SFDL 10-Q Quarterly Report June 30, 2023

SECURITY FEDERAL CORP

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sfdl20230630_10q.htm

Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark one)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED June 30, 2023

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD:

FROM:

TO:

COMMISSION FILE NUMBER: 000-16120

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

	South Carolina		57-0858504
	(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(IRS Employer Identification No.)

238 Richland Avenue Northwest , Aiken , South Carolina 29801

(Address of principal executive office and Zip Code)

( 803 ) 641-3000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files.) Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Emerging growth company	☐
Accelerated filer	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Yes

☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell corporation (defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act) Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practical date.

CLASS:	OUTSTANDING SHARES AT:	SHARES:

Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share	August 11, 2023	3,253,210

Table of Contents

PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION (UNAUDITED)	PAGE NO.

Item 1.	Financial Statements (unaudited):	3

	Consolidated Balance Sheets at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022	3

	Consolidated Statements of Income for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022	4

	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022	5

	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022	6

	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022	7

	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	8

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	35

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	47

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	47

PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	48

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	48

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	48

Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	48

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	48

Item 5.	Other Information	48

Item 6.	Exhibits	49

	Signatures	50

SCHEDULES OMITTED

All schedules other than those indicated above are omitted because of the absence of the conditions under which they are required or because the information is included in the consolidated financial statements and related notes.

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Part 1. Financial Information

Item 1. Financial Statements

Consolidated Balance Sheets

	*June 30, 2023*			December 31, 2022
	(Unaudited)			(Audited)
ASSETS:
Cash and Cash Equivalents	$	77,179,815		$	28,502,364
Certificates of Deposit with Other Banks		1,100,045			1,100,045
Investments:
Available For Sale ("AFS")		541,952,626			550,148,284
Held To Maturity ("HTM") Net of Allowance for Credit Losses of $ 0 (Fair Value of $ 170,589,274 and $ 161,463,573 at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, Respectively)		176,622,658			167,437,616
Total Investments		718,575,284			717,585,900
Loans Receivable, Net:
Held For Sale		1,219,997			913,258
Held For Investment (Net of Allowance for Credit Losses of $ 12,283,325 and $ 11,177,753 at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, Respectively)		588,444,632			549,003,912
Total Loans Receivable, Net		589,664,629			549,917,170
Accrued Interest Receivable:
Loans		1,464,926			1,462,039
Investments		3,538,475			3,348,635
Total Accrued Interest Receivable		5,003,401			4,810,674
Operating Lease Right-of-Use ("ROU") Assets		1,633,474			1,860,997
Land Held for Sale		1,096,614			1,096,614
Premises and Equipment, Net		28,833,709			27,959,793
Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") Stock, at Cost		658,600			650,600
Other Real Estate Owned ("OREO")		105,000			119,700
Bank Owned Life Insurance ("BOLI")		27,624,535			27,318,098
Goodwill		1,199,754			1,199,754
Other Assets		19,565,343			19,244,454
Total Assets	$	1,472,240,203		$	1,381,366,163
LIABILITIES:
Deposit Accounts	$	1,179,473,071		$	1,110,085,296
Borrowings from Federal Reserve Bank ("FRB")		69,200,000			44,080,000
Other Borrowings		17,890,095			27,588,147
Junior Subordinated Debentures		5,155,000			5,155,000
Subordinated Debentures		26,500,000			26,500,000
Operating Lease Liabilities		1,676,802			1,904,285
Other Liabilities		9,036,474			5,819,807
Total Liabilities	$	1,308,931,442		$	1,221,132,535
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
Senior Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series ECIP, $ 1,000 Par Value; 82,949 Shares Authorized, Issued and Outstanding at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022	$	82,949,000		$	82,949,000
Common Stock, $ 0.01 Par Value; 5,000,000 Shares Authorized; 3,454,669 and 3,453,817 Shares Issued and 3,253,736 and 3,252,884 Shares Outstanding at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, Respectively		34,547			34,538
Additional Paid-In Capital ("APIC")		18,250,501			18,230,187
Treasury Stock, at Cost ( 200,933 Shares)		( 4,330,712	)		( 4,330,712	)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss ("AOCI")		( 39,751,959	)		( 40,778,646	)
Retained Earnings		106,157,384			104,129,261
Total Shareholders' Equity	$	163,308,761		$	160,233,628
Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity	$	1,472,240,203		$	1,381,366,163

SEE ACCOMPANYING NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)

	*Three Months Ended June 30,*				*Six Months Ended June 30,*
	*2023*		2022		*2023*		2022
Interest Income:
Loans	$	8,071,689	$	6,205,296	$	15,481,852	$	12,301,982
Investments		7,014,243		3,128,220		13,787,725		5,729,178
Other		467,123		54,047		501,555		56,263
Total Interest Income		15,553,055		9,387,563		29,771,132		18,087,423
Interest Expense:
Deposits		5,171,281		397,630		8,086,549		742,697
FHLB Advances and Other Borrowed Money		822,547		17,220		1,450,329		47,003
Subordinated Debentures		347,812		393,750		695,625		787,500
Junior Subordinated Debentures		87,134		35,213		170,740		61,252
Total Interest Expense		6,428,774		843,813		10,403,243		1,638,452
Net Interest Income		9,124,281		8,543,750		19,367,889		16,448,971
Provision for Credit Losses		221,000		—		221,000		—
Net Interest Income After Provision for Credit Losses		8,903,281		8,543,750		19,146,889		16,448,971
Non-Interest Income:
Gain on Sale of Loans		201,059		510,931		394,940		1,224,824
Service Fees on Deposit Accounts		301,264		271,887		570,877		529,378
Commissions From Insurance Agency		185,568		245,769		348,367		385,273
Trust Income		457,098		355,673		839,306		720,419
BOLI Income		156,233		148,962		306,437		306,203
ATM and Check Card Fee Income		749,814		704,133		1,551,836		1,421,400
Grant Income		—		170,699		—		170,699
Other		200,193		229,664		439,843		482,846
Total Non-Interest Income		2,251,229		2,637,718		4,451,606		5,241,042
Non-Interest Expense:
Compensation and Employee Benefits		5,024,089		4,904,606		10,264,885		9,961,226
Occupancy		772,722		694,650		1,579,156		1,407,436
Advertising		261,801		279,596		506,396		539,929
Depreciation and Maintenance of Equipment		598,388		585,216		1,186,347		1,138,537
FDIC Insurance Premiums		217,503		84,183		307,809		196,225
Writedown of Land Held for Sale		—		93,733		—		433,077
Consulting		142,396		169,231		355,731		333,981
Debit Card Expenses		352,287		326,344		688,933		610,133
Data Processing		315,844		278,687		628,077		513,078
Other		1,223,613		1,012,303		2,421,897		1,889,771
Total Non-Interest Expense		8,908,643		8,428,549		17,939,231		17,023,393
Income Before Income Taxes		2,245,867		2,752,919		5,659,264		4,666,620
Provision for Income Taxes		467,670		589,116		1,206,967		953,786
Net Income		1,778,197		2,163,803		4,452,297		3,712,834
Net Income Per Common Share (Basic)	$	0.55	$	0.67	$	1.37	$	1.14
Cash Dividend Per Share on Common Stock	$	0.13	$	0.40	$	0.26	$	0.52
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding (Basic)		3,253,736		3,252,884		3,253,736		3,252,884

SEE ACCOMPANYING NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Unaudited)

	*Three Months Ended June 30,*
	*2023*			*2022*
Net Income	$	1,778,197		$	2,163,803
Other Comprehensive Loss:
Unrealized Holding Losses on Securities AFS, Net of Tax Benefit of $( 1,488,845 ) and $( 4,338,998 ) at June 30, 2023 and 2022, Respectively		( 4,553,333	)		( 13,376,260	)
Amortization of Unrealized Losses (Gains) on AFS Securities Transferred to HTM, Net of Tax Expense of $ 740 and $ 670 at June 30, 2023 and 2022, Respectively		2,219			2,011
Other Comprehensive Loss, Net of Tax		( 4,551,114	)		( 13,374,249	)
Comprehensive Loss	$	( 2,772,917	)	$	( 11,210,446	)

	*Six Months Ended June 30,*
	*2023*		*2022*
Net Income	$	4,452,297	$	3,712,834
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss):
Unrealized Holding Gains (Losses) on Securities AFS, Net of Tax Expense (Benefit) of $ 318,841 and $( 10,892,436 ) at June 30, 2023 and 2022, Respectively		1,021,823		( 33,598,964	)
Amortization of Unrealized Losses (Gains) on AFS Securities Transferred to HTM, Net of Tax Expense of $ 1,621 and $ 619 at June 30, 2023 and 2022, Respectively		4,864		1,857
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax		1,026,687		( 33,597,107	)
Comprehensive Income (Loss)	$	5,478,984	$	( 29,884,273	)

SEE ACCOMPANYING NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity (Unaudited)

For the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

	Preferred Stock		Common Stock		APIC		Treasury Stock			AOCI (Loss)			Retained Earnings			Total
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	—	$	34,538	$	18,230,187	$	( 4,330,712	)	$	5,215,107		$	96,373,405		$	115,522,525
Net Income		—		—		—		—			—			1,549,031			1,549,031
Other Comprehensive Loss, Net of Tax		—		—		—		—			( 20,222,858	)		—			( 20,222,858	)
Cash Dividends on Common Stock		—		—		—		—			—			( 390,346	)		( 390,346	)
Balance at March 31, 2022	$	—	$	34,538	$	18,230,187	$	( 4,330,712	)	$	( 15,007,751	)	$	97,532,090		$	96,458,352
Net Income		—		—		—		—			—			2,163,803			2,163,803
Other Comprehensive Loss, Net of Tax		—		—		—		—			( 13,374,249	)		—			( 13,374,249	)
Preferred Stock issuance		82,949,000		—		—		—			—			—			82,949,000
Cash Dividends on Common Stock		—		—		—		—			—			( 1,301,154	)		( 1,301,154	)
Balance at June 30, 2022	$	82,949,000	$	34,538	$	18,230,187	$	( 4,330,712	)	$	( 28,382,000	)	$	98,394,739		$	166,895,752

	*Preferred Stock*		*Common Stock*		*APIC*		*Treasury Stock*			*AOCI (Loss)*			*Retained Earnings*			*Total*
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	82,949,000	$	34,538	$	18,230,187	$	( 4,330,712	)	$	( 40,778,646	)	$	104,129,261		$	160,233,628
Adoption of ASU 2016-13		—		—		—		—			—			( 1,578,271	)		( 1,578,271	)
Net Income		—		—		—		—			—			2,674,100			2,674,100
Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax		—		—		—		—			5,577,801			—			5,577,801
Employee Stock Purchase Plan		—		3		8,411		—			—			—			8,414
Cash Dividends on Common Stock		—		—		—		—			—			( 422,917	)		( 422,917	)
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	82,949,000	$	34,541	$	18,238,598	$	( 4,330,712	)	$	( 35,200,845	)	$	104,802,173		$	166,492,755
Net Income		—		—		—		—			—			1,778,197			1,778,197
Other Comprehensive Loss, Net of Tax		—		—		—		—			( 4,551,114	)		—			( 4,551,114	)
Employee Stock Purchase Plan		—		6		11,903		—			—			—			11,909
Cash Dividends on Common Stock		—		—		—		—			—			( 422,986	)		( 422,986	)
Balance at June 30, 2023	$	82,949,000	$	34,547	$	18,250,501	$	( 4,330,712	)	$	( 39,751,959	)	$	106,157,384		$	163,308,761

SEE ACCOMPANYING NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

	*Six Months Ended*
	*June 30,*
	*2023*			2022
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net Income	$	4,452,297		$	3,712,834
Adjustments To Reconcile Net Income To Net Cash Provided By Operating Activities:
Depreciation Expense		1,074,843			974,969
Discount Accretion and Premium Amortization, net		2,249,971			3,860,615
Provision for Credit Losses		221,000			—
Earnings on BOLI		( 306,437	)		( 306,203	)
Gain on Sales of Loans		( 394,940	)		( 1,224,824	)
Write Down of Land Held for Sale		—			433,077
Write Down of OREO		14,700			—
Amortization of Operating Lease ROU Assets		227,523			214,520
Proceeds From Sale of Loans Held For Sale		13,689,002			38,267,947
Origination of Loans Held For Sale		( 13,600,801	)		( 33,594,750	)
Increase in Accrued Interest Receivable		( 192,727	)		( 153,344	)
Other, Net		2,354,318			( 198,921	)
Net Cash Provided By Operating Activities	$	9,788,749		$	11,985,920
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchase of Investments AFS	$	( 27,119,351	)	$	( 59,674,541	)
Proceeds from Paydowns and Maturities of Investments AFS		34,376,696			59,699,068
Purchase of Investments HTM		( 16,936,251	)		( 84,220,113	)
Proceeds from Paydowns and Maturities of Investments HTM		7,780,215			2,622,788
Purchase of FHLB Stock		( 8,000	)		( 64,800	)
Increase in Loans Receivable		( 41,239,991	)		( 6,930,842	)
Purchase and Improvement of Premises and Equipment		( 1,948,759	)		( 2,703,463	)
Net Cash Used By Investing Activities	$	( 45,095,441	)	$	( 91,271,903	)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Increase in Deposit Accounts	$	69,387,775		$	33,718,714
(Decrease) Increase in Other Borrowings, Net		( 9,698,052	)		15,559,633
Proceeds from FRB Borrowings		346,055,000			145,665,000
Repayment of FRB Borrowings		( 320,935,000	)		( 145,665,000	)
Issuance of Preferred Stock		—			82,949,000
Proceeds from Employee Stock Purchase Plan		20,323			—
Dividends to Common Stock Shareholders		( 845,903	)		( 1,691,500	)
Net Cash Provided By Financing Activities	$	83,984,143		$	130,535,847
Net Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents		48,677,451			51,249,864
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Period		28,502,364			27,622,851
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Period	$	77,179,815		$	78,872,715
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Cash Paid for Interest	$	9,242,225		$	1,502,472
Cash Paid for Taxes		1,584,315			384,000
Non-Cash Transactions:
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		1,026,687			( 33,597,107	)

SEE ACCOMPANYING NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

NOTE 1 - BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with instructions for Form 10 -Q and accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"); therefore, they do not include all disclosures necessary for a complete presentation of financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Such statements are unaudited but, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which are of a normal recurring nature and necessary for a fair presentation of results for the selected interim periods. Users of financial information produced for interim periods are encouraged to refer to the footnotes contained in the audited consolidated financial statements appearing in Security Federal Corporation’s (the “Company”) 2022 Annual Report to Shareholders which was filed as an exhibit to our Annual Report on Form 10 -K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (“ 2022 10 -K”) when reviewing interim financial statements. The unaudited consolidated results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023 or any other period. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

NOTE 2 - PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, Security Federal Bank (the “Bank”) and the Bank’s wholly owned subsidiaries, Security Federal Investments, Inc. ("SFINV") and Security Federal Insurance, Inc. (“SFINS”). SFINV was formed to hold investment securities and allow for better management of the securities portfolio. SFINS is an insurance agency offering auto, business, and home insurance. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company has a wholly owned subsidiary, Security Federal Statutory Trust (the “Trust”), which issued and sold fixed and floating rate capital securities of the Trust. However, under current accounting guidance, the Trust is not consolidated in the Company’s financial statements. The Bank is primarily engaged in the business of accepting savings and demand deposits and originating mortgage loans and other loans to individuals and small businesses for various personal and commercial purposes.

NOTE 3 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The Company has adopted various accounting policies, which govern the application of accounting principles generally accepted in the United States in the preparation of our financial statements. Our significant accounting policies are described in the footnotes to the audited consolidated financial statements at December 31, 2022 included in our 2022 Annual Report to Shareholders. Certain accounting policies involve significant judgments and assumptions by management, which have a material impact on the carrying value of certain assets and liabilities, and, as such, have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different than originally reported. We consider these accounting policies to be critical accounting policies. The judgments and assumptions we use are based on historical experience and other factors, which we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Because of the nature of the judgments and assumptions we make, actual results could differ from these judgments and estimates which could have a material impact on our carrying values of assets and liabilities and our results of operations. There have been no significant changes to the application of significant accounting policies since December 31, 2022 , except for the following:

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2023

On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016 - 13 Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326 ): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 326. This standard replaced the incurred loss methodology with an expected loss methodology that is referred to as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) methodology. CECL requires an estimate of credit losses for the remaining estimated life of the financial asset using historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts and generally applies to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loan receivables and held-to-maturity debt securities, and some off-balance sheet credit exposures such as unfunded commitments to extend credit. Financial assets measured at amortized cost will be presented at the net amount expected to be collected by using an allowance for credit losses.

In addition, CECL made changes to the accounting for AFS debt securities. One such change is to require credit losses to be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down on AFS debt securities if management does not intend to sell and does not believe that it is more likely than not, they will be required to sell.

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SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company adopted ASC 326 and all related subsequent amendments thereto effective January 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective approach for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and off-balance sheet credit exposures. The transition adjustment of the adoption of CECL included an increase in the allowance for credit losses on loans of $ 784,000 , which is presented as a reduction to net loans outstanding, and an increase in the allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments of $ 1.2 million, which is recorded within "Other Liabilities." The adoption of CECL had an insignificant impact on the Company's held to maturity and AFS securities portfolios. The Company recorded a net decrease to retained earnings of $ 1.6 million as of January 1, 2023 for the cumulative effect of adopting CECL, which reflects the transition adjustments noted above, net of the applicable deferred tax assets recorded. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2023 are presented under CECL while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable accounting standards (“Incurred Loss”).

The Company adopted ASC 326 using the prospective transition approach for debt securities for which other-than-temporary impairment had been recognized prior to January 1, 2023. As of December 31, 2022 , the Company did not have any other-than-temporarily impaired investment securities. Therefore, upon adoption of ASC 326, the Company determined that an allowance for credit losses on AFS securities was not deemed material.

The Company elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable and instead elected to reverse interest income on loans or securities that are placed on nonaccrual status, which is generally when the instrument is 90 days past due, or earlier if the Company believes the collection of interest is doubtful. The Company has concluded that this policy results in the timely reversal of uncollectible interest.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Held to Maturity Securities

Management measures expected credit losses on held to maturity debt securities on a collective basis by major security type. Accrued interest receivable on held to maturity debt securities totaled $ 729,000 at June 30, 2023 and was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

The estimate of expected credit losses is primarily based on the ratings assigned to the securities by debt rating agencies and the average of the annual historical loss rates associated with those ratings. The Company then multiplies those loss rates, as adjusted for any modifications to reflect current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts as considered necessary, by the remaining lives of each individual security to arrive at a lifetime expected loss amount. Additionally, private label collateralized mortgage obligation ("CMO") securities which are not explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government are evaluated utilizing underlying pool data such as historical loss rates, loan-to-value ratios and credit enhancement data. See "Note 7 - Investments Held to Maturity" with regards to the held to maturity portfolio major security types.

All mortgage-backed securities issued by government-sponsored corporations are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, are highly rated by major rating agencies and have a long history of no credit losses. The state and local governments securities held by the Company are highly rated by major rating agencies.

As a result, no allowance for credit losses was recorded on held to maturity securities at June 30, 2023 .

Allowance for Credit Losses – Available for Sale Securities

For AFS securities, management evaluates all investments in an unrealized loss position on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such evaluation. If the Company has the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security, the security is written down to fair value and the entire loss is recorded in earnings.

If either of the above criteria is not met, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value is the result of credit losses or other factors. In making the assessment, the Company may consider various factors including the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, performance on any underlying collateral, downgrades in the ratings of the security by a rating agency, the failure of the issuer to make scheduled interest or principal payments and adverse conditions specifically related to the security. If the assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security and any excess is recorded as an allowance for credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any amount of unrealized loss that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit loss is recognized in other comprehensive income.

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SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Changes in the allowance for credit loss are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance for credit loss when management believes an AFS security is confirmed to be uncollectible or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. At June 30, 2023 , there was no allowance for credit loss related to the AFS portfolio.

Accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities totaled $ 2.8 million at June 30, 2023 and was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

Loans

Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at amortized cost. Amortized cost is the principal balance outstanding, net of purchase premiums and discounts and deferred fees and costs. Accrued interest receivable related to loans is reported in accrued interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized in interest income using methods that approximate a level yield without anticipating prepayments.

The accrual of interest is generally discontinued when a loan becomes 90 days past due and is not well collateralized and in the process of collection, or when management believes, after considering economic and business conditions and collection efforts, that the principal or interest will not be collectible in the normal course of business. Past due status is based on contractual terms of the loan. A loan is considered to be past due when a scheduled payment has not been received 30 days after the contractual due date.

All accrued interest is reversed against interest income when a loan is placed on nonaccrual status. Interest received on such loans is accounted for using the cost-recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Under the cost-recovery method, interest income is not recognized until the loan balance is reduced to zero. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current, there is a sustained period of repayment performance, and future payments are reasonably assured.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans

The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans' amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

The allowance for credit losses represents management’s estimate of lifetime credit losses inherent in loans as of the balance sheet date. The allowance for credit losses is estimated by management using relevant available information, from both internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

The Company measures expected credit losses for loans on a pooled basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The Company has identified the following portfolio segments:

Real Estate

•

Construction - Construction loans consist of loans to construct a borrower’s primary or secondary residence or vacant land upon which the owner intends to construct a dwelling at a future date. These loans are typically secured by undeveloped or partially developed land in anticipation of completing construction of a 1 - 4 family residential property. There is risk these construction and development projects can experience delays and cost overruns exceeding the borrower’s financial ability to complete the project. Such cost overruns can result in foreclosure of partially completed and unmarketable collateral. In addition, construction loans consist of loans to finance land for development of commercial or residential real property and construction of multifamily apartments or other commercial properties. These loans are highly dependent on the supply and demand for commercial real estate as well as the demand for newly constructed residential homes and lots acquired for development. Deterioration in demand could result in decreased collateral values, which could make repayments of outstanding loans difficult for customers.

•

Residential Mortgage - Residential mortgages consist of loans to purchase or refinance the borrower’s primary dwelling, second residence or vacation home and are often secured by 1 - 4 family residential property. Significant and rapid declines in real estate values can result in borrowers having debt levels in excess of the current market value of the collateral.

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SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

•

Commercial - Owner occupied commercial mortgages consist of loans to purchase or re-finance owner occupied nonresidential properties. Typically, owner occupied commercial real estate loans are secured by office buildings, warehouses, manufacturing facilities and other commercial and industrial properties occupied by operating companies. Commercial mortgages secured by owner occupied properties are primarily dependent on the ability of borrowers to achieve business results consistent with those projected at loan origination. While these loans are collateralized by real property in an effort to mitigate risk, it is possible the liquidation of collateral will not fully satisfy the obligation. Non-owner occupied commercial mortgages consist of loans to purchase or refinance investment nonresidential properties. Typically, non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans are generally secured by office buildings and complexes, retail facilities, multifamily complexes, land under development, industrial properties, as well as other commercial or industrial real estate. The primary risk associated with non-owner occupied commercial mortgage loans is the ability of the income-producing property that collateralizes the loan to produce adequate cash flow to service the debt. While these loans are collateralized by real property in an effort to mitigate risk, it is possible the liquidation of collateral will not fully satisfy the obligation.

Commercial and Agricultural - Commercial business loans consist of loans or lines of credit to finance accounts receivable, inventory or other general business needs, business credit cards, and lease financing agreements for equipment, vehicles, or other assets. The primary risk associated with commercial and industrial and lease financing loans is the ability of borrowers to achieve business results consistent with those projected at origination. Failure to achieve these projections presents risk the borrower will be unable to service the debt consistent with the contractual terms of the loan or lease.

Consumer loans

•

Home equity - Home equity loans consist of home equity lines of credit and other lines of credit secured by first or second liens on the borrower’s primary residence. These loans are secured by both senior and junior liens on the residential real estate and are particularly susceptible to declining collateral values.

•

Other - Consumer loans consist of loans to finance unsecured home improvements, student loans, automobiles and revolving lines of credit that can be secured or unsecured. The value of the underlying collateral within this class is at risk of potential rapid depreciation which could result in unpaid balances in excess of the collateral.

The Company calculates the allowance for credit losses on loans for each pool of loans using a remaining life loss methodology with a two quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period and an immediate reversion period. Management believes that the Company’s historical loss experience provides the best basis for its assessment of expected credit losses on loans to determine the allowance for credit losses. The Company uses its own internal data to measure historical credit loss experience within the loan pools with similar risk characteristics over an economic cycle. The Company then forecasts the calculated historical loss rates over the calculated remaining life of loans by pool.

Additionally, the allowance for credit losses calculation includes subjective adjustments for qualitative risk factors that are likely to cause estimated credit losses to differ from historical experience. These qualitative adjustments may increase or reduce reserve levels and include adjustments for lending management experience and risk tolerance, loan review and audit results, asset quality and portfolio trends, loan portfolio growth, industry concentrations, trends in underlying collateral, external factors and economic conditions not already captured.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. When management determines that foreclosure is probable and the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, the expected credit losses are based on the fair value of collateral at the reporting date adjusted for selling costs as appropriate.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Unfunded Commitments

Financial instruments include off-balance sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to make loans and commercial letters of credit issued to meet customer financing needs. The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for off-balance sheet loan commitments is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded.

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SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company records an allowance for credit losses - unfunded commitments unless the commitments to extend credit are unconditionally cancellable, through a charge to provision for unfunded commitments in the Company’s income statements. The allowance for credit losses - unfunded commitments is estimated by loan segment at each balance sheet date under CECL using the same methodologies as portfolio loans, taking into consideration the likelihood that funding will occur as well as any third -party guarantees. The allowance for credit losses - unfunded commitments is included in other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

In January 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2022 - 02, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326 ): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures” (“ASU 2022 - 02” ), which eliminated the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancing and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. In addition, for public business entities, the guidance requires disclosure of current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326 - 20. The Company adopted the guidance using the modified retrospective method. Upon adoption of this guidance, the Company no longer establishes a specific reserve for modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Instead, these modifications are included in their respective cohort and a historical loss rate is applied to the current loan balance to arrive at the quantitative baseline portion of the allowance. The difference between the allowance previously determined and the current allowance was not material to the Company’s financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The following is a summary of recent authoritative pronouncements that could affect accounting, reporting, and disclosure of financial information by the Company:

In December 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued amendments to extend the period of time preparers can use the reference rate reform relief guidance under ASC Topic 848 from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024, to address the fact that all London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") tenors were not discontinued as of December 31, 2021, and some tenors wouldn't be published until June 2023. The amendments are effective immediately for all entities and are applied prospectively. The Company does not expect these amendments to have a material effect on its financial statements.

Other accounting standards that have been issued or proposed by the FASB or other standards-setting authorities are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

NOTE 4 - EARNINGS PER SHARE

Accounting guidance specifies the computation, presentation and disclosure requirements for earnings per share (“EPS”) for entities with publicly held common stock or potential common stock such as options, warrants, convertible securities or contingent stock agreements if those securities trade in a public market. Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is similar to the computation of basic EPS except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the dilutive common shares had been issued. The dilutive effect of options outstanding under the Company’s stock option plan is reflected in diluted EPS by application of the treasury stock method. There were no stock options outstanding at June 30, 2023 or 2022; and therefore, no dilutive options were included in the calculation of diluted EPS for those periods. The following tables include a summary of the Company's basic EPS for the periods indicated.

Three Months Ended June 30,

2023

2022

Income

Shares

EPS

Income

Shares

EPS

Basic EPS

1,778,197

3,253,736

0.55

2,163,803

3,252,884

0.67

Six Months Ended June 30,

2023

2022

Income

Shares

EPS

Income

Shares

EPS

Basic EPS

4,452,297

3,253,736

1.37

3,712,834

3,252,884

1.14

NOTE 5 - STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

Certain officers and directors of the Company participate in incentive and non-qualified stock option plans. Options are granted at exercise prices not less than the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant. At June 30, 2023 and 2022 , the Company had no options outstanding and there was no activity during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 . At those dates, there were 50,000 options available for grants.

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SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

NOTE 6 - INVESTMENTS, AVAILABLE FOR SALE ("AFS")

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses, and fair values of investments AFS at the dates indicated were as follows:

June 30, 2023

Amortized

Gross Unrealized

Fair

Cost

Gains

Losses

Value

Student Loan Pools

55,012,254

24,574

1,152,504

53,884,324

Small Business Administration (“SBA”) Bonds

86,796,430

456,505

3,092,775

84,160,160

Tax Exempt Municipal Bonds

21,565,323

389,470

1,293,005

20,661,788

Taxable Municipal Bonds

64,709,727

—

12,620,947

52,088,780

Mortgage-Backed Securities ("MBS")

366,537,252

20,821

35,400,499

331,157,574

Total Available For Sale

594,620,986

891,370

53,559,730

541,952,626

	December 31, 2022
	Amortized		Gross Unrealized		Gross Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Student Loan Pools	$	60,854,658	$	11,647	$	1,709,323	$	59,156,982
SBA Bonds		102,292,600		584,290		3,246,923		99,629,967
Tax Exempt Municipal Bonds		22,536,806		405,341		1,631,819		21,310,328
Taxable Municipal Bonds		65,249,883		—		14,480,144		50,769,739
MBS		353,223,361		29,861		33,971,954		319,281,268
Total Available For Sale	$	604,157,308	$	1,031,139	$	55,040,163	$	550,148,284

Student Loan Pools are typically 97% guaranteed by the United States government while SBA bonds are 100% backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government. The majority of the MBS included in the tables above and below are issued or guaranteed by an agency of the United States government such as Ginnie Mae, or by Government Sponsored Entities ("GSEs"), including Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Ginnie Mae MBS are backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government, while those issued by GSEs are not. Also included in MBS in the tables above and below are private label CMO securities, which are issued by non-governmental real estate mortgage investment conduits and are not backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government. At June 30, 2023 , the Company held an amortized cost and fair value of $ 79.0 million and $ 72.0 million in private label CMO securities, compared to an amortized cost and fair value of $ 60.1 million and $ 53.8 million at December 31, 2022 , respectively. There was no allowance for credit losses recorded on investments AFS as of June 30, 2023 .

The amortized cost and fair value of investments AFS at June 30, 2023 are shown below by contractual maturity. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers have the right to prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Since MBS are not due at a single maturity date, they are disclosed separately, rather than allocated over the maturity groupings set forth in the table below.

	*June 30, 2023*
Investments AFS:	*Amortized Cost*		*Fair Value*
One Year or Less	$	15,149	$	15,048
After One – Five Years		4,941,009		4,923,354
After Five – Ten Years		74,445,408		70,014,896
More Than Ten Years		148,682,168		135,841,754
MBS AFS		366,537,252		331,157,574
Total AFS	$	594,620,986	$	541,952,626

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SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

At June 30, 2023 , the amortized cost and fair value of investments AFS pledged as collateral for certain deposit accounts, FHLB advances and other borrowings were $ 362.8 million and $ 332.5 million, compared to an amortized cost and fair value of $ 318.0 million and $ 297.0 million at December 31, 2022 , respectively.

There were no sales of investments AFS during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 ; and therefore, no proceeds from sales, gross gains or gross losses were recorded during those periods.

The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and estimated fair value of AFS securities for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded aggregated by category and length of time that securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at June 30, 2023 .

June 30, 2023

Less than 12 Months

12 Months or More

Total

Fair

Unrealized

Fair

Unrealized

Fair

Unrealized

Value

Losses

Value

Losses

Value

Losses

Student Loan Pools

2,219,356

9,373

46,923,563

1,143,131

49,142,919

1,152,504

SBA Bonds

4,287,109

12,009

41,374,318

3,080,766

45,661,427

3,092,775

Tax Exempt Municipal Bonds

510,280

23,629

12,712,000

1,269,376

13,222,280

1,293,005

Taxable Municipal Bonds

—

52,088,780

12,620,947

52,088,780

12,620,947

MBS

38,697,258

1,140,729

290,776,832

34,259,770

329,474,090

35,400,499

45,714,003

1,185,740

443,875,493

52,373,990

489,589,496

53,559,730

The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and estimated fair value of AFS aggregated by category and length of time that securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at December 31, 2022 .

	December 31, 2022
	Less than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
	Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized
	Value		Losses		Value		Losses		Value		Losses
Student Loan Pools	$	24,768,260	$	637,963	$	30,684,124	$	1,071,360	$	55,452,384	$	1,709,323
SBA Bonds		8,403,975		120,766		45,969,373		3,126,157		54,373,348		3,246,923
Tax Exempt Municipal Bonds		8,050,944		718,645		4,929,289		913,174		12,980,233		1,631,819
Taxable Municipal Bonds		14,427,796		3,196,761		36,341,943		11,283,383		50,769,739		14,480,144
MBS		146,016,464		11,132,554		170,578,059		22,839,400		316,594,523		33,971,954
	$	201,667,439	$	15,806,689	$	288,502,788	$	39,233,474	$	490,170,227	$	55,040,163

Securities classified as investments AFS are recorded at fair market value. At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 , 427 and 416 individual investments AFS were in a loss position, including 356 and 211 securities that were in a loss position for greater than 12 months, respectively. The Company has the ability and intent to hold these securities until such time as the value recovers or the securities mature.

The Company believes, based on industry analyst reports and credit ratings, that the deterioration in value is attributable to changes in market interest rates and is not in the credit quality of the issuer and therefore, unrealized losses have not been recognized into income. The Company reviews its investment securities portfolio at least quarterly and more frequently when economic conditions warrant, assessing whether an allowance for credit loss is deemed necessary.

Accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities totaled $ 2.8 million at June 30, 2023 and was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

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SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

NOTE 7 - INVESTMENTS, HELD TO MATURITY ("HTM")

The Company’s investments HTM portfolio is recorded at amortized cost. The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses, and fair values of investments HTM at the date indicated were as follows:

June 30, 2023

Amortized

Gross Unrealized

Fair

Cost

Gains

Losses

Value

US Treasury Bonds

34,691,658

—

709,002

33,982,656

FHLB Bond

1,000,000

—

11,448

988,552

Student Loan Pools

17,975,057

69,938

81,883

17,963,112

SBA Bonds

13,148,556

604,114

—

13,752,670

Taxable Municipal Bonds

957,062

—

55,302

901,760

MBS

108,850,325

507

5,850,308

103,000,524

Total Held To Maturity

176,622,658

674,559

6,707,943

170,589,274

	December 31, 2022
	Amortized		Gross Unrealized		Gross Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
US Treasury Bonds	$	34,511,849	$	—	$	682,198	$	33,829,651
FHLB Bond		1,000,000		—		1,360		998,640
Student Loan Pools		16,387,997		88,489		59,090		16,417,396
SBA Bonds		3,521,293		162,235		—		3,683,528
Taxable Municipal Bonds		951,864		—		60,134		891,730
MBS		111,064,613		29,194		5,451,179		105,642,628
Total HTM	$	167,437,616	$	279,918	$	6,253,961	$	161,463,573

At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 , 62 and 54 individual investments HTM were in a loss position, including 19 and 6 securities that were in a loss position for greater than 12 months, respectively. The Company believes, based on industry analyst reports and credit ratings, that the deterioration in value was attributable to changes in market interest rates and was not in the credit quality of the issuer. The Company has the ability and intent to hold these securities to maturity.

The estimate of expected credit losses on investments HTM is primarily based on the ratings assigned to the securities by debt rating agencies and the average of the annual historical loss rates associated with those ratings. The Company then multiplies those loss rates, as adjusted for any modifications to reflect current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts as considered necessary, by the remaining lives of each individual security to arrive at a lifetime expected loss amount. Additionally, private label CMO securities which are not explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government are evaluated utilizing underlying pool data such as historical loss rates, loan-to-value ratios and credit enhancement data.

As a result of the analysis, there was no allowance for credit losses recorded for investments HTM as of June 30, 2023 .

As of June 30, 2023 , there were no HTM debt securities that were classified as either nonaccrual or 90 days or more past due and still accruing.

Accrued interest receivable on HTM debt securities totaled $ 729,000 at June 30, 2023 and was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

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SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The following tables show gross unrealized losses, fair value, and length of time that individual investments HTM have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at the dates indicated.

June 30, 2023

Less than 12 Months

12 Months or More

Total

Fair

Unrealized

Fair

Unrealized

Fair

Unrealized

Value

Losses

Value

Losses

Value

Losses

US Treasury Bonds

33,982,656

709,002

—

33,982,656

709,002

FHLB Bond

988,552

11,448

—

988,552

11,448

Student Loan Pools

9,128,369

81,883

—

9,128,369

81,883

Taxable Municipal Bonds

901,760

55,302

—

901,760

55,302

MBS

74,800,709

2,268,240

28,177,551

3,582,068

102,978,260

5,850,308

119,802,046

3,125,875

28,177,551

3,582,068

147,979,597

6,707,943

	December 31, 2022
	Less than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
	Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized
	Value		Losses		Value		Losses		Value		Losses
US Treasury Bonds	$	33,829,651	$	682,198	$	—	$	—	$	33,829,651	$	682,198
FHLB Bond		998,640		1,360		—		—		998,640		1,360
Student Loan Pools		6,520,050		59,090		—		—		6,520,050		59,090
Taxable Municipal Bonds		891,730		60,134		—		—		891,730		60,134
MBS		88,351,096		3,145,166		9,334,438		2,306,013		97,685,534		5,451,179
	$	130,591,167	$	3,947,948	$	9,334,438	$	2,306,013	$	139,925,605	$	6,253,961

At June 30, 2023 , the amortized cost and fair value of investments HTM that were pledged as collateral for certain deposit accounts, FHLB advances and other borrowings were $ 57.1 million and $ 54.1 million, compared to an amortized cost and fair value of $ 25.3 million and $ 24.5 million at December 31, 2022 respectively.

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

NOTE 8 - LOANS RECEIVABLE, NET

Loans receivable, net, consisted of the following as of the dates indicated below:

	*June 30, 2023*		December 31, 2022
Real Estate Loans:
Construction	$	104,251,639	$	112,793,694
Residential Mortgage		145,685,427		110,056,973
Commercial		259,912,832		252,154,475
Commercial and Agricultural Loans		34,264,896		30,647,975
Consumer Loans:
Home Equity Lines of Credit (HELOC)		32,367,179		31,736,676
Other Consumer		24,841,816		23,598,110
Total Loans Held for Investment, Gross		601,323,789		560,987,903
Less:
Allowance for Credit Losses		12,283,325		11,177,753
Deferred Loan Fees		595,832		806,238
		12,879,157		11,983,991
Total Loans Receivable, Net	$	588,444,632	$	549,003,912

The Company uses a risk based approach based on the following credit quality measures when analyzing the loan portfolio: pass, caution, special mention, and substandard. These indicators are used to rate the credit quality of loans for the purposes of determining the Company’s allowance for credit losses. Pass loans are loans that are performing and are deemed adequately protected by the net worth of the borrower or the underlying collateral value. These loans are considered to have the least amount of risk in terms of determining the allowance for credit losses. Loans that are graded as substandard are considered to have the most risk. These loans typically have an identified weakness or weaknesses and are inadequately protected by the net worth of the borrower or collateral value. All loans 90 days or more past due are automatically classified in this category. The caution and special mention categories fall in between the pass and substandard grades and consist of loans that do not currently expose the Company to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification but possess weaknesses.

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The following table presents the Company's recorded investment in loans by credit quality indicators by year of origination as of June 30, 2023 .

Term Loans by Year of Origination

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

Prior

Revolving

Total

Real Estate - Construction

Pass

10,417,314

33,771,809

18,509,413

5,202,965

740,273

1,593,668

4,998,369

75,233,811

Caution

2,405,514

17,764,334

1,552,647

3,464,157

424,094

485,558

—

26,096,304

Special Mention

—

29,769

—

1,278,716

459,724

—

1,768,209

Substandard

—

251,769

139,799

643,260

118,487

—

1,153,315

Total

12,822,828

51,565,912

20,313,829

8,806,921

3,086,343

2,657,437

4,998,369

104,251,639

Current period gross write-offs

—

1,270

—

1,270

Real Estate - Mortgage

Pass

14,138,634

30,646,464

11,486,272

14,394,653

4,187,015

24,570,986

10,121,616

109,545,640

Caution

7,112,242

8,822,433

5,453,105

1,733,323

1,637,317

4,980,282

15,940

29,754,642

Special Mention

1,560,414

158,883

905,331

311,988

—

248,084

—

3,184,700

Substandard

—

625,439

50,342

2,524,664

—

3,200,445

Total

22,811,290

39,627,780

18,470,147

16,439,964

5,874,674

32,324,016

10,137,556

145,685,427

Current period gross write-offs

—

Real Estate - Commercial

Pass

7,539,285

46,985,388

51,586,533

13,254,437

24,446,966

55,660,664

2,320,461

201,793,734

Caution

7,819,570

5,013,012

4,382,223

6,596,059

7,131,281

16,734,598

—

47,676,743

Special Mention

212,500

840,401

461,021

464,443

236,435

3,276,765

99,811

5,591,376

Substandard

—

71,406

59,604

—

4,719,969

—

4,850,979

Total

15,571,355

52,910,207

56,489,381

20,314,939

31,814,682

80,391,996

2,420,272

259,912,832

Current period gross write-offs

—

Commercial and Agricultural

Pass

2,333,570

8,662,633

8,755,005

754,806

554,676

738,092

3,941,547

25,740,329

Caution

3,330,166

1,610,930

1,830,633

75,513

22,353

139,119

728,104

7,736,818

Special Mention

294,217

36,424

122,193

15,321

—

100,055

—

568,210

Substandard

—

22,108

15,998

10,716

12,903

70,914

86,900

219,539

Total

5,957,953

10,332,095

10,723,829

856,356

589,932

1,048,180

4,756,551

34,264,896

Current period gross write-offs

—

15,880

—

15,880

Home Equity Lines of Credit

Pass

—

26,752,709

Caution

—

4,512,811

Special Mention

—

450,225

Substandard

—

651,434

Total

—

32,367,179

Current period gross write-offs

—

1,488

Consumer loans

Pass

4,468,903

4,923,483

2,195,606

1,043,745

292,347

255,949

4,540,877

17,720,910

Caution

1,549,087

2,614,321

1,217,032

648,313

283,610

77,027

279,655

6,669,045

Special Mention

59,110

135,813

—

6,285

201,208

Substandard

—

35,355

109,256

55,737

28,165

7,321

14,819

250,653

Total

6,077,100

7,708,972

3,521,894

1,747,795

604,122

340,297

4,841,636

24,841,816

Current period gross write-offs

—

18,658

1,633

—

50,629

70,920

Total Loans

63,240,526

162,144,966

109,519,080

48,165,975

41,969,753

116,761,926

59,521,563

601,323,789

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The table below summarizes the balance within each risk category by loan type, excluding loans held for sale, at December 31, 2022.

December 31, 2022	Pass		Caution		Special Mention		Substandard		Total Loans
Construction Real Estate	$	91,564,058	$	18,837,894	$	2,013,824	$	377,918	$	112,793,694
Residential Real Estate		84,028,037		22,372,649		887,874		2,768,413		110,056,973
Commercial Real Estate		196,063,300		47,821,422		3,270,916		4,998,837		252,154,475
Commercial and Agricultural		25,383,994		4,593,283		371,071		299,627		30,647,975
Consumer HELOC		25,693,252		5,018,419		401,550		623,455		31,736,676
Other Consumer		16,515,206		6,725,317		178,638		178,949		23,598,110
Total	$	439,247,847	$	105,368,984	$	7,123,873	$	9,247,199	$	560,987,903

Past Due and Nonaccrual Loans

The tables below present an age analysis of past due balances by loan category at the dates indicated.

June 30, 2023

30-59 Days

60-89 Days

90 Days or

Total Past

Total Loans

Past Due

More Past Due

Due

Current

Receivable

Construction Real Estate

1,058,046

—

93,307

1,151,353

103,100,286

104,251,639

Residential Real Estate

464,531

1,107,561

266,093

1,838,185

143,847,242

145,685,427

Commercial Real Estate

1,056,783

20,376

416,813

1,493,972

258,418,860

259,912,832

Commercial and Agricultural

265,959

—

9,923

275,882

33,989,014

34,264,896

Consumer HELOC

182,090

30,293

78,064

290,447

32,076,732

32,367,179

Other Consumer

344,835

64,678

55,778

465,291

24,376,525

24,841,816

Total

3,372,244

1,222,908

919,978

5,515,130

595,808,659

601,323,789

	December 31, 2022
	30-59 Days		60-89 Days		90 Days or		Total Past				Total Loans
	Past Due		Past Due		More Past Due		Due		Current		Receivable
Construction Real Estate	$	—	$	—	$	100,472	$	100,472	$	112,693,222	$	112,793,694
Residential Real Estate		1,557,114		—		471,430		2,028,544		108,028,429		110,056,973
Commercial Real Estate		2,670,997		89,342		354,406		3,114,745		249,039,730		252,154,475
Commercial and Agricultural		5,683		2,113		55,468		63,264		30,584,711		30,647,975
Consumer HELOC		199,414		—		74,159		273,573		31,463,103		31,736,676
Other Consumer		271,774		78,566		17,321		367,661		23,230,449		23,598,110
Total	$	4,704,982	$	170,021	$	1,073,256	$	5,948,259	$	555,039,644	$	560,987,903

At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 , the Company did not have any loans that were 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest. The Company's strategy is to work with its borrowers to reach acceptable payment plans while protecting its interests in the existing collateral. In the event an acceptable arrangement cannot be reached, the Company may have to acquire these properties through foreclosure or other means and subsequently sell, develop, or liquidate them.

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The following table shows nonaccrual loans by category at the dates indicated.

	*CECL*						*Incurred Loss*
	*June 30, 2023*						*December 31, 2022*
	*Nonaccrual Loans*		*Nonaccrual Loans*		*Total*
	*with No Allowance*		*with an Allowance*		*Nonaccrual Loans*		*Nonaccrual Loans*
Construction Real Estate	$	244,776	$	—	$	244,776	$	114,630
Residential Real Estate		1,327,575		—		1,327,575		1,544,762
Commercial Real Estate		4,373,266		—		4,373,266		4,281,975
Commercial and Agricultural		63,020		—		63,020		112,652
Consumer HELOC		467,365		—		467,365		188,540
Other Consumer		79,923		—		79,923		28,671
Total Nonaccrual Loans	$	6,555,925	$	—	$	6,555,925	$	6,271,230

The Company did not recognize any interest income on nonaccrual loans during the six months ended June 30, 2023 .

The following table represents the accrued interest receivables written off by reversing interest income during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 :

	*For the Three Months Ended*
	*June 30, 2023*
Construction Real Estate	$	—
Residential Real Estate		5,783
Commercial Real Estate		1,461
Commercial and Agricultural		—
Consumer HELOC		66
Other Consumer		768
Total Loans	$	8,078

	*For the Six Months Ended*
	*June 30, 2023*
Construction Real Estate	$	2,882
Residential Real Estate		6,814
Commercial Real Estate		1,461
Commercial and Agricultural		1,103
Consumer HELOC		66
Other Consumer		911
Total Loans	$	13,237

Allowance for Credit Losses

The following table shows the activity in the allowance for credit losses on loans by category for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 under the CECL methodology:

Three Months Ended June 30, 2023

Real Estate

Consumer

Commercial and

Construction

Residential

Commercial

Agricultural

HELOC

Other

Total

Beginning Balance

2,345,958

3,072,377

4,263,822

1,130,753

671,526

642,374

12,126,810

Provision for credit losses

( 149,018

)

182,914

158,167

( 35,144

)

( 20,087

)

24,168

161,000

Charge-Offs

( 1,270

)

—

( 1,488

)

( 35,980

)

( 38,738

)

Recoveries

5,180

5,600

5,017

6,461

4,327

7,668

34,253

Ending Balance

2,200,850

3,260,891

4,427,006

1,102,070

654,278

638,230

12,283,325

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Six Months Ended June 30, 2023

Real Estate

Consumer

Commercial and

Construction

Residential

Commercial

Agricultural

HELOC

Other

Total

Beginning Balance

2,323,397

2,124,835

4,804,282

874,092

598,807

452,340

11,177,753

Adjustment to allowance for adoption of ASU 2016-13

263,737

461,879

( 340,492

)

112,452

107,548

179,070

784,194

Provision for credit losses

( 394,154

)

660,177

( 46,817

)

119,645

( 76,820

)

63,969

326,000

Charge-Offs

( 1,270

)

—

( 15,880

)

( 1,488

)

( 70,920

)

( 89,558

)

Recoveries

9,140

14,000

10,033

11,761

26,231

13,771

84,936

Ending Balance

2,200,850

3,260,891

4,427,006

1,102,070

654,278

638,230

12,283,325

The Company has certain loans for which repayment is dependent upon the operation or sale of collateral, as the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The underlying collateral can vary based upon the type of loan. The following provides more detail about the types of collateral that secure collateral dependent loans:

•

Commercial real estate loans can be secured by either owner occupied commercial real estate or non-owner occupied investment commercial real estate. Typically, owner occupied commercial real estate loans are secured by office buildings, warehouses, manufacturing facilities and other commercial and industrial properties occupied by operating companies. Non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans are generally secured by office buildings and complexes, retail facilities, multifamily complexes, land under development, industrial properties, as well as other commercial or industrial real estate.

	•	Construction real estate loans are typically secured by commercial and residential lots.
	•	Commercial and agricultural business loans are primarily secured by business equipment, furniture and fixtures, inventory and receivables.
	•	Residential real estate loans are typically secured by first mortgages, and in some cases could be secured by a second mortgage.

•

Home equity lines of credit are generally secured by second mortgages on residential real estate property.

•

Consumer loans are generally secured by automobiles, motorcycles, recreational vehicles and other personal property. Some consumer loans are unsecured and have no underlying collateral.

The following table summarizes the amortized cost of collateral dependent loans:

	*June 30, 2023*
Construction Real Estate	$	104,977
Residential Real Estate		1,037,750
Commercial Real Estate		4,116,125
Commercial and Agricultural		31,446
Consumer HELOC		346,744
Total Loans	$	5,637,042

Prior to the adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2023, the Company calculated the allowance for loan losses under the Incurred Loss methodology. The following table shows the activity in the allowance for loan losses by category for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 :

	*Three Months Ended June 30, 2022*
	*Real Estate*										*Consumer*
									*Commercial and*
	*Construction*			*Residential*		*Commercial*			*Agricultural*		*HELOC*		*Other*			*Total*
Beginning Balance	$	2,336,583		$	1,628,316	$	4,932,948		$	1,242,919	$	555,403	$	432,794		$	11,128,963
Provision for Loan Losses		( 239,158	)		224,160		( 227,132	)		159,404		46,567		36,159			—
Charge-Offs		—			—		—			—		—		( 11,821	)		( 11,821	)
Recoveries		6,961			18,220		30,498			1,495		4,877		18,761			80,812
Ending Balance	$	2,104,386		$	1,870,696	$	4,736,314		$	1,403,818	$	606,847	$	475,893		$	11,197,954

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

	*Six Months Ended June 30, 2022*
	*Real Estate*										*Consumer*
									*Commercial and*
	*Construction*			*Residential*		*Commercial*			*Agricultural*		*HELOC*		*Other*			*Total*
Beginning Balance	$	2,401,196		$	1,663,423	$	4,832,440		$	1,241,828	$	517,512	$	430,765		$	11,087,164
Provision for Loan Losses		( 312,373	)		179,342		( 145,605	)		137,162		81,749		59,725			—
Charge-Offs		—			—		—			—		—		( 43,692	)		( 43,692	)
Recoveries		15,563			27,931		49,479			24,828		7,586		29,095			154,482
Ending Balance	$	2,104,386		$	1,870,696	$	4,736,314		$	1,403,818	$	606,847	$	475,893		$	11,197,954

Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016 - 13, loans were considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it was probable the Company would be unable to collect all amounts due in accordance with the original contractual terms of the loan agreements. Impaired loans include loans on nonaccrual status and accruing troubled debt restructurings. When determining if the Company would be unable to collect all principal and interest payments due in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement, the Company considered the borrower’s capacity to pay, which included such factors as the borrower’s current financial statements, an analysis of global cash flow sufficient to pay all debt obligations and an evaluation of secondary sources of repayment, such as guarantor support and collateral value. Non-accrual commercial loans under $ 200,000 and non-accrual consumer loans under $ 100,000 were considered immaterial and are excluded from the impairment review. The tables below include all loans deemed impaired, whether or not individually assessed for impairment. If a loan was deemed impaired, a specific valuation allowance was allocated, if necessary, so that the loan was reported net, at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s existing rate or at the fair value of collateral if repayment was expected solely from the collateral.

Interest payments on impaired loans were typically applied to principal unless collectability of the principal amount was reasonably assured, in which case interest was recognized on a cash basis.

The table below summarizes the impaired loan balances evaluated individually and collectively for impairment within the allowance for loan losses and loans receivable balances at December 31, 2022 :

	Allowance For Loan Losses						Loans Receivable
December 31, 2022	Individually Evaluated For Impairment		Collectively Evaluated For Impairment		Total		Individually Evaluated For Impairment		Collectively Evaluated For Impairment		Total
Construction Real Estate	$	—	$	2,323,397	$	2,323,397	$	114,630	$	112,679,064	$	112,793,694
Residential Real Estate		—		2,124,835		2,124,835		1,089,308		108,967,665		110,056,973
Commercial Real Estate		—		4,804,282		4,804,282		4,281,702		247,872,773		252,154,475
Commercial and Agricultural		—		874,092		874,092		31,446		30,616,529		30,647,975
Consumer HELOC		—		598,807		598,807		48,792		31,687,884		31,736,676
Other Consumer		—		452,340		452,340		—		23,598,110		23,598,110
Total	$	—	$	11,177,753	$	11,177,753	$	5,565,878	$	555,422,025	$	560,987,903

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The following tables present information related to impaired loans by loan category at December 31, 2022 and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 under the Incurred Loss methodology .

	December 31, 2022
	Recorded		Unpaid Principal		Related
Impaired Loans	Investment		Balance		Allowance
Construction Real Estate	$	114,630	$	114,630	$	—
Residential Real Estate		1,089,308		1,626,308		—
Commercial Real Estate		4,281,702		4,281,702		—
Commercial and Agricultural		31,446		926,446		—
Consumer HELOC		48,792		48,792		—
Other Consumer		—		—		—
Total	$	5,565,878	$	6,997,878	$	—

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2022
	Average Recorded		Interest Income
Impaired Loans	Investment		Recognized
Construction Real Estate	$	117,739	$	—
Residential Real Estate		1,142,322		—
Commercial Real Estate		756,649		—
Commercial and Agricultural		31,446		—
Consumer HELOC		52,914		—
Other Consumer		—		—
Total	$	2,101,070	$	—

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022
	Average Recorded		Interest Income
Impaired Loans	Investment		Recognized
Construction Real Estate	$	118,503	$	—
Residential Real Estate		1,153,767		—
Commercial Real Estate		762,720		—
Commercial and Agricultural		31,446		—
Consumer HELOC		53,463		—
Other Consumer		—		—
Total	$	2,119,899	$	—

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

The allowance for credit losses incorporates an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses and is recorded on each asset upon asset origination or acquisition. The starting point for the estimate of the allowance for credit losses is historical loss information, which includes losses from modifications of receivables to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of a modification.

Because the effect of most modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses because of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the allowance, a change to the allowance for credit losses is generally not recorded upon modification. Occasionally, the Company modifies loans by providing principal forgiveness on certain of its real estate loans. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amortized cost basis of the asset is written off against the allowance for credit losses. The amount of the principal forgiveness is deemed to be uncollectible; therefore, that portion of the loan is written off, resulting in a reduction of the amortized cost basis and a corresponding adjustment to the allowance for credit losses.

In some cases, the Company will modify a certain loan by providing multiple types of concessions. Typically, one type of concession, such as a term extension, is granted initially. If the borrower continues to experience financial difficulty, another concession, such as principal forgiveness, may be granted. As such multiple types of modifications may have been made on the same loan within the current reporting period each much be reported. The combination is at least two of the following: a term extension, principal forgiveness, and interest rate reduction.

Upon the Company's determination that a modified loan (or portion of a loan) has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the loan (or a portion of the loan) is written off. Therefore, the amortized cost basis of the loan is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the allowance for credit losses is adjusted by the same amount.

The Com pany had two modified loans with a combined balance of $ 367,000 at June 30, 2023 , compared to two modified loans with a combined balance of $ 385,000 at December 31, 2022 .

The Company did not modify any loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the six months ended June 30, 2023 or 2022 .

As of June 30, 2023 and 2022 , there were no loans modified with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for which there was a payment default within 12 months of the restructuring date. The Company considers any loan 30 days or more past due to be in default.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Unfunded Commitments

The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses - unfunded commitments for credit exposures such as unfunded balances for existing lines of credit and commitments to extend future credit, as well as both standby and commercial letters of credit when there is a contractual obligation to extend credit and when this extension of credit is not unconditionally cancellable (i.e., commitment cannot be canceled at any time). The allowance for credit losses - unfunded commitments is adjusted through the provision for (reversal of) credit losses. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur, which is based on a historical funding study derived from internal information, and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life, which are the same loss rates that are used in computing the allowance for credit losses on loans, and are discussed in this Note 8. The allowance for credit losses - unfunded commitments of $ 1.1 million and $ 0 at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 , respectively, is separately classified on the balance sheet within "Other Liabilities."

The following tables present the balance and activity in the allowance for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 .

	*Three Months Ended June 30, 2023*
	*Allowance for Credit Losses - Unfunded Commitments*
Beginning Balance	$	1,048,614
Provision for unfunded commitments		60,000
Ending Balance	$	1,108,614

	*Six Months Ended June 30, 2023*
	*Allowance for Credit Losses - Unfunded Commitments*
Beginning Balance	$	—
Adjustment to allowance for unfunded commitments for adoption of ASU 2016-13		1,213,614
Reversal of provision for unfunded commitments		( 105,000	)
Ending Balance	$	1,108,614

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

NOTE 9 - DEPOSITS

Deposits outstanding at the dates indicated are summarized below by account type as follows:

Deposit Account Type	*June 30, 2023*		December 31, 2022
Checking	$	477,850,717	$	510,983,509
Money Market		375,053,531		348,833,623
Savings		97,460,230		108,237,098
Certificates of Deposit		229,108,593		142,031,066
Total	$	1,179,473,071	$	1,110,085,296

The Company had $ 5.0 million in brokered deposits, which are included in checking and money market deposits in the above table, at both June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 . The Company had $ 12.5 million and $ 6.0 million in brokered time deposits, which are included in certificates of deposit in the above table, at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 , respectively. In addition, $ 81,000 and $ 98,000 , in overdrafts were reclassified to loans at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 , respectively.

Certificates of deposits that met or exceeded the FDIC insurance limit of $250,000 were $ 56.2 million and $ 30.3 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 , respectively. All deposits that met or exceeded the FDIC insurance limit totaled $ 326.6 million and $ 350.1 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 , respectively.

The amounts and scheduled maturities of certificates of deposit at the dates indicated were as follows:

	*June 30, 2023*		December 31, 2022
Within 1 Year	$	179,484,148	$	97,163,169
After 1 Year, Within 2 Years		43,167,443		31,550,543
After 2 Years, Within 3 Years		2,550,664		6,465,582
After 3 Years, Within 4 Years		3,906,338		3,177,916
After 4 Years, Within 5 Years		—		3,673,856
Total Certificates of Deposit	$	229,108,593	$	142,031,066

NOTE 10 - BORROWINGS

The Company had $ 69.2 million in outstanding borrowings under the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve”) Bank Term Funding Program (“BTFP”) with a weighted average borrowing rat e of 4.42 % at June 30, 2023 compared to $ 44.1 million in borrowings from the FRB discount window with a weighted average borrowing rate of 4.50% at December 31, 2022 . During the first quarter of 2023, the Company elected to participate in the BTFP, allowing the Company to refinance its existing borrowings from the FRB discount window in order to receive a lower fixed rate. Advances made under the BTFP are for up to one year and will be extended at the one year overnight index swap ("OIS") rate as of the day the advance is made plus 10 basis points. The interest rate will be fixed for the term of the advance on the day the advance is made. To determine the rate, the BTFP will use the fixed OIS rate based on the effective federal funds rate for a one -year maturity. Depository institutions may borrow from the FRB discount window for periods as long as 90 days, and borrowings are prepayable and renewable by the borrower on a daily basis. At June 30, 2023 , the Company had pledged as collateral for these borrowings investment securities with an amortized cost and fair value of $ 163.4 million and $ 149.7 million, compared to an amortized cost and fair value of $ 72.6 million and $ 69.2 million, respectively, at December 31, 2022 , respectively.

The Company had $ 17.9 million and $ 27.6 million in other borrowings at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 , respectively. These borrowings consist of short-term repurchase agreements with certain commercial demand deposit customers for sweep accounts. The repurchase agreements typically mature within one to three days and the interest rate paid on these borrowings floats monthly with money market type rates. The interest rate paid on the repurchase agreements was 1.49 % at June 30, 2023 compared to 0.75 % at December 31, 2022 . Collateral pledged by the Company for these repurchase agreements consisted of investments with a combined amortized cost and fair value of $ 45.8 million and $ 42.7 million at June 30, 2023 and $ 52.3 million and $ 49.8 million at December 31, 2022 , respectively.

There were no outstanding FHLB advances at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 . FHLB advances are secured by a blanket collateral agreement with the FHLB by pledging the Company ’s portfolio of residential first mortgage loans and investment securities. The Company 's pledged collateral for FHLB advances had an amortized cost and fair value of $ 58.7 million and $ 51.3 million at June 30, 2023 , and $ 70.1 million and $ 61.1 million at December 31, 2022 , respectively.

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

NOTE 11 - SUBORDINATED DEBENTURES

Junior Subordinated Debentures

In September 2006, Security Federal Statutory Trust (the "Trust"), issued and sold fixed and floating rate capital securities of the Trust (the “Capital Securities”). The Trust used the net proceeds from the sale of the Capital Securities to purchase a like amount of junior subordinated debentures (the “Debentures”) of the Company which are reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as junior subordinated debentures. The Capital Securities accrue and pay distributions at a floating rate of three month LIBOR plus 170 basis points annually which was equal to 7.25 % at June 30, 2023 compared to 6.47 % at December 31, 2022 . The distribution rate payable on the Capital Securities is cumulative and payable quarterly in arrears. The Capital Securities mature or are mandatorily redeemable upon maturity on December 15, 2036, or upon earlier optional redemption as provided in the indenture. The Company has had the right to redeem the Capital Securities in whole or in part since September 15, 2011.

As of a result of the discontinuation of LIBOR, effective June 30, 2023, the Capital Securities transitioned from its floating rate of three month LIBOR plus 170 basis points to a replacement rate of three month Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") as adjusted by the relevant spread adjustment of 0.26161 .

Subordinated Debentures

In November 2019, the Company sold and issued to certain institutional investors $ 17.5 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.25 % fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2029 (the “10 -Year Notes”) and $ 12.5 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.25 % fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2034 (the “15 -Year Notes”, and together with the 10 -Year Notes, the “Notes”).

The 10 -Year Notes have a stated maturity of November 22, 2029, and bear interest at a fixed rate of 5.25 % per year, from and including November 22, 2019 but excluding November 22, 2024. From and including November 22, 2024 to but excluding the maturity date or early redemption date, the interest rate shall reset semi-annually to an interest rate equal to the then-current three -month LIBOR rate plus 369 basis points.

The 15 -Year Notes have a stated maturity of November 22, 2034, and bear interest at a fixed rate of 5.25 % per year, from and including November 22, 2019 but excluding November 22, 2029. From and including November 22, 2029 to but excluding the maturity date or early redemption date, the interest rate for the 15 -Year Notes shall reset semi-annually to an interest rate equal to the then-current three -month LIBOR rate plus 357 basis points. The Notes are payable semi-annually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year commencing June 1, 2020.

Both the 10 -Year and 15 -Note Year subordinated notes include remedies in the event that LIBOR is discontinued. The Company is currently determining an appropriate benchmark replacement for LIBOR. The Company expects the replacement benchmark to be materially consistent with the three -month LIBOR.

The Notes are not subject to redemption at the option of the holder and may be redeemed by the Company only under certain limited circumstances prior to November 22, 2024, with respect to the 10 -Year Notes, and November 22, 2029, with respect to the 15 -Year Notes. The Company may redeem the 10 -Year Notes and the 15 -Year Notes at its option, in whole at any time, or in part from time to time, after November 22, 2024 and November 22, 2029, respectively. The Notes are unsecured, subordinated obligations of the Company and rank junior in right to payment to the Company’s current and future senior indebtedness, and each Note is equal in right to payment with respect to the other Notes.

The Notes have been structured to qualify as Tier 2 capital for the Company under applicable regulatory guidelines. The Company used the net proceeds from the sale of the Notes to fund the redemption of the convertible senior debentures and for general corporate purposes to support future growth.

During the year ended December 31, 2022 the Company repurchased $ 1.0 million in principal of the 10 -Year Notes and $ 2.5 million in principal of the 15 -Year Notes, leaving an aggregate remaining principal balance of $ 16.5 million and $ 10.0 million, respectively.

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

NOTE 12 - REGULATORY MATTERS

The Bank, as a state-chartered, federally insured savings bank, is subject to the capital requirements established by the FDIC. Under the FDIC's capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Bank's assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank's capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weighting and other factors.

The Company is a bank holding company registered with the Federal Reserve. Bank holding companies are subject to capital adequacy requirements of the Federal Reserve under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, and the regulations of the Federal Reserve. For a bank holding company with less than $3.0 billion in assets, the capital guidelines apply on a bank only basis and the Federal Reserve expects the holding company's subsidiary banks to be well-capitalized under the prompt corrective action regulations.

Based on its capital levels at June 30, 2023 , the Bank exceeded all regulatory capital requirements as of that date. Consistent with the Bank's goals to operate a sound and profitable organization, it is the Bank's policy to maintain a "well-capitalized" status under the regulatory capital categories of the FDIC. Based on capital levels at June 30, 2023 , the Bank was considered to be "well-capitalized" under applicable regulatory requirements. Management monitors the capital levels to provide for current and future business opportunities and to maintain the Bank's "well-capitalized" status.

The tables below provide the Bank’s regulatory capital requirements and actual results at the dates indicated.

	*Actual*					*For Capital Adequacy*					*To Be "Well-Capitalized"*
	*Amount*		*Ratio*			*Amount*		*Ratio*			*Amount*		*Ratio*
June 30, 2023	*(Dollars in Thousands)*

Tier 1 Risk-Based Core Capital (To Risk Weighted Assets)	$	144,043		17.7	%	$	48,774		6.0	%	$	65,032		8.0	%
Total Risk-Based Capital (To Risk Weighted Assets)		154,244		19.0	%		65,032		8.0	%		81,291		10.0	%
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (To Risk Weighted Assets)		144,043		17.7	%		36,581		4.5	%		52,839		6.5	%
Tier 1 Leverage (Core) Capital (To Adjusted Tangible Assets)		144,043		10.1	%		56,851		4.0	%		71,063		5.0	%

December 31, 2022
Tier 1 Risk-Based Core Capital (To Risk Weighted Assets)	$	141,452		17.8	%	$	47,714		6.0	%	$	63,619		8.0	%
Total Risk-Based Capital (To Risk Weighted Assets)		151,408		19.0	%		63,619		8.0	%		79,523		10.0	%
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (To Risk Weighted Assets)		141,452		17.8	%		35,785		4.5	%		51,690		6.5	%
Tier 1 Leverage (Core) Capital (To Adjusted Tangible Assets)		141,452		10.4	%		54,372		4.0	%		67,965		5.0	%

In addition to the minimum capital requirements, the Bank must maintain a capital conservation buffer, which consists of additional Common Equity Tier 1 capital greater than 2.5% of risk weighted assets above the required minimum levels in order to avoid limitations on paying dividends, repurchasing shares, and paying discretionary b onuses. At June 30, 2023 , the Bank’s conservation buffer was 11.0 % .

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

NOTE 13 - FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

GAAP requires the Company to disclose fair value of financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet and to measure that fair value using an exit price notion, the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability, in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date under current market conditions. Accounting guidance emphasizes that fair value is a market-based measurement, not an entity-specific measurement. Therefore, a fair value measurement should be determined based on the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between market participant assumptions based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity (observable inputs that are classified within Levels 1 and 2 of the hierarchy) and the reporting entity’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions (unobservable inputs classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy). The following three levels of inputs may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1 -

Quoted Market Price in Active Markets

Valuation is based upon quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access. Level 1 assets and liabilities include debt and equity securities and derivative contracts that are traded in an active exchange market, as well as U.S. Treasuries and money market funds.

Level 2 -

Significant Other Observable Inputs

Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, as well as inputs that are observable for the asset or liability (other than quoted prices), such as interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals. Level 2 assets and liabilities include debt securities with quoted prices that are traded less frequently than exchange-traded instruments, mortgage-backed securities, municipal bonds, corporate debt securities and derivative contracts whose value is determined using a pricing model with inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data. This category generally includes certain derivative contracts.

Level 3 -

Significant Unobservable Inputs

Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use at least one significant assumption based on unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, which are typically based on an entity’s own assumptions, as there is little, if any, related market activity. In instances where the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities recorded at fair value.

Investment Securities AFS

Investments AFS are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. At June 30, 2023 , the Company’s investment portfolio was comprised of student loan pools, government and agency bonds, MBS issued by government agencies or GSEs, private label CMO securities and municipal securities. Fair value measurement is based upon prices obtained from third party pricing services that use independent pricing models which rely on a variety of factors including reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, benchmark yields, economic and industry events and other relevant market information. As a result, these securities are classified as Level 2.

Mortgage Loans Held for Sale

The Company originates fixed rate residential loans on a servicing released basis in the secondary market. Loans closed but not yet settled with the FHLMC or other investors are carried in the Company’s loans held for sale portfolio. These loans are fixed rate residential loans that have been originated in the Company’s name and have closed. Virtually all of these loans have commitments to be purchased by investors and the majority of these loans were locked in by price with the investors on the same day or shortly thereafter that the loan was locked in with the Company’s customers. Therefore, these loans present very little market risk for the Company. The Company usually delivers a commitment to, and receives funding from, the investor within 30 days. Commitments to sell these loans to the investor are considered derivative contracts and are sold to investors on a “best efforts" basis. The Company is not obligated to deliver a loan or pay a penalty if a loan is not delivered to the investor. As a result of the short-term nature of these derivative contracts, the fair value of the mortgage loans held for sale in most cases is the same as the value of the loan amount at its origination . These loans are classified as Level 2.

Land Held for Sale

Land held for sale is reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. Fair value is based upon independent market prices, appraised values of the collateral or management’s estimation of the value of the collateral less estimated selling costs. The Company records land held for sale as nonrecurring level 3.

Collateral Dependent Loans

The Company does not record loans held for investment at fair value on a recurring basis. However, from time to time, the Company designates individually evaluated loans with higher risk as collateral dependent loans and an allowance for credit losses is established as necessary. Collateral dependent loans are loans for which the repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral and the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. These loans do not share common risk characteristics and are not included within the collectively evaluated loans for determining the allowance for credit losses. Under CECL, for collateral dependent loans, the Company has adopted the practical expedient to measure the allowance for credit losses based on the fair value of collateral. The allowance for credit losses is calculated on an individual loan basis based on the shortfall between the fair value of the loan's collateral, which is adjusted for estimated costs to sell, and amortized cost. If the fair value of the collateral exceeds the amortized cost, no allowance is required.

Fair value is estimated using one of the following methods: fair value of the collateral less estimated costs to sell, discounted cash flows, or market value of the loan based on similar debt. The fair value of the collateral less estimated costs to sell is the most frequently used method. Typically, the Company reviews the most recent appraisal and if it is over 24 months old will request a new third party appraisal. Depending on the particular circumstances surrounding the loan, including the location of the collateral, the date of the most recent appraisal and the value of the collateral relative to the recorded investment in the loan, management may order an independent appraisal immediately or, in some instances, may elect to perform an internal analysis. Specifically, as an example, in situations where the collateral on a nonperforming commercial real estate loan is out of the Company’s primary market area, management would typically order an independent appraisal immediately, at the earlier of the date the loan becomes nonperforming or immediately following the determination that the loan is collateral dependent. However, as a second example, on a nonperforming commercial real estate loan where management is familiar with the property and surrounding areas and where the original appraisal value far exceeds the recorded investment in the loan, management may perform an internal analysis whereby the previous appraisal value would be reviewed and adjusted for current conditions including recent sales of similar properties in the area and any other relevant economic trends. These valuations are reviewed at a minimum on a quarterly basis.

Those collateral dependent loans not requiring an allowance represent loans for which the fair value of the expected repayments or collateral exceed the recorded investments in such loans. At June 30, 2023 , all collateral dependent loans were evaluated based on the fair value of the collateral. Loans where an allowance is established based on the fair value of collateral require classification in the fair value hierarchy. The Company records collateral dependent loans as nonrecurring Level 3.

Other Real Estate Owned

Fair value adjustments to OREO are recorded at the lower of the carrying amount of the loan or the fair value of the collateral less selling costs. Any write-downs based on the asset’s fair value at the date of acquisition are charged to the allowance for credit losses. After foreclosure, management periodically performs valuations such that the real estate is carried at the lower of its new cost basis or fair value, net of estimated costs to sell. Foreclosed assets are recorded as nonrecurring Level 3.

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows at the dates indicated:

	*June 30, 2023*						December 31, 2022
	*Level 1*		*Level 2*		*Level 3*		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Student Loan Pools	$	—	$	53,884,324	$	—	$	—	$	59,156,982	$	—
SBA Bonds		—		84,160,160		—		—		99,629,967		—
Tax Exempt Municipal Bonds		—		20,661,788		—		—		21,310,328		—
Taxable Municipal Bonds		—		52,088,780		—		—		50,769,739		—
MBS		—		331,157,574		—		—		319,281,268		—
Total	$	—	$	541,952,626	$	—	$	—	$	550,148,284	$	—

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

There were no liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at June 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022 .

The Company may be required, from time to time, to measure certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These include assets that are measured at the lower of cost or market that were recognized at fair value below cost at the end of the period. The tables below present assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at the dates indicated, aggregated by the level in the fair value hierarchy within which those measurements fall.

June 30, 2023

Assets:

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Total

Mortgage Loans Held For Sale

—

1,219,997

—

1,219,997

Collateral Dependent Loans ⁽¹⁾

—

5,637,042

Other Real Estate Owned

—

105,000

Land Held for Sale

—

1,096,614

Total

—

1,219,997

6,838,656

8,058,653

	December 31, 2022
Assets:	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Mortgage Loans Held For Sale	$	—	$	913,258	$	—	$	913,258
Collateral Dependent Loans ⁽¹⁾		—		—		5,565,878		5,565,878
Other Real Estate Owned		—		—		119,700		119,700
Land Held for Sale		—		—		1,096,614		1,096,614
Total	$	—	$	913,258	$	6,782,192	$	7,695,450

^{(

1

) Reported net of specific reserves. There were

no

specific reserves at} June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 ^.

There were no liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at June 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022 .

For Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis at the dates indicated, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements were as follows:

			*Range of Inputs*
Level 3 Assets	*Valuation Technique*	*Significant Unobservable Inputs*	*June 30, 2023*			*December 31, 2022*
Land Held for Sale	Appraised Value/Comparable Sales	Discounts to appraised values for estimated holding or selling costs			10 %	10 %
Collateral Dependent Loans	Appraised Value	Discounts to appraised values for estimated holding and/or selling costs or age of appraisal	8 %	-	13 %	8 % - 13 %
Other Real Estate Owned	Appraised Value/Comparable Sales	Discounts to appraised values for estimated holding or selling costs			30 %	30 %

For assets and liabilities not presented on the balance sheet at fair value, the following methods are used to determine fair value:

Cash and Cash Equivalents —The carrying amount of these financial instruments approximates fair value. All mature within 90 days and do not present unanticipated credit concerns.

Certificates of Deposit with Other Banks —Fair value is based on market prices for similar assets.

Investment Securities HTM —Investment securities held to maturity are valued at quoted market prices or dealer quotes.

Loans Receivable, Net —The fair value of loans is estimated using an exit price notion. The exit price notion uses a discounted cash flows technique to calculate the present value of expected future cash flows for a financial instrument and also incorporates other factors, such as enhanced credit risk, illiquidity risk and market factors that sometimes exist in exit prices in dislocated markets. The credit risk assumption is intended to approximate the fair value that a market participant would realize in a hypothetical orderly transaction.

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company’s loan portfolio is initially fair valued using a segmented approach. The Company divides its loan portfolio into the following categories: construction, residential mortgage, commercial real estate, other commercial, HELOCs and other consumer loans. The results are then adjusted to account for credit risk as described above.

A further credit risk discount must be applied through the use of a discounted cash flow model to compensate for illiquidity risk, based on certain assumptions included within the discounted cash flow model, primarily the use of discount rates that better capture inherent credit risk over the lifetime of a loan. This consideration of enhanced credit risk provides an estimated exit price for the Company’s loan portfolio. For variable-rate loans that reprice frequently and have no significant change in credit risk, fair values approximate carrying values.

FHLB Stock —The fair value approximates the carrying value.

Deposits —The fair value of demand deposits, savings accounts, and money market accounts is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date. The fair value of fixed-maturity certificates of deposits is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities.

FHLB Advances and Borrowings from the FRB —Fair value is estimated using discounted cash flows with current market rates for borrowings with similar terms. The Company had no outstanding FHLB advances as of June 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022 .

Other Borrowed Money —The carrying value of these short term borrowings approximates fair value.

Subordinated Debentures —The fair value is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using the current rates at which similar debenture offerings with similar terms and maturities would be issued by similar institutions. As discount rates are based on current debenture rates as well as management estimates, the fair values presented may not be indicative of the value negotiated in an actual sale.

Junior Subordinated Debentures —The carrying value of junior subordinated debentures approximates fair value.

The following tables provide a summary of the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at the dates indicated presented in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance.

June 30, 2023

Carrying

Fair Value

Amount

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Financial Assets:

Dollars in thousands

Cash and Cash Equivalents

77,180

—

Certificates of Deposits with Other Banks

1,100

—

1,100

—

Investment Securities AFS

541,953

—

541,953

—

Investment Securities HTM

176,623

—

170,589

—

Loans Receivable, Net

588,445

—

567,659

FHLB Stock

659

—

Land Held for Sale

1,097

—

1,097

Financial Liabilities:

Deposits:

Checking, Savings & Money Market Accounts

950,364

—

Certificates of Deposits

229,109

—

226,115

—

Borrowings from FRB

69,200

68,716

—

Other Borrowed Money

17,890

—

Subordinated Debentures

26,500

—

22,741

—

Junior Subordinated Debentures

5,155

—

5,155

—

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2022	Carrying		Fair Value
	Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial Assets:	Dollars in thousands
Cash and Cash Equivalents	$	28,502	$	28,502	$	—	$	—
Certificates of Deposits with Other Banks		1,100		—		1,100		—
Investment Securities AFS		550,148		—		550,148		—
Investment Securities HTM		167,438		—		161,464		—
Loans Receivable, Net		549,004		—		—		528,174
FHLB Stock		651		651		—		—
Land Held for Sale		1,097		—		—		1,097
Financial Liabilities:
Deposits:
Checking, Savings & Money Market Accounts	$	968,054	$	968,054	$	—	$	—
Certificates of Deposits		142,031		—		138,382		—
Borrowings from FRB		44,080		44,071		—		—
Other Borrowed Money		27,588		27,588		—		—
Subordinated Debentures		26,500		—		24,435		—
Junior Subordinated Debentures		5,155		—		5,155		—

At June 30, 2023 , the Company had $ 176.1 million in off-balanc e sheet financial commitments. These commitments are to originate loans and unused consumer lines of credit and credit card lines. Because these obligations are based on current market rates, if funded, the original principal amount is considered to be a reasonable estimate of fair value. Fair value estimates are made on a specific date, based on relevant market data and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument.

Because no active market exists for a significant portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, current interest rates and prepayment trends, risk characteristics of various financial instruments, and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in any of these assumptions used in calculating fair value would also significantly affect the estimates. Fair value estimates are based on existing on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. For example, the Company has significant assets and liabilities that are not considered financial assets or liabilities including deposit franchise values, loan servicing portfolios, deferred tax liabilities, and premises and equipment.

In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in any of these estimates. The Company has used management’s best estimate of fair value on the above assumptions. Thus, the fair values presented may not be the amounts which could be realized in an immediate sale or settlement of the instrument. In addition, any income taxes or other expenses that would be incurred in an actual sale or settlement are not taken into consideration in the fair value presented.

NOTE 14 - NON-INTEREST INCOME

Revenue Recognition

In accordance with ASU 2014 - 09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606 ), revenues are recognized when control of promised goods or services is transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of Topic 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company only applies the five -step model to contracts when it is probable that the entity will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of Topic 606, the Company assesses the goods or services that are promised within each contract and identifies those that contain performance obligations, and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

Service Fees on Deposit Accounts

The Company earns fees from its deposit customers for account maintenance, transaction-based and overdraft services. Account maintenance fees consist primarily of account fees and analyzed account fees charged on deposit accounts on a monthly basis. The performance obligation is satisfied and the fees are recognized on a monthly basis as the service period is completed. Transaction-based fees on deposits accounts are charged to deposit customers for specific services provided to the customer, such as non-sufficient funds fees, overdraft fees, and wire fees. The performance obligation is completed as the transaction occurs and the fees are recognized at the time each specific service is provided to the customer.

ATM and Check Card Fee Income

Check card fee income represents fees earned when a debit card issued by the Company is used. The Company earns interchange fees from debit cardholder transactions through the Mastercard payment network. Interchange fees from cardholder transactions represent a percentage of the underlying transaction value and are recognized daily, concurrently with the transaction processing services provided to the cardholder. The performance obligation is satisfied and the fees are earned when the cost of the transaction is charged to the card. Certain expenses directly associated with the debit card are recorded on a net basis with the fee income.

Trust Income

Trust income includes monthly advisory fees that are based on assets under management and certain transaction fees that are assessed and earned monthly, concurrently with the investment management services provided to the customer. The Company does not charge performance based fees for its trust services and does not currently have any institutional clients, hedge funds or mutual funds. Although trust income is included within the scope of ASC 606, based on the fees charged by the Company, there were no changes in the accounting for trust income.

Gains/Losses on OREO Sales

Gains/losses on the sale of OREO are included in non-interest expense and are generally recognized when the performance obligation is complete. This is typically the delivery of control over the property to the buyer at the time of each real estate closing.

The following table presents the Company's non-interest income for the periods indicated. All of the Company’s revenue from contracts with customers within the scope of ASC 606 is recognized in non-interest income, with the exception of gains on the sale of OREO, which are included in non-interest expense when applicable.

	*Three Months Ended June 30,*				*Six Months Ended June 30,*
	*2023*		2022		*2023*		2022
Non-interest income:
Gain on Sale of Loans ⁽¹⁾	$	201,059	$	510,931	$	394,940	$	1,224,824
Service Fees on Deposit Accounts		301,264		271,887		570,877		529,378
Commissions From Insurance Agency ⁽¹⁾		185,568		245,769		348,367		385,273
Trust Income		457,098		355,673		839,306		720,419
BOLI Income ⁽¹⁾		156,233		148,962		306,437		306,203
ATM and Check Card Fee Income		749,814		704,133		1,551,836		1,421,400
Grant Income		—		170,699		—		170,699
Other ⁽¹⁾		200,193		229,664		439,843		482,846
Total non-interest income	$	2,251,229	$	2,637,718	$	4,451,606	$	5,241,042

^{(

1

)} Not within the scope of ASC 606

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SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

NOTE 15 - LEASES

The Company has operating leases on six of its branches. During the six mont hs ended June 30, 2023 , the Company made cash payments in the amount of $ 258,000 for operating leases. The lease expense recognized during this period was $ 256,000 and was recorded in occupancy expense within the Consolidated Statements of Income. The lease liability had a net decrease of $ 227,000 . At June 30, 2023 , the Company had ROU assets of $ 1.6 million and a lease liability of $ 1.7 million recorded on its consolidated balance sheet compared to ROU assets of $ 1.9 million and a lease liability of $ 1.9 million at December 31, 2022 . The lease agreements have maturity dates ranging from 2023 through 2028, some of which include options for multiple five or ten year extensions. At June 30, 2023 , the remaining weighted average lease term was 3.62 years and the weighted average discount rate used was 3.2 % .

At June 30, 2023 , maturities of operating lease liabilities for future periods were as follows:

Remainder of 2023	$	260,296
2024		522,147
2025		474,815
2026		363,428
2027		147,842
Thereafter		10,371
Total undiscounted lease payments		1,778,899
Less: effect of discounting		( 102,097	)
Present value of estimated lease payments (lease liability)	$	1,676,802

NOTE 16 - PREFERRED STOCK

On May 24, 2022, the Company entered into a Letter Agreement (“Agreement”) with the U.S. Department of Treasury under the Emergency Capital Investment Program (“ECIP”). Established by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, the ECIP was created to encourage low- and moderate-income community financial institutions and minority depository institutions to provide loans, grants, and forbearance for small businesses, minority-owned businesses, and consumers, especially low-income and underserved communities, including counties with persistent poverty, that may be disproportionately impacted by the economic effect of the COVID- 19 pandemic by providing direct and indirect capital investments in low- and moderate-income community financial institutions.

Pursuant to the Agreement, the Company agreed to issue and sell 82,949 shares of Preferred Stock for an aggregate purchase price of $ 82.9 million in cash. This ECIP investment is treated as tier 1 capital. The Preferred Stock bears no dividend for the first 24 months following the investment date. Thereafter, the dividend rate will be adjusted, not higher than 2%, based on the lending growth criteria listed in the Agreement. After the tenth anniversary of the investment date, the dividend rate will be fixed based on the average annual amount of lending in years 2 through 10. Dividends will be payable quarterly in arrears on March 15, June 15, September 15, and December 15.

The Preferred Stock may be redeemed at the option of the Company on or after the fifth anniversary of issuance (or earlier in the event of loss of regulatory capital treatment), subject to the approval of the appropriate federal banking regulator and in accordance with the federal banking agencies’ regulatory capital regulations. The Preferred Stock is reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as Senior Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series ECIP.

NOTE 17 - SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

Subsequent events are events or transactions that occur after the balance sheet date but before financial statements are issued. Recognized subsequent events are events or transactions that provide additional evidence about conditions that existed at the date of the balance sheet, including estimates inherent in the process of preparing financial statements. Non-recognized subsequent events are events that provide evidence about conditions that did not exist at the date of the balance sheet but arose after that date. Management has reviewed all events occurring through the date the consolidated financial statements were available to be issued and determined that there were no subsequent events requiring accrual or disclosure.

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SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

When we refer to “Security Federal” in this report, we are referring to Security Federal Corporation. When we refer to the “Bank” in this report, we are referring to Security Federal Bank, the wholly owned subsidiary of Security Federal. As used in this report, the terms “we,” “our,” “us,” and “Company” refer to Security Federal Corporation and its consolidated subsidiary, Security Federal Bank, unless the context indicates otherwise.

Forward-Looking Statements and “ Safe Harbor ” statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995

Certain matters discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements relate to our financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, future performance or business. Forward-looking statements are not statements of historical fact, are based on certain assumptions and are generally identified by use of the words "believes," "expects," "anticipates," "estimates," "forecasts," "intends," "plans," "targets," "potentially," "probably," "projects," "outlook" or similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as "may," "will," "should," "would" and "could." Forward-looking statements include statements with respect to our beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, expectations, assumptions and statements about, among other things, expectations of the business environment in which we operate, projections of future performance or financial items, perceived opportunities in the market, potential future credit experience, and statements regarding our mission and vision. These forward-looking statements are based upon current management expectations and may, therefore, involve risk and uncertainties. Our actual results, performance, or achievements may differ materially from those suggested, expressed, or implied by forward-looking statements as a result of a wide variety or range of factors, including, but not limited to:

•

potential adverse impacts to economic conditions in our local market areas, other markets where the Company has lending relationships, or other aspects of the Company's business operations or financial markets, including, without limitation, as a result of employment levels, labor shortages and the effects of inflation, a potential recession or slowed economic growth caused by increasing political instability from acts of war including Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, as well as supply chain disruptions;

•

higher inflation and the impact of current and future monetary policies of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve”) in response thereto;

•

the credit risks of lending activities, including changes in the level and trend of loan delinquencies and write-offs and changes in our allowance for credit losses and provision for credit losses that may be affected by deterioration in the housing and commercial real estate markets which may lead to increased losses and non-performing assets in our loan portfolio, and may result in our allowance for credit losses not being adequate to cover actual losses, and require us to materially increase our allowance for credit losses;

•

changes in general economic conditions, either nationally or in our market areas;

•

changes in the levels of general interest rates, and the relative differences between short and long term interest rates, deposit interest rates, our net interest margin and funding sources;

•

unexpected outflows of uninsured deposits may require us to sell investment securities at a loss;

•

the transition away from London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") toward new interest rate benchmarks;

•

fluctuations in the demand for loans, the number of unsold homes, land and other properties and fluctuations in real estate values in our market areas;

•

secondary market conditions for loans and our ability to originate loans for sale and sell loans in the secondary market;

•

the impact of bank failures or adverse developments at other banks and related negative press about the banking industry in general on investor and depositor sentiment;

•

results of examinations of the Federal Reserve and the Bank by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") and the South Carolina State Board of Financial Institutions, or other regulatory authorities, including the possibility that any such regulatory authority may, among other things, require us to increase our reserve for credit losses, write-down assets, change our regulatory capital position or affect our ability to borrow funds or maintain or increase deposits, or impose additional requirements or restrictions on us, any of which could adversely affect our liquidity and earnings;

•

legislative or regulatory changes that adversely affect our business, including changes in banking, securities and tax law, and in regulatory policies and principles, or the interpretation of regulatory capital or other rules;

•

our ability to attract and retain deposits;

•

our ability to control operating costs and expenses;

•

our ability to implement our business strategies;

•

the use of estimates in determining the fair value of certain of our assets, which estimates may prove to be incorrect and result in significant declines in valuation;

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

•

difficulties in reducing risks associated with the loans on our balance sheet;

•

staffing fluctuations in response to product demand or the implementation of corporate strategies that affect our workforce and potential associated charges;

•

disruptions, security breaches, or other adverse events, failures or interruptions in, or attacks on, our information technology systems or on the third-party vendors who perform several of our critical processing;

•

our ability to retain key members of our senior management team;

•

costs and effects of litigation, including settlements and judgments;

•

our ability to manage loan delinquency rates;

•

increased competitive pressures among financial services companies;

•

changes in consumer spending, borrowing and savings habits;

•

the availability of resources to address changes in laws, rules, or regulations or to respond to regulatory actions;

•

our ability to pay dividends on our common stock;

•

the quality and composition of our securities portfolio and the impact of any adverse changes in the securities markets;

•

inability of key third-party providers to perform their obligations to us;

•

changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the financial institution regulatory agencies or the FASB, including additional guidance and interpretation on accounting issues and details of the implementation of new accounting methods;

•

the effects of climate change, severe weather events, natural disasters, pandemics, epidemics and other public health crises, acts of war or terrorism, and other external events on our business;

•

other economic, competitive, governmental, regulatory, and technological factors affecting our operations, pricing, products and services; and

•

other risks described elsewhere in this document and in the Company's other reports filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission, including its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (“2022 Form 10-K”).

Some of these forward-looking statements are discussed in the Company's 2022 Form 10-K as well as other risk factors under Item 1A, “Risk Factors.” Any of the forward-looking statements that we make in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q and in other public reports and statements we make may turn out to be inaccurate as a result of our beliefs and assumptions we make in connection with the factors set forth above or because of other unidentified and unpredictable factors. Because of these and other uncertainties, our actual future results may be materially different from the results indicated by these forward-looking statements and you should not rely on such statements. The Company undertakes no obligation to publish revised forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events or circumstances after the date hereof. These factors could cause our actual results for 2023 and beyond to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements by or on behalf of us, and could negatively affect the Company’s consolidated financial condition, consolidated results of operations, liquidity and stock price performance.

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Financial Condition at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022

Assets - Total assets increased $90.9 million to $1.5 billion at June 30, 2023 from $1.4 billion at December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily due to increases in cash and cash equivalents, investments held to maturity ("HTM") and loans receivable, net, which were partially offset by a decrease in investments available for sale ("AFS"). Changes in total assets are shown below.

					Increase (Decrease)
	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022			$		%
Cash and Cash Equivalents	$	77,179,815	$	28,502,364	$	48,677,451			170.8	%
Certificates of Deposits with Other Banks		1,100,045		1,100,045		—			—
Investments AFS		541,952,626		550,148,284		(8,195,658	)		(1.5	)
Investments HTM		176,622,658		167,437,616		9,185,042			5.5
Total Loans Receivable, Net		589,664,629		549,917,170		39,747,459			7.2
Accrued Interest Receivable		5,003,401		4,810,674		192,727			4.0
OREO		105,000		119,700		(14,700	)		(12.3	)
Operating Lease ROU Assets		1,633,474		1,860,997		(227,523	)		(12.2	)
Land Held for Sale		1,096,614		1,096,614		—			—
Premises and Equipment, Net		28,833,709		27,959,793		873,916			3.1
FHLB Stock		658,600		650,600		8,000			1.2
BOLI		27,624,535		27,318,098		306,437			1.1
Goodwill		1,199,754		1,199,754		—			—
Other Assets		19,565,343		19,244,454		320,889			1.7
Total Assets	$	1,472,240,203	$	1,381,366,163	$	90,874,040			6.6	%

Cash and cash equivalents increased $48.7 million or 170.8% to $77.2 million at June 30, 2023 compared to $28.5 million at December 31, 2022, as a result of increased deposits and borrowings during the six months ended June 30, 2023 .

Investments HTM increased $9.2 million to $176.6 million at June 30, 2023 from $167.4 million at December 31, 2022 as a result of purchases exceeding paydowns and maturities during the six months ended June 30, 2023. Investments AFS decreased $8.2 million or 1.5% to $542.0 million at June 30, 2023 from $550.1 million at December 31, 2022 as maturities and principal paydowns of investments AFS exceeded purchases during the six months ended June 30, 2023. Investments AFS exper ienced a $1.0 million increase in fair val ue during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Total loans receivable, net, which includes loans held for sale, increased $39.7 million or 7.2% to $589.7 million at June 30, 2023 from $549.9 million at December 31, 2022 , primarily due to an increase in residential mortgage, commercial real estate, commercial and agricultural loans originated during the period. All held for investment loan balances increased during the six months ended June 30, 2023 with the exception of construction loans, which decreased $8.5 million or 7.6% to $104.3 million at June 30, 2023 from $112.8 million at December 31, 2022 . Commercial real estate loans increased $7.8 million or 3.1% to $259.9 million at June 30, 2023 from $252.2 million at December 31, 2022 . Residential mortgage loans increased $35.6 million or 32.4% to $145.7 million at June 30, 2023 from $110.1 million at December 31, 2022 . Consumer HELOC increased $631,000 or 2.0% to $32.4 million at June 30, 2023 from $31.7 million at December 31, 2022 . Other consumer loans increased $1.2 million or 5.3% to $24.8 million at June 30, 2023 from $23.6 million at December 31, 2022 . Loans held for sale increased $307,000 or 33.6% to $1.2 million at June 30, 2023 from $913,000 at December 31, 2022 .

Premises and Equipment, net increased $874,000 or 3.1% to $28.8 million at June 30, 2023 from $28.0 million at December 31, 2022 as a result of our newest branch which opened this year as well as improvements to existing branches.

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Liabilities

Deposit Accounts

Total deposits increased $69.4 million or 6.3% to $1.18 billion at June 30, 2023 from December 31, 2022 primarily due to increases in higher cost certificates of deposit and money market accounts, partially offset by decreases in checking and savings accounts. The majority of the Bank’s deposits are originated within the Bank’s immediate market area. The Bank had $12.5 million and $6.0 million in brokered time deposits at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 , respectively. The Bank uses brokered time deposits to manage interest rate risk because they are accessible in bulk at rates typically only slightly higher than those in our market areas. A portion of these brokered time deposits give the Bank a call option that allows the Bank the choice to redeem them early should rates change. In addition, the Bank had $5.0 million in other brokered deposits at both June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 . At June 30, 2023, the Bank had one deposit relationship totaling approximately 5.2% of outstanding deposits. At December 31, 2022, the Bank had no deposit relationships greater than 5% of outstanding deposits. At June 30, 2023 , approximately $326.6 million of our $1.18 billion deposit portfolio was uninsured. The uninsured amounts are estimates based on the methodologies and assumptions used for the Bank’s regulatory reporting requirements. For additional details of deposits, see “Note 9 – Deposits” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I. Item 1 of this report.

Borrowings

The Bank had $69.2 million in borrowings from the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta (“FRB”) at June 30, 2023 , compared to $44.1 million at December 31, 2022 . During the first quarter of 2023, the Bank elected to participate in the Federal Reserve's Bank Term Funding Program (“BTFP”), allowing the Bank to refinance its existing FRB borrowings. The Bank also had $17.9 million in other borrowings at June 30, 2023 , compared to $27.6 million and December 31, 2022 , which consisted of short-term repurchase agreements with certain commercial demand deposit customers for sweep accounts. For additional information, see “Note 10 – Borrowings” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I. Item 1 of this report.

At both June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 , the Company had $5.2 million in junior subordinated debentures and $26.5 million in subordinated debentures outstanding, which are described in more detail in “Note 11 - Subordinated Debentures” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I. Item 1 of this report.

Shareholders ’ Equity

Shareholders’ equity increased $3.1 million or 1.9% to $163.3 million at June 30, 2023 from $160.2 million at December 31, 2022 . The increase was attributable to year to date net income of $4.5 million combined with a $1.0 million decrease in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax. The decrease in net accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, was related to the unrecognized gain in fair value of investments AFS during the six months ended June 30, 2023 . The increases in shareholders' equity were partially offset by a $1.6 million adjustment to retained earnings related to the adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2023 and $846,000 in dividends paid to common shareholders during the six months ended June 30, 2023 .

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Results of Operations for the Quarters Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

Net Income

Net income decreased $386,000, or 17.8%, to $1.8 million or $0.55 per basic common share for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 compared to $2.2 million or $0.67 per basic common share for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 . The decrease in net income was the result of increases in the provision for credit losses and non-interest expense combined with lower non-interest income, partially offset by an increase in net interest income as a result of increased market interest rates and, to a lesser extent, higher average balances of investments and loans receivable, net. Since March 2022, in response to inflation, the Federal Open Market Committee (“FMOC”) of the Federal Reserve has increased the target range for the federal funds rate by 500 basis points, including 25 basis points during the second quarter of 2023 , to a range of 5.00% to 5.25% as of June 30, 2023 . Subsequent to June 30, 2023, the FOMC raised the target range for the federal funds rate by an additional 25 basis points. As it continues to seek to control inflation without creating a recession, the FOMC has indicated further increases may be implemented during calendar 2023.

Net Interest Income

The following table compares detailed average balances, average yields on interest-earning assets, average costs of interest-bearing liabilities and the resulting changes in interest income and expense for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 . The average balances were derived from the daily balances throughout the periods indicated. The average yields or costs were calculated by dividing the income or expense by the average balance of the corresponding assets or liabilities. Nonaccrual loans are included in earning assets in the following table. Loan yields have been reduced to reflect the negative impact on our earnings of loans on nonaccrual status. Interest income from non-taxable investments is calculated on a tax equivalent basis, which recognizes the income tax savings when comparing taxable and tax-exempt assets and was calculated using the effective tax rate for the quarters ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 .

	Quarter Ended June 30,
	2023							2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Average Balance		Interest		Yield/ Rate ⁽¹⁾			Average Balance		Interest		Yield/ Rate ⁽¹⁾
Interest-Earning Assets:
Loans Receivable, Net	$	596,375	$	8,072		5.41	%	$	517,732	$	6,205		4.79	%
Taxable Investments		693,506		6,858		3.96			685,032		2,855		1.67
Non-taxable Investments		20,767		187		3.61			44,702		333		2.98
Deposits with other Banks		37,426		467		4.99			36,014		54		0.60
Total Interest-Earning Assets	$	1,348,074	$	15,584		4.62	%	$	1,283,480	$	9,447		2.94	%
Interest-Bearing Liabilities:
Checking, Savings & Money Market Accounts	$	671,595	$	4,549		2.71	%	$	706,739	$	251		0.14	%
Certificates Accounts		209,350		622		1.19			151,820		147		0.39
Total Interest-Bearing Deposits		880,945		5,171		2.35			858,559		398		0.16
Other Borrowings ⁽²⁾		91,626		823		3.59			35,780		17		0.19
Junior Subordinated Debentures		5,155		87		6.76			5,155		35		2.73
Subordinated Debentures		26,500		348		5.25			30,000		394		5.25
Total Interest-Bearing Liabilities	$	1,004,226	$	6,429		2.56	%	$	929,494	$	844		0.36	%
Net Interest Rate Spread						2.06	%						2.58	%
Tax Equivalent Net Interest Income/Margin			$	9,155		2.72	%			$	8,603		2.60	%
Less: tax equivalent adjustment				31							60
Net Interest Income			$	9,124						$	8,543

(1)	Annualized

(2)	Includes FRB borrowings and repurchase agreements.

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Net int erest income increased $581,000 or 6.8% to $9.1 million during the quarter ended June 30, 2023 , compared to $8.5 million for the same quarter in 2022 . During the quarter ended June 30, 2023 , average interest-earning assets increased $64.6 million or 5.0% to $1.35 billion from $1.28 billion for the same quarter in 2022 , while average interest-bearing liabilities increased $74.7 million or 8.0% to $1.0 billion for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 from $929.5 million for the comparable quarter in 2022 . The Company's net interest margin was 2.72% for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 compared to 2.60% for the comparable quarter in 2022 . The Company's net interest spread on a tax equivalent basis was 2.06% for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 compared to 2.58% for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 .

Interest Income

Total tax-equivalent interest income increased $6.1 million or 65.0% to $15.6 million for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 compared to $9.4 million for the same period in 2022 .

Interest income on loans increased $1.9 million or 30.1% to $8.1 million for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 from $6.2 million for the second quarter of 2022 . The increase in loan interest income was the result of a $78.6 million increase in the average loan portfolio balance combined with a 62 basis point increase in the average yield on loans receivable AS ADJUSTABLE-RATE LOAns reset and new loans were originated at higher market interest rates.

Interest income from taxable investments increased $4.0 million or 140.2% to $6.9 million during the quarter ended June 30, 2023 from $2.9 million for the second quarter of 2022 , due to a $8.5 million increase in the average balance of taxable investments combined with a 229 basis point increase in the average yield to 3.96%, reflecting higher market interest rates. Tax equivalent interest income from non-taxable investments decreased $146,000 to $187,000 during the quarter ended June 30, 2023 due to a $23.9 million decrease in the average balance of non-taxable investments.

Interest income from deposits with other banks increased $413,000 during the quarter ended June 30, 2023 to $467,000, due to a $1.4 million increase in the average balance of these assets combined with a significant increase in the average yield earned on these assets due to increased market interest rates.

Interest Expense

Total interest expense increased $5.6 million or 661.9% to $6.4 million for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 compared to $844,000 for the same quarter in 2022 due to an increase in market interest rates combined with a $74.7 million increase in the average balance of these liabilities.

Interest expense on deposits increased $4.8 million to $5.2 million for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 from $398,000 for the second quarter of 2022 , due to an increase of 219 basis points in the average cost combined with a $22.4 million increase in the average balance of interest-bearing deposit accounts. Interest expense on FRB and other borrowings increased $805,000 during the quarter due to a $55.8 million increase in the average balance of these liabilities combined with an increase of 340 basis points in the average cost of these liabilities. Interest expense on the junior subordinated debentures increased due to increased floating interest rates reflecting higher market interest rates.

Provision for Credit Losses

The amount of the provision and the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses for loans and unfunded commitments is determined by management’s on-going monthly analysis. The Company has policies and procedures in place for evaluating and monitoring the overall credit quality of the loan portfolio and for timely identification of potential problem loans including internal and external loan reviews. The adequacy of the allowance for credit losses is reviewed monthly by the Asset Classification Committee and quarterly by the Board of Directors. Management’s review of the adequacy of the allowance includes three main components.

The first component is an analysis of loss potential in various homogeneous segments of the loan portfolio based on historical trends and the risk inherent in each loan category. The Company calculates the allowance for credit losses for each loan pool using a remaining life loss methodology with a two quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period and an immediate reversion period. Management believes that the Company’s historical loss experience provides the best basis for its assessment of expected credit losses to determine the allowance for credit losses on loans. The Company uses its own internal data to measure historical credit loss experience within the loan pools with similar risk characteristics over an economic cycle. The Company then forecasts the calculated historical loss rates over the calculated remaining life of loans by pool. The second component of management’s monthly analysis is the specific review and evaluation of significant individually evaluated collateral dependent loans identified through the Company’s internal monitoring system. These loans do not share common risk characteristics and are not included within the collectively evaluated loans for determining the allowance for credit losses. Under CECL, for collateral dependent loans, the Company has adopted the practical expedient to measure the allowance for credit losses based on the fair value of collateral. The allowance for credit losses on loans is calculated on an individual loan basis based on the shortfall between the fair value of the loan's collateral, which is adjusted for liquidation costs/discounts, and amortized cost. If the fair value of the collateral exceeds the amortized cost, no allowance is required. The third component is an analysis of changes in qualitative factors that may affect the portfolio, including but not limited to: relevant economic trends that could impact borrowers’ ability to repay, industry trends, changes in the volume and composition of the portfolio, credit concentrations, or lending policies and the experience and ability of the staff and Board of Directors.

Management also reviews and incorporates certain ratios such as percentage of classified loans, average historical credit losses by loan category, delinquency percentages, and the assignment of percentage targets of reserves in each loan category when evaluating the allowance. Once the analysis is completed, the three components are combined and compared to the allowance amount. Based on this, charges are made to the provision as needed.

In addition, management performs a quarterly analysis of the Company's investment securities classified as available for sale and held to maturity.

The estimate of expected credit losses on held to maturity debt securities is primarily based on the ratings assigned to the securities by debt rating agencies and the average of the annual historical loss rates associated with those ratings. The Company then multiplies those loss rates, as adjusted for any modifications to reflect current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts as considered necessary, by the remaining lives of each individual security to arrive at a lifetime expected loss amount. Additionally, private label collateralized mortgage obligation ("CMO") securities which are not explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government are evaluated utilizing underlying pool data such as historical loss rates, loan-to-value ratios and credit enhancement data.

All mortgage-backed held to maturity securities issued by government-sponsored corporations are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, are highly rated by major rating agencies and have a long history of no credit losses. The state and local governments securities held by the Company are highly rated by major rating agencies.

For available for sale securities, management evaluates all investments in an unrealized loss position on a quarterly basis. If the Company has the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security, the security is written down to fair value and the entire loss is recorded in earnings.

If either of the above criteria are not met, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value is the result of credit losses or other factors. In making the assessment, the Company may consider various factors including the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, performance on any underlying collateral, downgrades in the ratings of the security by a rating agency, the failure of the issuer to make scheduled interest or principal payments and adverse conditions specifically related to the security. If the assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security and any excess is recorded as an allowance for credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any amount of unrealized loss that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit loss is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Based on the foregoing, t he Company recorded a $221,000 provision for credit losses under the CECL methodology during the quarter ended June 30, 2023 compared to no provision for loan losses under the Incurred Loss methodology during the quarter ended June 30, 2022. For additional information of the changes in the allowance for credit losses, see “Note 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies", "Note 6 - Investments, Available for Sale", "Note 7 - Investments, Held to Maturity, and “Note 8 - Loans Receivable" of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I. Item 1 of this report.

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SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Non-Interest Income

Non-interest income decreased $386,000 or 14.7% to $2.3 million for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 compared to $2.6 million for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 . The decrease was primarily due to a $310,000 decrease in gain on sale of loans reflecting the decline in originations of loans held for sale following recent market interest rate increases. In addition, there was no grant income recorded during the quarter ended June 30, 2023 compared to $171,000 for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 . For additio nal details of the changes in non-interest income, see “Note 14 - Non-Interest Income” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I. Item 1 of this report.

Non-Interest Expense

Non-interest expense increased $480,000 or 5.7% to $8.9 million for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 compared to $8.4 million for the quarter ended June 30, 2022. The following table summarizes the changes in non-interest expense:

	Quarter Ended June 30,				Increase (Decrease)
	2023		2022		$			%
Compensation and Employee Benefits	$	5,024,089	$	4,904,606	$	119,483			2.4	%
Occupancy		772,722		694,650		78,072			11.2	%
Advertising		261,801		279,596		(17,795	)		(6.4	)%
Depreciation and Maintenance of Equipment		598,388		585,216		13,172			2.3	%
FDIC Insurance Premiums		217,503		84,183		133,320			158.4	%
Write down of Land Held for Sale		—		93,733		(93,733	)		(100.0	)%
Consulting		142,396		169,231		(26,835	)		(15.9	)%
Debit Card Expense		352,287		326,344		25,943			7.9	%
Data Processing		315,844		278,687		37,157			13.3	%
Other		1,223,613		1,012,303		211,310			20.9	%
Total Non-Interest Expense	$	8,908,643	$	8,428,549	$	480,094			5.7	%

The increase in non-interest expense was primarily due to increases in compensation and employee benefits, occupancy, FDIC insurance premiums, data processing expenses and other non-interest expenses during the second quarter of 2023 , which were partially offset by a decrease in write-down of land held for sale.

Compensation and employee benefits increased $119,000 or 2.4% to $5.0 million for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 when compared to the quarter ended June 30, 2022 due to general annual cost of living increases, an increase in the number of full time equivalent employees as a result of our newest branch added in 2023 and the overall growth of the Company. Occupancy and other non-interest expenses also increased during the second quarter of 2023 due to increased operations and the addition of our newest branch located in Augusta, Georgia.

FDIC insurance premiums increased $133,000 or 158.4% to $218,000 for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 COMPARED TO THE SAME PERIOD IN 2022 due to increased insurance rates applied in 2023 compared to 2022.

Provision For Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes decreased $121,000 or 20.6% to $468,000 for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 from $589,000 for the same period in 2022 due to lower net income before taxes in 2023. Pre-tax net income was $2.2 million for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 compared to $2.8 million for the second quarter of 2022 . The Company’s combined federal and state effective income tax rate was 20.8% and 21.4% for the quarters ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 , respectively.

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Results of Operations for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

Net Income

Net income increased $739,000, or 19.9%, to $4.5 million or $1.37 per basic common share for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to $3.7 million or $1.14 per basic com mon share for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase in net income was primarily due to an increase in net interest income as a result of increased market interest rates and, to a lesser extent, higher average balances of investments and loans receivable, net.

Net Interest Income

The following table compares detailed average balances, average yields on interest-earning assets, average costs of interest-bearing liabilities and the resulting changes in interest income and expense for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. The average balances were derived from the daily balances throughout the periods indicated. The average yields or costs were calculated by dividing the income or expense by the average balance of the corresponding assets or liabilities. Nonaccrual loans are included in earning assets in the following table. Loan yields have been reduced to reflect the negative impact on our earnings of loans on nonaccrual status. Interest income from non-taxable investments is calculated on a tax equivalent basis, which recognizes the income tax savings when comparing taxable and tax-exempt assets and was calculated using the effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023							2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Average Balance		Interest		Yield/ Rate ⁽¹⁾			Average Balance		Interest		Yield/ Rate ⁽¹⁾
Interest-Earning Assets:
Loans Receivable, Net	$	583,323	$	15,482		5.31	%	$	517,061	$	12,302		4.76	%
Taxable Investments		696,225		13,467		3.87			673,236		5,059		1.50
Non-taxable Investments		20,926		384		3.68			44,705		781		3.49
Deposits with other Banks		20,599		502		4.87			20,919		56		0.54
Total Interest-Earning Assets	$	1,321,073	$	29,835		4.52	%	$	1,255,921	$	18,198		2.90	%
Interest-Bearing Liabilities:
Checking, Savings & Money Market Accounts	$	671,857	$	6,055		1.80	%	$	701,395	$	474		0.14	%
Certificates Accounts		186,704		2,031		2.18			155,886		269		0.35
Total Interest-Bearing Deposits		858,561		8,086		1.88			857,281		743		0.16
Other Borrowings ⁽²⁾		84,603		1,450		3.43			42,530		47		0.22
Junior Subordinated Debentures		5,155		171		6.62			5,155		61		2.38
Subordinated Debentures		26,500		696		5.25			30,000		787		5.25
Total Interest-Bearing Liabilities	$	974,819	$	10,403		2.13	%	$	934,966	$	1,638		0.35	%
Net Interest Rate Spread						2.39	%						2.55	%
Tax Equivalent Net Interest Income/Margin			$	19,432		2.94	%			$	16,560		2.60	%
Less: tax equivalent adjustment				64							111
Net Interest Income			$	19,368						$	16,449

(1)	Annualized

(2)	Includes FRB borrowings and repurchase agreements.

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SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Net interest income increased $2.9 million or 17.7% to $19.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023 , compared to $16.4 million for the same period in 2022 . During the six months ended June 30, 2023 , average interest-earning assets increased $65.2 million or 5.2% to $1.32 billion from $1.26 billion for the same period in 2022 , while average interest-bearing liabilities increased $39.9 million or 4.3% to $974.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 from $934.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 . The Company's net interest margin was 2.94% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to 2.60% for the six months ended June 30, 2022 . The Company's net interest spread on a tax equivalent basis was 2.39% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to 2.55% for the six months ended June 30, 2022 .

Interest Income

Total tax-equivalent interest income increased $11.6 million or 63.9% to $29.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to $18.2 million for the same period in 2022 .

Interest income on loans increased $3.2 million or 25.8% to $15.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 from $12.3 million for the first six months of 2022 . The increase in loan interest income was the result of a $66.3 million increase in the average loan portfolio balance combined with a 55 basis point increase in the average yield on loans receivable AS ADJUSTABLE-RATE LOANS RESET AND NEW LOANS WERE ORIGINATED AT HIGHER MARKET INTEREST RATES .

Interest income from taxable investments increased $8.4 million or 166.2% to $13.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023 from $5.1 million for the first six months of 2022 , due to a $23.0 million increase in the average balance of taxable investments combined with a 237 basis point increase in the average yield to 3.87%, REFLECTING HIGHER MARKET INTEREST RATES . Tax equivalent interest income from non-taxable investments decreased $397,000 to $384,000 during the six months ended June 30, 2023 due to a decrease in the average balance of non-taxable investments.

Interest income from deposits with other banks increased $445,000 during the six months ended June 30, 2023 to $502,000 due to a significant increase in the average yield earned on these assets due to increased market interest rates.

Interest Expense

Total interest expense increased $8.8 million or 534.9% to $10.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to $1.6 million for the same period in 2022 due to an increase in market interest rates combined with a $39.9 million increase in the average balance of these liabilities.

Interest expense on deposits increased $7.3 million to $8.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 from $743,000 for the first six months of 2022 , due to an increase of 172 basis points in the average cost combined with a $1.3 million increase in the average balance of interest-bearing deposit accounts. Interest expense on FRB and other borrowings increased $1.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023 due to a $42.1 million increase in the average balance of these liabilities combined with an increase of 321 basis points in the average cost of these liabilities. Interest expense on the junior subordinated debentures increased due to increased floating interest rates reflecting higher market interest rates.

Provision for Credit Losses

The Company recorded a $221,000 provision for credit losses for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and no provision for credit losses of the six months ended June 30, 2022. The Company adopted the CECL methodology effective January 1, 2023. The transition adjustment of the adoption of CECL included an increase in the allowance for credit losses on loans of $784,000, which is presented as a reduction to net loans outstanding, and an increase in the allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments of $1.2 million, which is recorded within "Other Liabilities." The adoption of CECL had an insignificant impact on the Company's HTM and AFS securities portfolios. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2023 are presented under the CECL methodology while prior period amounts continue to be reported under the Incurred Loss methodology. For additional information on the provision and the allowance for credit losses, see “Note 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" and “Note 8 - Loans Receivable" of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I. Item 1 of this report.

The amount of the provision is determined by management’s on-going monthly analysis of the loan portfolio and the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. The Company has policies and procedures in place for evaluating and monitoring the overall credit quality of the loan portfolio and for timely identification of potential problem loans including internal and external loan reviews. The adequacy of the allowance for credit losses is reviewed monthly by the Asset Classification Committee and quarterly by the Board of Directors. Management’s review of the adequacy of the allowance includes three main components.

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SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The first component is an analysis of loss potential in various homogeneous segments of the loan portfolio based on historical trends and the risk inherent in each loan category. The Company calculates the allowance for credit losses for each pool using a remaining life loss methodology with a two quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period and an immediate reversion period. Management believes that the Company’s historical loss experience provides the best basis for its assessment of expected credit losses to determine the allowance for credit losses. The Company uses its own internal data to measure historical credit loss experience within the pools with similar risk characteristics over an economic cycle. The Company then forecasts the calculated historical loss rates over the calculated remaining life of loans by pool. The second component of management’s monthly analysis is the specific review and evaluation of significant individually evaluated collateral dependent loans identified through the Company’s internal monitoring system. These loans do not share common risk characteristics and are not included within the collectively evaluated loans for determining the allowance for credit losses. Under CECL, for collateral dependent loans, the Company has adopted the practical expedient to measure the allowance for credit losses based on the fair value of collateral. The allowance for credit losses is calculated on an individual loan basis based on the shortfall between the fair value of the loan's collateral, which is adjusted for liquidation costs/discounts, and amortized cost. If the fair value of the collateral exceeds the amortized cost, no allowance is required. The third component is an analysis of changes in qualitative factors that may affect the portfolio, including but not limited to: relevant economic trends that could impact borrowers’ ability to repay, industry trends, changes in the volume and composition of the portfolio, credit concentrations, or lending policies and the experience and ability of the staff and Board of Directors.

Based on the foregoing, the Company recorded $221,000 and $0 in provisions for credit losses for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 , respectively. For additional details of the changes in the allowance for credit losses, see “Note 8 - Loans Receivable" of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I. Item 1 of this report.

Non-Interest Income

Non-interest income decreased $789,000 or 15.1% to $4.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to $5.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 . The decrease was primarily due to a $830,000 decrease in gain on sale of loans reflecting the decline in originations of loans held for sale following recent market interest rate increases. In addition, there was no grant income recorded during the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to $171,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 . These decreases were partially offset by increases in trust income and ATM and check card fee income. ATM and check card fee income increased $130,000 or 9.2% to $1.6 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023 when compared to the six months ended June 30, 2022 , due to a new interchange service provider that pays the Bank more fees per transaction. For additional details of the changes in non-interest income, see “Note 14 - Non-Interest Income” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I. Item 1 of this report.

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SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Non-Interest Expense

Non-interest expense increased $916,000 or 5.4% to $17.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to $17.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The following table summarizes the changes in non-interest expense:

	Six Months Ended June 30,				Increase (Decrease)
	2023		2022		$			%
Compensation and Employee Benefits	$	10,264,885	$	9,961,226	$	303,659			3.0	%
Occupancy		1,579,156		1,407,436		171,720			12.2	%
Advertising		506,396		539,929		(33,533	)		(6.2	)%
Depreciation and Maintenance of Equipment		1,186,347		1,138,537		47,810			4.2	%
FDIC Insurance Premiums		307,809		196,225		111,584			56.9	%
Write down of Land Held for Sale		—		433,077		(433,077	)		(100.0	)%
Consulting		355,731		333,981		21,750			6.5	%
Debit Card Expense		688,933		610,133		78,800			12.9	%
Data Processing		628,077		513,078		114,999			22.4	%
Other		2,421,897		1,889,771		532,126			28.2	%
Total Non-Interest Expense	$	17,939,231	$	17,023,393	$	915,838			5.4	%

The increase in non-interest expense was primarily due to increases in compensation and employee benefits, occupancy expense and other non-interest expenses during the first six months of 2023 , which were partially offset by a decrease in writedowns of land held for sale.

Compensation and employee benefits increased $304,000 or 3.0% to $10.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 when compared to the six months ended June 30, 2022 due to general annual cost of living increases, an increase in the number of full time equivalent employees as a result of our newest branch added in 2023 and the overall growth of the Company. Occupancy and other non-interest expenses also increased during the first six months of 2023 due to increased operations and the addition of our newest branch located in Augusta, Georgia.

FDIC insurance premiums increased $112,000 or 56.9% to $308,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022, due to increased insurance rates applied in 2023 compared to 2022.

Provision For Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes increased $253,000 or 26.5% to $1.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 from $954,000 for the same period in 2022 due to higher net income before taxes in 2023. Pre-tax net income was $5.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to $4.7 million for the first six months of 2022 . The Company’s combined federal and state effective income tax rate was 21.3% and 20.4% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 , respectively.

Table of Contents

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Liquidity Commitments, Capital Resources, and Impact of Inflation and Changing Prices

We actively analyze and manage liquidity with the objective of maintaining an adequate level of liquidity and to ensure the availability of sufficient cash flows to support loan growth, fund deposit withdrawals, fund operations, and satisfy other financial commitments. See the “Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows” contained in Item 1 – Financial Statements, herein.

The Bank's primary sources of funds include deposits, scheduled loan and investment securities repayments, including interest payments, maturities and sales of loans and investment securities, advances from the FRB, and cash flow generated from operations. The sources of funds, together with retained earnings and equity, are used to make loans, acquire investment securities and other assets, and fund continuing operations. While maturities and the scheduled amortization of loans are a predictable source of funds, deposit flows and mortgage repayments are greatly influenced by the level of interest rates, economic conditions, and competition. Management believes that the Company’s current liquidity position and its forecasted operating results are sufficient to fund all of its existing commitments. The Bank had $176.1 million in unused commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit at June 30, 2023 .

During the six months ended June 30, 2023 , loan disbursements exceeded loan repayments resulting in a $39.7 million or 7.2% increase in total net loans receivable. Also during the six months ended June 30, 2023 , deposits increased $69.4 million or 6.3%. The Bank had no outstanding FHLB advances at June 30, 2023 with $389.8 million in additional borrowing capacity at the FHLB at that date. The Bank had $69.2 million of outstanding borrowings from the BTFP at June 30, 2023 , which was collateralized by investments with a fair market value of $149.7 million at that date. The Bank also had a $50.0 million unused Fed Funds facility with Pacific Coast Bankers Bank at June 30, 2023 . Subject to market conditions, we expect to utilize these borrowing facilities from time to time in the future to fund loan originations and deposit withdrawals, to satisfy other financial commitments, repay maturing debt and to take advantage of investment opportunities to the extent feasible.

The Bank's liquid assets in the form of cash and cash equivalents, certificates of deposits with other banks and investment AFS totaled $618.7 million at June 30, 2023 . Certificates of deposit that are scheduled to mature in less than one year from June 30, 2023 totaled $179.5 million. Historically, the Bank has been able to retain a significant amount of its deposits as they mature.

Security Federal is a separate legal entity from the Bank and must provide for its own liquidity. At June 30, 2023 , Security Federal had liquid assets of $26.5 million. In addition to its operating expenses, Security Federal is responsible for paying any dividends declared, if any, to its shareholders, funds paid for Security Federal stock repurchases, and payments on trust-preferred securities and subordinated debentures held at the Company level. Security Federal's main source of funds are dividends or capital distributions from the Bank, although there are regulatory restrictions on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends. We currently expect to continue our current practice of paying quarterly cash dividends on our common stock subject to our Board of Directors’ discretion to modify or terminate this practice at any time and for any reason without prior notice. Our current quarterly common stock dividend rate is $0.13 per share which we believe is a dividend rate per share which enables us to balance our multiple objectives of managing and investing in the Bank, and returning a substantial portion of our cash to our shareholders. Assuming continued payment during 2023 at this rate of $0.13 per share, our average total dividend paid each quarter would be approximately $423,000 based on the number of outstanding shares at June 30, 2023 .

At June 30, 2023 , the Bank exceeded all regulatory capital requirements with Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (CET1), Tier 1 leverage-based capital, Tier 1 risk-based capital, and total risk-based capital ratios of 17.7% , 10.1% , 17.7% , and 19.0% , respectively. To be categorized as “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action provisions the Bank must maintain minimum CET1, total risk based capital, Tier 1 risk-based capital and Tier 1 leverage capital ratios of 6.5%, 10.0%, 8.0% and 5.0%, respectively. In addition to the minimum capital requirements, the Bank must maintain a capital conservation buffer, which consists of additional CET1 capital greater than 2.5% of risk weighted assets above the required minimum levels in order to avoid limitations on paying dividends, repurchasing shares, and paying discretionary bonuses. At June 30, 2023 the Bank’s conservation buffer was 11.0% . For additional details, see “Note 12 - Regulatory Matters” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I. Item 1 of this report.

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SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Market risk is the risk of loss from adverse changes in market prices and rates. The Company’s market risk arises principally from interest rate risk inherent in its lending, investment, deposit and borrowing activities. Management actively monitors and manages its interest rate risk exposure. Although the Company manages other risks such as credit quality and liquidity risk in the normal course of business, management considers interest rate risk to be its most significant market risk that could potentially have the largest material effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. Other types of market risks such as foreign currency exchange rate risk and commodity price do not arise in the normal course of the Company’s business activities.

The Company’s profitability is affected by fluctuations in the market interest rate. Management’s goal is to maintain a reasonable balance between exposure to interest rate fluctuations and earnings. A sudden and substantial increase or decrease in interest rates may adversely impact the Company’s earnings to the extent that the interest rates on interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities do not change at the same rate, to the same extent or on the same basis. The Company monitors the impact of changes in interest rates on its net interest income using a test that measures the impact on net interest income and net portfolio value of an immediate change in interest rates in 100 basis point increments. Net portfolio value is defined as the net present value of assets, liabilities, and off-balance sheet contracts. There were no material changes in information concerning market risk from the information provided in the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K.

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Bank's interest rate spread, defined as the average yield on interest-earning assets less the average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities, was 2.38%.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

(a)

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures: An evaluation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a - 15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Act”)) was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and several other members of the Company’s senior management as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that at June 30, 2023 the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Act is (i) accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management (including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer) in a timely manner, and (ii) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time period specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms.

(b)

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting: There have been no significant changes in our internal controls over financial reporting during the quarter ended June 30, 2023 that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to affect our internal controls over financial reporting

The Company does not expect that its disclosure controls and procedures will prevent all error and or fraud. A control procedure, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control procedure are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control procedures, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. The design of any control procedure also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control procedure, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

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SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Part II: Other Information

Item 1 Legal Proceedings

The Company is not engaged in any legal proceedings of a material nature at the present time. From time to time, the Company is a party to legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business wherein it enforces its security interest in mortgage loans it has made.

Item 1A Risk Factors

There have been no material changes in the Risk Factors previously disclosed in Item 1A of the Company's 2022 Form 10-K.

Item 2 Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None

Item 3 Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None

Item 4 Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable

Item 5 Other Information

None

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SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Item 6 Exhibits

3.1	Articles of Incorporation, as amended (1)
3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws (2)
3.3	Certificate of Designations Senior Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series ECIP (3)
4.1	Form of Stock Certificate of the Company and other instruments defining the rights of security holders, including indentures (4)
4.2	Form of Certificate for Senior Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series ECIP (3)
10.1	Form of 2006 Salary Continuation Agreement (5)
10.2	Form of Security Federal Split Dollar Agreement (5)
10.3	2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (6)
10.4	Letter Agreement, Dated May 24, 2022 between Security Federal Corporation and the U.S. Department of Treasury,with respect to the issuance of Senior Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series ECIP (3)
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
32	Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
101	The following materials from Security Federal Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL): (a) Consolidated Balance Sheets; (b) Consolidated Statements of Income; (c) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss); (d) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity; (e) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (f) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL and included in Exhibit 101)

(1) Filed on June 26, 1998, as an exhibit to the Company’s Proxy Statement and incorporated herein by reference.

(2) Filed on January 16, 2015 as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 15, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference.

(3) Filed on May 24, 2022 as an exhibit to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 18, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference.

(4) Filed on August 12, 1987, as an exhibit to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A and incorporated herein by reference.

(5) Filed on May 24, 2006 as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report Statement and incorporated on Form 8-K dated May 18, 2006 and incorporated herein by reference.

(6) Filed on March 28, 2018, as an exhibit to the Company's Proxy Statement dated March 20, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference.

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SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

			SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION



Date:	August 11, 2023	By:	/s/J. Chris Verenes
			J. Chris Verenes
			Chief Executive Officer
			Duly Authorized Representative

Date:	August 11, 2023	By:	/s/Darrell Rains
			Darrell Rains
			Chief Financial Officer
			Duly Authorized Representative

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part 1. Financial Information Item 1. Financial Statements Note 1 - Basis Of Presentation Note 2 - Principles Of Consolidation Note 3 - Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies Note 4 - Earnings Per Share Note 5 - Stock-based Compensation Note 6 - Investments, Available For Sale ("afs")Note 7 - Investments, Held To Maturity ("htm")Note 8 - Loans Receivable, Net Note 9 - Deposits Note 10 - Borrowings Note 11 - Subordinated Debentures Note 12 - Regulatory Matters Note 13 - Fair Value Of Financial Instruments Note 14 - Non-interest Income Note 15 - Leases Note 16 - Preferred Stock Note 17 - Subsequent Events Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis Of Financial Condition and Results Of Operations Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Item 4. Controls and Procedures Part Ii: Other Information Item 1 Legal Proceedings Item 1A Risk Factors Item 2 Unregistered Sales Of Equity Securities and Use Of Proceeds Item 3 Defaults Upon Senior Securities Item 4 Mine Safety Disclosures Item 5 Other Information Item 6 Exhibits

Exhibits

3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws(2) 3.3 Certificate of Designations Senior Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series ECIP(3) 4.2 Form of Certificate for Senior Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series ECIP (3) 10.3 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan(6) 10.4 Letter Agreement, Dated May 24, 2022 between Security Federal Corporation andthe U.S. Department of Treasury,with respect to the issuance of Senior Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series ECIP(3) 31.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 31.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 32 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act

SFDL 10-Q Quarter ended June 30, 2023

Exhibits