues decreased by $6.7 million, or 13%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 and decreased by $18.1 million, or 12%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases resulted primarily from a decrease in Marketplace cost of revenues.
Marketplace Cost of Revenues
Marketplace cost of revenues decreased by $6.3 million, or 27%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 and decreased by $18.4 million, or 25%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases, which were primarily due to a decrease in Marketplace orders, were relatively consistent with the 29% and 27% decreases in Marketplace GOV during the same respective periods.
Resale Cost of Revenues
Resale cost of revenues decreased by $0.4 million, or 1%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 and increased by $0.3 million, or less than 1%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. These changes were not consistent with the 7% and 2% decreases in Resale revenues during the same respective periods, primarily due to lower margins for certain Marketplace event categories.
40
Marketing and Selling
Total Marketing and Selling
The following table presents total marketing and selling expenses, which relate entirely to our Marketplace segment, by advertising category for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except percentages):
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025
2024
Change
% Change
2025
2024
Change
% Change
Online advertising
$
52,013
$
63,501
$
(11,488
)
(18
)%
$
159,842
$
189,311
$
(29,469
)
(16
)%
Offline advertising
3,960
4,334
(374
)
(9
)%
14,043
16,384
(2,341
)
(14
)%
Total marketing and selling
$
55,973
$
67,835
$
(11,862
)
(17
)%
$
173,885
$
205,695
$
(31,810
)
(15
)%
Total marketing and selling expenses decreased by $11.9 million, or 17%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 and decreased by $31.8 million, or 15%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases were not consistent with the 31% and 27% decreases in Marketplace revenues during the same respective periods, primarily due to higher investment intensity in digital performance marketing channels.
Online Advertising
Online advertising costs decreased by $11.5 million, or 18%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 and decreased by $29.5 million, or 16%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Because online advertising spending generally changes together with our Marketplace order volumes, the decreases resulted primarily from a decrease in Marketplace orders, partly offset by higher investment intensity in digital performance marketing channels.
Offline Advertising
Offline advertising costs decreased by $0.4 million, or 9%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 and decreased by $2.3 million, or 14%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases resulted primarily from lower spending in traditional brand marketing channels.
Contribution Margin
Total Contribution Margin
The following table presents total contribution margin by segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except percentages):
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025
2024
Change
% Change
2025
2024
Change
% Change
Marketplace contribution margin
$
32,065
$
61,766
$
(29,701
)
(48
)%
$
123,210
$
202,660
$
(79,450
)
(39
)%
Resale contribution margin
3,995
5,975
(1,980
)
(33
)%
15,573
18,041
(2,468
)
(14
)%
Total contribution margin
$
36,060
$
67,741
$
(31,681
)
(47
)%
$
138,783
$
220,701
$
(81,918
)
(37
)%
Total contribution margin decreased by $31.7 million, or 47%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 and decreased by $81.9 million, or 37%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases resulted primarily from a decrease in Marketplace contribution margin.
41
Marketplace Contribution Margin
Marketplace contribution margin decreased by $29.7 million, or 48%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 and decreased by $79.5 million, or 39%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases resulted primarily from a decrease in Marketplace orders and higher investment intensity in digital performance marketing channels.
Resale Contribution Margin
Resale contribution margin decreased by $2.0 million, or 33%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 and decreased by $2.5 million, or 14%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases resulted primarily from lower margins for certain Resale event categories.
Total General and Administrative
The following table presents total general and administrative expenses by category for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except percentages):
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025
2024
Change
% Change
2025
2024
Change
% Change
Personnel expenses
$
32,082
$
32,157
$
(75
)
(0
)%
$
99,413
$
107,846
$
(8,433
)
(8
)%
Non-income tax expense
742
750
(8
)
(1
)%
279
3,893
(3,614
)
(93
)%
Other general and administrative
12,359
13,399
(1,040
)
(8
)%
39,845
37,986
1,859
5
%
Total general and administrative
$
45,183
$
46,306
$
(1,123
)
(2
)%
$
139,537
$
149,725
$
(10,188
)
(7
)%
Total general and administrative expenses decreased by $1.1 million, or 2%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 primarily due to a decrease in other general and administrative expenses. Total general and administrative expenses decreased by $10.2 million, or 7%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024 primarily due to a decrease in personnel expenses.
Personnel Expenses
Personnel expenses decreased by $0.1 million, or less than 1%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 and decreased by $8.4 million, or 8%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases resulted primarily from a decrease in equity-based compensation expense.
Non-Income Tax Expense
Non-income tax expense decreased by less than $0.1 million, or 1%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 and decreased by $3.6 million, or 93%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases resulted primarily from receiving higher abatements and recognizing other reductions to the balance of the liability related to uncollected indirect taxes (including sales taxes).
Other General and Administrative
Other general and administrative expenses decreased by $1.0 million, or 8%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease resulted primarily from lower professional services fees. Other general and administrative expenses increased by $1.9 million, or 5%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase resulted primarily from an increase in computer and telecom expenses.
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Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization expenses increased by $3.1 million, or 29%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 and increased by $6.0 million, or 19%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increases resulted primarily from an increase in intangible assets as a result of our October 2024 acquisition of a domain name that we had previously licensed and, to a lesser extent, an increase in capitalized development activities related to our platform.
Impairment Charges
Impairment charges were $320.4 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to zero during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The impairment charges resulted primarily from the effects of recent declines in our financial performance, near-term outlook, and Class A common stock price, among other factors, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 that resulted in a reduction in the fair values of our goodwill and certain indefinite-lived intangible assets.
Interest Expense – Net
Interest expense – net decreased by $0.2 million during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 and increased by $0.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The 3% decrease and 4% increase were primarily due to variations in the amount of interest income earned on our cash balances in each respective period.
Other Income – Net
Other income – net decreased by $9.0 million, or 100%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease resulted primarily from net losses resulting from the impact of exchange rate changes on transactions denominated in non-functional currencies. Other income – net increased by $151.1 million, or 4,670%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase resulted primarily from income related to the remeasurement of the TRA liability, net gains resulting from the impact of exchange rate changes on transactions denominated in non-functional currencies, and higher unrealized gains related to the fair value remeasurement of the warrants issued by Hoya Intermediate to Hoya Topco in connection with the Merger Transaction.
Loss on Extinguishment of Debt
Loss on extinguishment of debt increased by $0.8 million, or 100%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase resulted entirely from the February 2025 refinancing of the 2024 First Lien Loan with the 2025 First Lien Loan. There was no change in Loss on extinguishment of debt during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024.
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
Income tax benefit increased by $13.5 million, or 315%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024. The increase was primarily due to a reversal of an uncertain tax position. Income tax expense increased by $63.0 million, or 882%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase resulted primarily from an increase to the valuation allowance.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We have historically financed our operations primarily through cash generated from operations. Our primary short-term requirements for liquidity and capital are to fund general working capital, capital expenditures, and debt service requirements. Our primary long-term liquidity needs are related to debt repayment and potential acquisitions.
Our primary source of funds is cash generated from operations. Our existing cash and cash equivalents are sufficient to fund our liquidity needs for the next 12 months and thereafter for the foreseeable future. As of September 30,
43
2025, we had $145.1 million of cash and cash equivalents, which consist of interest-bearing deposit accounts, money market accounts managed by financial institutions, and highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 we generated negative cash flows from operating activities, primarily due to lower Marketplace and Resale orders causing a contraction in accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities at the end of the period.
Loan Agreements
In 2022, we refinanced the outstanding balance of our former first lien debt facility with a $275.0 million term loan (the “2022 First Lien Loan”) and a $100.0 million revolving credit facility with a maturity date of February 3, 2027 (the “Revolving Facility”).
On June 14, 2024, we refinanced the outstanding balance of the 2022 First Lien Loan with a $395.0 million term loan with a maturity date of February 3, 2029 (the “2024 First Lien Loan”). The 2024 First Lien Loan carried an interest rate equal to the secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”) (subject to a 0.5% floor) plus a margin of 3.00%.
On February 5, 2025, we refinanced the outstanding balance of the 2024 First Lien Loan with a $393.0 million term loan with a maturity date of February 3, 2029 (the “2025 First Lien Loan”). The 2025 First Lien Loan carries an interest rate equal to SOFR (subject to a 0.5% floor) plus a margin of 2.25%; provided that such margin may be reduced to 2.00% if the corporate rating assigned to us by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. and S&P Global Ratings is at least Ba3/BB- (in each case, stable or better). The 2025 First Lien Loan requires quarterly principal payments of $1.0 million. The Revolving Facility, which was unaffected by the 2022 and June 2024 refinancings, does not require periodic payments. All obligations under the 2025 First Lien Loan are unconditionally guaranteed by Hoya Intermediate and substantially all of Hoya Intermediate’s existing and future direct and indirect wholly owned domestic subsidiaries (collectively, the “Guarantors”). All obligations under the 2025 First Lien Loan are secured, subject to permitted liens and other exceptions, by first-priority perfected security interests in substantially all of our and the Guarantors’ assets.
In connection with our acquisition of Wavedash, we assumed long-term debt owed to Shoko Chukin Bank (the “Shoko Chukin Bank Loan”) of JPY 458.3 million (approximately $3.1 million), which had an original maturity date of June 24, 2026 and was subject to a fixed interest rate of 1.3% per annum. On April 4, 2024, we paid off the Shoko Chukin Bank Loan balance in its entirety.
As of September 30, 2025, we had the 2025 First Lien Loan outstanding and we had no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Facility.
Share Repurchase Program
On February 29, 2024, our Board authorized a share repurchase program for up to $100.0 million of Class A common stock (the “Share Repurchase Program”), which was publicly announced on March 5, 2024 and does not have a fixed expiration date.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we repurchased 0.1 million and 0.4 million shares of Class A common stock, respectively, under the Share Repurchase Program, for which we paid $2.1 million and $18.1 million, respectively, and incurred commissions and excise taxes of $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2025, we recognized a liability of less than $0.1 million for unpaid excise taxes related to repurchases of Class A common stock.
Cumulatively as of September 30, 2025, we have repurchased 0.6 million shares of Class A common stock under the Share Repurchase Program, for which we have paid $40.9 million and incurred commissions and excise taxes of $0.3 million. As of September 30, 2025, $59.1 million remained available for future repurchases under the Share Repurchase Program.
Tax Distributions to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
Pursuant to its Limited Liability Company Agreement, Hoya Intermediate is required to make pro rata tax distributions to its members, of which zero and $1.7 million was distributed to redeemable noncontrolling interests during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively.
44
Tax distributions will cease as a result of the Corporate Simplification. See the “Recent Developments – Corporate Simplification” section for more information.
Tax Receivable Agreement
In connection with the Merger Transaction, we entered into a Tax Receivable Agreement (the “TRA”) with the existing Hoya Intermediate unitholders that provides for our payment to such unitholders of 85% of the amount of any tax savings that we realize (or, under certain circumstances, are deemed to realize) as a result of, or attributable to: (i) increases in the tax basis of assets owned directly or indirectly by Hoya Intermediate or its subsidiaries from, among other things, any redemptions or exchanges of Intermediate Units; (ii) existing tax basis (including depreciation and amortization deductions arising from such tax basis) in long-lived assets owned directly or indirectly by Hoya Intermediate or its subsidiaries; and (iii) certain other tax benefits (including deductions in respect of imputed interest) related to us making payments under the TRA.
Amounts payable under the TRA are contingent upon the generation of future taxable income over the term of the TRA and future changes in tax laws. If we do not generate sufficient taxable income in the aggregate over the term of the TRA to utilize the tax benefits, then we would not be required to make the related payments. As of June 30, 2025, we believe, based on applicable accounting standards, that it is no longer probable that we will generate sufficient future taxable income to support a significant amount of the balance of the TRA liability previously recorded as of March 31, 2025. As of June 30, 2025, after evaluating all available positive and negative evidence, we determined that significant negative objective and verifiable evidence in the form of cumulative losses by our domestic operations exists to change our conclusion regarding the future realization of our deferred tax assets, which therefore significantly impacts the amount of future TRA payments that are probable to be made. As of September 30, 2025, we estimate that a $5.9 million TRA liability is probable, of which $5.8 million is due within the next 12 months. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we recorded income of $0.6 million and $149.8 million, respectively, for the change in the TRA liability. The total TRA payment obligation, if there is sufficient taxable income to recognize all TRA attributes, was $155.7 million and $159.7 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we made payments of zero and $4.0 million, respectively, pursuant to the TRA. Both the TRA-related deferred tax assets and the TRA obligation are estimates that are subject to change. If utilization of the deferred tax assets subject to the TRA becomes more likely than not in the future, we expect to record a liability and corresponding expense related to the TRA.
As of October 31, 2025, all rights and obligations under the TRA were terminated in exchange for the issuance of shares of Class A common stock in connection with the Corporate Simplification (other than certain terms thereof that expressly survived), including $5.8 million of cash payments that would have otherwise been due in the first quarter of 2026. As a result of the Corporate Simplification, we will no longer have a TRA liability. See the “Recent Developments – Corporate Simplification” section for more information.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025
2024
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
$
(53,396
)
$
6,135
Net cash used in investing activities
(16,262
)
(17,838
)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
(29,465
)
87,881
Net Cash Provided by (Used In) Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities was $53.4 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 due to a net loss of $292.8 million, net non-cash charges of $317.4 million, and net cash outflows from a $78.0 million change in operating assets and liabilities.
45
Net cash provided by operating activities was $6.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 due to $18.7 million in net income, net non-cash charges of $70.2 million, and net cash outflows from a $82.8 million change in operating assets and liabilities.
Both of the net cash outflows referred to above were primarily due to a decrease in Accounts payable resulting from a decrease in amounts payable to ticket sellers as a result of lower Marketplace GOV and a decrease in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities due to lower Marketplace GOV, as well as the timing of disbursements.
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $16.3 million and $17.8 million, respectively, which in each case was primarily related to capital spending on development activities for our online platform.
Net Cash Provided by (Used In) Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $29.5 million, which was primarily related to repurchases of Class A common stock under the Share Repurchase Program and payment of liabilities under the TRA.
Net cash provided by financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $87.9 million, which was primarily related to the June 2024 refinancing of the 2022 First Lien Loan with the 2024 First Lien Loan.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and expenses, and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The estimates and assumptions associated with revenue recognition, equity-based compensation, warrants and earnouts, recoverability of our goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets, definite-lived intangible assets, long-lived assets, and valuation allowances have the greatest potential impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements. Accordingly, these are the policies that are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. For a description of our critical accounting policies and estimates, see our 2024 Form 10-K. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, there were no material changes to the critical accounting policies disclosed in our 2024 Form 10-K.
We closely monitor the financial and operating results impacting our lone reporting unit with a goodwill balance (the "Marketplace Reporting Unit") and indefinite-lived intangible assets and, as deemed necessary, we make comparisons to the key assumptions used in our fair value estimate at the time of our annual impairment test, in addition to operational initiatives and macroeconomic conditions, which may impact the fair value of the Marketplace Reporting Unit and indefinite-lived intangible assets. We perform an annual impairment assessment of our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets as of October 31 of each fiscal year. During the second quarter of 2025, we assessed the changes in circumstances that occurred during the quarter to determine if it was more likely than not that the fair value of the Marketplace Reporting Unit and indefinite-lived intangible assets were below the respective carrying amounts. We identified several factors related to the Marketplace Reporting Unit and certain indefinite-lived intangible assets that led us to conclude that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the Marketplace Reporting Unit and indefinite-lived intangible assets were below the respective carrying values, which triggered us to perform an interim goodwill impairment assessment for the Marketplace Reporting Unit and certain indefinite-lived intangible assets. These factors included recent declines in our financial performance, near-term outlook, and Class A common stock price, among other factors. As a result of the interim test, we recognized a goodwill impairment loss of $297.4 million related to the Marketplace Reporting Unit during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. We also recognized an impairment loss of $23.0 million related to certain indefinite-lived trademarks during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
The fair value estimates used in our interim quantitative impairment test were based on assumptions we believe to be reasonable, but that are unpredictable and inherently uncertain, including estimates of future growth rates and operating margins and assumptions about the overall economic and competitive environment. There can be no
46
assurance that the estimates and assumptions used at the time of our interim assessment will not change over time. If near-term profitability trends, or our long-term profitability outlook, decline below our expectations, it is possible that our annual assessment could result in an additional impairment of our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2,
New Accounting Standards
, to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Report for a description of recently adopted accounting pronouncements and issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
As a “smaller reporting company” (as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act), we are not required to provide this information.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Limitations on Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act), management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) are designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
Management, with the participation of our principal executive and principal financial officers, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Report. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive and principal financial officers concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) were not effective at the reasonable assurance level as of September 30, 2025 due to the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting described below.
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Material Weakness and Remediation Activities
In connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, we identified and disclosed deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) related to the implementation of segregation of duties as part of our control activities, the establishment of clearly defined roles within our finance and accounting functions, and the number of personnel in those functions with an appropriate level of technical accounting and SEC reporting experience, which, in the aggregate, constitute a material weakness.
Management, with the participation of our Board and its Audit Committee, began the implementation of remediation activities in 2022 and has since continued to develop and implement additional remediation activities. We believe significant progress has been made in our remediation efforts, which through September 30, 2025 included continuing to:
•
implement segregation of duties over business process and information technology control activities;
•
establish clearly defined roles within our finance and accounting functions;
47
•
increase the number of personnel in our finance and accounting functions that have an appropriate level of technical accounting and SEC reporting experience; and
•
design and implement additional internal controls.
While not yet remediated, management believes that the measures described above will remediate the material weakness and strengthen our overall internal control over financial reporting. The material weakness will not be considered remediated until the applicable remediated controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. We continue to devote significant time and attention to these efforts.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Except with respect to our continuing remediation activities discussed above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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Part II - Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
None.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
In addition to the information set forth in this Report, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties discussed in the “Risk Factors” sections of our 2024 Form 10-K and our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2025. These risks and uncertainties could cause actual results to differ materially from historical results or the results contemplated by the forward-looking statements contained in this Report. Except as set forth below and in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2025, as of September 30, 2025, there have been no material changes to the risk factors discussed in our 2024 Form 10-K.
We may not realize the excepted benefits of the Corporate Simplification.
We expect to realize certain benefits as a result of the Corporate Simplification, including retaining 100% of future realized tax savings that, but for the TRA termination, would have been payable to the former TRA parties, and realizing annual savings from reduced compliance and financial reporting costs associated with a single-class stock structure. However, these benefits are dependent on a number of factors, including applicable laws and the amount of our future taxable income. We may not ultimately realize all of the expected benefits of the Corporate Simplification on the anticipated timeline, or at all.
New shares of Class A common stock were issued in connection with the Corporate Simplification. In addition to diluting the ownership and/or voting power of existing stockholders, this increase in the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market could adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock.
In connection with the Corporate Simplification, (i) all 3,811,250 shares of Class B common stock (and corresponding Intermediate Units) were cancelled and exchanged for shares of Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis and (ii) we issued an additional 403,022 shares of Class A common stock (after rounding down any fractional share) to the TRA Parties. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market, or the fact that such sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
The following table presents information related to repurchases of Class A common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2025 (in thousands, except share and per share data):
Period
Total Number of Shares Purchased
Average Price Paid Per Share
(1)
Total Number of Shares Purchased As Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
(2)
July 1-31, 2025
63,886
$
33.66
63,886
$
59,080
August 1-31, 2025
—
—
—
59,080
September 1-30, 2025
—
—
—
59,080
Total
63,886
$
33.66
63,886
$
59,080
(1) Excludes commissions, excise taxes, and other costs of execution.
(2) On February 29, 2024, our Board authorized the Share Repurchase Program for up to $100.0 million of Class A common stock. The Share Repurchase Program was publicly announced on March 5, 2024, does not have a fixed expiration date, and does not obligate us to purchase any minimum number of shares. Under the Share
49
Repurchase Program, we may repurchase shares in privately negotiated or open market transactions, including under plans complying with Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act.
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*
* Filed herewith.
** Furnished herewith.
The documents filed as exhibits to this Report are not intended to provide factual information other than with respect to the terms of the documents themselves, and should not be relied on for that purpose. In particular, any representations and warranties contained in any such document were made solely within the context of such document and do not apply in any other context or at any time other than the date on which they were made.
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Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
Insider Ownership of Vivid Seats Inc.
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Summary Financials of Vivid Seats Inc.
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