SIVB 10-Q Quarterly Report Sept. 30, 2016

SVB FINANCIAL GROUP

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10-Q 1 sivb-9302016x10q.htm FORM 10-Q Document

Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)



x	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2016



¨	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to .

Commission File Number: 000-15637

SVB FINANCIAL GROUP

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Delaware		91-1962278
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)



3003 Tasman Drive, Santa Clara, California		95054-1191
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

(408) 654-7400

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer x Accelerated filer ¨ Non-accelerated filer ¨ Smaller reporting company ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x

At October 31, 2016 , 52,088,461 shares of the registrant’s common stock ($0.001 par value) were outstanding.

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS



		Page
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION		4

Item 1.	Interim Consolidated Financial Statements	4

	Interim Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 (Unaudited)	4

	Interim Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 (Unaudited)	5

	Interim Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 (Unaudited)	6

	Interim Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 (Unaudited)	7

	Interim Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 (Unaudited)	8

	Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	9

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	54

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	95

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	97

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION		97

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	98

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	98

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	98

Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	98

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	98

Item 5.	Other Information	98

Item 6.	Exhibits	98

SIGNATURES		99

INDEX TO EXHIBITS		100

Table of Contents

Glossary of Acronyms that may be used in this Report

AFS— Available-for-Sale

APIC— Additional Paid-in Capital

ASC— Accounting Standards Codification

ASU— Accounting Standards Update

CET— Common Equity Tier

EHOP— Employee Home Ownership Program of the Company

EPS— Earnings Per Share

ESOP— Employee Stock Ownership Plan of the Company

ESPP— 1999 Employee Stock Purchase Plan of the Company

FASB— Financial Accounting Standards Board

FDIC— Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

FHLB— Federal Home Loan Bank

FRB— Federal Reserve Bank

FTE— Full-Time Employee

FTP— Funds Transfer Pricing

GAAP— Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America

IASB— International Accounting Standards Board

IPO— Initial Public Offering

IRS— Internal Revenue Service

IT— Information Technology

LIBOR— London Interbank Offered Rate

NIB— Non-Interest Bearing

M&A— Merger and Acquisition

OTTI— Other Than Temporary Impairment

SEC— Securities and Exchange Commission

SPD-SVB— SPD Silicon Valley Bank (China Joint Venture)

TDR— Troubled Debt Restructuring

UK— United Kingdom

VIE— Variable Interest Entity

Table of Contents

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SVB FINANCIAL GROUP AND SUBSIDIARIES

INTERIM CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)



(Dollars in thousands, except par value and share data)	September 30, 2016			December 31, 2015
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2,521,319		$	1,503,257
Available-for-sale securities, at fair value (cost of $12,514,893 and $16,375,941, respectively)	12,665,697			16,380,748
Held-to-maturity securities, at cost (fair value of $7,885,333 and $8,758,622, respectively)	7,791,949			8,790,963
Non-marketable and other securities	625,178			674,946
Total investment securities	21,082,824			25,846,657
Loans, net of unearned income	19,112,265			16,742,070
Allowance for loan losses	(240,565		)	(217,613		)
Net loans	18,871,700			16,524,457
Premises and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization	115,014			102,625
Accrued interest receivable and other assets	683,180			709,707
Total assets	$	43,274,037		$	44,686,703
Liabilities and total equity
Liabilities:
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits	$	31,028,974		$	30,867,497
Interest-bearing deposits	7,160,442			8,275,279
Total deposits	38,189,416			39,142,776
Short-term borrowings	2,421			774,900
Other liabilities	562,912			639,094
Long-term debt	795,971			796,702
Total liabilities	39,550,720			41,353,472
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12 and Note 15)
SVBFG stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 20,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding	—			—
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 150,000,000 shares authorized; 52,061,435 shares and 51,610,226 shares outstanding, respectively	52			52
Additional paid-in capital	1,219,555			1,189,032
Retained earnings	2,276,865			1,993,646
Accumulated other comprehensive income	96,579			15,404
Total SVBFG stockholders’ equity	3,593,051			3,198,134
Noncontrolling interests	130,266			135,097
Total equity	3,723,317			3,333,231
Total liabilities and total equity	$	43,274,037		$	44,686,703

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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SVB FINANCIAL GROUP AND SUBSIDIARIES

INTERIM CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)



	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)	2016			2015			2016			2015
Interest income:
Loans	$	214,227		$	174,993		$	617,456		$	507,746
Investment securities:
Taxable	83,468			87,609			261,121			253,496
Non-taxable	522			707			1,693			2,220
Federal funds sold, securities purchased under agreements to resell and other short-term investment securities	2,196			1,482			5,793			4,071
Total interest income	300,413			264,791			886,063			767,533
Interest expense:
Deposits	1,535			1,158			3,984			4,283
Borrowings	9,717			8,973			28,161			25,894
Total interest expense	11,252			10,131			32,145			30,177
Net interest income	289,161			254,660			853,918			737,356
Provision for loan losses	18,950			33,403			88,624			66,368
Net interest income after provision for loan losses	270,211			221,257			765,294			670,988
Noninterest income:
Gains on investment securities, net	23,178			18,768			41,764			77,006
Gains on derivative instruments, net	19,744			10,244			26,847			66,290
Foreign exchange fees	25,944			22,995			76,998			63,037
Credit card fees	18,295			14,536			49,226			40,841
Deposit service charges	13,356			12,272			39,142			34,309
Client investment fees	7,952			5,683			23,959			15,429
Lending related fees	8,168			7,561			23,783			23,746
Letters of credit and standby letters of credit fees	6,811			5,341			18,414			15,315
Other	20,692			11,077			42,917			22,315
Total noninterest income	144,140			108,477			343,050			358,288
Noninterest expense:
Compensation and benefits	136,568			109,345			374,410			350,030
Professional services	23,443			21,137			67,959			58,834
Premises and equipment	16,291			12,356			47,861			36,800
Business development and travel	8,504			8,028			30,077			28,904
Net occupancy	9,525			8,548			28,919			24,010
FDIC and state assessments	7,805			6,954			21,624			18,705
Correspondent bank fees	3,104			3,070			9,469			9,775
Provision for unfunded credit commitments	1,054			1,047			1,601			249
Other	15,533			14,270			44,292			42,101
Total noninterest expense	221,827			184,755			626,212			569,408
Income before income tax expense	192,524			144,979			482,132			459,868
Income tax expense	76,877			57,017			195,508			175,057
Net income before noncontrolling interests	115,647			87,962			286,624			284,811
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(4,566		)	(6,229		)	(3,405		)	(28,419		)
Net income available to common stockholders	$	111,081		$	81,733		$	283,219		$	256,392
Earnings per common share—basic	$	2.13		$	1.59		$	5.46		$	5.00
Earnings per common share—diluted	2.12			1.57			5.42			4.94

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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SVB FINANCIAL GROUP AND SUBSIDIARIES

INTERIM CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)



	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2016			2015			2016			2015
Net income before noncontrolling interests	$	115,647		$	87,962		$	286,624		$	284,811
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Change in cumulative translation (losses) gains:
Foreign currency translation (losses) gains	(119		)	(102		)	(2,168		)	2,588
Related tax benefit (expense)	50			87			885			(1,054		)
Change in unrealized (losses) gains on available-for-sale securities:
Unrealized holding (losses) gains	(54,204		)	58,902			157,564			100,468
Related tax benefit (expense)	21,932			(24,200		)	(64,357		)	(41,224		)
Reclassification adjustment for losses (gains) included in net income	15			(13		)	(11,567		)	(2,750		)
Related tax (benefit) expense	(6		)	6			4,707			1,111
Amortization of unrealized gains on securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity	(1,690		)	(2,565		)	(6,507		)	(7,997		)
Related tax benefit	680			1,032			2,618			3,218
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax	(33,342		)	33,147			81,175			54,360
Comprehensive income	82,305			121,109			367,799			339,171
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(4,566		)	(6,229		)	(3,405		)	(28,419		)
Comprehensive income attributable to SVBFG	$	77,739		$	114,880		$	364,394		$	310,752

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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SVB FINANCIAL GROUP AND SUBSIDIARIES

INTERIM CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)



	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income			Total SVBFG Stockholders’ Equity			Noncontrolling Interests			Total Equity
(Dollars in thousands)	Shares	Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income			Total SVBFG Stockholders’ Equity			Noncontrolling Interests			Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2014	50,924,925	$	51	$	1,120,350		$	1,649,967		$	42,704		$	2,813,072		$	1,238,662		$	4,051,734
Common stock issued under employee benefit plans, net of restricted stock cancellations	536,635	—		14,712			—			—			14,712			—			14,712
Common stock issued under ESOP	27,425	—		3,512			—			—			3,512			—			3,512
Income tax benefit from stock options exercised, vesting of restricted stock and other	—	—		10,813			—			—			10,813			—			10,813
Deconsolidation of noncontrolling interest	—	—		—			—			—			—			(1,069,437		)	(1,069,437		)
Net income	—	—		—			256,392			—			256,392			28,419			284,811
Capital calls and distributions, net	—	—		—			—			—			—			(58,315		)	(58,315		)
Net change in unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	—	—		—			—			57,605			57,605			—			57,605
Amortization of unrealized gains on securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity, net of tax	—	—		—			—			(4,779		)	(4,779		)	—			(4,779		)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	—	—		—			—			1,534			1,534			—			1,534
Share-based compensation, net	—	—		22,262			—			—			22,262			—			22,262
Other, net	—	—		—			(224		)	—			(224		)	—			(224		)
Balance at September 30, 2015	51,488,985	$	51	$	1,171,649		$	1,906,135		$	97,064		$	3,174,899		$	139,329		$	3,314,228
Balance at December 31, 2015	51,610,226	$	52	$	1,189,032		$	1,993,646		$	15,404		$	3,198,134		$	135,097		$	3,333,231
Common stock issued under employee benefit plans, net of restricted stock cancellations	408,044	—		8,661			—			—			8,661			—			8,661
Common stock issued under ESOP	43,165	—		4,328			—			—			4,328			—			4,328
Income tax effect from stock options exercised, vesting of restricted stock and other	—	—		(6,300		)	—			—			(6,300		)	—			(6,300		)
Net income	—	—		—			283,219			—			283,219			3,405			286,624
Capital calls and distributions, net	—	—		—			—			—			—			(8,236		)	(8,236		)
Net change in unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	—	—		—			—			86,347			86,347			—			86,347
Amortization of unrealized gains on securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity, net of tax	—	—		—			—			(3,889		)	(3,889		)	—			(3,889		)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	—	—		—			—			(1,283		)	(1,283		)	—			(1,283		)
Share-based compensation, net	—	—		23,834			—			—			23,834			—			23,834
Balance at September 30, 2016	52,061,435	$	52	$	1,219,555		$	2,276,865		$	96,579		$	3,593,051		$	130,266		$	3,723,317

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

Table of Contents

SVB FINANCIAL GROUP AND SUBSIDIARIES

INTERIM CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)



	Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2016			2015
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income before noncontrolling interests	$	286,624		$	284,811
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for loan losses	88,624			66,368
Provision for unfunded credit commitments	1,601			249
Changes in fair values of derivatives, net	(24,875		)	(42,295		)
Gains on investment securities, net	(41,764		)	(77,006		)
Depreciation and amortization	35,114			28,504
Amortization of premiums and discounts on investment securities, net	9,622			14,659
Amortization of share-based compensation	22,342			24,174
Amortization of deferred loan fees	(72,807		)	(64,275		)
Pre-tax net gain on SVBIF sale transaction	—			(1,287		)
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense	(6,839		)	3,131
Changes in other assets and liabilities:
Accrued interest receivable and payable, net	1,169			(6,312		)
Accounts receivable and payable, net	(12,872		)	(18,285		)
Income tax receivable and payable, net	13,181			(29,398		)
Accrued compensation	(48,740		)	(7,702		)
Foreign exchange spot contracts, net	1,803			7,522
Other, net	20,821			71,349
Net cash provided by operating activities	273,004			254,207
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of available-for-sale securities	—			(2,911,486		)
Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities	2,879,409			7,762
Proceeds from maturities and pay downs of available-for-sale securities	1,002,523			1,238,950
Purchases of held-to-maturity securities	(225,526		)	(2,057,030		)
Proceeds from maturities and pay downs of held-to-maturity securities	1,206,367			1,153,363
Purchases of non-marketable and other securities	(41,925		)	(30,245		)
Proceeds from sales and distributions of non-marketable and other securities	54,420			115,338
Net increase in loans	(2,373,798		)	(911,694		)
Proceeds from recoveries of charged-off loans	8,158			5,119
Effect of deconsolidation of noncontrolling interest	—			15,995
Net proceeds from SVBIF sale transaction	—			39,284
Purchases of premises and equipment	(37,184		)	(37,465		)
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	2,472,444			(3,372,109		)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net (decrease) increase in deposits	(953,360		)	2,626,379
Net decrease in short-term borrowings	(772,479		)	(4,025		)
(Distributions to noncontrolling interests), net of contributions from noncontrolling interests	(8,236		)	(16,789		)
Tax effect from stock exercises	(6,300		)	10,813
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, ESPP, and ESOP	12,989			18,224
Proceeds from issuance of 3.50% Senior Notes	—			346,431
Net cash (used for) provided by financing activities	(1,727,386		)	2,981,033
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	1,018,062			(136,869		)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period (1)	1,503,257			1,811,014
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	2,521,319		$	1,674,145
Supplemental disclosures:
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest	$	39,317		$	32,183
Income taxes	186,474			182,479
Noncash items during the period:
Changes in unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	$	86,347		$	57,605
Distributions of stock from investments (2)	750			64,120


(1)	Cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2014 included $15.0 million recognized in assets held-for-sale in conjunction with the SVBIF sale transaction.


(2)	For the nine months ended September 30, 2015 , includes distributions to noncontrolling interests of $41.5 million .

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

Table of Contents

SVB FINANCIAL GROUP AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)


1.	Basis of Presentation

SVB Financial Group is a diversified financial services company, as well as a bank holding company and financial holding company. SVB Financial was incorporated in the state of Delaware in March 1999. Through our various subsidiaries and divisions, we offer a variety of banking and financial products and services to support our clients of all sizes and stages throughout their life cycles. In these notes to our consolidated financial statements, when we refer to “SVB Financial Group,” “SVBFG”, the “Company,” “we,” “our,” “us” or use similar words, we mean SVB Financial Group and all of its subsidiaries collectively, including Silicon Valley Bank (the “Bank”), unless the context requires otherwise. When we refer to “SVB Financial” or the “Parent” we are referring only to the parent company, SVB Financial Group, unless the context requires otherwise.

The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments of a normal and recurring nature that are, in the opinion of management, necessary to fairly present our financial position, results of operations and cash flows in accordance with GAAP. Such unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for any future periods. These unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 (“ 2015 Form 10-K”).

The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a consistent basis with the accounting policies described in Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 2—“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” under Part II, Item 8 of our 2015 Form 10-K.

The preparation of unaudited interim consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates may change as new information is obtained. Significant items that are subject to such estimates include measurements of fair value, the valuation of non-marketable securities, the valuation of equity warrant assets, the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses and reserve for unfunded credit commitments, and the recognition and measurement of income tax assets and liabilities.

Principles of Consolidation and Presentation

Prior to April 1, 2015, the Company’s consolidated financial statements included the accounts of SVB Financial Group and entities in which we had a controlling interest. The determination of whether we had controlling interest was based on consolidation principles prescribed by ASC Topic 810 and whether the controlling interest in an entity was a voting interest entity or a variable interest entity (“VIE”). However, during the three months ended June 30, 2015, we early adopted the provisions of ASU 2015-02, Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis (ASU 2015-02), which simplifies consolidation accounting by reducing the number of consolidation models and changing various aspects of current GAAP, including certain consolidation criteria for variable interest entities. The new guidance eliminates the presumption that a general partner of a limited partnership arrangement should consolidate a limited partnership. The amendments to ASC Topic 810 in ASU 2015-02 modify the evaluation of whether limited partnerships and similar entities are VIEs or voting entities. With these changes, we determined that the majority of our investments in limited partnership arrangements are VIEs under the new guidance while these entities were typically voting interest entities under the prior guidance.

ASU 2015-02 provided a single model for evaluating VIE entities for consolidation. VIEs are entities where investors lack sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or equity investors, as a group, lack one of the following characteristics: (a) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, (b) the obligation to absorb the expected losses of the entity, or (c) the right to receive the expected returns of the entity. We assess VIEs to determine if we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE. A primary beneficiary is defined as a variable interest holder that has a controlling financial interest. A controlling financial interest requires both: (a) power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and (b) obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits of a VIE that could potentially be significant to a VIE. Under this analysis, we evaluate kick-out rights and other participating rights which could provide us a controlling financial interest. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is required to consolidate the VIE.

ASU 2015-02 also changed how we evaluate fees paid to managers of our limited partnership investments. Under the new guidance, we exclude those fee arrangements that are not deemed to be variable interests from the analysis of our interests in our investments in VIEs and the determination of a primary beneficiary, if any.

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Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of SVB Financial Group and consolidated entities. We consolidate voting entities in which we have control through voting interests. We determine whether we have a controlling financial interest in a VIE by determining if we have the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and whether we have significant variable interests. Generally, we have significant variable interests if our commitments to a limited partnership investment represent a significant amount of the total commitments to the entity. We also evaluate the impact of related parties on our determination of variable interests in our consolidation conclusions. We consolidate VIEs in which we are the primary beneficiary based on a controlling financial interest. If we are not the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we record our pro-rata interests or our cost basis in the VIE, as appropriate, based on other accounting guidance within GAAP.

All significant intercompany accounts and transactions with consolidated entities have been eliminated. We have not provided financial or other support during the periods presented to any VIE that we were not previously contractually required to provide.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the FASB issued a new accounting standard update (ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)), which provides revenue recognition guidance that is intended to create greater consistency with respect to how and when revenue from contracts with customers is shown in the income statement. This guidance will be effective January 1, 2018, either on a full retrospective approach or a modified retrospective approach, with early adoption permitted, but not before January 1, 2017. We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our financial position, results of operation and stockholders’ equity.

In January 2016, the FASB issued a new accounting standard update (ASU 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (Topic 825)), which will significantly change the income statement impact of equity investments, and the recognition of changes in fair value of financial liabilities. This guidance will be effective on January 1, 2018, on a prospective basis with a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our financial position, results of operation and stockholders’ equity.

In February 2016, the FASB issued a new accounting standard update (ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842)), which will require for all operating leases the recognition of a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, in the statement of financial position. The lease cost will be allocated over the lease term on a straight-line basis. This guidance will be effective on January 1, 2019, on a modified retrospective basis, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our financial position, results of operation and stockholders’ equity.

In March 2016, the FASB issued a new accounting standard update (ASU 2016-07, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323)), which eliminates the requirement that when an investment qualifies for use of the equity method due to an increase in level of ownership or influence, an investor must adjust the investment, results of operations, and retained earnings retroactively on a step-by step basis as if the equity method had been in effect during all previous periods that the investment had been held. This guidance will be effective January 1, 2017, on a prospective basis, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our financial position, results of operation and stockholders’ equity.

In March 2016, the FASB issued a new accounting standard update (ASU 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net)), which is intended to improve the operability and understandability of the implementation guidance by clarifying the following: how an entity should identify the unit of accounting for the principal versus agent evaluation; how the control principle applies to transactions, such as service arrangements; reframes the indicators to focus on a principal rather than an agent, removes the credit risk and commission indicators and clarifies the relationship between the control principle and the indicators; and revises the existing illustrative examples and adds new illustrative examples. This guidance will be effective January 1, 2018, either on a full retrospective approach or a modified retrospective approach, with early adoption permitted, but not before January 1, 2017. We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our financial position, results of operation and stockholders’ equity.

In March 2016, the FASB issued a new accounting standard update (ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (Topic 718)), which includes provisions intended to simplify various aspects related to how share-based payments are accounted for and presented in the financial statements, including the accounting for income taxes, forfeitures, and statutory tax withholding requirements, as well as classification in the statement of cash flows. Under the ASU, an entity recognizes all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies as income tax expense or benefit in the income statement in the period when the awards vest or are settled. The guidance also permits an entity to make an accounting policy election to either estimate the number of awards that are expected to vest or account for forfeitures when they occur. This guidance will be effective January 1, 2017. Early adoption is permitted, but all of the guidance must be adopted in the same period. We plan to adopt the share-based payment guidance in the first quarter of 2017. Currently, we record excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies to APIC at the

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time of vesting and or settlement, however, upon adoption of this standard, the excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies will be recorded to the income statement as income tax expense or benefit. We do not expect the guidance to have a material impact on our annual earnings; however, the impact will vary period to period depending on the volatility of the Company's stock price and the actual timing of settlement of awards. We would expect the most significant impact to occur during our second quarter as the majority of awards vest during that period.

In April 2016, the FASB issued a new accounting standard update (ASU 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing), which amends the new revenue recognition guidance on accounting for licenses of intellectual property and identifying performance obligations. The amendments clarify how an entity should evaluate the nature of its promise in granting a license of intellectual property, which will determine whether it recognizes revenue over time or a point in time. The amendments also clarify when a promised good or service is separately identifiable, that is distinct within the context of the contract, and allow entities to disregard items that are immaterial in the context of a contract. The effective date and transition requirements for this update are the same as those of the new standard. This guidance is effective January 1, 2018, on either a full retrospective approach or a modified retrospective approach, with early adoption permitted, but not before January 1, 2017. We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our financial position, results of operation and stockholders’ equity.

In June 2016, the FASB issued a new accounting standard update (ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments- Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments), which amends the incurred loss impairment methodology in current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. This guidance will be effective January 1, 2020, on a modified retrospective approach, with early adoption permitted, but not before January 1, 2020. We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our financial position, results of operation and stockholders’ equity.

In August 2016, the FASB issued a new accounting standard update (ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments), which clarifies the guidance on eight specific cash flow issues. This guidance will be effective January 1, 2018 on a full retrospective approach, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our statement of cash flows.

Reclassifications

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentations.


2.	Stockholders’ Equity and EPS

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

The following table summarizes the items reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income into the Consolidated Statements of Income (unaudited) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 :



		Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	Income Statement Location	2016			2015			2016			2015
Reclassification adjustment for losses (gains) included in net income	Gains on investment securities, net	$	15		$	(13	)	$	(11,567	)	$	(2,750	)
Related tax (benefit) expense	Income tax expense	(6		)	6			4,707			1,111
Total reclassification adjustment for losses (gains) included in net income, net of tax		$	9		$	(7	)	$	(6,860	)	$	(1,639	)

EPS

Basic EPS is the amount of earnings available to each share of common stock outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted EPS is the amount of earnings available to each share of common stock outstanding during the reporting period adjusted to include the effect of potentially dilutive common shares. Potentially dilutive common shares include incremental shares issued for stock options and restricted stock units outstanding under our equity incentive plans and our ESPP. Potentially dilutive common shares are excluded from the computation of dilutive EPS in periods in which the effect would be antidilutive. The following is a reconciliation of basic EPS to diluted EPS for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 :

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	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars and shares in thousands, except per share amounts)	2016		2015		2016		2015
Numerator:
Net income available to common stockholders	$	111,081	$	81,733	$	283,219	$	256,392
Denominator:
Weighted average common shares outstanding-basic	52,046		51,479		51,842		51,254
Weighted average effect of dilutive securities:
Stock options and ESPP	233		382		245		411
Restricted stock units	134		187		142		213
Denominator for diluted calculation	52,413		52,048		52,229		51,878
Earnings per common share:
Basic	$	2.13	$	1.59	$	5.46	$	5.00
Diluted	$	2.12	$	1.57	$	5.42	$	4.94

The following table summarizes the weighted-average common shares excluded from the diluted EPS calculation due to the antidilutive effect for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 :



	Three months ended September 30,		Nine months ended September 30,
(Shares in thousands)	2016	2015	2016	2015
Stock options	518	142	444	169
Restricted stock units	120	1	9	—
Total	638	143	453	169


3.	Share-Based Compensation

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , we recorded share-based compensation and related tax benefits as follows:



	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2016			2015			2016			2015
Share-based compensation expense	$	7,916		$	8,188		$	22,342		$	24,174
Income tax benefit related to share-based compensation expense	(2,881		)	(3,051		)	(7,461		)	(8,381		)

Unrecognized Compensation Expense

As of September 30, 2016 , unrecognized share-based compensation expense was as follows:



(Dollars in thousands)	Unrecognized Expense		Average Expected Recognition Period - in Years
Stock options	$	11,150	2.52
Restricted stock units	51,094		2.68
Total unrecognized share-based compensation expense	$	62,244

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Share-Based Payment Award Activity

The table below provides stock option information related to the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 :



	Options		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life - in Years	Aggregate Intrinsic Value of In-The- Money Options
Outstanding at December 31, 2015	1,137,228		$	77.12
Granted	177,203		105.11
Exercised	(141,248	)	43.90
Forfeited	(19,305	)	100.80
Expired	(190	)	19.48
Outstanding at September 30, 2016	1,153,688		85.10		3.83	$	31,649,669
Vested and expected to vest at September 30, 2016	1,123,538		84.47		3.77	31,469,498
Exercisable at September 30, 2016	706,677		72.25		2.81	27,648,800

The aggregate intrinsic value of outstanding options shown in the table above represents the pre-tax intrinsic value based on our closing stock price of $110.54 as of September 30, 2016 . The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 was $1.5 million and $8.2 million , respectively, compared to $2.2 million and $24.0 million for the comparable 2015 periods.

The table below provides information for restricted stock units under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 :



	Shares		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2015	572,038		$	103.50
Granted	359,028		100.17
Vested	(215,587	)	87.67
Forfeited	(24,508	)	106.50
Nonvested at September 30, 2016	690,971		106.61


4.	Variable Interest Entities

Our involvement with VIEs includes our investments in venture capital and private equity funds, debt funds, private and public portfolio companies and our investments in qualified affordable housing projects.

The following table presents the carrying amounts and classification of significant variable interests in consolidated and unconsolidated VIEs as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 :

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(Dollars in thousands)	Consolidated VIEs		Unconsolidated VIEs		Maximum Exposure to Loss in Unconsolidated VIEs
September 30, 2016:
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	12,870	$	—	$	—
Non-marketable and other securities (1)	195,956		312,693		312,693
Accrued interest receivable and other assets	333		—		—
Total assets	$	209,159	$	312,693	$	312,693
Liabilities:
Accrued expenses and other liabilities (1)	909		52,846		—
Total liabilities	$	909	$	52,846	$	—
December 31, 2015:
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	11,811	$	—	$	—
Non-marketable and other securities (1)	203,714		364,450		364,450
Accrued interest receivable and other assets	494		—		—
Total assets	$	216,019	$	364,450	$	364,450
Liabilities:
Accrued expenses and other liabilities (1)	433		90,978		—
Total liabilities	$	433	$	90,978	$	—


(1)	Included in our unconsolidated non-marketable and other securities portfolio at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 are investments in qualified affordable housing projects of $106.5 million and $154.4 million , respectively and related unfunded commitments of $52.8 million and $91.0 million , respectively.

Non-marketable and other securities

Our non-marketable and other securities portfolio primarily represents investments in venture capital and private equity funds, debt funds, private and public portfolio companies and investments in qualified affordable housing projects. A majority of these investments are through third party funds held by SVB Financial in which we do not have controlling or significant variable interests. These investments represent our unconsolidated VIEs in the table above. Our non-marketable and other securities portfolio also includes investments from SVB Capital. SVB Capital is the venture capital investment arm of SVB Financial, which focuses primarily on funds management. The SVB Capital family of funds is comprised of direct venture funds that invest in companies and funds of funds that invest in other venture capital funds. We have a controlling and significant variable interest in five of these SVB Capital funds and consolidate these funds for financial reporting purposes.

All investments are generally nonredeemable and distributions are expected to be received through the liquidation of the underlying investments throughout the life of the investment fund. Investments may be sold or transferred subject to the notice and approval provisions of the underlying investment agreement. Subject to applicable regulatory requirements, including the Volcker Rule, we also make commitments to invest in venture capital and private equity funds, but are not obligated to fund commitments beyond our initial investment. For additional details, see Note 12—"Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Guarantees, and Other Commitments" of the "Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)" under Part I, Item 1 of this report.

The Bank also has variable interests in low income housing tax credit funds, in connection with fulfilling its responsibilities under the Community Reinvestment Act ("CRA"), that are designed to generate a return primarily through the realization of federal tax credits. These investments are typically limited partnerships in which the general partner, other than the Bank, holds the power over significant activities of the VIE; therefore, these investments are not consolidated. For additional information on our investments in qualified affordable housing projects see Note 6—“Investment Securities" of the "Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)" under Part I, Item 1 of this report.

As of September 30, 2016 , our exposure to loss with respect to the consolidated VIEs is limited to our net assets of $208.3 million and our exposure to loss for our unconsolidated VIEs is equal to our investment in these assets of $312.7 million .

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5.	Cash and Cash Equivalents

The following table details our cash and cash equivalents at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 :



(Dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2016		December 31, 2015
Cash and due from banks (1)	$	2,352,469	$	1,372,743
Securities purchased under agreements to resell (2)	163,719		125,391
Other short-term investment securities	5,131		5,123
Total cash and cash equivalents	$	2,521,319	$	1,503,257


(1)	At September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , $1.3 billion and $405 million , respectively, of our cash and due from banks was deposited at the Federal Reserve Bank and was earning interest at the Federal Funds target rate, and interest-earning deposits in other financial institutions were $724 million and $500 million , respectively.


(2)	At September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , securities purchased und er agreements to resell were collateralized by U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. agency securities with aggregate fair values of $167 million an d $128 million , respectively. None of these securities received as collateral were sold or pledged as of September 30, 2016 or December 31, 2015 .


6.	Investment Securities

Our investment securities portfolio consists of: (i) an available-for-sale securities portfolio and a held-to-maturity securities portfolio, both of which represent interest-earning investment securities, and, (ii) a non-marketable and other securities portfolio, which primarily represents investments managed as part of our funds management business.

Available-for-Sale Securities

The components of our available-for-sale investment securities portfolio at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 are as follows:



	September 30, 2016
(Dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Carrying Value
Available-for-sale securities, at fair value:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	8,828,906	$	110,721	$	—		$	8,939,627
U.S. agency debentures	2,089,590		36,982		—			2,126,572
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate	1,089,956		4,896		(2,563		)	1,092,289
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—variable rate	504,134		839		(486		)	504,487
Equity securities	2,307		637		(222		)	2,722
Total available-for-sale securities	$	12,514,893	$	154,075	$	(3,271	)	$	12,665,697



	December 31, 2015
(Dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Carrying Value
Available-for-sale securities, at fair value:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	11,679,450	$	19,134	$	(20,549	)	$	11,678,035
U.S. agency debentures	2,677,453		17,684		(5,108		)	2,690,029
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate	1,408,206		6,591		(15,518		)	1,399,279
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—variable rate	604,236		3,709		(9		)	607,936
Equity securities	6,596		460		(1,587		)	5,469
Total available-for-sale securities	$	16,375,941	$	47,578	$	(42,771	)	$	16,380,748

The following table summarizes our unrealized losses on our available-for-sale securities portfolio into categories of less than 12 months and 12 months or longer as of September 30, 2016 :

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	September 30, 2016
	Less than 12 months					12 months or longer					Total
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value of Investments		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value of Investments		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value of Investments		Unrealized Losses
Available-for-sale securities:
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate	$	310,991	$	(469	)	$	247,100	$	(2,094	)	$	558,091	$	(2,563	)
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—variable rate	221,818		(486		)	—		—			221,818		(486		)
Equity securities	932		(222		)	—		—			932		(222		)
Total temporarily impaired securities: (1)	$	533,741	$	(1,177	)	$	247,100	$	(2,094	)	$	780,841	$	(3,271	)

(1)

As of September 30, 2016 , we identified a total of 103 investments that were in unrealized loss positions, of which 14 investments totaling $247.1 million with unrealized losses of $2.1 million have been in an impaired position for a period of time greater than 12 months. As of September 30, 2016 , we do not intend to sell any impaired fixed income investment securities prior to recovery of our adjusted cost basis, and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell any of our securities prior to recovery of our adjusted cost basis. Based on our analysis as of September 30, 2016 , we deem all impairments to be temporary, and therefore changes in value for our temporarily impaired securities as of the same date are included in other comprehensive income. Market valuations and impairment analyses on assets in the available-for-sale securities portfolio are reviewed and monitored on a quarterly basis.

The following table summarizes our unrealized losses on our available-for-sale securities portfolio into categories of less than 12 months and 12 months or longer as of December 31, 2015 :



	December 31, 2015
	Less than 12 months					12 months or longer					Total
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value of Investments		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value of Investments		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value of Investments		Unrealized Losses
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	7,467,519	$	(20,549	)	$	—	$	—		$	7,467,519	$	(20,549	)
U.S. agency debentures	760,071		(5,108		)	—		—			760,071		(5,108		)
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate	545,404		(4,681		)	373,284		(10,837		)	918,688		(15,518		)
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—variable rate	7,776		(9		)	—		—			7,776		(9		)
Equity securities	2,955		(1,587		)	—		—			2,955		(1,587		)
Total temporarily impaired securities (1):	$	8,783,725	$	(31,934	)	$	373,284	$	(10,837	)	$	9,157,009	$	(42,771	)


(1)	As of December 31, 2015, we identified a total of 243 investments that were in unrealized loss positions, of which 18 investments totaling $373.3 million with unrealized losses of $10.8 million have been in an impaired position for a period of time greater than 12 months.

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The following table summarizes the remaining contractual principal maturities and fully taxable equivalent yields on fixed income investment securities classified as available-for-sale as of September 30, 2016 . The weighted average yield is computed using the amortized cost of fixed income investment securities, which are reported at fair value. For U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. agency debentures, the expected maturity is the actual contractual maturity of the notes. Expected maturities for mortgage-backed securities may differ significantly from their contractual maturities because mortgage borrowers have the right to prepay outstanding loan obligations with or without penalties. Mortgage-backed securities classified as available-for-sale typically have original contractual maturities from 10 to 30 years whereas expected average lives of these securities tend to be significantly shorter and vary based upon structure and prepayments in lower rate environments. The weighted average yield on mortgage-backed securities is based on prepayment assumptions at the purchase date. Actual yields earned may differ significantly based upon actual prepayments.



	September 30, 2016
	Total				One Year or Less				After One Year to Five Years				After Five Years to Ten Years				After Ten Years
(Dollars in thousands)	Carrying Value		Weighted- Average Yield		Carrying Value		Weighted- Average Yield		Carrying Value		Weighted- Average Yield		Carrying Value		Weighted- Average Yield		Carrying Value		Weighted- Average Yield
U.S. Treasury securities	$	8,939,627	1.31	%	$	1,652,444	0.80	%	$	7,287,183	1.43	%	$	—	—	%	$	—	—	%
U.S. agency debentures	2,126,572		1.60		426,210		1.17		1,700,362		1.71		—		—		—		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations - fixed rate	1,092,289		1.91		—		—		—		—		755,958		2.09		336,331		1.52
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations - variable rate	504,487		0.71		—		—		—		—		—		—		504,487		0.71
Total	$	12,662,975	1.39		$	2,078,654	0.88		$	8,987,545	1.48		$	755,958	2.09		$	840,818	1.03

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Held-to-Maturity Securities

The components of our held-to-maturity investment securities portfolio at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 are as follows:



	September 30, 2016
(Dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Held-to-maturity securities, at cost:
U.S. agency debentures (1)	$	622,692	$	17,642	$	—		$	640,334
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities	2,092,082		37,993		(309		)	2,129,766
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate	3,593,453		28,800		(1,962		)	3,620,291
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—variable rate	327,673		188		(580		)	327,281
Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities	1,101,234		12,837		(311		)	1,113,760
Municipal bonds and notes	54,815		121		(1,035		)	53,901
Total held-to-maturity securities	$	7,791,949	$	97,581	$	(4,197	)	$	7,885,333


(1)	Consists of pools of Small Business Investment Company debentures issued and guaranteed by the U.S. Small Business Administration, an independent agency of the United States.



	December 31, 2015
(Dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Held-to-maturity securities, at cost:
U.S. agency debentures (1)	$	545,473	$	8,876	$	—		$	554,349
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities	2,366,627		546		(11,698		)	2,355,475
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate	4,225,781		3,054		(32,999		)	4,195,836
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—variable rate	370,779		758		(33		)	371,504
Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities	1,214,716		3,405		(3,475		)	1,214,646
Municipal bonds and notes	67,587		55		(830		)	66,812
Total held-to-maturity securities	$	8,790,963	$	16,694	$	(49,035	)	$	8,758,622


(1)	Consists of pools of Small Business Investment Company debentures issued and guaranteed by the U.S. Small Business Administration, an independent agency of the United States.

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The following table summarizes our unrealized losses on our held-to-maturity securities portfolio into categories of less than 12 months and 12 months or longer as of September 30, 2016 :



	September 30, 2016
	Less than 12 months					12 months or longer					Total
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value of Investments		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value of Investments		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value of Investments		Unrealized Losses
Held-to-maturity securities:
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities	$	8,249	$	(53	)	$	23,238	$	(256	)	$	31,487	$	(309	)
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate	77,313		(136		)	247,706		(1,826		)	325,019		(1,962		)
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—variable rate	207,339		(580		)	—		—			207,339		(580		)
Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities	112,586		(157		)	19,272		(154		)	131,858		(311		)
Municipal bonds and notes	14,577		(131		)	32,995		(904		)	47,572		(1,035		)
Total temporarily impaired securities (1):	$	420,064	$	(1,057	)	$	323,211	$	(3,140	)	$	743,275	$	(4,197	)

(1)

As of September 30, 2016 , we identified a total of 140 investments that were in unrealized loss positions, of which 78 investments totaling $323.2 million with unrealized losses of $3.1 million have been in an impaired position for a period of time greater than 12 months. As of September 30, 2016 , we do not intend to sell any impaired fixed income investment securities prior to recovery of our adjusted cost basis, and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell any of our securities prior to recovery of our adjusted cost basis, which is consistent with our classification of these securities. Based on our analysis as of September 30, 2016 , we deem all impairments to be temporary. Market valuations and impairment analyses on assets in the held-to-maturity securities portfolio are reviewed and monitored on a quarterly basis.

The following table summarizes our unrealized losses on our held-to-maturity securities portfolio into categories of less than 12 months and 12 months or longer as of December 31, 2015 :



	December 31, 2015
	Less than 12 months					12 months or longer					Total
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value of Investments		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value of Investments		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value of Investments		Unrealized Losses
Held-to-maturity securities:
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities	$	2,121,258	$	(10,860	)	$	22,507	$	(838	)	$	2,143,765	$	(11,698	)
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate	3,153,483		(30,230		)	150,058		(2,769		)	3,303,541		(32,999		)
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—variable rate	170,350		(33		)	—		—			170,350		(33		)
Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities	823,414		(2,994		)	40,276		(481		)	863,690		(3,475		)
Municipal bonds and notes	34,278		(274		)	25,509		(556		)	59,787		(830		)
Total temporarily impaired securities (1):	$	6,302,783	$	(44,391	)	$	238,350	$	(4,644	)	$	6,541,133	$	(49,035	)


(1)	As of December 31, 2015, we identified a total of 384 investments that were in unrealized loss positions, of which 58 investments totaling $238.4 million with unrealized losses of $4.6 million have been in an impaired position for a period of time greater than 12 months.

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The following table summarizes the remaining contractual principal maturities and fully taxable equivalent yields on fixed income investment securities classified as held-to-maturity as of September 30, 2016 . Interest income on certain municipal bonds and notes (non-taxable investments) are presented on a fully taxable equivalent basis using the federal statutory tax rate of 35 percent . The weighted average yield is computed using the amortized cost of fixed income investment securities. For U.S. agency debentures, the expected maturity is the actual contractual maturity of the notes. Expected maturities for mortgage-backed securities may differ significantly from their contractual maturities because mortgage borrowers have the right to prepay outstanding loan obligations with or without penalties. Mortgage-backed securities classified as held-to-maturity typically have original contractual maturities from 10 to 30 years whereas expected average lives of these securities tend to be significantly shorter and vary based upon structure and prepayments in lower rate environments. The weighted average yield on mortgage-backed securities is based on prepayment assumptions at the purchase date. Actual yields earned may differ significantly based upon actual prepayments.



	September 30, 2016
	Total				One Year or Less				After One Year to Five Years				After Five Years to Ten Years				After Ten Years
(Dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Weighted- Average Yield		Amortized Cost		Weighted- Average Yield		Amortized Cost		Weighted- Average Yield		Amortized Cost		Weighted- Average Yield		Amortized Cost		Weighted- Average Yield
U.S. agency debentures	$	622,692	2.43	%	$	—	—	%	$	47,478	3.25	%	$	575,214	2.36	%	$	—	—	%
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities	2,092,082		2.38		—		—		257,766		2.58		216,197		1.74		1,618,119		2.44
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations - fixed rate	3,593,453		1.73		—		—		—		—		22,233		1.75		3,571,220		1.73
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations - variable rate	327,673		0.74		—		—		—		—		—		—		327,673		0.74
Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities	1,101,234		2.13		—		—		—		—		—		—		1,101,234		2.13
Municipal bonds and notes	54,815		6.07		4,076		5.76		23,925		6.02		24,204		6.13		2,610		6.46
Total	$	7,791,949	2.01		$	4,076	5.76		$	329,169	2.93		$	837,848	2.29		$	6,620,856	1.92

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Non-marketable and Other Securities

The components of our non-marketable and other investment securities portfolio at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 are as follows:



(Dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2016		December 31, 2015
Non-marketable and other securities:
Non-marketable securities (fair value accounting):
Venture capital and private equity fund investments (1)	$	141,841	$	152,237
Other venture capital investments (2)	2,040		2,040
Other securities (fair value accounting) (3)	579		548
Non-marketable securities (equity method accounting) (4):
Venture capital and private equity fund investments	84,904		85,705
Debt funds	18,971		21,970
Other investments	128,422		118,532
Non-marketable securities (cost method accounting):
Venture capital and private equity fund investments (5)	115,113		120,676
Other investments	26,834		18,882
Investments in qualified affordable housing projects, net (6)	106,474		154,356
Total non-marketable and other securities	$	625,178	$	674,946


(1)	The following table shows the amounts of venture capital and private equity fund investments held by the following funds and our ownership percentage of each fund at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 (fair value accounting):



	September 30, 2016				December 31, 2015
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ownership %		Amount		Ownership %
SVB Strategic Investors Fund, LP	$	17,940	12.6	%	$	20,794	12.6	%
SVB Capital Preferred Return Fund, LP	57,488		20.0		60,619		20.0
SVB Capital—NT Growth Partners, LP	59,692		33.0		62,983		33.0
Other private equity fund (i)	6,721		58.2		7,841		58.2
Total venture capital and private equity fund investments	$	141,841			$	152,237


(i)	At September 30, 2016 , we had a direct ownership interest of 41.5 percent in the other private equity fund and an indirect ownership interest of 12.6 percent through our ownership interest of SVB Capital—NT Growth Partners, LP and an indirect ownership interest of 4.1 percent through our ownership interest of SVB Capital Preferred Return Fund, LP.


(2)	The following table shows the amounts of other venture capital investments held by the following fund and our ownership percentage at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 (fair value accounting):



	September 30, 2016				December 31, 2015
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ownership %		Amount		Ownership %
Silicon Valley BancVentures, LP	$	2,040	10.7	%	$	2,040	10.7	%
Total other venture capital investments	$	2,040			$	2,040


(3)	Investments classified as other securities (fair value accounting) represent direct equity investments in public companies held by our consolidated funds.

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(4)	The following table shows the carrying value and our ownership percentage of each investment at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 (equity method accounting):



	September 30, 2016				December 31, 2015
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ownership %		Amount		Ownership %
Venture capital and private equity fund investments:
SVB Strategic Investors Fund II, LP	$	9,133	8.6	%	$	10,035	8.6	%
SVB Strategic Investors Fund III, LP	21,369		5.9		23,926		5.9
SVB Strategic Investors Fund IV, LP	25,737		5.0		26,411		5.0
Strategic Investors Fund V funds	11,715		Various		10,470		Various
Other venture capital and private equity fund investments	16,950		Various		14,863		Various
Total venture capital and private equity fund investments	$	84,904			$	85,705
Debt funds:
Gold Hill Capital 2008, LP (i)	$	15,496	15.5	%	$	17,453	15.5	%
Other debt funds	3,475		Various		4,517		Various
Total debt funds	$	18,971			$	21,970
Other investments:
China Joint Venture investment	$	77,817	50.0	%	$	78,799	50.0	%
Other investments	50,605		Various		39,733		Various
Total other investments	$	128,422			$	118,532


(i)	At September 30, 2016 , we had a direct ownership interest of 11.5 percent in the fund and an indirect interest in the fund through our investment in Gold Hill Capital 2008, LLC of 4.0 percent .

(5)

Represents investments in 255 and 267 funds (primarily venture capital funds) at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively, where our ownership interest is typically less than 5% of the voting interests of each such fund and in which we do not have the ability to exercise significant influence over the partnerships operating activities and financial policies. The carrying value, and estimated fair value, of these venture capital and private equity fund investments (cost method accounting) was $115 million and $218 million , respectively, as of September 30, 2016 . The carrying value, and estimated fair value, of these venture capital and private equity fund investments (cost method accounting) was $121 million and $233 million , respectively, as of December 31, 2015 .


(6)	The following table presents the balances of our investments in qualified affordable housing projects and related unfunded commitments at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 :



(Dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2016		December 31, 2015
Investments in qualified affordable housing projects, net	$	106,474	$	154,356
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	52,846		90,978

The following table presents other information relating to our investments in qualified affordable housing projects for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 :



	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2016		2015		2016		2015
Tax credits and other tax benefits recognized	$	3,995	$	4,780	$	12,127	$	11,207
Amortization expense included in provision for income taxes (i)	2,556		2,011		9,746		7,549


(i)	All investments are amortized using the proportional amortization method and amortization expense is included in the provision for income taxes.

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The following table presents the components of gains and losses (realized and unrealized) on investment securities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 :



	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2016			2015			2016			2015
Gross gains on investment securities:
Available-for-sale securities, at fair value (1)	$	84		$	46		$	14,238		$	2,971
Non-marketable securities (fair value accounting):
Venture capital and private equity fund investments	6,030			6,746			16,377			24,767
Other venture capital investments	4			15			17			198
Other securities (fair value accounting)	271			40			639			9,108
Non-marketable securities (equity method accounting):
Venture capital and private equity fund investments	5,679			6,655			9,351			19,378
Debt funds	295			379			1,259			2,067
Other investments	7,487			2,282			11,528			5,009
Non-marketable securities (cost method accounting):
Venture capital and private equity fund investments	6,328			5,624			14,180			21,101
Other investments	150			—			163			576
Total gross gains on investment securities	26,328			21,787			67,752			85,175
Gross losses on investment securities:
Available-for-sale securities, at fair value (1)	(99		)	(33		)	(2,671		)	(221		)
Non-marketable securities (fair value accounting):
Venture capital and private equity fund investments	(2,122		)	(1,148		)	(15,958		)	(2,695		)
Other venture capital investments	—			—			(38		)	(52		)
Other securities (fair value accounting)	(100		)	(325		)	(507		)	(1,117		)
Non-marketable securities (equity method accounting):
Venture capital and private equity fund investments	(444		)	(472		)	(4,465		)	(909		)
Debt funds	(129		)	(1		)	(458		)	(589		)
Other investments	(205		)	(902		)	(1,161		)	(2,042		)
Non-marketable securities (cost method accounting):
Venture capital and private equity fund investments (2)	(51		)	(132		)	(492		)	(530		)
Other investments	—			(6		)	(238		)	(14		)
Total gross losses on investment securities	(3,150		)	(3,019		)	(25,988		)	(8,169		)
Gains on investment securities, net	$	23,178		$	18,768		$	41,764		$	77,006


(1)	Includes realized gains (losses) on sales of available-for-sale equity securities that are recognized in the income statement. Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale fixed income and equity securities are recognized in other comprehensive income. The cost basis of available-for-sale securities sold is determined on a specific identification basis.

(2)

For the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , includes OTTI losses of $0.1 million from the declines in value for 5 of the 255 investments and $0.1 million from the declines in value for 4 of the 270 investments, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , includes OTTI losses of $0.5 million from the declines in value for 21 of the 255 investments and $0.4 million from the declines in value for 19 of the 270 investments, respectively. We concluded that any declines in value for the remaining investments were temporary, and as such, no OTTI was required to be recognized.


7.	Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses

We serve a variety of commercial clients in the technology, life science/healthcare, private equity/venture capital and premium wine industries. Our technology clients generally tend to be in the industries of hardware (semiconductors, communications and electronics), software and related services, and energy and resource innovation ("ERI"). Because of the diverse nature of ERI products and services, for our loan-related reporting purposes, ERI-related loans are reported under our hardware, software and internet, life science/healthcare and other commercial loan categories, as applicable. Our life science/healthcare clients primarily tend to be in the industries of biotechnology, medical devices, healthcare information technology and healthcare services. Loans made to private equity/venture capital firm clients typically enable them to fund investments

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prior to their receipt of funds from capital calls. Loans to the premium wine industry focus on vineyards and wineries that produce grapes and wines of high quality.

In addition to commercial loans, we make consumer loans through SVB Private Bank and provide real estate secured loans to eligible employees through our EHOP. Our private banking clients are primarily private equity/venture capital professionals and executive leaders in the innovation companies they support. These products and services include real estate secured home equity lines of credit, which may be used to finance real estate investments and loans used to purchase, renovate or refinance personal residences. These products and services also include restricted stock purchase loans and capital call lines of credit.

We also provide community development loans made as part of our responsibilities under the Community Reinvestment Act. These loans are included within “Construction loans” below and are primarily secured by real estate.

The composition of loans, net of unearned income of $117 million and $115 million at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively, is presented in the following table:



(Dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2016		December 31, 2015
Commercial loans:
Software and internet	$	5,393,425	$	5,437,915
Hardware	1,147,830		1,071,528
Private equity/venture capital	7,412,238		5,467,577
Life science/healthcare	1,732,917		1,710,642
Premium wine	190,223		201,175
Other	368,474		312,278
Total commercial loans	16,245,107		14,201,115
Real estate secured loans:
Premium wine (1)	681,808		646,120
Consumer loans (2)	1,835,630		1,544,440
Other	43,925		44,830
Total real estate secured loans	2,561,363		2,235,390
Construction loans	64,689		78,682
Consumer loans	241,106		226,883
Total loans, net of unearned income (3)	$	19,112,265	$	16,742,070


(1)	Included in our premium wine portfolio are gross construction loans of $109 million and $121 million at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively.


(2)	Consumer loans secured by real estate at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 were comprised of the following:



(Dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2016		December 31, 2015
Loans for personal residence	$	1,563,697	$	1,312,818
Loans to eligible employees	189,593		156,001
Home equity lines of credit	82,340		75,621
Consumer loans secured by real estate	$	1,835,630	$	1,544,440


(3)	Included within our total loan portfolio are credit card loans of $201 million and $177 million at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively.

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Credit Quality

The composition of loans, net of unearned income of $117 million and $115 million at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively, broken out by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable, is as follows:



(Dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2016		December 31, 2015
Commercial loans:
Software and internet	$	5,393,425	$	5,437,915
Hardware	1,147,830		1,071,528
Private equity/venture capital	7,412,238		5,467,577
Life science/healthcare	1,732,917		1,710,642
Premium wine	872,031		847,295
Other	477,088		435,790
Total commercial loans	17,035,529		14,970,747
Consumer loans:
Real estate secured loans	1,835,630		1,544,440
Other consumer loans	241,106		226,883
Total consumer loans	2,076,736		1,771,323
Total loans, net of unearned income	$	19,112,265	$	16,742,070

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The following table summarizes the aging of our gross loans, broken out by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 :



(Dollars in thousands)	30 - 59 Days Past Due		60 - 89 Days Past Due		Greater Than 90 Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Loans Past Due 90 Days or More Still Accruing Interest
September 30, 2016:
Commercial loans:
Software and internet	$	11,975	$	2,715	$	59	$	14,749	$	5,359,727	$	59
Hardware	4,909		6,577		—		11,486		1,095,263		—
Private equity/venture capital	18		4		51		73		7,465,573		51
Life science/healthcare	856		143		—		999		1,690,070		—
Premium wine	12,265		—		—		12,265		860,353		—
Other	93		3		15		111		479,754		15
Total commercial loans	30,116		9,442		125		39,683		16,950,740		125
Consumer loans:
Real estate secured loans	961		—		—		961		1,831,891		—
Other consumer loans	285		—		—		285		238,221		—
Total consumer loans	1,246		—		—		1,246		2,070,112		—
Total gross loans excluding impaired loans	31,362		9,442		125		40,929		19,020,852		125
Impaired loans	—		2,587		6,918		9,505		157,642		—
Total gross loans	$	31,362	$	12,029	$	7,043	$	50,434	$	19,178,494	$	125
December 31, 2015:
Commercial loans:
Software and internet	$	3,384	$	6,638	$	—	$	10,022	$	5,371,222	$	—
Hardware	1,061		66		—		1,127		1,051,368		—
Private equity/venture capital	—		17		—		17		5,511,912		—
Life science/healthcare	853		6,537		—		7,390		1,665,801		—
Premium wine	16		65		—		81		847,249		—
Other	14		22		—		36		438,313		—
Total commercial loans	5,328		13,345		—		18,673		14,885,865		—
Consumer loans:
Real estate secured loans	4,911		865		—		5,776		1,537,421		—
Other consumer loans	228		115		—		343		226,369		—
Total consumer loans	5,139		980		—		6,119		1,763,790		—
Total gross loans excluding impaired loans	10,467		14,325		—		24,792		16,649,655		—
Impaired loans	333		—		7,221		7,554		175,130		—
Total gross loans	$	10,800	$	14,325	$	7,221	$	32,346	$	16,824,785	$	—

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The following table summarizes our impaired loans as they relate to our allowance for loan losses, broken out by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 :



(Dollars in thousands)	Impaired loans for which there is a related allowance for loan losses		Impaired loans for which there is no related allowance for loan losses		Total carrying value of impaired loans		Total unpaid principal of impaired loans
September 30, 2016:
Commercial loans:
Software and internet	$	57,831	$	—	$	57,831	$	76,679
Hardware	48,687		669		49,356		49,393
Private equity/venture capital	—		—		—		—
Life science/healthcare	54,341		—		54,341		57,222
Premium wine	1,285		—		1,285		1,285
Other	417		—		417		417
Total commercial loans	162,561		669		163,230		184,996
Consumer loans:
Real estate secured loans	1,518		—		1,518		2,789
Other consumer loans	2,399		—		2,399		2,399
Total consumer loans	3,917		—		3,917		5,188
Total	$	166,478	$	669	$	167,147	$	190,184
December 31, 2015:
Commercial loans:
Software and internet	$	100,866	$	—	$	100,866	$	125,494
Hardware	27,736		—		27,736		27,869
Private equity/venture capital	—		—		—		—
Life science/healthcare	50,429		925		51,354		55,310
Premium wine	898		1,167		2,065		2,604
Other	520		—		520		520
Total commercial loans	180,449		2,092		182,541		211,797
Consumer loans:
Real estate secured loans	143		—		143		1,393
Other consumer loans	—		—		—		—
Total consumer loans	143		—		143		1,393
Total	$	180,592	$	2,092	$	182,684	$	213,190

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The following table summarizes our average impaired loans, broken out by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 :



Three months ended September 30,	Average impaired loans				Interest income on impaired loans
(dollars in thousands)	2016		2015		2016		2015 (1)
Commercial loans:
Software and internet	$	61,481	$	77,156	$	70	$	—
Hardware	45,353		2,796		761		—
Life science/healthcare	55,558		17,184		128		—
Premium wine	1,291		1,213		19		—
Other	3,768		3,132		6		—
Total commercial loans	167,451		101,481		984		—
Consumer loans:
Real estate secured loans	584		162		—		—
Other consumer loans	1,324		—		6		—
Total consumer loans	1,908		162		6		—
Total average impaired loans	$	169,359	$	101,643	$	990	$	—


(1)	For the three months ended September 30, 2015 all impaired loans were nonaccrual loans and no interest income was recognized.



Nine months ended September 30,	Average impaired loans				Interest income on impaired loans
(dollars in thousands)	2016		2015		2016		2015 (1)
Commercial loans:
Software and internet	$	84,005	$	54,543	$	133	$	—
Hardware	31,000		1,944		1,467		—
Life science/healthcare	42,857		6,526		128		—
Premium wine	1,834		1,245		54		—
Other	4,369		3,498		21		—
Total commercial loans	164,065		67,756		1,803		—
Consumer loans:
Real estate secured loans	282		180		—		—
Other consumer loans	715		55		17		—
Total consumer loans	997		235		17		—
Total average impaired loans	$	165,062	$	67,991	$	1,820	$	—


(1)	For the nine months ended September 30, 2015 all impaired loans were nonaccrual loans and no interest income was recognized.

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The following tables summarize the activity relating to our allowance for loan losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , broken out by portfolio segment:



Three months ended September 30, 2016 (dollars in thousands)	Beginning Balance June 30, 2016		Charge-offs			Recoveries		Provision for (Reduction of) Loan Losses			Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments			Ending Balance September 30, 2016
Commercial loans:
Software and internet	$	104,229	$	(16,526	)	$	305	$	8,591		$	(261	)	$	96,338
Hardware	23,871		(3,058		)	1,080		11,048			(336		)	32,605
Private equity/venture capital	49,807		—			—		2,203			(67		)	51,943
Life science/healthcare	41,852		(28		)	361		(5,298		)	161			37,048
Premium wine	4,810		—			—		288			(9		)	5,089
Other	9,480		(5,004		)	207		142			(4		)	4,821
Total commercial loans	234,049		(24,616		)	1,953		16,974			(516		)	227,844
Consumer loans	10,674		—			131		1,976			(60		)	12,721
Total allowance for loan losses	$	244,723	$	(24,616	)	$	2,084	$	18,950		$	(576	)	$	240,565



Three months ended September 30, 2015 (dollars in thousands)	Beginning Balance June 30, 2015		Charge-offs			Recoveries		Provision for (Reduction of) Loan Losses			Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments (1)			Ending Balance September 30, 2015
Commercial loans:
Software and internet	$	106,728	$	(24,815	)	$	195	$	5,965		$	(7	)	$	88,066
Hardware	20,472		—			240		(70		)	—			20,642
Private equity/venture capital	29,276		—			—		3,170			(4		)	32,442
Life science/healthcare	17,233		(117		)	50		19,815			(22		)	36,959
Premium wine	4,409		—			—		253			—			4,662
Other	5,894		(4,186		)	173		2,941			(49		)	4,773
Total commercial loans	184,012		(29,118		)	658		32,074			(82		)	187,544
Consumer loans	8,632		—			4		1,329			(2		)	9,963
Total allowance for loan losses	$	192,644	$	(29,118	)	$	662	$	33,403		$	(84	)	$	197,507


(1)	Reflects foreign currency translation adjustments within the allowance for loan losses. Prior period amounts were previously reported with loan recoveries and have been revised to conform to current period presentation.



Nine months ended September 30, 2016 (dollars in thousands)	Beginning Balance December 31, 2015		Charge-offs			Recoveries		Provision for (Reduction of) Loan Losses			Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments			Ending Balance September 30, 2016
Commercial loans:
Software and internet	$	103,045	$	(56,742	)	$	4,525	$	46,438		$	(928	)	$	96,338
Hardware	23,085		(6,559		)	1,502		15,010			(433		)	32,605
Private equity/venture capital	35,282		—			—		17,008			(347		)	51,943
Life science/healthcare	36,576		(3,029		)	1,037		3,252			(788		)	37,048
Premium wine	5,205		—			—		(138		)	22			5,089
Other	4,252		(5,034		)	880		4,573			150			4,821
Total commercial loans	207,445		(71,364		)	7,944		86,143			(2,324		)	227,844
Consumer loans	10,168		(102		)	214		2,481			(40		)	12,721
Total allowance for loan losses	$	217,613	$	(71,466	)	$	8,158	$	88,624		$	(2,364	)	$	240,565

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Nine months ended September 30, 2015 (dollars in thousands)	Beginning Balance December 31, 2014		Charge-offs			Recoveries		Provision for (Reduction of) Loan Losses			Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments (1)			Ending Balance September 30, 2015
Commercial loans:
Software and internet	$	80,981	$	(26,980	)	$	1,239	$	32,834		$	(8	)	$	88,066
Hardware	25,860		(4,049		)	3,049		(4,291		)	73			20,642
Private equity/venture capital	27,997		—			—		4,551			(106		)	32,442
Life science/healthcare	15,208		(3,336		)	129		24,976			(18		)	36,959
Premium wine	4,473		—			7		182			—			4,662
Other	3,253		(4,974		)	729		5,874			(109		)	4,773
Total commercial loans	157,772		(39,339		)	5,153		64,126			(168		)	187,544
Consumer loans	7,587		—			136		2,242			(2		)	9,963
Total allowance for loan losses	$	165,359	$	(39,339	)	$	5,289	$	66,368		$	(170	)	$	197,507


(1)	Reflects foreign currency translation adjustments within the allowance for loan losses. Prior period amounts were previously reported with loan recoveries and have been revised to conform to current period presentation.

The following table summarizes the allowance for loan losses individually and collectively evaluated for impairment as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , broken out by portfolio segment:



	September 30, 2016								December 31, 2015
	Individually Evaluated for Impairment				Collectively Evaluated for Impairment				Individually Evaluated for Impairment				Collectively Evaluated for Impairment
(Dollars in thousands)	Allowance for loan losses		Recorded investment in loans		Allowance for loan losses		Recorded investment in loans		Allowance for loan losses		Recorded investment in loans		Allowance for loan losses		Recorded investment in loans
Commercial loans:
Software and internet	$	24,815	$	57,831	$	71,523	$	5,335,594	$	34,098	$	100,866	$	68,947	$	5,337,049
Hardware	6,041		49,356		26,564		1,098,474		3,160		27,736		19,925		1,043,792
Private equity/venture capital	—		—		51,943		7,412,238		—		—		35,282		5,467,577
Life science/healthcare	18,206		54,341		18,842		1,678,576		20,230		51,354		16,346		1,659,288
Premium wine	128		1,285		4,961		870,746		90		2,065		5,115		845,230
Other	42		417		4,779		476,671		52		520		4,200		435,270
Total commercial loans	49,232		163,230		178,612		16,872,299		57,630		182,541		149,815		14,788,206
Consumer loans	1,141		3,917		11,580		2,072,819		143		143		10,025		1,771,180
Total	$	50,373	$	167,147	$	190,192	$	18,945,118	$	57,773	$	182,684	$	159,840	$	16,559,386

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Credit Quality Indicators

For each individual client, we establish an internal credit risk rating for that loan, which is used for assessing and monitoring credit risk as well as performance of the loan and the overall portfolio. Our internal credit risk ratings are also used to summarize the risk of loss due to failure by an individual borrower to repay the loan. For our internal credit risk ratings, each individual loan is given a risk rating of 1 through 10. Loans risk-rated 1 through 4 are performing loans and translate to an internal rating of “Pass”, with loans risk-rated 1 being cash secured. Loans risk-rated 5 through 7 are performing loans, however, we consider them as demonstrating higher risk, which requires more frequent review of the individual exposures; these translate to an internal rating of “Performing (Criticized)”. When a significant payment delay occurs on a criticized loan, the loan is impaired. The loan is also considered for nonaccrual status if full repayment is determined to be improbable. All of our nonaccrual loans are risk-rated 8 or 9 and are classified under the nonperforming impaired category. (For further description of nonaccrual loans, refer to Note 2—“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” under Part II, Item 8 of our 2015 Form 10-K). Loans rated 10 are charged-off and are not included as part of our loan portfolio balance. We review our credit quality indicators for performance and appropriateness of risk ratings as part of our evaluation process for our allowance for loan losses.

The following table summarizes the credit quality indicators, broken out by portfolio segment and class of financing receivables as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 :



(Dollars in thousands)	Pass		Performing (Criticized)		Performing Impaired (Criticized)		Nonperforming Impaired (Nonaccrual)		Total
September 30, 2016:
Commercial loans:
Software and internet	$	4,752,376	$	622,100	$	5,012	$	52,819	$	5,432,307
Hardware	937,383		169,366		46,849		2,507		1,156,105
Private equity/venture capital	7,465,003		643		—		—		7,465,646
Life science/healthcare	1,549,334		141,735		6,581		47,760		1,745,410
Premium wine	855,731		16,887		1,285		—		873,903
Other	471,320		8,545		417		—		480,282
Total commercial loans	16,031,147		959,276		60,144		103,086		17,153,653
Consumer loans:
Real estate secured loans	1,831,054		1,798		—		1,518		1,834,370
Other consumer loans	238,506		—		787		1,612		240,905
Total consumer loans	2,069,560		1,798		787		3,130		2,075,275
Total gross loans	$	18,100,707	$	961,074	$	60,931	$	106,216	$	19,228,928
December 31, 2015:
Commercial loans:
Software and internet	$	4,933,179	$	448,065	$	23,321	$	77,545	$	5,482,110
Hardware	955,675		96,820		27,306		430		1,080,231
Private equity/venture capital	5,474,929		37,000		—		—		5,511,929
Life science/healthcare	1,544,555		128,636		7,247		44,107		1,724,545
Premium wine	825,058		22,272		898		1,167		849,395
Other	429,481		8,868		520		—		438,869
Total commercial loans	14,162,877		741,661		59,292		123,249		15,087,079
Consumer loans:
Real estate secured loans	1,539,468		3,729		—		143		1,543,340
Other consumer loans	224,601		2,111		—		—		226,712
Total consumer loans	1,764,069		5,840		—		143		1,770,052
Total gross loans	$	15,926,946	$	747,501	$	59,292	$	123,392	$	16,857,131

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TDRs

As of September 30, 2016 we had 19 TDRs with a total carrying value of $76.0 million where concessions have been granted to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties, in an attempt to maximize collection. There were $4.7 million of unfunded commitments available for funding to the clients associated with these TDRs as of September 30, 2016 .

The following table summarizes our loans modified in TDRs, broken out by portfolio segment and class of financing receivables at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 :



(Dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2016		December 31, 2015
Loans modified in TDRs:
Commercial loans:
Software and internet	$	36,517	$	56,790
Hardware	10,333		473
Life science/healthcare	25,029		51,878
Premium wine	2,962		2,065
Other	417		519
Total commercial loans	75,258		111,725
Consumer loans:
Other consumer loans	786		—
Total consumer loans	786		—
Total	$	76,044	$	111,725

The following table summarizes the recorded investment in loans modified in TDRs, broken out by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable, for modifications made during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 :



	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2016		2015		2016		2015
Loans modified in TDRs during the period:
Commercial loans:
Software and internet	$	78	$	51,749	$	4,569	$	57,766
Hardware	10,329		—		10,329		2,031
Life science/healthcare	1,714		29,530		1,714		29,530
Premium wine	—		—		495		—
Other	—		518		—		518
Total commercial loans	12,121		81,797		17,107		89,845
Consumer loans:
Other consumer loans	—		—		786		—
Total loans modified in TDRs during the period (1)	$	12,121	$	81,797	$	17,893	$	89,845


(1)	There were $0.7 million and $3.5 million of partial charge-offs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and $22.4 million of partial charge-offs for loans classified as TDRs in our software and internet loan portfolio during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 .

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , new TDRs of $12.0 million and $17.6 million , respectively, were modified through payment deferrals granted to our clients. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , new TDRs of $0.1 million and $0.3 million , respectively, were modified through partial forgiveness of principal.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 , new TDRs of $81.8 million and $89.8 million , respectively, were modified through payment deferrals granted to our clients.

The related allowance for loan losses for the majority of our TDRs is determined on an individual basis by comparing the carrying value of the loan to the present value of the estimated future cash flows, discounted at the pre-modification contractual

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interest rate. For certain TDRs, the related allowance for loan losses is determined based on the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent.

The following table summarizes the recorded investment in loans modified in TDRs within the previous 12 months that subsequently defaulted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 :



	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2016		2015		2016		2015
TDRs modified within the previous 12 months that defaulted during the period:
Commercial loans:
Software and internet	$	—	$	11,107	$	584	$	17,124
Hardware	—		2,031		—		2,031
Life science/healthcare	—		958		—		958
Premium wine	790		—		790		—
Total TDRs modified within the previous 12 months that defaulted in the period	$	790	$	14,096	$	1,374	$	20,113

Charge-offs and defaults on previously restructured loans are evaluated to determine the impact to the allowance for loan losses, if any. The evaluation of these defaults may impact the assumptions used in calculating the reserve on other TDRs and impaired loans as well as management’s overall outlook of macroeconomic factors that affect the reserve on the loan portfolio as a whole. After evaluating the charge-offs and defaults experienced on our TDRs we determined that no change to our reserving methodology was necessary to determine the allowance for loan losses as of September 30, 2016 .


8.	Short-Term Borrowings and Long-Term Debt

The following table represents outstanding short-term borrowings and long-term debt at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 :



				Carrying Value
(Dollars in thousands)	Maturity	Principal value at September 30, 2016		September 30, 2016		December 31, 2015
Short-term borrowings:
Short-term FHLB advances		$	—	$	—	$	638,000
Federal funds purchased		—		—		135,000
Other short-term borrowings	(1)	2,421		2,421		1,900
Total short-term borrowings				$	2,421	$	774,900
Long-term debt:
3.50% Senior Notes	January 29, 2025	$	350,000	$	346,900	$	346,667
5.375% Senior Notes	September 15, 2020	350,000		347,440		347,016
6.05% Subordinated Notes (2)	June 1, 2017	45,964		47,094		48,350
7.0% Junior Subordinated Debentures	October 15, 2033	50,000		54,537		54,669
Total long-term debt				$	795,971	$	796,702


(1)	Represents cash collateral received from certain counterparties in relation to market value exposures of derivative contracts in our favor.


(2)	At September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , included in the carrying value of our 6.05% Subordinated Notes was an interest rate swap valued at $1.3 million and $2.8 million , respectively, related to hedge accounting associated with the notes.

Interest expense related to short-term borrowings and long-term debt was $9.7 million and $28.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , respectively, and $9.0 million and $25.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 , respectively. Interest expense is net of the hedge accounting impact from our interest rate swap agreement related to our 6.05% Subordinated Notes. The weighted average interest rate associated with our short-term borrowings as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 was 0.40 percent and 0.32 percent , respectively.

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Available Lines of Credit

We have certain facilities in place to enable us to access short-term borrowings on a secured (using high-quality fixed income securities as collateral) and an unsecured basis. These include repurchase agreements and uncommitted federal funds lines with various financial institutions. As of September 30, 2016 , we did not borrow against our uncommitted federal funds lines. We also pledge securities to the FHLB of San Francisco and the discount window at the Federal Reserve Bank. The market value of collateral pledged to the FHLB of San Francisco (comprised primarily of U.S. Treasury securities) at September 30, 2016 totaled $1.8 billion , all of which was unused and available to support additional borrowings. The market value of collateral pledged at the discount window of the Federal Reserve Bank at September 30, 2016 totaled $0.8 billion , all of which was also unused and available to support additional borrowings.


9.	Derivative Financial Instruments

We primarily use derivative financial instruments to manage interest rate risk, currency exchange rate risk, and to assist customers with their risk management objectives. Also, in connection with negotiating credit facilities and certain other services, we often obtain equity warrant assets giving us the right to acquire stock in private, venture-backed companies in the technology and life science/healthcare industries.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate risk is our primary market risk and can result from timing and volume differences in the repricing of our interest rate sensitive assets and liabilities and changes in market interest rates. To manage interest rate risk for our 6.05% Subordinated Notes, we entered into a fixed-for-floating interest rate swap agreement at the time of debt issuance based upon LIBOR with matched-terms. The net cash benefit associated with our interest rate swap is recorded as a reduction in “Interest expense—Borrowings,” a component of net interest income. The fair value of our interest rate swaps is calculated using a discounted cash flow method and adjusted for credit valuation associated with counterparty risk. Changes in fair value of the interest rate swaps are reflected in either other assets (for swaps in an asset position) or other liabilities (for swaps in a liability position).

We assess hedge effectiveness under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging , using the long-haul method. Any differences associated with our interest rate swap that arise as a result of hedge ineffectiveness are recorded through net gains on derivative instruments, in noninterest income, a component of consolidated net income.

Currency Exchange Risk

We enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to economically reduce our foreign exchange exposure risk associated with the net difference between foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities. We do not designate any foreign exchange forward contracts as derivative instruments that qualify for hedge accounting. Gains or losses from changes in currency rates on foreign currency denominated instruments are included in other noninterest income, a component of noninterest income. We may experience ineffectiveness in the economic hedging relationship, because the instruments are revalued based upon changes in the currency’s spot rate on the principal value, while the forwards are revalued on a discounted cash flow basis. We record forward agreements in gain positions in other assets and loss positions in other liabilities, while net changes in fair value are recorded through net gains on derivative instruments, in noninterest income, a component of consolidated net income.

Other Derivative Instruments

Also included in our derivative instruments are equity warrant assets and client forward and option contracts, and client interest rate contracts. For further description of these other derivative instruments, refer to Note 2-“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" under Part II, Item 8 of our 2015 Form 10-K.

Counterparty Credit Risk

We are exposed to credit risk if counterparties to our derivative contracts do not perform as expected. We mitigate counterparty credit risk through credit approvals, limits, monitoring procedures and obtaining collateral, as appropriate. With respect to measuring counterparty credit risk for derivative instruments, we measure the fair value of a group of financial assets and financial liabilities on a net risk basis by counterparty portfolio.

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The total notional or contractual amounts, fair value, collateral and net exposure of our derivative financial instruments at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 were as follows:



		September 30, 2016										December 31, 2015
(Dollars in thousands)	Balance Sheet Location	Notional or Contractual Amount		Fair Value			Collateral (1)		Net Exposure (2)			Notional or Contractual Amount		Fair Value			Collateral (1)		Net Exposure (2)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate risks:
Interest rate swaps	Other assets	$	45,964	$	1,324		$	—	$	1,324		$	45,964	$	2,768		$	—	$	2,768
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Currency exchange risks:
Foreign exchange forwards	Other assets	138,796		1,676			—		1,676			49,287		809			—		809
Foreign exchange forwards	Other liabilities	53,051		(576		)	—		(576		)	6,586		(669		)	—		(669		)
Net exposure				1,100			—		1,100					140			—		140
Other derivative instruments:
Equity warrant assets	Other assets	212,802		145,340			—		145,340			210,102		137,105			—		137,105
Other derivatives:
Client foreign exchange forwards	Other assets	1,056,821		44,636			2,421		42,215			935,514		29,722			1,900		27,822
Client foreign exchange forwards	Other liabilities	869,914		(36,188		)	—		(36,188		)	841,182		(24,978		)	—		(24,978		)
Client foreign currency options	Other assets	243,860		2,750			—		2,750			46,625		706			—		706
Client foreign currency options	Other liabilities	243,860		(2,750		)	—		(2,750		)	46,625		(706		)	—		(706		)
Client interest rate derivatives	Other assets	520,081		8,759			—		8,759			422,741		3,973			—		3,973
Client interest rate derivatives	Other liabilities	558,962		(9,324		)	—		(9,324		)	422,741		(4,384		)	—		(4,384		)
Net exposure				7,883			2,421		5,462					4,333			1,900		2,433
Net				$	155,647		$	2,421	$	153,226				$	144,346		$	1,900	$	142,446


(1)	Cash collateral received from our counterparties in relation to market value exposures of derivative contracts in our favor is recorded as a component of “short-term borrowings” on our consolidated balance sheets.


(2)	Net exposure for contracts in a gain position reflects the replacement cost in the event of nonperformance by all such counterparties. The credit ratings of our institutional counterparties as of September 30, 2016 remain at investment grade or higher and there were no material changes in their credit ratings during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 .

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A summary of our derivative activity and the related impact on our consolidated statements of income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:



		Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	Statement of income location	2016			2015			2016			2015
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate risks:
Net cash benefit associated with interest rate swaps	Interest expense—borrowings	$	580		$	631		$	1,778		$	1,903
Changes in fair value of interest rate swaps	Gains on derivative instruments, net	(3		)	(8		)	(33		)	(22		)
Net gains associated with interest rate risk derivatives		$	577		$	623		$	1,745		$	1,881
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Currency exchange risks:
(Losses) gains on revaluations of internal foreign currency instruments, net	Other noninterest income	$	(1,406	)	$	186		$	(4,222	)	$	(11,667	)
Gains (losses) on internal foreign exchange forward contracts, net	Gains on derivative instruments, net	1,352			(218		)	3,067			11,626
Net losses associated with internal currency risk		$	(54	)	$	(32	)	$	(1,155	)	$	(41	)
Other derivative instruments:
Gains (losses) on revaluations of client foreign currency instruments, net	Other noninterest income	$	3,488		2			$	7,009		(177		)
(Losses) gains on client foreign exchange forward contracts, net	Gains on derivative instruments, net	(3,194		)	179			(8,780		)	459
Net gains (losses) associated with client currency risk		$	294		$	181		$	(1,771	)	$	282
Net gains on equity warrant assets	Gains on derivative instruments, net	$	21,558		$	10,685		$	33,252		$	54,579
Net gains (losses) on other derivatives	Gains on derivative instruments, net	$	31		$	(394	)	$	(659	)	$	(352	)

Balance Sheet Offsetting

Certain of our derivative and other financial instruments are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements with our counterparties. These agreements provide for the net settlement of multiple contracts with a single counterparty through a single payment, in a single currency, in the event of default on or termination of any one contract.

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The following table summarizes our assets subject to enforceable master netting arrangements as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 :



								Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position But Subject to Master Netting Arrangements
(Dollars in thousands)	Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts offset in the Statement of Financial Position			Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments			Cash Collateral Received			Net Amount
September 30, 2016
Derivative Assets:
Interest rate swaps	$	1,324	$	—		$	1,324	$	(1,324	)	$	—		$	—
Foreign exchange forwards	46,312		—			46,312		(19,377		)	(2,421		)	24,514
Foreign currency options	2,750		—			2,750		(1,246		)	—			1,504
Client interest rate derivatives	8,759		—			8,759		(8,719		)	—			40
Total derivative assets:	59,145		—			59,145		(30,666		)	(2,421		)	26,058
Reverse repurchase, securities borrowing, and similar arrangements	163,719		—			163,719		(163,719		)	—			—
Total	$	222,864	$	—		$	222,864	$	(194,385	)	$	(2,421	)	$	26,058
December 31, 2015
Derivative Assets:
Interest rate swaps	$	2,768	$	—		$	2,768	$	(2,768	)	$	—		$	—
Foreign exchange forwards	30,531		—			30,531		(18,141		)	(1,900		)	10,490
Foreign currency options	711		(5		)	706		(706		)	—			—
Client interest rate derivatives	3,973		—			3,973		(3,973		)	—			—
Total derivative assets:	37,983		(5		)	37,978		(25,588		)	(1,900		)	10,490
Reverse repurchase, securities borrowing, and similar arrangements	125,391		—			125,391		(125,391		)	—			—
Total	$	163,374	$	(5	)	$	163,369	$	(150,979	)	$	(1,900	)	$	10,490

The following table summarizes our liabilities subject to enforceable master netting arrangements as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 :



								Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position But Subject to Master Netting Arrangements
(Dollars in thousands)	Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amounts offset in the Statement of Financial Position			Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments			Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount
September 30, 2016
Derivative Liabilities:
Foreign exchange forwards	$	36,764	$	—		$	36,764	$	(17,675	)	$	—	$	19,089
Foreign currency options	2,750		—			2,750		(1,925		)	—		825
Client interest rate derivatives	9,324		—			9,324		(9,324		)	—		—
Total derivative liabilities:	48,838		—			48,838		(28,924		)	—		19,914
Repurchase, securities lending, and similar arrangements	—		—			—		—			—		—
Total	$	48,838	$	—		$	48,838	$	(28,924	)	$	—	$	19,914
December 31, 2015
Derivative Liabilities:
Foreign exchange forwards	$	25,647	$	—		$	25,647	$	(10,818	)	$	—	$	14,829
Foreign currency options	711		(5		)	706		—			—		706
Client interest rate derivatives	4,384		—			4,384		(4,384		)	—		—
Total derivative liabilities:	30,742		(5		)	30,737		(15,202		)	—		15,535
Repurchase, securities lending, and similar arrangements	—		—			—		—			—		—
Total	$	30,742	$	(5	)	$	30,737	$	(15,202	)	$	—	$	15,535

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10.	Other Noninterest Income and Other Noninterest Expense

A summary of other noninterest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:



	Three months ended September 30,					Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2016			2015		2016			2015
Fund management fees	$	5,231		$	4,074	$	14,149		$	11,657
Service-based fee income	2,029			1,931		6,270			6,450
Gains (losses) on revaluation of client foreign currency instruments, net (1)	3,488			2		7,009			(177		)
(Losses) gains on revaluation of internal foreign currency instruments, net (2)	(1,406		)	186		(4,222		)	(11,667		)
Other (3)	11,350			4,884		19,711			16,052
Total other noninterest income	$	20,692		$	11,077	$	42,917		$	22,315

(1)

Represents the net revaluation of client foreign currency denominated financial instruments. We enter into client foreign exchange forward contracts to economically reduce our foreign exchange exposure related to client foreign currency denominated financial instruments. The changes in the fair value of client foreign exchange forward contracts are included within noninterest in come in the line item "Gains on derivative instruments, net".

(2)

Represents the net revaluation of foreign currency denominated financial instruments issued and held by us, primarily loans, deposits and cash. We enter into internal foreign exchange forward contracts to economically reduce our foreign exchange exposure related to these foreign currency denominated financial instruments issued and held by us. The changes in the fair value of internal foreign exchange forward contracts are included within noninterest in come in the line item "Gains on derivative instruments, net".


(3)	Includes dividends on FHLB/FRB stock, correspondent bank rebate income, incentive fees related to carried interest and other fee income.

A summary of other noninterest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:



	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2016		2015		2016		2015
Lending and other client related processing costs	$	5,885	$	3,608	$	13,721	$	10,861
Telephone	2,460		2,224		7,109		6,727
Data processing services	2,137		2,083		6,353		5,274
Dues and publications	809		521		2,258		1,803
Postage and supplies	598		728		2,172		2,220
Other	3,644		5,106		12,679		15,216
Total other noninterest expense	$	15,533	$	14,270	$	44,292	$	42,101


11.	Segment Reporting

We have three reportable segments for management reporting purposes: Global Commercial Bank, SVB Private Bank and SVB Capital. The results of our operating segments are based on our internal management reporting process.

Our Global Commercial Bank and SVB Private Bank segments' primary source of revenue is from net interest income, which is primarily the difference between interest earned on loans, net of funds transfer pricing (“FTP”), and interest paid on deposits, net of FTP. Accordingly, these segments are reported using net interest income, net of FTP. FTP is an internal measurement framework designed to assess the financial impact of a financial institution’s sources and uses of funds. It is the mechanism by which a funding credit is given for deposits raised, and a funding charge is made for loans funded. FTP is calculated at an instrument level based on account characteristics.

We also evaluate performance based on provision for loan losses, noninterest income and noninterest expense, which are presented as components of segment operating profit or loss. In calculating each operating segment’s noninterest expense, we consider the direct costs incurred by the operating segment as well as certain allocated direct costs. As part of this review, we allocate certain corporate overhead costs to a corporate account. We do not allocate income taxes to our segments. Additionally, our management reporting model is predicated on average asset balances; therefore, period-end asset balances are not presented

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for segment reporting purposes. Changes in an individual client’s primary relationship designation have resulted, and in the future may result, in the inclusion of certain clients in different segments in different periods.

Unlike financial reporting, which benefits from the comprehensive structure provided by GAAP, our internal management reporting process is highly subjective, as there is no comprehensive, authoritative guidance for management reporting. Our management reporting process measures the performance of our operating segments based on our internal operating structure, which is subject to change from time to time, and is not necessarily comparable with similar information for other financial services companies.

For reporting purposes, SVB Financial Group has three operating segments for which we report our financial information:


•	Global Commercial Bank is comprised of results from the following:

◦

Our Commercial Bank products and services are provided by the Bank and its subsidiaries to commercial clients in the technology, life science/healthcare and private equity/venture capital industries. The Bank provides solutions to the financial needs of commercial clients, through credit, global treasury management, foreign exchange, global trade finance, and other services. It serves clients within the United States, as well as non-U.S. clients in key international innovation markets. In addition, the Bank and its subsidiaries offer a variety of investment services and solutions to its clients that enable them to effectively manage their assets.


◦	Our Private Equity Division provides banking products and services primarily to our private equity and venture capital clients.


◦	Our Wine practice provides banking products and services to our premium wine industry clients, including vineyard development loans.


◦	SVB Analytics provides equity valuation services to companies and private equity/venture capital firms.


◦	Debt Fund Investments is comprised of our investments in certain debt funds in which we are a strategic investor.

•

SVB Private Bank is the private banking division of the Bank, which provides a range of personal financial solutions for consumers. Our clients are primarily private equity/venture capital professionals and executive leaders of the innovation companies they support. We offer a customized suite of private banking services, including mortgages, home equity lines of credit, restricted stock purchase loans, capital call lines of credit and other secured and unsecured lending, as well as cash and wealth management services.

•

SVB Capital is the venture capital investment arm of SVBFG, which focuses primarily on funds management. SVB Capital manages funds (primarily venture capital funds) on behalf of third party limited partners and, on a more limited basis, SVB Financial Group. The SVB Capital family of funds is comprised of direct venture funds that invest in companies and funds of funds that invest in other venture capital funds. SVB Capital generates income for the Company primarily from investment returns (including carried interest) and management fees.

The summary financial results of our operating segments are presented along with a reconciliation to our consolidated interim results.

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Our segment information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:



(Dollars in thousands)	Global Commercial Bank (1)			SVB Private Bank			SVB Capital (1)			Other Items (2)			Total
Three months ended September 30, 2016
Net interest income	$	262,484		$	13,298		$	1		$	13,378		$	289,161
Provision for loan losses	(16,974		)	(1,976		)	—			—			(18,950		)
Noninterest income	79,226			664			30,619			33,631			144,140
Noninterest expense (3)	(159,429		)	(3,122		)	(3,924		)	(55,352		)	(221,827		)
Income (loss) before income tax expense (4)	$	165,307		$	8,864		$	26,696		$	(8,343	)	$	192,524
Total average loans, net of unearned income	$	16,357,099		$	2,074,982		$	—		$	215,113		$	18,647,194
Total average assets (5)	40,829,515			2,091,244			325,321			205,249			43,451,329
Total average deposits	36,484,125			1,115,446			—			310,183			37,909,754
Three months ended September 30, 2015
Net interest income	$	217,932		$	11,667		$	1		$	25,060		$	254,660
Provision for loan losses	(32,074		)	(1,329		)	—			—			(33,403		)
Noninterest income	68,517			506			17,332			22,122			108,477
Noninterest expense (3)	(137,637		)	(2,761		)	(3,745		)	(40,612		)	(184,755		)
Income before income tax expense (4)	$	116,738		$	8,083		$	13,588		$	6,570		$	144,979
Total average loans, net of unearned income	$	13,047,507		$	1,669,858		$	—		$	199,287		$	14,916,652
Total average assets (5)	39,688,677			1,664,602			334,045			326,896			42,014,220
Total average deposits	36,151,235			1,041,773			—			190,059			37,383,067
Nine months ended September 30, 2016
Net interest income (expense)	$	773,342		$	40,508		$	(51	)	$	40,119		$	853,918
Provision for loan losses	(86,143		)	(2,481		)	—			—			(88,624		)
Noninterest income	231,295			2,053			44,492			65,210			343,050
Noninterest expense (3)	(461,058		)	(9,481		)	(11,521		)	(144,152		)	(626,212		)
Income (loss) before income tax expense (4)	$	457,436		$	30,599		$	32,920		$	(38,823	)	$	482,132
Total average loans, net of unearned income	$	15,769,964		$	1,978,175		$	—		$	207,358		$	17,955,497
Total average assets (5)	41,021,311			1,986,215			334,328			327,862			43,669,716
Total average deposits	37,002,027			1,120,575			—			321,388			38,443,990
Nine months ended September 30, 2015
Net interest income	$	625,611		$	32,499		$	3		$	79,243		$	737,356
Provision for loan losses	(64,126		)	(2,242		)	—			—			(66,368		)
Noninterest income	197,740			1,498			57,919			101,131			358,288
Noninterest expense (3)	(421,425		)	(8,869		)	(10,935		)	(128,179		)	(569,408		)
Income before income tax expense (4)	$	337,800		$	22,886		$	46,987		$	52,195		$	459,868
Total average loans, net of unearned income	$	12,721,972		$	1,529,095		$	—		$	180,718		$	14,431,785
Total average assets (5)	37,449,533			1,527,339			335,136			594,681			39,906,689
Total average deposits	34,124,748			1,125,345			—			163,260			35,413,353


(1)	Global Commercial Bank’s and SVB Capital’s components of net interest income, noninterest income, noninterest expense and total average assets are shown net of noncontrolling interests for all periods presented. Noncontrolling interest is included within "Other Items".

(2)

The "Other Items" column reflects the adjustments necessary to reconcile the results of the operating segments to the consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with GAAP. Net interest income consists primarily of interest earned from our fixed income investment portfolio, net of FTP. Noninterest income consists primarily of gains on equity warrant assets and gains on the sale of fixed income securities. Noninterest expense consists primarily of expenses associated with corporate support functions such as finance, human resources, marketing, legal and other expenses.


(3)	The Global Commercial Bank segment includes direct depreciation and amortization of $6.4 million and $4.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , respectively, and $18.3 million and $14.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , respectively.

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(4)	The internal reporting model used by management to assess segment performance does not calculate income tax expense by segment. Our effective tax rate is a reasonable approximation of the segment rates.


(5)	Total average assets equal the greater of total average assets or the sum of total average liabilities and total average stockholders’ equity for each segment to reconcile the results to the consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with GAAP.


12.	Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Guarantees and Other Commitments

In the normal course of business we use financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk to meet the financing needs of our customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, commercial and standby letters of credit and commitments to invest in venture capital and private equity fund investments. These instruments involve credit risk to varying degrees. Credit risk is defined as the possibility of sustaining a loss because other parties to the financial instrument fail to perform in accordance with the terms of the contract.

Commitments to Extend Credit

The following table summarizes information related to our commitments to extend credit at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 :



(Dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2016		December 31, 2015
Loan commitments available for funding: (1)
Fixed interest rate commitments	$	1,377,647	$	1,312,734
Variable interest rate commitments	13,262,927		12,822,461
Total loan commitments available for funding	14,640,574		14,135,195
Commercial and standby letters of credit (2)	1,656,512		1,479,164
Total unfunded credit commitments	$	16,297,086	$	15,614,359
Commitments unavailable for funding (3)	$	2,008,689	$	2,026,532
Maximum lending limits for accounts receivable factoring arrangements (4)	856,096		1,006,404
Reserve for unfunded credit commitments (5)	35,924		34,415


(1)	Represents commitments which are available for funding, due to clients meeting all collateral, compliance and financial covenants required under loan commitment agreements.


(2)	See below for additional information on our commercial and standby letters of credit.


(3)	Represents commitments which are currently unavailable for funding, due to clients failing to meet all collateral, compliance and financial covenants under loan commitment agreements.


(4)	We extend credit under accounts receivable factoring arrangements when our clients’ sales invoices are deemed creditworthy under existing underwriting practices.


(5)	Our reserve for unfunded credit commitments includes an allowance for both our unfunded loan commitments and our letters of credit.

Commercial and Standby Letters of Credit

The table below summarizes our commercial and standby letters of credit at September 30, 2016 . The maximum potential amount of future payments represents the amount that could be remitted under letters of credit if there were a total default by the guaranteed parties, without consideration of possible recoveries under recourse provisions or from the collateral held or pledged.



(Dollars in thousands)	Expires In One Year or Less		Expires After One Year		Total Amount Outstanding		Maximum Amount of Future Payments
Financial standby letters of credit	$	1,489,185	$	49,744	$	1,538,929	$	1,538,929
Performance standby letters of credit	94,872		14,601		109,473		109,473
Commercial letters of credit	8,110		—		8,110		8,110
Total	$	1,592,167	$	64,345	$	1,656,512	$	1,656,512

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Deferred fees related to financial and performance standby letters of credit were $10 million at both September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 . At September 30, 2016 , collateral in the form of cash of $747 million was available to us to reimburse losses, if any, under financial and performance standby letters of credit.

Commitments to Invest in Venture Capital and Private Equity Funds

Subject to applicable regulatory requirements, including the Volcker Rule, we make commitments to invest in venture capital and private equity funds, which in turn make investments generally in, or in some cases make loans to, privately-held companies. Commitments to invest in these funds are generally made for a 10 -year period from the inception of the fund. Although the limited partnership agreements governing these investments typically do not restrict the general partners from calling 100% of committed capital in one year, it is customary for these funds to generally call most of the capital commitments over 5 to 7 years; however in certain cases, the funds may not call 100% of committed capital over the life of the fund. The actual timing of future cash requirements to fund these commitments is generally dependent upon the investment cycle, overall market conditions, and the nature and type of industry in which the privately held companies operate. The following table details our total capital commitments, unfunded capital commitments, and our ownership percentage in each fund at September 30, 2016 :



Our Ownership in Venture Capital and Private Equity Funds (Dollars in thousands)	SVBFG Capital Commitments		SVBFG Unfunded Commitments		SVBFG Ownership of each Fund (4)
Silicon Valley BancVentures, LP	$	6,000	$	270	10.7	%
SVB Capital Partners II, LP (1)	1,200		162		5.1
SVB Capital Shanghai Yangpu Venture Capital Fund	874		—		6.8
SVB Strategic Investors Fund, LP	15,300		688		12.6
SVB Strategic Investors Fund II, LP	15,000		1,050		8.6
SVB Strategic Investors Fund III, LP	15,000		1,275		5.9
SVB Strategic Investors Fund IV, LP	12,239		2,325		5.0
Strategic Investors Fund V funds	515		142		Various
SVB Capital Preferred Return Fund, LP	12,688		—		20.0
SVB Capital—NT Growth Partners, LP	24,670		1,340		33.0
Other private equity fund (2)	9,338		—		58.2
Debt funds	58,493		—		Various
Other fund investments (3)	298,937		12,114		Various
Total	$	470,254	$	19,366


(1)	Our ownership includes direct ownership of 1.3 percent and indirect ownership interest of 3.8 percent through our investment in SVB Strategic Investors Fund II, LP.


(2)	Our ownership includes direct ownership of 41.5 percent and indirect ownership interests of 12.6 percent and 4.1 percent in the fund through our ownership interest of SVB Capital - NT Growth Partners, LP and SVB Capital Preferred Return Fund, LP, respectively.


(3)	Represents commitments to 265 funds (primarily venture capital funds) where our ownership interest is generally less than 5 percent of the voting interests of each such fund.


(4)	We are subject to the Volcker Rule, which restricts or limits us from sponsoring or having ownership interests in “covered” funds including venture capital and private equity funds. See “Business - Supervision and Regulation” under Item 1 of Part I of our 2015 Form 10-K.

The following table details the amounts of remaining unfunded commitments to venture capital and private equity funds by our consolidated managed funds of funds (including our interest and the noncontrolling interests) at September 30, 2016 :



Limited Partnership (Dollars in thousands)	Unfunded Commitments
SVB Strategic Investors Fund, LP	$	1,338
SVB Capital Preferred Return Fund, LP	2,006
SVB Capital—NT Growth Partners, LP	1,965
Total	$	5,309

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13.	Income Taxes

We are subject to income tax in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions and have identified our federal tax return and tax returns in California and Massachusetts as major tax filings. Our U.S. federal tax returns for 2013 and subsequent years remain open to full examination. Our California and Massachusetts tax returns for 2011 and subsequent tax years remain open to full examination.

At September 30, 2016 , our unrecognized tax benefit was $3.1 million , the recognition of which would reduce our income tax expense by $2.0 million . We do not expect that our unrecognized tax benefit will materially change in the next 12 months.

We recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters as part of income before income taxes. Interest and penalties were not material for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 .


14.	Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value Measurements

Our available-for-sale securities, derivative instruments and certain non-marketable and other securities are financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. We make estimates regarding valuation of assets and liabilities measured at fair value in preparing our interim consolidated financial statements.

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (the “exit price”) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. There is a three-level hierarchy for disclosure of assets and liabilities recorded at fair value. The classification of assets and liabilities within the hierarchy is based on whether the inputs to the valuation methodology used for measurement are observable or unobservable and the significance of those inputs in the fair value measurement. Observable inputs reflect market-derived or market-based information obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our estimates about market data and views of market participants. The three levels for measuring fair value are based on the reliability of inputs and are as follows:

Level 1

Fair value measurements based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of these instruments does not entail a significant degree of judgment. Assets utilizing Level 1 inputs include U.S. Treasury securities, exchange-traded equity securities and certain marketable securities accounted for under fair value accounting.

Level 2

Fair value measurements based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, directly or indirectly. Valuations for the available-for-sale securities are provided by independent external pricing service providers who have experience in valuing these securities and by comparison to and/or average of quoted market prices obtained from independent external brokers. We perform a monthly analysis on the values received from third parties to ensure that the prices represent a reasonable estimate of the fair value. The procedures include, but are not limited to, initial and ongoing review of third party pricing methodologies, review of pricing trends and monitoring of trading volumes. Additional corroboration, such as obtaining a non-binding price from a broker, may be obtained depending on the frequency of trades of the security and the level of liquidity or depth of the market. We ensure prices received from independent brokers represent a reasonable estimate of the fair value through the use of observable market inputs including comparable trades, yield curve, spreads and, when available, market indices. As a result of this analysis, if the Company determines that there is a more appropriate fair value based upon the available market data, the price received from the third party is adjusted accordingly. Below is a summary of the significant inputs used for each class of Level 2 assets and liabilities:

U.S. agency debentures: Fair value measurements of U.S. agency debentures are based on the characteristics specific to bonds held, such as issuer name, coupon rate, maturity date and any applicable issuer call option features. Valuations are based on market spreads relative to similar term benchmark market interest rates, generally U.S. Treasury securities.

Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities: Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities are pools of individual conventional mortgage loans underwritten to U.S. agency standards with similar coupon rates, tenor, and other attributes such as geographic location, loan size and origination vintage. Fair value measurements of these securities are based on observable price adjustments relative to benchmark market interest rates taking into consideration estimated loan prepayment speeds.

Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations: Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations are structured into classes or tranches with defined cash flow characteristics and are collateralized by U.S. agency-issued mortgage pass-through securities. Fair value measurements of these securities incorporate similar characteristics of mortgage pass-through securities such as coupon rate, tenor, geographic location, loan size and origination vintage, in addition to incorporating

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the effect of estimated prepayment speeds on the cash flow structure of the class or tranche. These measurements incorporate observable market spreads over an estimated average life after considering the inputs listed above.

Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities: Fair value measurements of these securities are based on spreads to benchmark market interest rates (usually U.S. Treasury rates or rates observable in the swaps market), prepayment speeds, loan default rate assumptions and loan loss severity assumptions on underlying loans.

Municipal bonds and notes: Bonds issued by municipal governments generally have stated coupon rates, final maturity dates and are subject to being called ahead of the final maturity date at the option of the issuer. Fair value measurements of these securities are priced based on spreads to other municipal benchmark bonds with similar characteristics; or, relative to market rates on U.S. Treasury bonds of similar maturity.

Interest rate derivative assets and liabilities: Fair value measurements of interest rate derivatives are priced considering the coupon rate of the fixed leg of the contract and the variable coupon on the floating leg of the contract. Valuation is based on both spot and forward rates on the swap yield curve and the credit worthiness of the contract counterparty.

Foreign exchange forward and option contract assets and liabilities: Fair value measurements of these assets and liabilities are priced based on spot and forward foreign currency rates and option volatility assumptions.

Level 3

The fair value measurement is derived from valuation techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect our own estimates of assumptions we believe market participants would use in pricing the asset. Below is a summary of the valuation techniques used for each class of Level 3 assets:

Other venture capital investments: Fair value measurements are based on consideration of a range of factors including, but not limited to, the price at which the investment was acquired, the term and nature of the investment, local market conditions, values for comparable securities, and as it relates to the private company, the current and projected operating performance, exit strategies and financing transactions subsequent to the acquisition of the investment. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement include the information about each portfolio company, including actual and forecasted results, cash position, recent or planned transactions and market comparable companies. Significant changes to any one of these inputs in isolation could result in a significant change in the fair value measurement, however, we generally consider all factors available through ongoing communication with the portfolio companies and venture capital fund managers to determine whether there are changes to the portfolio company or the environment that indicate a change in the fair value measurement.

Other securities: Fair value measurements of equity securities of public companies are priced based on quoted market prices less a discount if the securities are subject to certain sales restrictions. Marketability discounts generally range from 10% to 20% depending on the duration of the sale restrictions which typically range from 3 to 6 months.

Equity warrant assets (public portfolio): Fair value measurements of equity warrant assets of publicly-traded portfolio companies are valued based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The model uses the price of publicly-traded companies (underlying stock price), stated strike prices, warrant expiration dates, the risk-free interest rate and market-observable option volatility assumptions. Modeled asset values are further adjusted by applying a discount of up to 20% for certain warrants that have lock-up restrictions or other features that indicate a discount to fair value is warranted. As a lock-up term nears, and other sale restrictions are lifted, discounts are adjusted downward to zero percent once all restrictions expire or are removed.

Equity warrant assets (private portfolio): Fair value measurements of equity warrant assets of private portfolio companies are priced based on a modified Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the asset value by using stated strike prices, option expiration dates, risk-free interest rates and option volatility assumptions. Option volatility assumptions used in the modified Black-Scholes model are based on public market indices whose members operate in similar industries as companies in our private company portfolio. Option expiration dates are modified to account for estimates to actual life relative to stated expiration. Overall model asset values are further adjusted for a general lack of liquidity due to the private nature of the associated underlying company. There is a direct correlation between changes in the volatility and remaining life assumptions in isolation and the fair value measurement while there is an inverse correlation between changes in the liquidity discount assumption and the fair value measurement.

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It is our policy to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when developing fair value measurements. When available, we use quoted market prices to measure fair value. If market prices are not available, fair value measurement is based upon valuation techniques that use primarily market-based or independently-sourced market parameters, including interest rate yield curves, prepayment speeds, option volatilities and currency rates. Substantially all of our financial instruments use the foregoing methodologies, and are categorized as a Level 1 or Level 2 measurement in the fair value hierarchy. However, in certain cases, when market observable inputs for our valuation techniques may not be readily available, we are required to make judgments about assumptions we believe market participants would use in estimating the fair value of the financial instrument, and based on the significance of those judgments, the measurement may be determined to be a Level 3 fair value measurement.

The degree of management judgment involved in determining the fair value of a financial instrument is dependent upon the availability of quoted market prices or observable market parameters. For financial instruments that trade actively and have quoted market prices or observable market parameters, there is minimal subjectivity involved in measuring fair value. When observable market prices and parameters are not fully available, management judgment is necessary to estimate fair value. For inactive markets, there is little information, if any, to evaluate if individual transactions are orderly. Accordingly, we are required to estimate, based upon all available facts and circumstances, the degree to which orderly transactions are occurring and provide more weighting to price quotes that are based upon orderly transactions. In addition, changes in the market conditions may reduce the availability of quoted prices or observable data. For example, reduced liquidity in the capital markets or changes in secondary market activities could result in observable market inputs becoming unavailable. Therefore, when market data is not available, we use valuation techniques requiring more management judgment to estimate the appropriate fair value measurement. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by management in determining fair value is greater for financial assets and liabilities categorized as Level 3.

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The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2016 :



(Dollars in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Balance at September 30, 2016
Assets
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	8,939,627	$	—	$	—	$	8,939,627
U.S. agency debentures	—		2,126,572		—		2,126,572
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations - fixed rate	—		1,092,289		—		1,092,289
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations - variable rate	—		504,487		—		504,487
Equity securities	381		2,341		—		2,722
Total available-for-sale securities	8,940,008		3,725,689		—		12,665,697
Non-marketable and other securities (fair value accounting):
Non-marketable securities:
Venture capital and private equity fund investments measured at net asset value (1)	—		—		—		141,841
Other venture capital investments (2)	—		—		2,040		2,040
Other securities (2)	579		—		—		579
Total non-marketable and other securities (fair value accounting)	579		—		2,040		144,460
Other assets:
Interest rate swaps	—		1,324		—		1,324
Foreign exchange forward and option contracts	—		49,062		—		49,062
Equity warrant assets	—		2,120		143,220		145,340
Client interest rate derivatives	—		8,759		—		8,759
Total assets	$	8,940,587	$	3,786,954	$	145,260	$	13,014,642
Liabilities
Foreign exchange forward and option contracts	$	—	$	39,514	$	—	$	39,514
Client interest rate derivatives	—		9,324		—		9,324
Total liabilities	$	—	$	48,838	$	—	$	48,838

(1)

In accordance with the accounting standard (ASU 2015-07, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820)), certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the statement of financial position.


(2)	Included in Level 1 and Level 3 assets are $0.5 million and $1.8 million , respectively, attributable to noncontrolling interests calculated based on the ownership percentages of the noncontrolling interests.

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The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2015 :



(Dollars in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Balance at December 31, 2015
Assets
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	11,678,035	$	—	$	—	$	11,678,035
U.S. agency debentures	—		2,690,029		—		2,690,029
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations - fixed rate	—		1,399,279		—		1,399,279
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations - variable rate	—		607,936		—		607,936
Equity securities	4,517		952		—		5,469
Total available-for-sale securities	11,682,552		4,698,196		—		16,380,748
Non-marketable and other securities (fair value accounting):
Non-marketable securities:
Venture capital and private equity fund investments measured at net asset value (1)	—		—		—		152,237
Other venture capital investments (2)	—		—		2,040		2,040
Other securities (2)	548		—		—		548
Total non-marketable and other securities (fair value accounting)	548		—		2,040		154,825
Other assets:
Interest rate swaps	—		2,768		—		2,768
Foreign exchange forward and option contracts	—		31,237		—		31,237
Equity warrant assets	—		1,937		135,168		137,105
Client interest rate derivatives	—		3,973		—		3,973
Total assets	$	11,683,100	$	4,738,111	$	137,208	$	16,710,656
Liabilities
Foreign exchange forward and option contracts	$	—	$	26,353	$	—	$	26,353
Client interest rate derivatives	—		4,384		—		4,384
Total liabilities	$	—	$	30,737	$	—	$	30,737

(1)


(2)	Included in Level 1 and Level 3 assets are $0.4 million and $1.8 million , respectively, attributable to noncontrolling interests calculated based on the ownership percentages of the noncontrolling interests.

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The following table presents additional information about Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , respectively:



(Dollars in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Total Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) Included in Income			Sales			Issuances		Distributions and Other Settlements			Transfers Out of Level 3			Ending Balance
Three months ended September 30, 2016
Non-marketable and other securities (fair value accounting):
Other venture capital investments (1)	$	2,040	$	4		$	(4	)	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	2,040
Other assets:
Equity warrant assets (2)	127,811		21,092			(10,682		)	5,251		—			(252		)	143,220
Total assets	$	129,851	$	21,096		$	(10,686	)	$	5,251	$	—		$	(252	)	$	145,260
Three months ended September 30, 2015
Non-marketable and other securities (fair value accounting):
Other venture capital investments (1)	$	3,390	$	15		$	—		$	—	$	(15	)	$	—		$	3,390
Other assets:
Equity warrant assets (2)	120,037		11,551			(6,215		)	3,556		—			(486		)	128,443
Total assets	$	123,427	$	11,566		$	(6,215	)	$	3,556	$	(15	)	$	(486	)	$	131,833
Nine months ended September 30, 2016
Non-marketable and other securities (fair value accounting):
Other venture capital investments (1)	$	2,040	$	(21	)	$	(4	)	$	—	$	25		$	—		$	2,040
Other assets:
Equity warrant assets (2)	135,168		33,115			(34,276		)	9,842		—			(629		)	143,220
Total assets	$	137,208	$	33,094		$	(34,280	)	$	9,842	$	25		$	(629	)	$	145,260
Nine months ended September 30, 2015
Non-marketable and other securities (fair value accounting):
Other venture capital investments (1)	$	3,291	$	146		$	(32	)	$	—	$	(15	)	$	—		$	3,390
Other assets:
Equity warrant assets (2)	114,698		54,884			(48,374		)	8,856		—			(1,621		)	128,443
Total assets	$	117,989	$	55,030		$	(48,406	)	$	8,856	$	(15	)	$	(1,621	)	$	131,833


(1)	Realized and unrealized gains (losses) are recorded in the line item “Gains on investment securities, net”, a component of noninterest income.


(2)	Realized and unrealized gains (losses) are recorded in the line item “Gains on derivative instruments, net”, a component of noninterest income.

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The following table presents the amount of net unrealized gains and losses included in earnings (which is inclusive of noncontrolling interest) attributable to Level 3 assets still held at September 30, 2016 and 2015 , respectively:



	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2016		2015		2016		2015
Non-marketable and other securities (fair value accounting):
Other venture capital investments (1)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	158
Other assets:
Equity warrant assets (2)	15,785		9,115		23,144		21,597
Total unrealized gains, net	$	15,785	$	9,115	$	23,144	$	21,755
Unrealized gains attributable to noncontrolling interests	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	141


(1)	Unrealized gains (losses) are recorded in the line item “Gains on investment securities, net ”, a component of noninterest income.


(2)	Unrealized gains (losses) are recorded in the line item “Gains on derivative instruments, net ”, a component of noninterest income.

The extent to which any unrealized gains or losses will become realized is subject to a variety of factors, including, among other things, the expiration of current sales restrictions to which these securities are subject, the actual sales of securities and the timing of such actual sales.

The following table presents quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used for certain of our Level 3 fair value measurements at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015. We have not included in this table our venture capital and private equity fund investments (fair value accounting) as we use net asset value per share (as obtained from the general partners of the investments) as a practical expedient to determine fair value.



(Dollars in thousands)	Fair value		Valuation Technique	Significant Unobservable Inputs	Weighted Average
September 30, 2016:
Other venture capital investments (fair value accounting)	$	2,040	Private company equity pricing	(1)	(1	)
Equity warrant assets (public portfolio)	19,367		Modified Black-Scholes option pricing model	Volatility	36.1	%
				Risk-Free interest rate	1.2	%
				Sales restrictions discount (2)	11.7	%
Equity warrant assets (private portfolio)	123,853		Modified Black-Scholes option pricing model	Volatility	36.6	%
				Risk-Free interest rate	0.8	%
				Marketability discount (3)	17.5	%
				Remaining life assumption (4)	45.0	%
December 31, 2015:
Other venture capital investments (fair value accounting)	$	2,040	Private company equity pricing	(1)	(1	)
Equity warrant assets (public portfolio)	1,786		Modified Black-Scholes option pricing model	Volatility	38.1	%
				Risk-Free interest rate	2.1	%
				Sales restrictions discount (2)	18.0	%
Equity warrant assets (private portfolio)	133,382		Modified Black-Scholes option pricing model	Volatility	36.0	%
				Risk-Free interest rate	1.1	%
				Marketability discount (3)	16.6	%
				Remaining life assumption (4)	45.0	%

(1)

In determining the fair value of our other venture capital investment portfolio, we evaluate a variety of factors related to each underlying private portfolio company including, but not limited to, actual and forecasted results, cash position, recent or planned transactions and market comparable companies. Additionally, we have ongoing communication with the portfolio companies and venture capital fund managers, to determine whether there is a material change in fair value. These factors are specific to each portfolio company and a weighted average or range of values of the unobservable inputs is not meaningful.


(2)	We adjust quoted market prices of public companies, which are subject to certain sales restrictions. Sales restriction discounts generally range from 10% to 20% depending on the duration of the sales restrictions, which typically range from 3 to 6 months.

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(3)	Our marketability discount is applied to all private company warrants to account for a general lack of liquidity due to the private nature of the associated underlying company. The quantitative measure used is based upon various option-pricing models. On a quarterly basis, a sensitivity analysis is performed on our marketability discount.

(4)

We adjust the contractual remaining term of private company warrants based on our estimate of the actual remaining life, which we determine by utilizing historical data on cancellations and exercises. At September 30, 2016 , the weighted average contractual remaining term was 5.9 years, compared to our estimated remaining life of 2.7 years. On a quarterly basis, a sensitivity analysis is performed on our remaining life assumption.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , we did not have any transfers between Level 2 and Level 1 or transfers between Level 3 and Level 1. Transfers from Level 3 to Level 2 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 were due primarily due to the expiration of lock-up, and other sales restrictions on certain of our public warrant positions. Transfers from Level 3 to Level 2 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 were due to the transfer of equity warrant assets from our private portfolio to our public portfolio (see our Level 3 reconciliation above). All amounts reported as transfers represent the fair value as of the date of the change in circumstances that caused the transfer.

Financial Instruments not Carried at Fair Value

FASB guidance over financial instruments requires that we disclose estimated fair values for our financial instruments not carried at fair value. Fair value estimates, methods and assumptions, set forth below for our financial instruments, are made solely to comply with these requirements.

Fair values are based on estimates or calculations at the transaction level using present value techniques in instances where quoted market prices are not available. As broadly traded markets do not exist for many of our financial instruments, the fair value calculations attempt to incorporate the effect of current market conditions at a specific time. The aggregation of the fair value calculations presented herein does not represent, and should not be construed to represent, the underlying value of the Company.

The following describes the methods and assumptions used in estimating the fair values of financial instruments for which carrying value approximates fair value and estimated fair values of financial instruments not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis and excludes financial instruments and assets and liabilities already recorded at fair value as described above.

Financial Instruments for which Carrying Value Approximates Fair Value

Certain financial instruments that are not carried at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets are carried at amounts that approximate fair value, due to their short-term nature and generally negligible credit risk. These instruments include cash and cash equivalents; FHLB and FRB stock; accrued interest receivable; short-term borrowings; short-term time deposits; and accrued interest payable. In addition, U.S. GAAP requires that the fair value of deposit liabilities with no stated maturity (i.e., demand, savings and certain money market deposits) be equal to their carrying value; recognition of the inherent funding value of these instruments is not permitted.

Estimated Fair Values of Financial Instruments Not Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Held-to-Maturity Securities

Held-to-maturity securities include similar investments held in our available-for-sale securities portfolio and are valued using the same methodologies. All securities included in our held-to-maturity securities portfolio are valued using Level 2 inputs. Refer to Level 2 fair value measurements above for significant inputs used in the valuation of our held-to-maturity investment securities.

Non-Marketable Securities (Cost and Equity Method Accounting)

Non-marketable securities includes other investments (equity method accounting), venture capital and private equity fund investments (cost method accounting), and other venture capital investments (cost method accounting). Other investments (equity method accounting) includes our investment in SPD-SVB, our joint venture bank in China. At this time, the carrying value of our investment in SPD-SVB is a reasonable estimate of fair value. The fair value of the remaining other investments (equity method accounting) and the fair value of venture capital and private equity fund investments (cost method accounting) and other venture capital investments (cost method accounting) is based on financial information obtained from the investee or obtained from the fund investments’ or debt fund investments’ respective general partners. For private company investments, estimated fair value is based on consideration of a range of factors including, but not limited to, the price at which the investment was acquired, the term and nature of the investment, local market conditions, values for comparable securities, current and projected operating performance, exit strategies, and financing transactions subsequent to the acquisition of the investment. For our fund investments, we utilize the net asset value per share as obtained from the general partners of the investments. We adjust the net asset value per share for differences between our measurement date and the date of the fund investment’s net

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asset value by using the most recently available financial information from the investee general partner, for example June 30 ^th , for our September 30 ^th consolidated financial statements, adjusted for any contributions paid, distributions received from the investment, and significant fund transactions or market events during the reporting period.

Loans

The fair value of fixed and variable rate loans is estimated by discounting contractual cash flows using rates that reflect current pricing for similar loans and the projected forward yield curve. This method is not based on the exit price concept of fair value required under ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures .

Long-Term Deposits

The fair value of long-term time deposits is estimated by discounting the cash flows using our cost of borrowings and the projected forward yield curve over their remaining contractual term.

Long-Term Debt

The fair value of long-term debt is generally based on quoted market prices, when available, or is estimated based on calculations utilizing third-party pricing services and current market spread, price indications from reputable dealers or observable market prices of the underlying instrument(s), whichever is deemed more reliable. Also included in the estimated fair value of our 6.05% Subordinated Notes are amounts related to hedge accounting associated with the notes.

Off-Balance Sheet Financial Instruments

The fair value of net available commitments to extend credit is estimated based on the average amount we would receive or pay to execute a new agreement with identical terms and pricing, while taking into account the counterparties’ credit standing.

Letters of credit are carried at their fair value, which was equivalent to the residual premium or fee at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 . Commitments to extend credit and letters of credit typically result in loans with a market interest rate if funded.

The following fair value hierarchy table presents the estimated fair values of our financial instruments that are not carried at fair value at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 :

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			Estimated Fair Value
(Dollars in thousands)	Carrying Amount		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
September 30, 2016:
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2,521,319	$	2,521,319	$	2,521,319	$	—	$	—
Held-to-maturity securities	7,791,949		7,885,333		—		7,885,333		—
Non-marketable securities (cost and equity method accounting) not measured at net asset value	124,955		134,174		—		—		134,174
Non-marketable securities (cost and equity method accounting) measured at net asset value (1)	249,289		353,606		—		—		—
Net commercial loans	16,807,685		17,089,586		—		—		17,089,586
Net consumer loans	2,064,015		2,102,435		—		—		2,102,435
FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank stock	57,466		57,466		—		—		57,466
Accrued interest receivable	99,263		99,263		—		99,263		—
Financial liabilities:
Other short-term borrowings	2,421		2,421		2,421		—		—
Non-maturity deposits (2)	38,137,660		38,137,660		38,137,660		—		—
Time deposits	51,756		51,654		—		51,654		—
3.50% Senior Notes	346,900		355,681		—		355,681		—
5.375% Senior Notes	347,440		390,313		—		390,313		—
6.05% Subordinated Notes (3)	47,094		48,534		—		48,534		—
7.0% Junior Subordinated Debentures	54,537		53,608		—		53,608		—
Accrued interest payable	4,886		4,886		—		4,886		—
Off-balance sheet financial assets:
Commitments to extend credit	—		21,232		—		—		21,232
December 31, 2015:
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,503,257	$	1,503,257	$	1,503,257	$	—	$	—
Held-to-maturity securities	8,790,963		8,758,622		—		8,758,622		—
Non-marketable securities (cost and equity method accounting) not measured at net asset value	114,795		117,172		—		—		117,172
Non-marketable securities (cost and equity method accounting) measured at net asset value (1)	250,970		364,799		—		—		—
Net commercial loans	14,763,302		14,811,588		—		—		14,811,588
Net consumer loans	1,761,155		1,737,960		—		—		1,737,960
FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank stock	56,991		56,991		—		—		56,991
Accrued interest receivable	107,604		107,604		—		107,604		—
Financial liabilities:
Short-term FHLB advances	638,000		638,000		638,000		—		—
Federal funds purchased	135,000		135,000		135,000		—		—
Other short-term borrowings	1,900		1,900		1,900		—		—
Non-maturity deposits (2)	39,072,297		39,072,297		39,072,297		—		—
Time deposits	70,479		70,347		—		70,347		—
3.50% Senior Notes	346,667		333,648		—		333,648		—
5.375% Senior Notes	347,016		384,216		—		384,216		—
6.05% Subordinated Notes (3)	48,350		49,820		—		49,820		—
7.0% Junior Subordinated Debentures	54,669		52,905		—		52,905		—
Accrued interest payable	12,058		12,058		—		12,058		—
Off-balance sheet financial assets:
Commitments to extend credit	—		26,483		—		—		26,483

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(1)	In accordance with the accounting standard (ASU 2015-07, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820)), certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy.


(2)	Includes noninterest-bearing demand deposits, interest-bearing checking accounts, money market accounts and interest-bearing sweep deposits.


(3)	At September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , included in the carrying value and estimated fair value of our 6.05% Subordinated Notes was an interest rate swap valued at $1.3 million and $2.8 million , respectively, related to hedge accounting associated with the notes.

Investments in Entities that Calculate Net Asset Value Per Share

FASB guidance over certain fund investments requires that we disclose the fair value of funds, significant investment strategies of the investees, redemption features of the investees, restrictions on the ability to sell investments, estimate of the period of time over which the underlying assets are expected to be liquidated by the investee, and unfunded commitments related to the investments.

Our investments in debt funds and venture capital and private equity fund investments generally cannot be redeemed. Alternatively, we expect distributions, if any, to be received primarily through IPO and M&A activity of the underlying assets of the fund. Subject to applicable requirements under the Volcker Rule, we do not have any plans to sell any of these fund investments. If we decide to sell these investments in the future, the investee fund’s management must approve of the buyer before the sale of the investments can be completed. The fair values of the fund investments have been estimated using the net asset value per share of the investments, adjusted for any differences between our measurement date and the date of the fund investment’s net asset value by using the most recently available financial information from the investee general partner, for example June 30 ^th , for our September 30 ^th consolidated financial statements, adjusted for any contributions paid, distributions received from the investment, and significant fund transactions or market events during the reporting period.

The following table is a summary of the estimated fair values of these investments and remaining unfunded commitments for each major category of these investments as of September 30, 2016 :



(Dollars in thousands)	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Unfunded Commitments
Non-marketable securities (fair value accounting):
Venture capital and private equity fund investments (1)	$	141,841	$	141,841	$	5,309
Non-marketable securities (equity method accounting):
Venture capital and private equity fund investments (2)	84,904		84,904		4,954
Debt funds (2)	18,971		20,217		—
Other investments (2)	30,301		30,297		886
Non-marketable securities (cost method accounting):
Venture capital and private equity fund investments (2)	115,113		218,188		11,306
Total	$	391,130	$	495,447	$	22,455

(1)

Venture capital and private equity fund investments within non-marketable securities (fair value accounting) include investments made by our managed funds of funds and one of our direct venture funds. These investments represent investments in venture capital and private equity funds that invest primarily in U.S. and global technology and life science/healthcare companies. Included in the fair value and unfunded commitments of fund investments under fair value accounting are $101 million and $4 million , respectively, attributable to noncontrolling interests. It is estimated that we will receive distributions from the fund investments over the next 10 to 13 years, depending on the age of the funds and any potential extensions of terms of the funds.

(2)

Venture capital and private equity fund investments, debt funds, and other fund investments within non-marketable securities (equity and cost method accounting) include funds that invest in or lend money to primarily U.S. and global technology and life science/healthcare companies. It is estimated that we will receive distributions from the funds over the next 10 to 13 years, depending on the age of the funds and any potential extensions of the terms of the funds.

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15.	Legal Matters

Certain lawsuits and claims arising in the ordinary course of business have been filed or are pending against us or our affiliates. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, we establish accruals for all lawsuits, claims and expected settlements when we believe it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. When a loss contingency is not both probable and estimable, we do not establish an accrual. Any such loss estimates are inherently uncertain, based on currently available information and are subject to management’s judgment and various assumptions. Due to the inherent subjectivity of these estimates and unpredictability of outcomes of legal proceedings, any amounts accrued may not represent the ultimate resolution of such matters.

To the extent we believe any potential loss relating to such lawsuits and claims may have a material impact on our liquidity, consolidated financial position, results of operations, and/or our business as a whole and is reasonably possible but not probable, we disclose information relating to any such potential loss, whether in excess of any established accruals or where there is no established accrual. We also disclose information relating to any material potential loss that is probable but not reasonably estimable. Where reasonably practicable, we will provide an estimate of loss or range of potential loss. No disclosures are generally made for any loss contingencies that are deemed to be remote.

Based upon information available to us, our review of lawsuits and claims filed or pending against us to date and consultation with our outside legal counsel, we have not recognized a material accrual liability for these matters, nor do we currently expect it is reasonably possible that these matters will result in a material liability to the Company. However, the outcome of litigation and other legal and regulatory matters is inherently uncertain, and it is possible that one or more of such matters currently pending or threatened could have an unanticipated material adverse effect on our liquidity, consolidated financial position, results of operations, and/or our business as a whole, in the future.


16.	Related Parties

During the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , the Bank made loans to related parties, including certain companies in which certain of our directors or their affiliated venture funds are beneficial owners of ten percent or more of the equity securities of such companies. Such loans: (a) were made in the ordinary course of business; (b) were made on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with other non-related persons; and (c) did not involve more than the normal risk of collectability or present other unfavorable features. Additionally, we also provide real estate secured loans to eligible employees through our EHOP.

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including in particular “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” under Part I, Item 2 of this report, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In addition, management has in the past and might in the future make forward-looking statements orally to analysts, investors, the media and others. Forward-looking statements are statements that are not historical facts. Broadly speaking, forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:


•	Projections of our net interest income, noninterest income, earnings per share, noninterest expenses (including professional services, compliance, compensation and other costs), cash flows, balance sheet positions, capital expenditures, liquidity and capitalization or other financial items


•	Descriptions of our strategic initiatives, plans or objectives for future operations, including pending sales or acquisitions


•	Forecasts of private equity/venture capital funding and investment levels


•	Forecasts of future interest rates, economic performance, and income from investments


•	Forecasts of expected levels of provisions for loan losses, nonperforming loans, loan growth and client funds


•	Descriptions of assumptions underlying or relating to any of the foregoing

You can identify these and other forward-looking statements by the use of words such as “becoming,” “may,” “will,” “should,” " could, " " would, " “predict,” “potential,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” "assume," “seek,” “expect,” “plan,” “intend,” the negative of such words, or comparable terminology. Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts nor assurances of future performance. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, we have based these expectations on our current beliefs as well as our assumptions, and such expectations may prove to be incorrect. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict and many of which are outside of our control. Our actual results of operations and financial performance could differ significantly from those expressed in or implied by our management’s forward-

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looking statements. Important factors that could cause our actual results and financial condition to differ from the expectations stated in the forward-looking statements include, among others:


•	Market and economic conditions, including the interest rate environment, and the associated impact on us


•	The credit profile and credit quality of our loan portfolio and volatility of our levels of nonperforming assets and charge-offs


•	The adequacy of our allowance for loan losses and the need to make provisions for loan losses for any period


•	The borrowing needs of our clients


•	The sufficiency of our capital and liquidity positions


•	The levels of loans, deposits and client investment fund balances


•	The performance of our portfolio investments; the general condition of the public and private equity and mergers and acquisitions markets and their impact on our investments, including equity warrant assets, venture capital and private equity funds and direct equity investments


•	Our overall investment plans and strategies; the realization, timing, valuation and performance of our equity or other investments


•	The levels of public offerings, mergers and acquisitions and venture capital investment activity of our clients that may impact the borrowing needs of our clients


•	The occurrence of fraudulent activity, including breaches of our information security or cyber security-related incidents


•	Business disruptions and interruptions due to natural disasters and other external events


•	The impact on our reputation and business from our interactions with business partners, counterparties, service providers and other third parties


•	Expansion of our business internationally, and the impact of international market and economic events on us, such as "Brexit"


•	The impact of legal requirements and regulations limiting or restricting our activities or resulting in higher costs, including the Dodd-Frank Act, the Volcker Rule and Federal Reserve and other regulatory requirements


•	The impact of lawsuits and claims


•	Changes in accounting standards and tax laws


•	The levels of equity capital available to our client or portfolio companies


•	The effectiveness of our risk management framework and quantitative models


•	The sale of impaired assets


•	Our ability to maintain or increase our market share, including through successfully implementing our business strategy and undertaking new business initiatives


•	Other factors as discussed in “Risk Factors” under Part I, Item 1A in our 2015 Form 10-K

We urge investors to consider all of these factors carefully in evaluating the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. All subsequent written or oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by these cautionary statements. The forward-looking statements included in this filing are made only as of the date of this filing. We assume no obligation and do not intend to revise or update any forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, except as required by law.

The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes as presented in Part I, Item 1 of this report and in conjunction with our 2015 Form 10-K.

Reclassifications

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentations.

Management’s Overview of Third Quarter 2016 Performance

Overall, we had a solid third quarter in 2016 , which was marked by healthy loan growth, stable credit quality, solid core fee income and higher investment and warrant gains. Our core business continues to perform well as a result of our ongoing focus on innovation companies and their investors and continued efforts to secure client relationships. We saw continued success in working with private equity/venture capital firms as well as growth of our private bank offerings to private equity/venture capital professionals and executive leaders of the innovation companies they support.

A summary of our performance for the three months ended September 30, 2016 (compared to September 30, 2015 , where applicable) is as follows:

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BALANCE SHEET		EARNINGS
Assets . $43.5 billion in average total assets (up 3.4%). $43.3 billion in period-end total assets (up 3.7%). Investments . $20.7 billion in average investment securities (down 9.5%). $21.1 billion in period-end investments securities (down 13.1%). Loans . $18.6 billion in average total loan balances, net of unearned income (up 25.0%). $19.1 billion in period-end total loan balances, net of unearned income (up 24.8%). Deposits . $37.9 billion in average total deposit balances (up 1.4%). $38.2 billion in period-end total deposit balances (up 3.1%). Off-Balance Sheet Client Investment Funds . $43.1 billion in total average client investment fund balances (up 2.7%). $43.3 billion in total period-end client investment fund balances (down 0.5%).		EPS . Earnings per diluted share of $2.12 (up 35.0%). Net Income . Consolidated net income available to common stockholders of $111.1 million (up 35.9%). - Net interest income of $289.2 million (up 13.5%). - Net interest margin of 2.75% (up 25 bps). - Noninterest income of $144.1 million (up 32.9%), with non-GAAP core fee income ⁺ of $80.5 million (up 17.7%). - Noninterest expense of $221.8 million (up 20.1%) ROE . Return on average equity (annualized) (“ ROE ”) performance of 12.32%.

CAPITAL		CREDIT QUALITY
Capital/Liquidity . Continued strong capital and liquidity levels, with all capital ratios considered "well-capitalized" under banking regulations. SVBFG and SVB Capital ratios, respectively, were: - CET 1 risk-based capital ratio of 12.75% and 12.77%. - Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 13.21% and 12.77%. - Total risk-based capital ratio of 14.22% and 13.83%. - Tier 1 leverage ratio of 8.35% and 7.74%.		Credit Quality . Continued disciplined underwriting. - Allowance for loan losses of 1.25% as a percentage of period-end total gross loans. - Provision for loan losses of 0.39% as a percentage of period-end total gross loans (annualized). - Net loan charge-offs of 0.48% as a percentage of average total gross loans (annualized).

⁺ Consists of fee income for deposit services, letters of credit, business credit cards, client investments, foreign exchange and lending-related activities. This is a non-GAAP financial metric. (See the non-GAAP reconciliation under “Results of Operations—Noninterest Income”)

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A summary of our performance for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:



	Three months ended September 30,									Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data, employees and ratios)	2016			2015			% Change			2016			2015			% Change

Diluted earnings per common share	$	2.12		$	1.57		35.0		%	$	5.42		$	4.94		9.7		%
Net income available to common stockholders	111,081			81,733			35.9			283,219			256,392			10.5
Net interest income	289,161			254,660			13.5			853,918			737,356			15.8
Net interest margin	2.75		%	2.50		%	25		bps	2.72		%	2.57		%	15		bps
Provision for loan losses	$	18,950		$	33,403		(43.3	)	%	$	88,624		$	66,368		33.5		%
Noninterest income	144,140			108,477			32.9			343,050			358,288			(4.3	)
Noninterest expense	221,827			184,755			20.1			626,212			569,408			10.0
Non-GAAP core fee income (1)	80,526			68,388			17.7			231,522			192,677			20.2
Non-GAAP noninterest income, net of noncontrolling interests (1)	139,461			102,134			36.5			339,423			329,225			3.1
Non-GAAP noninterest expense, net of noncontrolling interests (2)	221,710			184,639			20.1			625,928			568,758			10.1
Balance Sheet:
Average available-for-sale securities	$	12,743,715		$	15,035,114		(15.2	)	%	$	13,608,722		$	14,140,044		(3.8	)	%
Average held-to-maturity securities	8,003,825			7,878,963			1.6			8,347,190			7,697,302			8.4
Average loans, net of unearned income	18,647,194			14,916,652			25.0			17,955,497			14,431,785			24.4
Average noninterest-bearing demand deposits	30,522,314			28,791,728			6.0			30,694,119			26,909,422			14.1
Average interest-bearing deposits	7,387,440			8,591,339			(14.0	)		7,749,871			8,503,931			(8.9	)
Average total deposits	37,909,754			37,383,067			1.4			38,443,990			35,413,353			8.6
Earnings Ratios:
Return on average assets (annualized) (3)	1.02		%	0.77		%	32.5		%	0.87		%	0.86		%	1.2		%
Return on average SVBFG stockholders’ equity (annualized) (4)	12.32			10.35			19.0			10.95			11.34			(3.4	)
Asset Quality Ratios:
Allowance for loan losses as a % of total period-end gross loans	1.25		%	1.28		%	(3	)	bps	1.25		%	1.28		%	(3	)	bps
Allowance for loan losses for performing loans as a % of total gross performing loans	1.03			0.99			4			1.03			0.99			4
Gross loan charge-offs as a % of average total gross loans (annualized)	0.52			0.77			(25	)		0.53			0.36			17
Net loan charge-offs as a % of average total gross loans (annualized)	0.48			0.75			(27	)		0.47			0.31			16
Capital Ratios:
CET 1 risk-based capital ratio	12.75		%	12.48		%	27		bps	12.75		%	12.48		%	27		bps
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio	13.21			13.07			14			13.21			13.07			14
Total risk-based capital ratio	14.22			14.05			17			14.22			14.05			17
Tier 1 leverage ratio	8.35			7.67			68			8.35			7.67			68
Tangible common equity to tangible assets (5)	8.30			7.61			69			8.30			7.61			69
Tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets (5)	13.11			12.87			24			13.11			12.87			24
Bank CET 1 risk-based capital ratio	12.77			12.79			(2	)		12.77			12.79			(2	)
Bank tier 1 risk-based capital ratio	12.77			12.79			(2	)		12.77			12.79			(2	)
Bank total risk-based capital ratio	13.83			13.85			(2	)		13.83			13.85			(2	)
Bank tier 1 leverage ratio	7.74			7.13			61			7.74			7.13			61
Bank tangible common equity to tangible assets (5)	7.98			7.42			56			7.98			7.42			56
Bank tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets (5)	13.14			13.21			(7	)		13.14			13.21			(7	)
Other Ratios:
GAAP operating efficiency ratio (6)	51.19		%	50.88		%	0.6		%	52.32		%	51.97		%	0.7		%
Non-GAAP operating efficiency ratio (2)	51.69			51.69			—			52.41			53.27			(1.6	)
Book value per common share (7)	$	69.02		$	61.66		11.9			$	69.02		$	61.66		11.9
Other Statistics:
Average full-time equivalent employees	2,255			2,030			11.1		%	2,199			1,981			11.0		%
Period-end full-time equivalent employees	2,280			2,054			11.0			2,280			2,054			11.0

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(1)	See “Results of Operations–Noninterest Income” for a description and reconciliation of non-GAAP core fee income and noninterest income.


(2)	See “Results of Operations–Noninterest Expense” for a description and reconciliation of non-GAAP noninterest expense and non-GAAP operating efficiency ratio.


(3)	Ratio represents annualized consolidated net income available to common stockholders divided by quarterly and year-to-date average assets.


(4)	Ratio represents annualized consolidated net income available to common stockholders divided by quarterly and year-to-date average SVBFG stockholders’ equity.


(5)	See “Capital Resources–Capital Ratios” for a reconciliation of non-GAAP tangible common equity to tangible assets and tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets.


(6)	The operating efficiency ratio is calculated by dividing total noninterest expense by total taxable-equivalent net interest income plus noninterest income.


(7)	Book value per common share is calculated by dividing total SVBFG stockholders’ equity by total outstanding common shares at period-end.

For more information with respect to our capital ratios, please refer to “Capital Ratios” under “Consolidated Financial Condition-Capital Ratios” below.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The accompanying management’s discussion and analysis of results of operations and financial condition is based upon our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Management evaluates estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Management bases its estimates on historical experiences and various other factors and assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

There have been no significant changes during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 to the items that we disclosed as our critical accounting policies and estimates in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” under Part II, Item 7 of our 2015 Form 10-K.

Results of Operations

Net Interest Income and Margin (Fully Taxable Equivalent Basis)

Net interest income is defined as the difference between interest earned on loans, fixed income investment portfolio (available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities), short-term investment securities and interest paid on funding sources. Net interest income is our principal source of revenue. Net interest margin is defined as the amount of annualized net interest income, on a fully taxable equivalent basis, expressed as a percentage of average interest-earning assets. Net interest income and net interest margin are presented on a fully taxable equivalent basis to consistently reflect income from taxable loans and securities and tax-exempt securities based on the federal statutory tax rate of 35 percent.

Analysis of Net Interest Income Changes Due to Volume and Rate (Fully Taxable Equivalent Basis)

Net interest income is affected by changes in the amount and composition of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, referred to as “volume change.” Net interest income is also affected by changes in yields earned on interest-earning assets and rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities, referred to as “rate change.” The following table sets forth changes in interest income for each major category of interest-earning assets and interest expense for each major category of interest-bearing liabilities. The table also reflects the amount of simultaneous changes attributable to both volume and rate changes for the periods indicated. For this table, changes that are not solely due to either volume or rate are allocated in proportion to the percentage changes in average volume and average rate.

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	2016 Compared to 2015									2016 Compared to 2015
	Three months ended September 30, increase (decrease) due to change in									Nine months ended September 30, increase (decrease) due to change in
(Dollars in thousands)	Volume			Rate			Total			Volume			Rate			Total
Interest income:
Federal Reserve deposits, federal funds sold, securities purchased under agreements to resell, trade receivables purchased and other short-term investment securities	$	(198	)	$	912		$	714		$	69		$	1,653		$	1,722
Fixed income investment portfolio (taxable)	(8,344		)	4,203			(4,141		)	(136		)	7,761			7,625
Fixed income investment portfolio (non-taxable)	(287		)	3			(284		)	(847		)	36			(811		)
Loans, net of unearned income	42,429			(3,195		)	39,234			121,580			(11,870		)	109,710
Increase (decrease) in interest income, net	33,600			1,923			35,523			120,666			(2,420		)	118,246
Interest expense:
Interest bearing checking and savings accounts	6			(1		)	5			34			(81		)	(47		)
Money market deposits	(118		)	568			450			(73		)	64			(9		)
Money market deposits in foreign offices	—			—			—			(14		)	6			(8		)
Time deposits	(4		)	(12		)	(16		)	(28		)	(47		)	(75		)
Sweep deposits in foreign offices	(74		)	12			(62		)	(181		)	21			(160		)
Total (decrease) increase in deposits expense	(190		)	567			377			(262		)	(37		)	(299		)
Short-term borrowings	654			6			660			970			67			1,037
3.50% Senior Notes	1			2			3			977			43			1,020
5.375% Senior Notes	4			4			8			33			(10		)	23
Junior Subordinated Debentures	—			(1		)	(1		)	(2		)	(1		)	(3		)
6.05% Subordinated Notes	(9		)	83			74			(24		)	214			190
Total increase in borrowings expense	650			94			744			1,954			313			2,267
Increase in interest expense, net	460			661			1,121			1,692			276			1,968
Increase (decrease) in net interest income	$	33,140		$	1,262		$	34,402		$	118,974		$	(2,696	)	$	116,278

Net Interest Income (Fully Taxable Equivalent Basis)

Three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015

Net interest income increased by $34.4 million to $289.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $255.0 million for the comparable 2015 period. Overall, our net interest income increased primarily from interest earned on loans, reflective of higher average loan balances driven by strong growth in average loan balances.

The main factors affecting interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to the comparable 2015 period are discussed below:


•	Interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2016 increased by $35.5 million due primarily to:

◦

A $39.2 million increase in interest income on loans to $214.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $175.0 million for the comparable 2015 period. The increase was reflective of an increase in average loan balances of $3.7 billion , partially offset by a decrease in both gross loan yields and loan fee yields. Gross loan yields, excluding loan interest recoveries and loan fees, decreased to 3.93 percent from 3.99 percent, reflective of a shift in the mix of our overall loan portfolio from the third quarter of 2015, partially offset by the 25 basis point increase in the target federal funds rate by the Federal Reserve in December 2015. The shift in the mix of loans primarily reflects growth in private equity/venture capital and SVB Private Bank loans, which tend to be higher credit quality, lower yielding loans. Loan fee yields decreased five basis points to 61 basis points, from 66 basis points in the comparable 2015 period. This decrease was a result of lower amortizing fee income as a percentage of our overall loan portfolio, primarily reflective of the growth of our private equity/venture capital and SVB Private Bank loans which tend to have lower fees.

◦

A $4.4 million decrease in interest income on fixed income investment securities to $84.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $88.7 million for the comparable 2015 period. The decrease was reflective primarily of a decrease in average fixed income investment securities of $2.2 billion from the third quarter of 2015, as a result of our $2.9 billion sales of investment securities during the first and second

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quarters of 2016 to fund loans and repay short-term borrowings. The decrease was partially offset by lower premium amortization expense, reflective of higher market interest rates in 2016.

Nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015

Net interest income increased by $116.3 million to $854.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $738.6 million for the comparable 2015 period. Overall, our net interest income increased primarily from interest earned on loans, reflective of higher average loan balances driven by strong growth in average loan balances.

The main factors affecting interest income and interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to the comparable 2015 period are discussed below:


•	Interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased by $118.2 million due primarily to:

◦

A $109.7 million increase in interest income on loans to $617.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $507.7 million for the comparable 2015 period. The increase was reflective of an increase in average loan balances of $3.5 billion, partially offset by a decrease in both gross loan yields and loan fee yields. Gross loan yields, excluding loan interest recoveries and loan fees, decreased to 3.99 percent from 4.03 percent, reflective of a shift in the mix of our overall loan portfolio since the nine months ended September 30, 2015, partially offset by the 25 basis point increase in the target federal funds rate by the Federal Reserve in December 2015. The shift in the mix of loans primarily reflects growth in private equity/venture capital and SVB Private Bank loans, which tend to be higher credit quality, lower yielding loans. Loan fee yields decreased eight basis points to 58 basis points, from 66 basis points in the comparable 2015 period. This decrease was a result of lower amortizing fee income as a percentage of our overall loan portfolio, primarily reflective of the growth of our private equity/venture capital and SVB Private Bank loans which tend to have lower fees.

◦

A $6.8 million increase in interest income on fixed income investment securities to $263.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $256.9 million for the comparable 2015 period. The increase was driven primarily by a $5.0 million decrease in premium amortization expense, as well as a higher yield on our U.S. Treasury portfolio, both reflective of higher market interest rates.


•	Interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased by $2.0 million primarily due to:


◦	An increase in long-term debt interest expense of $1.2 million, reflective of the $350.0 million issuance of our 3.50% Senior Notes on January 29, 2015.


◦	An increase in short-term borrowings interest expense of $1.0 million, due primarily to borrowings from our available line of credit with the Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") in 2016 in order to support loan growth and the liquidity needs of the Bank.

Net Interest Margin (Fully Taxable Equivalent Basis)

Three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015

•

Our net interest margin increased by 25 basis points to 2.75 percent for the three months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to 2.50 percent for the comparable 2015 period. The higher margin during the third quarter of 2016 was reflective primarily of a shift in the mix of our average interest-earning assets towards our loan portfolio. The shift was reflective of the utilization of fixed income investment securities to fund loan growth in 2016 as a result of the tempered growth in average deposits. Average loans represented 45 percent of interest earning assets for the third quarter of 2016 compared to 37 percent for the comparable 2015 period.

Nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015

•

Our net interest margin increased by 15 basis points to 2.72 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to 2.57 percent for the comparable 2015 period. The higher margin during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was reflective primarily of a shift in the mix of our average interest-earning assets towards our loan portfolio. The shift was reflective of the utilization of fixed income investment securities to fund loan growth in 2016 as a result of the tempered growth in average deposits. Average loans represented 43 percent of interest earning assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to 38 percent for the comparable 2015 period

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Average Balances, Yields and Rates Paid (Fully Taxable Equivalent Basis)

The average yield earned on interest-earning assets is the amount of annualized fully taxable equivalent interest income expressed as a percentage of average interest-earning assets. The average rate paid on funding sources is the amount of annualized interest expense expressed as a percentage of average funding sources. The following tables set forth average assets, liabilities, noncontrolling interests and SVBFG stockholders’ equity, interest income, interest expense, annualized yields and rates, and the composition of our annualized net interest margin for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 :

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Average Balances, Rates and Yields for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015



	Three months ended September 30,
	2016								2015
(Dollars in thousands)	Average Balance			Interest Income/ Expense			Yield/ Rate		Average Balance			Interest Income/ Expense			Yield/ Rate
Interest-earning assets :
Federal Reserve deposits, federal funds sold, securities purchased under agreements to resell and other short-term investment securities (1)	$	2,404,006		$	2,196		0.36	%	$	2,618,582		$	1,482		0.22	%
Investment securities: (2)
Available-for-sale securities:
Taxable	12,743,715			44,741			1.40		15,035,114			49,027			1.29
Held-to-maturity securities:
Taxable	7,947,983			38,727			1.94		7,803,045			38,582			1.96
Non-taxable (3)	55,842			803			5.72		75,918			1,087			5.68
Total loans, net of unearned income (4) (5)	18,647,194			214,227			4.57		14,916,652			174,993			4.65
Total interest-earning assets	41,798,740			300,694			2.86		40,449,311			265,171			2.60
Cash and due from banks	317,044								349,072
Allowance for loan losses	(247,657		)						(200,683		)
Other assets (6)	1,583,202								1,416,520
Total assets	$	43,451,329							$	42,014,220
Funding sources :
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest bearing checking and savings accounts	$	308,345		$	60		0.08	%	$	276,221		$	55		0.08	%
Money market deposits	5,592,603			1,316			0.09		6,090,936			866			0.06
Money market deposits in foreign offices	199,539			20			0.04		192,859			20			0.04
Time deposits	50,351			12			0.09		68,875			28			0.16
Sweep deposits in foreign offices	1,236,602			127			0.04		1,962,448			189			0.04
Total interest-bearing deposits	7,387,440			1,535			0.08		8,591,339			1,158			0.05
Short-term borrowings	513,446			663			0.51		6,956			3			0.17
3.50% Senior Notes	346,848			3,141			3.60		346,541			3,138			3.59
5.375% Senior Notes	347,345			4,847			5.55		346,788			4,839			5.54
Junior Subordinated Debentures	54,566			830			6.05		54,650			831			6.03
6.05% Subordinated Notes	47,421			236			1.98		49,298			162			1.30
Total interest-bearing liabilities	8,697,066			11,252			0.51		9,395,572			10,131			0.43
Portion of noninterest-bearing funding sources	33,101,674								31,053,739
Total funding sources	41,798,740			11,252			0.11		40,449,311			10,131			0.10
Noninterest-bearing funding sources :
Demand deposits	30,522,314								28,791,728
Other liabilities	517,066								556,935
SVBFG stockholders’ equity	3,586,196								3,131,687
Noncontrolling interests	128,687								138,298
Portion used to fund interest-earning assets	(33,101,674		)						(31,053,739		)
Total liabilities, noncontrolling interest, and SVBFG stockholders’ equity	$	43,451,329							$	42,014,220
Net interest income and margin				$	289,442		2.75	%				$	255,040		2.50	%
Total deposits	$	37,909,754							$	37,383,067
Reconciliation to reported net interest income :
Adjustments for taxable equivalent basis				(281		)						(380		)
Net interest income, as reported				$	289,161							$	254,660


(1)	Includes average interest-earning deposits in other financial institutions of $760 million and $446 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , respectively. For the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , balances also include $1.6 billion and $2.1 billion , respectively, deposited at the FRB, earning interest at the Federal Funds target rate.


(2)	Yields on interest-earning investment securities do not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected in other comprehensive income.


(3)	Interest income on non-taxable investment securities are presented on a fully taxable-equivalent basis using the federal statutory income tax rate of 35.0 percent for all periods presented.


(4)	Nonaccrual loans are reflected in the average balances of loans.


(5)	Interest income includes loan fees of $28.4 million and $24.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , respectively.


(6)	Average investment securities of $804 million and $739 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , respectively, were classified as other assets as they were noninterest-earning assets. These investments consisted primarily of non-marketable and other securities.

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Average Balances, Rates and Yields for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015



	Nine months ended September 30,
	2016								2015
(Dollars in thousands)	Average Balance			Interest Income/ Expense			Yield/ Rate		Average Balance			Interest Income/ Expense			Yield/ Rate
Interest-earning assets :
Federal Reserve deposits, federal funds sold, securities purchased under agreements to resell and other short-term investment securities (1)	$	2,111,619		$	5,793		0.37	%	$	2,086,409		$	4,071		0.26	%
Investment securities: (2)
Available-for-sale securities:
Taxable	13,608,722			140,932			1.38		14,140,044			139,734			1.32
Held-to-maturity securities:
Taxable	8,287,043			120,189			1.94		7,617,112			113,762			2.00
Non-taxable (3)	60,147			2,605			5.79		80,190			3,416			5.70
Total loans, net of unearned income (4) (5)	17,955,497			617,456			4.59		14,431,785			507,746			4.70
Total interest-earning assets	42,023,028			886,975			2.82		38,355,540			768,729			2.68
Cash and due from banks	326,144								302,251
Allowance for loan losses	(237,613		)						(184,119		)
Other assets (6)	1,558,157								1,433,017
Total assets	$	43,669,716							$	39,906,689
Funding sources :
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest bearing checking and savings accounts	$	310,505		$	181		0.08	%	$	251,605		$	228		0.12	%
Money market deposits	5,887,627			3,297			0.07		6,021,622			3,306			0.07
Money market deposits in foreign offices	153,593			50			0.04		196,200			58			0.04
Time deposits	59,069			51			0.12		90,939			126			0.19
Sweep deposits in foreign offices	1,339,077			405			0.04		1,943,565			565			0.04
Total interest-bearing deposits	7,749,871			3,984			0.07		8,503,931			4,283			0.07
Short-term borrowings	287,735			1,065			0.49		25,505			28			0.15
3.5% Senior Notes	346,771			9,421			3.63		310,956			8,401			3.61
5.375% Senior Notes	347,205			14,534			5.59		346,656			14,511			5.60
Junior Subordinated Debentures	54,610			2,493			6.10		54,786			2,496			6.09
6.05% Subordinated Notes	47,859			648			1.81		49,621			458			1.23
Total interest-bearing liabilities	8,834,051			32,145			0.49		9,291,455			30,177			0.43
Portion of noninterest-bearing funding sources	33,188,977								29,064,085
Total funding sources	42,023,028			32,145			0.10		38,355,540			30,177			0.11
Noninterest-bearing funding sources :
Demand deposits	30,694,119								26,909,422
Other liabilities	556,568								539,787
SVBFG stockholders’ equity	3,453,904								3,022,086
Noncontrolling interests	131,074								143,939
Portion used to fund interest-earning assets	(33,188,977		)						(29,064,085		)
Total liabilities, noncontrolling interest, and SVBFG stockholders’ equity	$	43,669,716							$	39,906,689
Net interest income and margin				$	854,830		2.72	%				$	738,552		2.57	%
Total deposits	$	38,443,990							$	35,413,353
Reconciliation to reported net interest income :
Adjustments for taxable equivalent basis				(912		)						(1,196		)
Net interest income, as reported				$	853,918							$	737,356


(1)	Includes average interest-earning deposits in other financial institutions of $653 million and $467 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , respectively. The balance also includes $1.4 billion and $1.5 billion deposited at the FRB, earning interest at the Federal Funds target rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , respectively.


(2)	Yields on interest-earning investment securities do not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected in other comprehensive income.


(3)	Interest income on non-taxable available-for-sale securities is presented on a fully taxable-equivalent basis using the federal statutory income tax rate of 35.0 percent for all periods presented.


(4)	Nonaccrual loans are reflected in the average balances of loans.


(5)	Interest income includes loan fees of $78.1 million and $71.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , respectively.


(6)	Average investment securities of $803 million and $761 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , respectively, were classified as other assets as they were noninterest-earning assets. These investments consisted primarily of non-marketable securities.

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Provision for Loan Losses

The following table summarizes our allowance for loan losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 :



	Three months ended						Nine months ended
(Dollars in thousands, except ratios)	September 30, 2016			September 30, 2015			September 30, 2016			September 30, 2015
Allowance for loan losses, beginning balance	$	244,723		$	192,644		$	217,613		$	165,359
Provision for loan losses	18,950			33,403			88,624			66,368
Gross loan charge-offs	(24,616		)	(29,118		)	(71,466		)	(39,339		)
Loan recoveries	2,084			662			8,158			5,289
Foreign currency translation adjustments (1)	(576		)	(84		)	(2,364		)	(170		)
Allowance for loan losses, ending balance	$	240,565		$	197,507		$	240,565		$	197,507
Provision for loan losses as a percentage of period-end total gross loans (annualized)	0.39		%	0.86		%	0.62		%	0.58		%
Gross loan charge-offs as a percentage of average total gross loans (annualized)	0.52			0.77			0.53			0.36
Net loan charge-offs as a percentage of average total gross loans (annualized)	0.48			0.75			0.47			0.31
Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of period-end total gross loans	1.25			1.28			1.25			1.28
Period-end total gross loans	$	19,228,928		$	15,429,941		$	19,228,928		$	15,429,941
Average total gross loans	18,762,144			15,026,206			18,067,893			14,537,874


(1)	Reflects foreign currency translation adjustments within the allowance for loan losses. Prior period amounts were previously reported with loan recoveries and have been revised to conform to current period presentation.

Three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015

Our provision for loan losses is a function of our reserve methodology, which is used to determine an appropriate allowance for loan losses for the period. Our reserve methodology is based on our evaluation of the existing allowance for loan losses in relation to total gross loans using historical and other objective information, and on our qualitative assessment of the inherent and identified credit risk of the loan portfolio. See “Consolidated Financial Condition—Credit Quality and Allowance for Loan Losses” below and Note 7—“Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report for further details on our allowance for loan losses.

Our provision for loan losses was $19.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to a provision of $33.4 million for the comparable 2015 period. The provision of $19.0 million primarily reflected an $8.0 million increase in reserves for performing loans, $5.5 million for charge-offs that did not previously have a specific reserve, $4.0 million net reserves for nonaccrual loans and $2.8 million for loan growth. The net increase in reserves for nonaccrual loans included a $5.5 million partial reserve release for one of our non-performing sponsored buyout loans due to credit improvement.

The provision for loan losses of $33.4 million for the third quarter of 2015 was driven primarily by $17.8 million of additional specific reserves on two new nonaccrual loans, $10.4 million from the increase in period-end loan balances and an additional $3.8 million for the unreserved portion of a software and internet loan charge-off during the quarter.

Gross loan charge-offs of $24.6 million for the third quarter of 2016 included $14.2 million from two late-stage clients, all of which had been fully reserved. Remaining charge-offs were primarily from early-stage clients in our software and internet and hardware loan portfolios, primarily as a result of the recalibration of venture capital investment levels and activities from the first half of the year.

Gross loan charge-offs of $29.1 million for the third quarter of 2015 included $21.7 million from one Growth stage client in our software and internet loan portfolio, of which a total of $17.9 million was previously reserved for in prior quarters.

Net loan charge-offs of $22.5 million represented 0.48 percent of average total gross loans, compared to net charge-offs of $28.5 million , or 0.75 percent of average total gross loans for the comparable 2015 period. The decrease in net loan charge-offs as a percentage of average total gross loans was reflective primarily of the decrease in gross loan charge-offs as discussed above.

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Nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015

Our provision for loan losses was $88.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to a provision of $66.4 million for the comparable 2015 period. The provision of $88.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was reflective primarily of $33.0 million in charge-offs that did not previously have a specific reserve and $23.0 million from period-end loan growth, with the remaining provision due primarily to reserves for new nonaccrual loans.

The provision for loan losses of $66.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 was driven by $34.2 million for net charge-offs, an increase of $31.2 million in the reserve for nonaccrual loans and $8.5 million from period-end loan growth. These increases were offset by a decrease of $7.6 million in the reserve for our performing loans due to improved credit quality.

Gross loan charge-offs of $71.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 included $35.4 million from our early-stage loan portfolio and $27.6 million from four late-stage client loans. These charge-offs were primarily from our software and internet loan portfolio. Gross loan charge-offs of $39.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 came primarily from our software and internet loan portfolio, primarily as a result of the recalibration of venture capital investment levels and activities from the first half of the year.

Net loan charge-offs of $63.3 million represented 0.47 percent of average total gross loans, compared to net charge-offs of $34.1 million , or 0.31 percent of average total gross loans for the comparable 2015 period.

Noninterest Income

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , noninterest income was $144.1 million and $343.1 million , respectively, compared to $108.5 million and $358.3 million , for the comparable 2015 periods. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , non-GAAP noninterest income, net of noncontrolling interests was $139.5 million and $339.4 million , respectively, compared to $102.1 million and $329.2 million , for the comparable 2015 periods. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , non-GAAP core fee income was $80.5 million and $231.5 million , respectively, compared to $68.4 million and $192.7 million for the comparable 2015 periods. (See reconciliations of non-GAAP measures used below under "Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures".)

Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To supplement our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements presented in accordance with GAAP, we use certain non-GAAP measures of financial performance (including, but not limited to, non-GAAP core fee income, non-GAAP noninterest income, non-GAAP net gains on investment securities). These supplemental performance measures may vary from, and may not be comparable to, similarly titled measures by other companies in our industry. Non-GAAP financial measures are not in accordance with, or an alternative for, GAAP. Generally, a non-GAAP financial measure is a numerical measure of a company’s performance that either excludes or includes amounts that are not normally excluded or included in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. A non-GAAP financial measure may also be a financial metric that is not required by GAAP or other applicable requirement.

We believe these non-GAAP financial measures, when taken together with the corresponding GAAP financial measures, provide meaningful supplemental information regarding our performance by excluding items that represent income attributable to investors other than us and our subsidiaries and other certain non-recurring items. Our management uses, and believes that investors benefit from referring to, these non-GAAP financial measures in assessing our operating results and when planning, forecasting and analyzing future periods. However, these non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for or preferable to, financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.

Included in net income is income and expense attributable to noncontrolling interests. We recognize, as part of our investment funds management business through SVB Capital, the entire income or loss from funds consolidated in accordance with ASC Topic 810 as discussed in Note 1— "Basis of Presentation" of the "Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)" under Part I, Item 1 in this report. We are required under GAAP to consolidate 100% of the results of these entities, even though we may own less than 100% of such entities. The relevant amounts attributable to investors other than us are reflected under “Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests” on our statements of income. Where applicable, the tables below for noninterest income and net gains on investment securities exclude noncontrolling interests.

Core fee income is a non-GAAP financial measure, which represents GAAP noninterest income, but excludes certain line items where performance is typically subject to market or other conditions beyond our control. Core fee income includes foreign exchange fees, deposit service charges, credit card fees, lending related fees, client investment fees and letters of credit fees.

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The following table provides a reconciliation of GAAP noninterest income to non-GAAP noninterest income, net of noncontrolling interests, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 :



	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2016		2015		% Change		2016		2015		% Change
GAAP noninterest income	$	144,140	$	108,477	32.9	%	$	343,050	$	358,288	(4.3	)%
Less: income attributable to noncontrolling interests, including carried interest	4,679		6,343		(26.2	)	3,627		29,063		(87.5	)
Non-GAAP noninterest income, net of noncontrolling interests	$	139,461	$	102,134	36.5		$	339,423	$	329,225	3.1

The following table provides a reconciliation of GAAP noninterest income to non-GAAP core fee income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 :



	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2016		2015		% Change		2016		2015		% Change
GAAP noninterest income	$	144,140	$	108,477	32.9	%	$	343,050	$	358,288	(4.3	)%
Less: gains on investment securities, net	23,178		18,768		23.5		41,764		77,006		(45.8	)
Less: gains on derivative instruments, net	19,744		10,244		92.7		26,847		66,290		(59.5	)
Less: other noninterest income	20,692		11,077		86.8		42,917		22,315		92.3
Non-GAAP core fee income (1)	$	80,526	$	68,388	17.7		$	231,522	$	192,677	20.2


(1)	Non-GAAP core fee income represents noninterest income, but excludes certain line items where performance is typically subject to market or other conditions beyond our control and includes foreign exchange fees, credit card fees, deposit service charges, lending related fees, client investment fees and letters of credit fees.

Gains on Investment Securities, Net

Net gains and losses on investment securities include gains and losses from our non-marketable and other securities, as well as gains and losses from sales of our available-for-sale securities portfolio, when applicable.

Our non-marketable and other securities portfolio primarily represents investments in venture capital and private equity funds, our China Joint Venture, debt funds, private and public portfolio companies and investments in qualified affordable housing projects. We experience variability in the performance of our non-marketable and other securities from quarter to quarter, which results in net gains or losses on investment securities (both realized and unrealized). This variability is due to a number of factors, including unrealized changes in the values of our investments, changes in the amount of realized gains and losses from distributions, changes in liquidity events and general economic and market conditions. Unrealized gains or losses from non-marketable and other securities for any single period are typically driven by valuation changes, and are therefore subject to potential increases or decreases in future periods. Such variability may lead to volatility in the gains or losses from investment securities. As such, our results for a particular period are not necessarily indicative of our expected performance in a future period.

The extent to which any unrealized gains or losses will become realized is subject to a variety of factors, including, among other things, the expiration of certain sales restrictions to which these equity securities may be subject to (i.e. lock-up agreements), changes in prevailing market prices, market conditions, the actual sales or distributions of securities, the timing of such actual sales or distributions, which, to the extent such securities are managed by our managed funds, are subject to our funds' separate discretionary sales/distributions and governance processes.

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Three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015

For the three months ended September 30, 2016 , we had net gains on investment securities of $23.2 million , compared to net gains of $18.8 million for the comparable 2015 period. Net gains on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests, were $18.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to net gains of $12.7 million for the comparable 2015 period.

Net gains on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests, of $18.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 were primarily driven by the following:


•	Gains of $13.7 million from our strategic and other investments portfolio, comprised of gains of $7.2 million from valuation increases for one of our equity method fund investments as well as higher distributions from our strategic venture capital fund investments, and


•	Gains of $4.3 million from our managed funds of funds portfolio, related primarily to net unrealized valuation increases due to M&A and IPO activity of investments held by the funds in the portfolio.

Nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015

For the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , we had net gains on investment securities of $41.8 million , compared to $77.0 million for the comparable 2015 period. Net gains on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests, were $38.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to net gains of $47.7 million for the comparable 2015 period.

The gains, net of noncontrolling interests, of $38.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 were primarily driven by the following:


•	Gains of $24.0 million from our strategic and other investments portfolio, attributable primarily to distribution gains from our strategic venture capital funds investments and net unrealized valuation increases in one of our equity method fund investments,


•	Gains of $11.6 million from our available-for-sale securities portfolio, primarily reflective of $13.8 million of net gains on the sale of approximately $2.9 billion in U.S. Treasury securities, partially offset by $2.2 million of net losses on sales of shares from exercised warrants in public companies upon expiration of lock-up periods during 2016, and


•	Gains of $2.2 million from our managed funds of funds portfolio, related primarily to net unrealized valuation increases due to M&A and IPO activity of investments held by the funds in the portfolio.

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The following tables provide a reconciliation of GAAP total gains (losses) on investment securities, net, to non-GAAP net gains (losses) on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 :



(Dollars in thousands)	Managed Funds of Funds		Managed Direct Venture Funds			Debt Funds		Available- For-Sale Securities			Strategic and Other Investments		Total
Three months ended September 30, 2016
Total gains (losses) on investment securities, net	$	8,931	$	390		$	166	$	(15	)	$	13,706	$	23,178
Less: income attributable to noncontrolling interests, including carried interest	4,615		130			—		—			—		4,745
Non-GAAP net gains (losses) on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests	$	4,316	$	260		$	166	$	(15	)	$	13,706	$	18,433

Three months ended September 30, 2015
Total gains (losses) on investment securities, net	$	11,786	$	(186	)	$	378	$	13		$	6,777	$	18,768
Less: income attributable to noncontrolling interests, including carried interest	5,816		286			—		—			—		6,102
Non-GAAP net gains (losses) on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests	$	5,970	$	(472	)	$	378	$	13		$	6,777	$	12,666

Nine months ended September 30, 2016
Total gains (losses) on investment securities, net	$	5,830	$	(411	)	$	801	$	11,567		$	23,977	$	41,764
Less: income (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests, including carried interest	3,668		(17		)	—		—			—		3,651
Non-GAAP net gains (losses) on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests	$	2,162	$	(394	)	$	801	$	11,567		$	23,977	$	38,113

Nine months ended September 30, 2015
Total gains on investment securities, net	$	36,726	$	12,352		$	1,478	$	2,750		$	23,700	$	77,006
Less: income attributable to noncontrolling interests, including carried interest	21,868		7,441			—		—			—		29,309
Non-GAAP net gains on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests	$	14,858	$	4,911		$	1,478	$	2,750		$	23,700	$	47,697

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Gains on Derivative Instruments, Net

A summary of gains on derivative instruments, net, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:



	Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2016			2015			% Change		2016			2015			% Change
Equity warrant assets (1)
Gains on exercises, net	$	5,931		$	2,173		172.9	%	$	13,808		$	26,363		(47.6	)%
Cancellations and expirations	(1,161		)	(412		)	181.8		(2,545		)	(818		)	NM
Changes in fair value	16,788			8,924			88.1		21,989			29,034			(24.3	)
Net gains on equity warrant assets	21,558			10,685			101.8		33,252			54,579			(39.1	)
(Losses) gains on foreign exchange forward contracts, net:
(Losses) gains on client foreign exchange forward contracts, net (2)	(3,194		)	179			NM		(8,780		)	459			NM
Gains (losses) on internal foreign exchange forward contracts, net (3)	1,352			(218		)	NM		3,067			11,626			(73.6	)
Total (losses) gains on foreign exchange forward contracts, net	(1,842		)	(39		)	NM		(5,713		)	12,085			(147.3	)
Changes in fair value of interest rate swaps	(3		)	(8		)	(62.5	)	(33		)	(22		)	50.0
Net gains (losses) on other derivatives	31			(394		)	(107.9	)	(659		)	(352		)	87.2
Gains on derivative instruments, net	$	19,744		$	10,244		92.7		$	26,847		$	66,290		(59.5	)

NM—Not meaningful

(1)

At September 30, 2016 , we held warrants in 1,719 companies, compared to 1,625 companies at September 30, 2015 . The total value of our warrant portfolio was $145 million at September 30, 2016 and $130 million at September 30, 2015 . Warrants in 18 companies each had values greater than $1.0 million and collectively represented 36 percent of the fair value of the total warrant portfolio at September 30, 2016 .

(2)

Represents the change in the fair value of foreign exchange forward contracts executed on behalf of clients, excluding any spread or fees earned in connection with these trades. The change in fair value of our client foreign exchange contracts is offset by the net gains (losses) on revaluation of client foreign currency denominated financial instruments, which is included within noninterest income in the line item "Other". Refer to the discussion of "Other noninterest income" related to gains (losses) on revaluation of client foreign currency instruments, net for more information.

(3)

Represents the change in the fair value of foreign exchange forward contracts used to economically reduce our foreign exchange exposure related to certain foreign currency denominated instruments, issued and held by us. The change in fair value of our internal foreign exchange contracts is offset by the net gains (losses) on revaluation of internal foreign currency denominated financial instruments, issued and held by us, which is included within noninterest income in the line item "Other". Refer to the discussion of "Other noninterest income" related to gains (losses) on revaluation of internal foreign currency instruments, net for more information.

Three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015

Net gains on derivative instruments were $19.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to net gains of $10.2 million for the comparable 2015 period. Net gains on derivative instruments were primarily attributable to the following:


•	Net gains on equity warrant assets of $21.6 million , which consisted of:


◦	Net gains of $16.8 million from changes in warrant valuations for the three months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $8.9 million for the comparable 2015 period, primarily reflective of a $10.3 million increase in the valuation of one public company as well as warrant valuation gains in our private company warrant portfolio, and


◦	Net gains of $5.9 million from the exercise of equity warrant assets during the three months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to net gains $2.2 million for the comparable 2015 period, primarily reflective of increased IPO and M&A activity in the portfolio.

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•

Net losses of $3.2 million on client foreign exchange forward contracts used to economically reduce our foreign exchange exposure to foreign currency denominated financial instruments for the three months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to net gains of $0.2 million for the comparable 2015 period. The net losses of $3.2 million were offset by net gains of $3.5 million from the revaluation of client foreign currency denominated instruments that are included in the line item "Other" within noninterest income below.

•

Net gains of $1.4 million on internal foreign exchange forward contracts used to economically reduce our foreign exchange exposure to foreign currency denominated financial instruments for the three months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to net losses of $0.2 million for the comparable 2015 period. The net gains of $1.4 million were driven by the continued strengthening of the U.S. dollar against various foreign currencies, during the third quarter of 2016 and were offset by net losses of $1.4 million from the revaluation of internal foreign currency denominated instruments that are included in the line item "Other" within noninterest income below.

Nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015

Net gains on derivative instruments were $26.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to net gains of $66.3 million for the comparable 2015 period. The net gains of $26.8 million on derivative instruments were primarily attributable to the following:


•	Net gains on equity warrant assets of $33.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $54.6 million for the comparable 2015 period, which consisted of the following:


◦	Net gains of $22.0 million from changes in warrant valuations for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $29.0 million for the comparable 2015 period, primarily reflective of a $15.0 million increase in the valuation of one public company as well as warrant valuation gains in our private company warrant portfolio, due to IPO and M&A activity in the portfolio, and


◦	Net gains of $13.8 million from the exercise of equity warrant assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $26.4 million for the comparable 2015 period, reflective primarily of M&A activity.

•

Net losses of $8.8 million on client foreign exchange forward contracts for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to net gains of $0.5 million for the comparable 2015 period. The net losses of $8.8 million were partially offset by net gains of $7.0 million from the revaluation of client foreign currency denominated financial instruments that are included in the line item "Other" within noninterest income. Also contributing to the loss is a reclassification of $2.8 million in unrealized gains on forward contracts to foreign exchange fee income (included in non-GAAP core fee income above) reflecting fees earned on forward contracts executed on behalf of our clients, which were previously recorded in the line item "Gains on derivative instruments, net."

•

Net gains of $3.1 million on internal foreign exchange forward contracts hedging certain of our foreign currency denominated instruments for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to net gains of $11.6 million for the comparable 2015 period. The net gains recognized for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 were primarily attributable to the strengthening of the U.S. Dollar against various foreign currencies. The net gains of $3.1 million and $11.6 million were offset by net losses of $4.2 million and $11.7 million, respectively, from the revaluation of internal foreign currency denominated instruments that are included in the line item "Other" within noninterest income as noted below.

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Non-GAAP Core Fee Income



	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2016		2015		% Change		2016		2015		% Change
Non-GAAP core fee income (1):
Foreign exchange fees	$	25,944	$	22,995	12.8	%	$	76,998	$	63,037	22.1	%
Credit card fees	18,295		14,536		25.9		49,226		40,841		20.5
Deposit service charges	13,356		12,272		8.8		39,142		34,309		14.1
Client investment fees	7,952		5,683		39.9		23,959		15,429		55.3
Lending related fees	8,168		7,561		8.0		23,783		23,746		0.2
Letters of credit and standby letters of credit fees	6,811		5,341		27.5		18,414		15,315		20.2
Total non-GAAP core fee income (1)	$	80,526	$	68,388	17.7		$	231,522	$	192,677	20.2


(1)	This non-GAAP measure represents noninterest income, but excludes certain line items where performance is typically subject to market or other conditions beyond our control. See "Use of Non-GAAP Measures" above.

Foreign Exchange Fees

Foreign exchange fees were $25.9 million and $77.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $23.0 million and $63.0 million for the comparable 2015 periods. The increases in foreign exchange fees were due primarily to increased volume related to an increase in our client count and market volatility. For the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , a one-time reclassification of $2.9 million in foreign exchange fee income from noninterest income gains on derivative instruments also contributed to the increase.

Credit Card Fees

Credit card fees were $18.3 million and $49.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $14.5 million and $40.8 million for the comparable 2015 periods. The increases reflect increased client utilization of our credit card products and custom payment solutions provided to new and existing clients. The increases were partially offset by higher rebate/rewards expense.

Deposit Service Charges

Deposit service charges were $13.4 million and $39.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $12.3 million and $34.3 million for the comparable 2015 periods. The increases were reflective of increases in the number of deposit clients, as well as increases in transaction volumes, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 .

Letters of Credit and Standby Letters of Credit Fees

Letters of credit and standby letters of credit fees were $6.8 million and $18.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $5.3 million and $15.3 million for the comparable 2015 periods. The increases were primarily driven by increases in deferred fee income reflective of larger letter of credit issuances.

Client Investment Fees

Client investment fees were $8.0 million and $24.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $5.7 million and $15.4 million for the comparable 2015 periods. The increases were attributable primarily to our clients’ increased utilization of off-balance sheet products managed by SVB Asset Management and from money fund rate increases across our off-balance sheet client investment fund platforms during 2016.

The following table summarizes average client investment funds for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 :

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	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)	2016		2015		% Change		2016		2015		% Change
Client directed investment assets (1)	$	6,846	$	8,392	(18.4	)%	$	7,137	$	7,752	(7.9	)%
Client investment assets under management (2)	20,692		20,943		(1.2	)	21,215		19,305		9.9
Sweep money market funds	15,567		12,638		23.2		14,468		10,765		34.4
Total average client investment funds (3)	$	43,105	$	41,973	2.7		$	42,820	$	37,822	13.2


(1)	Comprised of mutual funds and Repurchase Agreement Program assets.


(2)	These funds represent investments in third party money market mutual funds and fixed-income securities managed by SVB Asset Management.


(3)	Client investment funds are maintained at third party financial institutions and are not recorded on our balance sheet.

The following table summarizes period-end client investment funds at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 :



(Dollars in millions)	September 30, 2016		December 31, 2015		% Change
Client directed investment assets (1)	$	6,262	$	7,527	(16.8	)%
Client investment assets under management (2)	20,819		22,454		(7.3	)
Sweep money market funds	16,263		14,011		16.1
Total period-end client investment funds (3)	$	43,344	$	43,992	(1.5	)


(1)	Comprised of mutual funds and Repurchase Agreement Program assets.


(2)	These funds represent investments in third party money market mutual funds and fixed-income securities managed by SVB Asset Management.


(3)	Client investment funds are maintained at third party financial institutions and are not recorded on our balance sheet.

Other Noninterest Income

A summary of other noninterest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:



	Three months ended September 30,							Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2016			2015		% Change		2016			2015			% Change
Fund management fees	$	5,231		$	4,074	28.4	%	$	14,149		$	11,657		21.4	%
Service-based fee income	2,029			1,931		5.1		6,270			6,450			(2.8	)
Gains (losses) on revaluation of client foreign currency instruments, net (1)	3,488			2		NM		7,009			(177		)	NM
(Losses) gains on revaluation of internal foreign currency instruments, net (2)	(1,406		)	186		NM		(4,222		)	(11,667		)	(63.8	)
Other (3)	11,350			4,884		132.4		19,711			16,052			22.8
Total other noninterest income	$	20,692		$	11,077	86.8		$	42,917		$	22,315		92.3

NM—Not meaningful

(1)

(2)


(3)	Includes dividends on FHLB/FRB stock, correspondent bank rebate income, incentive fees related to carried interest and other fee income.

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Total other noninterest income was $20.7 million and $42.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to noninterest income of $11.1 million and $22.3 million for the comparable 2015 period. The increase of $9.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily due to net gains of $3.5 million on the revaluation of client foreign currency instruments during the third quarter of 2016 compared to net gains of $2 thousand for the comparable 2015 period. The net gains of $3.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 were driven by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against various foreign currencies and were partially offset by net losses of $3.2 million in changes in the fair value of client foreign exchange forward contracts, which are included within noninterest in come in the line item "Gains on derivative instruments, net" as noted above. Also contributing to the increase was $6.7 million in carried interest related to the equity method fund that drove the $7.2 million of gains previously mentioned.

The increase of $20.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was due primarily to an increase in net gains on the revaluation of client and internal foreign currency instruments of $2.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to net losses of $11.8 million for the comparable 2015 period. Net gains of $2.8 million and net losses of $11.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , respectively, were offset by net losses of $5.7 million and net gains of $12.1 million in changes in the fair value of client and internal foreign exchange forward contracts, which are included within noninterest income in the line item "Gains on derivative instruments, net" as noted above.

Noninterest Expense

A summary of noninterest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:



	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2016		2015		% Change		2016		2015		% Change
Compensation and benefits	$	136,568	$	109,345	24.9	%	$	374,410	$	350,030	7.0	%
Professional services	23,443		21,137		10.9		67,959		58,834		15.5
Premises and equipment	16,291		12,356		31.8		47,861		36,800		30.1
Business development and travel	8,504		8,028		5.9		30,077		28,904		4.1
Net occupancy	9,525		8,548		11.4		28,919		24,010		20.4
FDIC and state assessments	7,805		6,954		12.2		21,624		18,705		15.6
Correspondent bank fees	3,104		3,070		1.1		9,469		9,775		(3.1	)
Provision for unfunded credit commitments	1,054		1,047		0.7		1,601		249		NM
Other	15,533		14,270		8.9		44,292		42,101		5.2
Total noninterest expense	$	221,827	$	184,755	20.1		$	626,212	$	569,408	10.0

NM—Not meaningful

Included in noninterest expense is expense attributable to noncontrolling interests. See below for a summary of non-GAAP noninterest expense and non-GAAP operating efficiency ratio, both of which exclude noncontrolling interests.

Non-GAAP Noninterest Expense

We use and report non-GAAP noninterest expense, non-GAAP taxable equivalent revenue and non-GAAP operating efficiency ratio, which excludes noncontrolling interests. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures, when taken together with the corresponding GAAP financial measures, provide meaningful supplemental information regarding our performance by: (i) excluding certain items that represent expenses attributable to investors other than us and our subsidiaries, or certain items that do not occur every reporting period; or (ii) providing additional information used by management that is not otherwise required by GAAP or other applicable requirements. Our management uses, and believes that investors benefit from referring to, these non-GAAP financial measures in assessing our operating results and when planning, forecasting and analyzing future periods. However, these non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for or preferable to, financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.

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The table below provides a summary of non-GAAP noninterest expense and non-GAAP operating efficiency ratio, both net of noncontrolling interests for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 :



	Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands, except ratios)	2016			2015			% Change		2016			2015			% Change
GAAP noninterest expense	$	221,827		$	184,755		20.1	%	$	626,212		$	569,408		10.0	%
Less: amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests	117			116			0.9		284			650			(56.3	)
Non-GAAP noninterest expense, net of noncontrolling interests	$	221,710		$	184,639		20.1		$	625,928		$	568,758		10.1

GAAP net interest income	$	289,161		$	254,660		13.5		$	853,918		$	737,356		15.8
Adjustments for taxable equivalent basis	281			380			(26.1	)	912			1,196			(23.7	)
Non-GAAP taxable equivalent net interest income	$	289,442		$	255,040		13.5		$	854,830		$	738,552		15.7
Less: income attributable to noncontrolling interests	4			2			100.0		62			6			NM
Non-GAAP taxable equivalent net interest income, net of noncontrolling interests	$	289,438		$	255,038		13.5		$	854,768		$	738,546		15.7

GAAP noninterest income	$	144,140		$	108,477		32.9		$	343,050		$	358,288		(4.3	)
Non-GAAP noninterest income, net of noncontrolling interests	139,461			102,134			36.5		339,423			329,225			3.1

GAAP total revenue	$	433,301		$	363,137		19.3		$	1,196,968		$	1,095,644		9.2
Non-GAAP taxable equivalent revenue, net of noncontrolling interests	$	428,899		$	357,172		20.1		$	1,194,191		$	1,067,771		11.8
GAAP operating efficiency ratio	51.19		%	50.88		%	0.6		52.32		%	51.97		%	0.7
Non-GAAP operating efficiency ratio (1)	51.69			51.69			—		52.41		%	53.27		%	(1.6	)

NM—Not meaningful


(1)	The non-GAAP operating efficiency ratio is calculated by dividing non-GAAP noninterest expense, net of noncontrolling interests, by non-GAAP taxable-equivalent revenue, net of noncontrolling interests.

Compensation and Benefits Expense

The following table provides a summary of our compensation and benefits expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 :



	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands, except employees)	2016		2015		% Change		2016		2015		% Change
Compensation and benefits:
Salaries and wages	$	62,636	$	55,383	13.1	%	$	182,375	$	158,456	15.1	%
Incentive compensation & ESOP	38,255		25,449		50.3		87,162		93,861		(7.1	)
Other employee incentives and benefits (1)	35,677		28,513		25.1		104,873		97,713		7.3
Total compensation and benefits	$	136,568	$	109,345	24.9		$	374,410	$	350,030	7.0
Period-end full-time equivalent employees	2,280		2,054		11.0		2,280		2,054		11.0
Average full-time equivalent employees	2,255		2,030		11.1		2,199		1,981		11.0


(1)	Other employee incentives and benefits includes employer payroll taxes, group health and life insurance, share-based compensation, 401(k), warrant and retention program plans, agency fees and other employee related expenses.

Compensation and benefits expense was $136.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $109.3 million for the comparable 2015 period. The key changes in factors affecting compensation and benefits expense were as follows:

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•	An increase of $12.8 million in expenses related to incentive compensation plans and ESOP, reflective of our current expectations for our updated internal performance targets for 2016.


•	An increase of $7.3 million in salaries and wages, primarily due to an increase in the number of average full-time employees ("FTE"). Average FTEs increased by 225 to 2,255 FTEs for the three months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to 2,030 FTEs for the comparable 2015 period.


•	An increase of $7.2 million in total other employee incentives and benefits, primarily related to increased market valuations in the underlying investments associated with our deferred compensation plan and increased warrant incentive compensation expenses attributable to large gains from two warrants.

Compensation and benefits expense was $374.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $350.0 million for the comparable 2015 period. The key changes in factors affecting compensation and benefits expense were as follows:


•	An increase of $23.9 million in salaries and wages, due primarily to an increase in the number of average FTEs, which increased by 218 to 2,199 average FTEs in the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to 1,981 average FTEs for the comparable 2015 period.


•	An increase of $7.2 million in total other employee incentives and benefits, primarily due to higher group health and life insurance expenses, agency fees and 401(k) expenses in the nine months ended September 30, 2016.


•	A decrease of $6.7 million in expenses related to incentive compensation plans and ESOP, reflective primarily of current expectations for our updated internal performance estimates for 2016.

Our variable compensation plans consist primarily of our Incentive Compensation Plan, Direct Drive Incentive Compensation Plan, 401(k) and ESOP Plan, Retention Program and Warrant Incentive Plan (see descriptions in our 2015 Form 10-K). Total costs incurred under these plans were $43.7 million and $105.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $29.1 million and $114.7 million for the comparable 2015 periods. These amounts are included in total compensation and benefits expense discussed above.

Professional Services

Professional services expense was $23.4 million and $68.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $21.1 million and $58.8 million for the comparable 2015 periods. The increases were due primarily to an increase in consulting expenses for regulatory compliance initiatives.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment expense was $16.3 million and $47.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $12.4 million and $36.8 million for the comparable 2015 periods. The increases were due primarily to increased spending to enhance and maintain our IT infrastructure and support our overall growth.

Net Occupancy

Net occupancy expense was $9.5 million and $28.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $8.5 million and $24.0 million for the comparable 2015 periods. The increases were due primarily to lease renewals at higher costs, reflective of market conditions, and the expansion of certain offices, primarily our UK office, to support our growth.

FDIC and State Assessments

FDIC and state assessments expense was $7.8 million and $21.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $7.0 million and $18.7 million for the comparable 2015 periods. The increases were due primarily to the increase in our average assets, as well as an increase in the federal assessment rate structure in 2016.

Provision for Unfunded Credit Commitments

We recorded a provision for unfunded credit commitments of $1.1 million and $1.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to a provision for unfunded credit commitments of $1.0 million and $0.2 million for the comparable 2015 periods. The increases in the provision were reflective primarily of the increase in our unfunded credit commitments.

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Other Noninterest Expense

A summary of other noninterest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:



	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2016		2015		% Change		2016		2015		% Change
Lending and other client related processing costs	$	5,885	$	3,608	63.1	%	$	13,721	$	10,861	26.3	%
Telephone	2,460		2,224		10.6		7,109		6,727		5.7
Data processing services	2,137		2,083		2.6		6,353		5,274		20.5
Dues and publications	809		521		55.3		2,258		1,803		25.2
Postage and supplies	598		728		(17.9	)	2,172		2,220		(2.2	)
Other	3,644		5,106		(28.6	)	12,679		15,216		(16.7	)
Total other noninterest expense	$	15,533	$	14,270	8.9		$	44,292	$	42,101	5.2

Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests

Included in net income is income and expense attributable to noncontrolling interests. The relevant amounts allocated to investors in our consolidated subsidiaries, other than us, are reflected under “Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests” on our statements of income.

In the table below, noninterest income consists primarily of net investment gains and losses from our consolidated funds. Noninterest expense is primarily related to management fees paid by our managed funds to SVB Financial’s subsidiaries as the funds’ general partners. A summary of net income attributable to noncontrolling interests for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:



	Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2016			2015			% Change		2016			2015			% Change
Net interest income (1)	$	(4	)	$	(2	)	100.0	%	$	(62	)	$	(6	)	NM
Noninterest income (1)	(3,721		)	(4,608		)	(19.2	)	(1,144		)	(26,043		)	(95.6	)
Noninterest expense (1)	117			116			0.9		284			650			(56.3	)
Carried interest allocation (2)	(958		)	(1,735		)	(44.8	)	(2,483		)	(3,020		)	(17.8	)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	$	(4,566	)	$	(6,229	)	(26.7	)	$	(3,405	)	$	(28,419	)	(88.0	)

NM—Not meaningful


(1)	Represents noncontrolling interests’ share in net interest income, noninterest income and noninterest expense.


(2)	Represents the preferred allocation of income (or change in income) earned by us as the general partner of certain consolidated funds.

Three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2015

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests was $4.6 million for the third quarter of 2016, compared to net income of $6.2 million for the comparable 2015 period. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $4.6 million for the third quarter of 2016 was primarily a result of $4.7 million of net gains on investment securities (including carried interest), of which, $4.6 million was from our managed funds of funds portfolio due to net unrealized valuation increases of investments held by the funds in the portfolio, driven by increased M&A and IPO activity. See "Results of Operations—Noninterest Income—Gains on Investment Securities, Net".

Nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2015

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests was $3.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to net income of $28.4 million for the comparable 2015 period. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $3.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily due to $3.7 million of net gains on investment securities (including carried interest) attributable to noncontrolling interests, mainly from our managed funds of funds due to net unrealized valuation increases of investments held by the funds in the portfolio, driven by increased M&A and IPO activity.

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Income Taxes

Our effective income tax expense rate was 40.9 percent and 40.8 percent for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to 41.1 percent and 40.6 percent for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 . The effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 were largely consistent with the comparable 2015 periods.

Our effective tax rate is calculated by dividing income tax expense by the sum of income before income tax expense and the net income attributable to noncontrolling interests.

Operating Segment Results

We have three segments for which we report our financial information: Global Commercial Bank, SVB Private Bank and SVB Capital.

We report segment information based on the “management” approach, which designates the internal reporting used by management for making decisions and assessing performance as the source of our reporting segments. Please refer to Note 11—”Segment Reporting” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report for additional details.

The following is our reportable segment information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 :

Global Commercial Bank



	Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2016			2015			% Change		2016			2015			% Change
Net interest income	$	262,484		$	217,932		20.4	%	$	773,342		$	625,611		23.6	%
Provision for loan losses	(16,974		)	(32,074		)	(47.1	)	(86,143		)	(64,126		)	34.3
Noninterest income	79,226			68,517			15.6		231,295			197,740			17.0
Noninterest expense	(159,429		)	(137,637		)	15.8		(461,058		)	(421,425		)	9.4
Income before income tax expense	$	165,307		$	116,738		41.6		$	457,436		$	337,800		35.4
Total average loans, net of unearned income	$	16,357,099		$	13,047,507		25.4		$	15,769,964		$	12,721,972		24.0
Total average assets	40,829,515			39,688,677			2.9		41,021,311			37,449,533			9.5
Total average deposits	36,484,125			36,151,235			0.9		37,002,027			34,124,748			8.4

Three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2015

Income before income tax expense from our Global Commercial Bank (“GCB”) increased to $165.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $116.7 million for the comparable 2015 period, which reflected the continued growth of our core commercial business and clients. The key components of GCB's performance for the three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the comparable 2015 period are discussed below.

Net interest income from GCB increased by $44.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 , due primarily to a $34.8 million increase in loan interest income resulting mainly from an increase in average loan balances, partially offset by lower yields.

GCB had a provision for loan losses of $17.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $32.1 million for the comparable 2015 period. The provision of $17.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 was reflective primarily of $8.0 million increase in reserves for performing loans, $5.5 million in charge-offs that did not previously have a specific reserve, $3.0 million net reserves for nonaccrual loans and $2.8 million for loan growth.

The provision of $32.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015 was driven primarily by an increase in the reserve for nonaccrual loans and period-end loan growth.

Noninterest income increased by $10.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 , related primarily to an increase in our core fees (higher credit card fees, foreign exchange fees and lending related fees). The increase in credit card fees was primarily reflective of increased client utilization of our credit card products and custom payment solutions provided to new and existing clients, partially offset by higher rebate/rewards expense. The increase in foreign exchange fees was due primarily to an increase in our client count as well as volume related to increased market volatility. The increase in lending related fees was due primarily to an increase in unused commitment fees associated with an increase in unfunded credit commitments.

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Noninterest expense increased by $21.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 , due primarily to increased compensation and benefits and premises and equipment expenses. Compensation and benefits expenses increased as a result of higher incentive compensation expenses and increased salaries and wages expenses. The increase in incentive compensation expenses reflects updated internal performance estimates for 2016. The increase in GCB salaries and wages expenses was due primarily to an increase in the average number of FTEs at GCB, which increased by 165 to 1,775 FTEs for the three months ended September 30, 2016, compared to 1,610 FTEs for the comparable 2015 period. Premises and equipment expense increased due to increased spending to enhance and maintain our IT infrastructure.

Nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2015

Net interest income from our GCB increased by $147.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , due primarily to an increase in loan interest income resulting mainly from an increase in average loan balances, partially offset by lower yields.

GCB had a provision for loan losses of $86.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to a provision of $64.1 million for the comparable 2015 period. The provision of $86.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was reflective of $33.0 million in charge-offs that did not previously have a specific reserve and $23.0 million from period-end loan growth, with the remaining provision due primarily to reserves for new nonaccrual loans.

Noninterest income increased by $33.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , due primarily to an increase in all of our non-GAAP components of core fee income. This increase was due primarily to the continued growth of our client base and work with larger global companies reflective of investments in our platform, capabilities and global reach.

Noninterest expense increased by $39.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , due primarily to increased expenses for compensation and benefits, premises and equipment, and net occupancy. Compensation and benefits expenses increased as a result of higher salaries and wages expenses. The increase in our salaries and wages expenses was due primarily to an increase in the average number of FTEs at GCB, which increased by 156 to 1,733 FTEs for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, compared to 1,577 FTEs for the comparable 2015 period. The increase in premises and equipment expense was due to increased spending to enhance and maintain our IT infrastructure to support GCB's growth. Net occupancy expenses increased due primarily to lease renewals at higher costs, reflective of market conditions, and the expansion of certain offices, primarily our UK office, to support our growth.

SVB Private Bank



	Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2016			2015			% Change		2016			2015			% Change
Net interest income	$	13,298		$	11,667		14.0	%	$	40,508		$	32,499		24.6	%
Provision for loan losses	(1,976		)	(1,329		)	48.7		(2,481		)	(2,242		)	10.7
Noninterest income	664			506			31.2		2,053			1,498			37.0
Noninterest expense	(3,122		)	(2,761		)	13.1		(9,481		)	(8,869		)	6.9
Income before income tax expense	$	8,864		$	8,083		9.7		$	30,599		$	22,886		33.7
Total average loans, net of unearned income	$	2,074,982		$	1,669,858		24.3		$	1,978,175		$	1,529,095		29.4
Total average assets	2,091,244			1,664,602			25.6		1,986,215			1,527,339			30.0
Total average deposits	1,115,446			1,041,773			7.1		1,120,575			1,125,345			(0.4	)

Three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2015

Net interest income from SVB Private Bank increased by $1.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 , due primarily to an increase in loan interest income resulting from an increase in average loan balances.

SVB Private Bank had a provision for loan losses of $2.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to a provision of $1.3 million for the comparable 2015 period. The provision of $2.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 was driven primarily by a $1.0 million increase in the reserves for nonaccrual loans with the remaining provision due primarily to reserves for period-end loan growth. The provision of $1.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015 was driven primarily by period-end loan growth.

Nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2015

Net interest income from SVB Private Bank increased by $8.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , due primarily to an increase in loan interest income resulting from an increase in average loan balances.

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SVB Private Bank had a provision for loan losses of $2.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $2.2 million for the comparable 2015 period. The provision of $2.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was reflective of a $1.0 million increase in the reserves for nonaccrual loans with the remaining provision due primarily to reserves for period-end loan growth. The provision of $2.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 was driven primarily by period-end loan growth.

SVB Capital



	Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2016			2015			% Change		2016			2015			% Change
Net interest (loss) income	$	1		$	1		—		$	(51	)	$	3		NM
Noninterest income	30,619			17,332			76.7	%	44,492			57,919			(23.2	)%
Noninterest expense	(3,924		)	(3,745		)	4.8		(11,521		)	(10,935		)	5.4
Income before income tax expense	$	26,696		$	13,588		96.5		$	32,920		$	46,987		(29.9	)
Total average assets	$	325,321		$	334,045		(2.6	)	$	334,328		$	335,136		(0.2	)

NM—Not meaningful

SVB Capital’s components of noninterest income primarily include net gains and losses on non-marketable and other securities, carried interest and fund management fees. All components of income before income tax expense and average assets discussed below are net of noncontrolling interests.

We experience variability in the performance of SVB Capital from quarter to quarter due to a number of factors, including changes in the values of our funds’ underlying investments, changes in the amount of distributions and general economic and market conditions. Such variability may lead to volatility in the gains and losses from investment securities and cause our results to differ from period to period.

Three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2015

SVB Capital had noninterest income of $30.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $17.3 million for the comparable 2015 period. The increase in noninterest income was due primarily to higher gains on investment securities compared to the comparable 2015 period. SVB Capital’s components of noninterest income primarily include the following:

•

Net gains on investment securities of $18.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to net gains of $12.2 million for the comparable 2015 period. The gains on investment securities of $18.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 were comprised of gains of $7.2 million from valuation increases for one of our equity method fund investments as well as distributions from our strategic venture capital fund investments and net unrealized valuation increases from our managed funds of funds,


•	$6.7 million in carried interest related to the equity method fund that drove the $7.2 million of gains previously mentioned, and


•	Fund management fees of $5.2 million compared to $4.1 million for the comparable 2015 period. The increase was due primarily to the addition of new managed funds at SVB Capital.

Nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2015

SVB Capital had noninterest income of $44.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $57.9 million for the comparable 2015 period. The decrease in noninterest income was due primarily to lower gains on investment securities compared to the comparable 2015 period. SVB Capital’s components of noninterest income primarily include the following:

•

Net gains on investment securities of $23.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to net gains of $42.8 million for the comparable 2015 period. The net gains on investment securities of $23.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 were comprised of distributions from our strategic venture capital fund investments as well as gains from valuation increases for one of our equity method fund investments and net unrealized valuation increases from our managed funds of funds.

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•	$6.7 million in additional other noninterest income related to carried interest for one of our equity method fund investments that drove the gains mentioned above.


•	Fund management fees of $14.1 million compared to $11.7 million for the comparable 2015 period. The increase was due primarily to the addition of new managed funds at SVB Capital.

Consolidated Financial Condition

Our total assets, total liabilities and stockholders' equity were $43.3 billion at September 30, 2016 compared to $44.7 billion at December 31, 2015 , a decrease of $1.4 billion , or 3.2 percent . Below is a summary of the individual components driving the changes in total assets, total liabilities and stockholders' equity:

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents totaled $2.5 billion at September 30, 2016 , an increase of $1.0 billion , or 67.7 percent , compared to $1.5 billion at December 31, 2015 . The increase in cash at period-end resulted from proceeds from the sales and maturities of U.S. Treasury securities, offset primarily by the increase in loans as well as decreased deposits and repayment of short-term borrowings during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 .

As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , $1.3 billion and $ 405 million , respectively, of our cash and due from banks was deposited at the Federal Reserve Bank and was earning interest at the Federal Funds target rate, and interest-earning deposits in other financial institutions were $ 724 million and $ 500 million , respectively.

Investment Securities

Investment securities totaled $21.1 billion at September 30, 2016 , a decrease of $4.7 billion, or 18.4 percent , compared to $25.8 billion at December 31, 2015 . Our investment securities portfolio consists of: (i) an available-for-sale securities portfolio and a held-to-maturity securities portfolio, both of which represent interest-earning investment securities; and (ii) a non-marketable and other securities portfolio, which primarily represents investments managed as part of our funds management business.

Available-for-Sale Securities

Our available-for-sale securities portfolio is primarily a fixed income investment portfolio that is managed with the objective of earning an appropriate portfolio yield over the long-term while maintaining sufficient liquidity and credit diversification as well as addressing our asset/liability management objectives. Period-end available-for-sale securities were $12.7 billion at September 30, 2016 compared to $16.4 billion at December 31, 2015 , a decrease of $3.7 billion , or 22.7 percent . During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, to support loan growth and the liquidity needs of the Bank, we sold approximately $2.9 billion of U.S. Treasury securities in our available-for-sale securities portfolio. Additionally, the portfolio decreased due to principal paydowns and maturities of $1.0 billion. The decreases were partially offset by an increase in the fair value of our available-for-sale securities portfolio of $158 million as a result of a decrease in market interest rates at period-end as compared to rates at December 31, 2015. The $158 million increase in fair value was reflected as a $93 million (net of tax) increase in accumulated other comprehensive income.

Securities classified as available-for-sale are carried at fair market value with changes in fair market value recorded as unrealized gains or losses in a separate component of stockholders' equity.

Held-to-Maturity Securities

Period-end held-to-maturity securities were $7.8 billion at September 30, 2016 compared to $8.8 billion at December 31, 2015 , a decrease of $1.0 billion , or 11.4 percent . For the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , the portfolio decreased due to principal paydowns and maturities of $1.2 billion, partially offset by purchases of $226 million primarily in agency-backed mortgage securities and debentures.

Securities classified as held-to-maturity are accounted for at cost with no adjustments for changes in fair value. For securities previously re-designated as held-to-maturity from available-for-sale, the net unrealized gains at the date of transfer will continue to be reported as a separate component of shareholders' equity and amortized over the life of the securities in a manner consistent with the amortization of a premium or discount.

Portfolio duration is a standard measure used to approximate changes in the market value of fixed income instruments due to a change in market interest rates. The measure is an estimate based on the level of current market interest rates, expectations for changes in the path of forward rates and the effect of forward rates on mortgage prepayment speed assumptions. As such, portfolio duration will fluctuate with changes in market interest rates. Changes in portfolio duration are also impacted by changes

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in the mix of longer versus shorter term-to-maturity securities. Our estimated fixed income securities portfolio duration was 2.3 years and 2.7 years at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively.

Non-Marketable and Other Securities

Period-end non-marketable and other securities were $625.2 million at September 30, 2016 compared to $674.9 million at December 31, 2015 , a decrease of $49.7 million, or 7.4 percent . Non-marketable and other securities, net of noncontrolling interests were $503.8 million at September 30, 2016 , compared to $548.6 million at December 31, 2015 . For the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , the net $49.7 million decrease was due primarily to sales of investments included in our qualified affordable housing projects portfolio totaling $44.8 million. The following table summarizes the carrying value (as reported) of non-marketable and other securities compared to the amounts attributable to SVBFG (which generally represents the carrying value times our ownership percentage) at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 :



	September 30, 2016				December 31, 2015
(Dollars in thousands)	Carrying value (as reported)		Amount attributable to SVBFG		Carrying value (as reported)		Amount attributable to SVBFG
Non-marketable securities (fair value accounting):
Venture capital and private equity fund investments (1)	$	141,841	$	41,236	$	152,237	$	44,485
Other venture capital investments (2)	2,040		218		2,040		218
Other securities (fair value accounting) (3)	579		126		548		124
Non-marketable securities (equity method accounting):
Venture capital and private equity fund investments	84,904		66,387		85,705		69,314
Debt funds	18,971		18,971		21,970		21,970
Other investments (4)	128,422		128,422		118,532		118,532
Non-marketable securities (cost method accounting):
Venture capital and private equity fund investments	115,113		115,113		120,676		120,676
Other investments	26,834		26,834		18,882		18,882
Investments in qualified affordable housing projects, net	106,474		106,474		154,356		154,356
Total non-marketable and other securities	$	625,178	$	503,781	$	674,946	$	548,557


(1)	The following table shows the amounts of venture capital and private equity fund investments held by the following funds and amounts attributable to SVBFG for each fund at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 :



	September 30, 2016				December 31, 2015
(Dollars in thousands)	Carrying value (as reported)		Amount attributable to SVBFG		Carrying value (as reported)		Amount attributable to SVBFG
SVB Strategic Investors Fund, LP	$	17,940	$	2,253	$	20,794	$	2,612
SVB Capital Preferred Return Fund, LP	57,488		12,390		60,619		13,064
SVB Capital—NT Growth Partners, LP	59,692		19,872		62,983		20,967
Other private equity fund	6,721		6,721		7,841		7,842
Total venture capital and private equity fund investments	$	141,841	$	41,236	$	152,237	$	44,485

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(2)	The following table shows the amounts of other venture capital investments held by the following funds and amounts attributable to SVBFG for each fund at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 :



	September 30, 2016				December 31, 2015
(Dollars in thousands)	Carrying value (as reported)		Amount attributable to SVBFG		Carrying value (as reported)		Amount attributable to SVBFG
Silicon Valley BancVentures, LP	$	2,040	$	218	$	2,040	$	218
Total other venture capital investments	$	2,040	$	218	$	2,040	$	218


(3)	Investments classified as other securities (fair value accounting) represent direct equity investments in public companies held by our consolidated funds.


(4)	The following table shows the amounts of our other investments (equity method accounting) at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 :



	September 30, 2016				December 31, 2015
(Dollars in thousands)	Carrying value (as reported)		Amount attributable to SVBFG		Carrying value (as reported)		Amount attributable to SVBFG
Other investments:
China Joint Venture investment	$	77,817	$	77,817	$	78,799	$	78,799
Other investments	50,605		50,605		39,733		39,733
Total other investments	$	128,422	$	128,422	$	118,532	$	118,532

Volcker Rule

As discussed in "Business - Supervision and Regulation" under Item 1 of Part I of our 2015 Form 10-K, the “Volcker Rule” under the Dodd-Frank Act restricts, among other things, a bank's proprietary trading activities and a bank's ability to sponsor or invest in certain privately offered funds, including certain venture capital, hedge and private equity funds. On December 10, 2013, the federal bank regulatory agencies, the SEC and the CFTC adopted final regulations implementing the Volcker Rule. The final regulations became effective on April 1, 2014, subject to a conformance timeline pursuant to which affected entities (referred to as "banking entities") are required to bring their activities and investments into conformance with the prohibitions and restrictions of the Volcker Rule and the final regulations thereunder.

Subject to certain exceptions, the Volcker Rule prohibits a banking entity from engaging in “proprietary trading,” which is defined as engaging in purchases or sales of securities or certain other financial instruments, as principal, for the “trading account” of the banking entity. Certain forms of proprietary trading may qualify as “permitted activities,” and thus not be subject to the ban on proprietary trading, such as market-making related activities, risk-mitigating hedging activities, trading in U.S. government or agency obligations, or certain other U.S. state or municipal obligations, and the obligations of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae. The compliance date for the proprietary trading prohibition was July 1, 2015. Based on the definition described above and the exceptions provided under the regulations implementing the Volcker Rule, we believe that compliance with the Volcker Rule's proprietary trading prohibition is unlikely to have a material effect on our business or operations.

Additionally, subject to certain exceptions, the rule prohibits a banking entity from sponsoring or investing in “covered funds,” which includes many venture capital, private equity and hedge funds. One of the available exceptions permits a banking entity to sponsor and invest in a covered fund that it organizes and offers to customers, provided that additional requirements are met. These permitted investments generally are limited to three percent of the total ownership interests in each covered fund. In addition, the aggregate investments a banking entity makes in all covered funds generally are limited to three percent of the institution’s Tier 1 capital.

Under the final regulations, the Volcker Rule’s prohibitions and restrictions apply to SVB Financial, the Bank and any affiliate of SVB Financial or the Bank. SVB Financial currently maintains investments in certain venture capital and private equity funds that it did not sponsor; maintains investments in sponsored funds that exceed three percent of each such fund’s total ownership interests; and maintains aggregate investments in all covered funds that may exceed three percent of its Tier 1 capital. SVB Financial (including its affiliates) expects, therefore, that it will be required to reduce the level of its investments in covered funds over time and to forego investment opportunities in certain funds in the future. SVB Financial is generally required by the final rules to come into conformance with the Volcker Rule’s requirements regarding covered funds by July 2017 with respect to covered funds in which SVB Financial invested or SVB Financial sponsored as of December 31, 2013. In addition, the Federal Reserve may extend the conformance deadline for up to an additional five years (until July 2022) for investments that are

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considered illiquid. We intend to seek the maximum extensions (up to July 2022) available to us. However, there is no guarantee that the Federal Reserve Board will grant any further extensions and in order to be compliant with the Volcker Rule, SVB Financial may be required to reduce some or all of its investments in covered funds by July 2017. At least some of SVB Financial's investments in covered funds likely will reduce over time in the ordinary course before compliance with the Volcker Rule is required. However, a forced sale or restructuring of SVB Financial's investments in covered funds due to the Volcker Rule would likely result in SVB Financial receiving less than the carrying value of such investments (or other adverse consequences), as there could be a limited secondary market for these investments and SVB Financial may be unable to sell them in orderly transactions.

We estimate that our total venture capital and private equity fund investments deemed to be prohibited covered fund interests and therefore subject to the Volcker Rule’s restrictions, had, as of September 30, 2016 , an aggregate carrying value of approximately $204 million (and an aggregate fair value of $306 million). These covered fund interests are comprised of interests attributable, solely, to the Company in our consolidated managed funds and certain of our non-marketable securities.

We continue to assess the financial impact of these rules on our fund investments, as well as the impact of other Volcker Rule restrictions on other areas of our business. (See “Risk Factors” under Item 1A of Part I of our 2015 Form 10-K.)

Loans

Loans, net of unearned income increased by $2.4 billion to $19.1 billion at September 30, 2016 , compared to $16.7 billion at December 31, 2015 . Unearned income was $117 million at September 30, 2016 and $115 million at December 31, 2015 . Total gross loans were $19.2 billion at September 30, 2016 , an increase of $2.3 billion, compared to $16.9 billion at December 31, 2015 . Period-end loans increased compared to December 31, 2015, primarily driven by the increases in our private equity/venture capital and SVB Private Bank portfolios. The breakdown of total gross loans and total loans as a percentage of total gross loans by category is as follows:



	September 30, 2016				December 31, 2015
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Percentage		Amount		Percentage
Commercial loans:
Software and internet	$	5,432,307	28.3	%	$	5,482,110	32.5	%
Hardware	1,156,105		6.0		1,080,231		6.4
Private equity/venture capital	7,465,646		38.8		5,511,929		32.7
Life science/healthcare	1,745,410		9.1		1,724,545		10.2
Premium wine	191,591		1.0		202,808		1.2
Other	371,130		1.9		314,813		1.9
Total commercial loans	16,362,189		85.1		14,316,436		84.9
Real estate secured loans:
Premium wine	682,312		3.5		646,587		3.8
Consumer	1,834,370		9.5		1,543,340		9.2
Other	44,241		0.3		45,194		0.3
Total real estate secured loans	2,560,923		13.3		2,235,121		13.3
Construction loans	64,911		0.3		78,862		0.5
Consumer loans	240,905		1.3		226,712		1.3
Total gross loans	$	19,228,928	100.0		$	16,857,131	100.0

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Loan Concentration

The following table provides a summary of loans by size and category. The breakout of the categories is based on total client balances (individually or in the aggregate) as of September 30, 2016 :



	September 30, 2016
(Dollars in thousands)	Less than Five Million		Five to Ten Million		Ten to Twenty Million		Twenty to Thirty Million		Thirty Million or More		Total
Commercial loans:
Software and internet	$	1,271,238	$	926,011	$	1,378,604	$	909,990	$	946,464	$	5,432,307
Hardware	249,799		205,960		247,443		189,443		263,460		1,156,105
Private equity/venture capital	627,776		663,399		1,026,388		1,053,087		4,094,996		7,465,646
Life science/healthcare	327,339		362,776		391,254		475,425		188,616		1,745,410
Premium wine	72,148		44,002		57,346		18,095		—		191,591
Other	105,360		29,066		75,715		48,555		112,434		371,130
Commercial loans	2,653,660		2,231,214		3,176,750		2,694,595		5,605,970		16,362,189
Real estate secured loans:
Premium wine	157,383		177,965		241,872		105,092		—		682,312
Consumer	1,590,449		194,336		49,585		—		—		1,834,370
Other	8,076		—		14,832		21,333		—		44,241
Real estate secured loans	1,755,908		372,301		306,289		126,425		—		2,560,923
Construction loans	18,573		18,677		27,661		—		—		64,911
Consumer loans	90,450		25,539		23,524		—		101,392		240,905
Total gross loans	$	4,518,591	$	2,647,731	$	3,534,224	$	2,821,020	$	5,707,362	$	19,228,928

At September 30, 2016 , gross loans equal to or greater than $20 million to any single client (individually or in the aggregate) totaled $8.5 billion , or 44 percent of our portfolio. These loans represented 223 clients, and of these loans, $77.4 million were on nonaccrual status as of September 30, 2016 compared to $85.2 million as of December 31, 2015. The $7.8 million decrease in nonaccrual loans greater than $20 million to any single client was primarily attributable to the repayment of a sponsored buyout loan as a result of an acquisition, partially offset by a new nonaccrual sponsored buyout loan in our life science/healthcare loan portfolio.

The following table provides a summary of loans by size and category. The breakout of the categories is based on total client balances (individually or in the aggregate) as of December 31, 2015 :



	December 31, 2015
(Dollars in thousands)	Less than Five Million		Five to Ten Million		Ten to Twenty Million		Twenty to Thirty Million		Thirty Million or More		Total
Commercial loans:
Software and internet	$	1,365,460	$	974,946	$	1,250,192	$	844,092	$	1,047,420	$	5,482,110
Hardware	225,688		206,124		256,339		216,943		175,137		1,080,231
Private equity/venture capital	498,606		582,871		830,350		820,379		2,779,723		5,511,929
Life science/healthcare	309,877		426,619		367,879		410,281		209,889		1,724,545
Premium wine	76,372		29,823		74,319		22,294		—		202,808
Other	115,618		43,203		45,837		27,678		82,477		314,813
Commercial loans	2,591,621		2,263,586		2,824,916		2,341,667		4,294,646		14,316,436
Real estate secured loans:
Premium wine	156,754		170,155		237,373		82,305		—		646,587
Consumer loans	1,340,750		175,750		26,840		—		—		1,543,340
Other	8,261		—		15,000		21,933		—		45,194
Real estate secured loans	1,505,765		345,905		279,213		104,238		—		2,235,121
Construction loans	9,728		37,924		31,210		—		—		78,862
Consumer loans	87,324		35,748		—		29,140		74,500		226,712
Total gross loans	$	4,194,438	$	2,683,163	$	3,135,339	$	2,475,045	$	4,369,146	$	16,857,131

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At December 31, 2015 , gross loans equal to or greater than $20 million to any single client (individually or in the aggregate) totaled $6.8 billion , or 41 percent of our portfolio. These loans represented 188 clients, and of these loans, $85.2 million were on nonaccrual status as of December 31, 2015 .

The credit profile of our loan portfolio clients varies based on the nature of the lending we do for different market segments. Our three main market segments include (i) technology (software and internet, and hardware) and life science/healthcare, (ii) private equity/venture capital, and (iii) SVB Private Bank.

(i) Technology and Life Science/Healthcare

Our technology and life science/healthcare loan portfolios include loans to clients at all stages of their life cycles and represent the largest segments of our loan portfolio. The primary underwriting method for our technology and life science/healthcare portfolios are classified as investor dependent, balance sheet dependent, or cash flow dependent.

Investor dependent loans represent a relatively small percentage of our overall portfolio at 10 percent of total gross loans at September 30, 2016 , compared to 12 percent at December 31, 2015. These loans are made to companies in both our early-stage and Growth stage segments. Investor dependent loans typically have modest or negative cash flows and no established record of profitable operations. Repayment of these loans may be dependent upon receipt by borrowers of additional equity financing from venture capital firms or others, or in some cases, a successful sale to a third party or an IPO. Venture capital firms may provide financing selectively, at reduced amounts, or on less favorable terms, which may have an adverse effect on our borrowers' ability to repay their loans to us. When repayment is dependent upon the next round of venture investment and there is an indication that further investment is unlikely or will not occur, it is often likely that the company would need to be sold to repay debt in full. If reasonable efforts have not yielded a likely buyer willing to repay all debt at the close of the sale or on commercially viable terms, the account will most likely be deemed to be impaired.

Balance sheet dependent loans, which includes asset-based loans, represented 13 percent of total gross loans at September 30, 2016 compared to 14 percent at December 31, 2015. Balance sheet dependent loans are structured to require constant current asset coverage (i.e. cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable and, to a much lesser extent, inventory) in an amount that exceeds the outstanding debt. These loans are generally made to companies in our Growth and Corporate Finance practices. Our asset-based lending, which includes working capital lines and accounts receivable factoring, represented seven percent and two percent of total gross loans at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. The repayment of these arrangements is dependent on the financial condition, and payment ability, of third parties with whom our clients do business.

Cash flow dependent loans, which include sponsored buyout lending, represent our largest source of repayment within our technology and life science/healthcare loan portfolios at approximately 20 percent of total gross loans at September 30, 2016 , compared to 23 percent of total gross loans at December 31, 2015. Cash flow dependent loans require the borrower to maintain cash flow from operations that is sufficient to service all debt. Borrowers must demonstrate normalized cash flow in excess of all fixed charges associated with operating the business. Sponsored buyout loans represented 11 percent of total gross loans at September 30, 2016, compared to 13 percent of total gross loans at December 31, 2015. These loans are typically used to assist a select group of experienced private equity sponsors with the acquisition of businesses, are larger in size, and repayment is generally dependent upon the cash flows of the acquired company. The acquired companies are typically established, later-stage businesses of scale and characterized by reasonable levels of leverage and loan structures that include meaningful financial covenants. The sponsor's equity contribution is often 50 percent or more of the acquisition price.

(ii) Private Equity/Venture Capital

We also provide financial services to clients in the private equity/venture capital community. At September 30, 2016 , our lending to private equity/venture capital firms and funds represented 39 percent of total gross loans, compared to 33 percent of total gross loans at December 31, 2015. The vast majority of this portfolio consists of capital call lines of credit, the repayment of which is dependent on the payment of capital calls by the underlying limited partner investors in the funds managed by these firms. These facilities are generally governed by meaningful financial covenants oriented towards ensuring that the funds' remaining callable capital is sufficient to repay the loan, and larger commitments (typically provided to larger private equity funds) are often secured by an assignment of the general partner's right to call capital from the fund's limited partner investors.

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(iii) SVB Private Bank

Our SVB Private Bank clients are primarily private equity/venture capital professionals and executive leaders of the innovation companies they support. Our lending to SVB Private Bank clients represented 11 percent of total gross loans at both September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015. Many of these clients have mortgages, which represented 84 percent of this portfolio at September 30, 2016 ; the balance of this portfolio consisted of home equity lines of credit, restricted stock purchase loans, capital call lines of credit, and other secured and unsecured lending.

State Concentrations

Approximately 32 percent and 10 percent of our outstanding total gross loan balances as of September 30, 2016 were to borrowers based in California and New York, respectively, compared to 34 percent and 12 percent as of December 31, 2015. Other than California and New York, there are no states with gross loan balances greater than 10 percent.

See generally “Risk Factors–Credit Risks” set forth under Item 1A, Part I in our 2015 Form 10-K.

Credit Quality Indicators

As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , our total criticized loans and impaired loans represented six percent of our total gross loans. Criticized and impaired loans to early-stage clients represented 14 percent and 18 percent of our total criticized and impaired loan balances at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 . Loans to early-stage clients represent a relatively small percentage of our overall portfolio at six percent of total gross loans. It is common for early-stage client’s remaining liquidity to fall temporarily below the threshold for a pass-rated credit during its capital-raising period for a new round of funding. Based on our experience, for most early-stage clients, this situation typically lasts one to two quarters and generally resolves itself with a subsequent round of venture funding, though there are exceptions, from time to time. As a result, we expect that each of our early-stage clients will reside in our criticized portfolio during a portion of their life cycle.

Credit Quality and Allowance for Loan Losses

Nonperforming assets consist of loans on nonaccrual status, loans past due 90 days or more still accruing interest, and Other Real Estate Owned ("OREO") and other foreclosed assets. We measure all loans placed on nonaccrual status for impairment based on the fair value of the underlying collateral or the net present value of the expected cash flows. The table below sets forth certain data and ratios between nonperforming loans, nonperforming assets and the allowance for loan losses:

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(Dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2016			December 31, 2015
Gross nonaccrual, past due, and restructured loans:
Nonaccrual loans	$	106,216		$	123,392
Loans past due 90 days or more still accruing interest	125			—
Total nonperforming loans	106,341			123,392
OREO and other foreclosed assets	—			—
Total nonperforming assets	$	106,341		$	123,392
Performing TDRs	$	14,503		$	10,635
Nonperforming loans as a percentage of total gross loans	0.55		%	0.73		%
Nonperforming assets as a percentage of total assets	0.25			0.28
Allowance for loan losses	$	240,565		$	217,613
As a percentage of total gross loans	1.25		%	1.29		%
As a percentage of total gross nonperforming loans	226.22			176.36
Allowance for loan losses for nonaccrual loans	$	44,348		$	51,844
As a percentage of total gross loans	0.23		%	0.31		%
As a percentage of total gross nonperforming loans	41.70			42.02
Allowance for loan losses for total gross performing loans	$	196,217		$	165,769
As a percentage of total gross loans	1.02		%	0.98		%
As a percentage of total gross performing loans	1.03			0.99
Total gross loans	$	19,228,928		$	16,857,131
Total gross performing loans	19,122,587			16,733,739
Reserve for unfunded credit commitments (1)	35,924			34,415
As a percentage of total unfunded credit commitments	0.22		%	0.22		%
Total unfunded credit commitments (2)	$	16,297,086		$	15,614,359


(1)	The “Reserve for unfunded credit commitments” is included as a component of other liabilities. See “Provision for Unfunded Credit Commitments” above for a discussion of the changes to the reserve.


(2)	Includes unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit.

Our allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total gross loans decreased four basis points to 1.25 percent at September 30, 2016 . The decrease of four basis points was reflective primarily of the decrease in our allowance for nonaccrual loans as a percentage of total gross loans by eight basis points, to 0.23 percent, at September 30, 2016, offset by an increase in our allowance for loan losses for performing loans as a percentage of total gross loans by four basis points, to 1.02 percent , at September 30, 2016 driven by a shift in the mix of our performing loan portfolio.

Our allowance for loan losses for nonaccrual loans was $44.3 million at September 30, 2016 , compared to $51.8 million at December 31, 2015 . The $7.5 million decrease in the allowance for nonaccrual loans reflected a $28.7 million reserve reduction as a result of charge-offs and a $12.4 million reserve reduction due to the repayment and improved credit of two of our sponsored buyout loans. The decrease was partially offset by $35.8 million of reserves on new nonaccrual loans.

Our nonperforming loans were $106.3 million at September 30, 2016 , compared to $123.4 million at December 31, 2015 . Our nonperforming loan balance decreased $17.1 million as a result of $57.1 million in repayments and $31.3 million in charge-offs, partially offset by $72.4 million in new nonaccrual loans. New nonaccrual loans of $72.4 million included $22.9 million from a sponsored buyout client in our life science/healthcare loan portfolio and $23.9 million from early-stage clients in our software and internet loan portfolio.

Nonaccrual loans at September 30, 2016 , included $77.4 million from three clients (two life science/healthcare clients represented $45.9 million and one software and internet client represented $31.5 million). Nonaccrual loans at December 31, 2015 included $96.0 million from five clients (three software and internet clients represented $55.1 million and two life science/healthcare clients represented $40.9 million). None of these loans were from early-stage clients.

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Average impaired loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 were $169.4 million and $165.1 million compared to $101.6 million and $68.0 million for the comparable 2015 periods. The $67.8 million increase in average impaired loans for the three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to September 30, 2015 was primarily from our hardware and life science/healthcare loan portfolios. The $97.1 million increase in average impaired loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to September 30, 2015 was from our life science/healthcare, hardware and software and internet loan portfolios. If the impaired loans had not been impaired, $1.1 million and $3.8 million in interest income would have been recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $1.1 million and $2.5 million for the comparable 2015 periods.

Accrued Interest Receivable and Other Assets

A summary of accrued interest receivable and other assets at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 is as follows:



(Dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2016		December 31, 2015		% Change
Derivative assets, gross (1)	$	204,485	$	175,083	16.8	%
Foreign exchange spot contract assets, gross	104,524		142,832		(26.8	)
Accrued interest receivable	99,263		107,604		(7.8	)
FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank stock	57,466		56,991		0.8
Accounts receivable	95,049		48,662		95.3
Net deferred tax assets	24,676		73,941		(66.6	)
Other assets	97,717		104,594		(6.6	)
Total accrued interest receivable and other assets	$	683,180	$	709,707	(3.7	)


(1)	See “Derivatives” section below.

Foreign Exchange Spot Contract Assets

Foreign exchange spot contract assets represent unsettled client trades at the end of the period. The decrease of $38.3 million was due primarily to an overall decrease in activity at period-end.

Accounts Receivable

The increase of $46.4 million in accounts receivable was due primarily to a receivable of $25.0 million from sales of investments in our qualified affordable housing projects portfolio.

Net Deferred Tax Assets

The decrease of $49.3 million in net deferred tax assets primarily related to an increase in the fair value of our available-for-sale securities portfolio due to the decrease in market interest rates at period-end.

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Derivatives

Derivative instruments are recorded as a component of other assets and other liabilities on the balance sheet. The following table provides a summary of derivative assets and liabilities, net at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 :



(Dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2016			December 31, 2015			% Change
Assets:
Equity warrant assets	$	145,340		$	137,105		6.0	%
Foreign exchange forward and option contracts	49,062			31,237			57.1
Interest rate swaps	1,324			2,768			(52.2	)
Client interest rate derivatives	8,759			3,973			120.5
Total derivative assets	$	204,485		$	175,083		16.8
Liabilities:
Foreign exchange forward and option contracts	$	(39,514	)	$	(26,353	)	49.9
Client interest rate derivatives	(9,324		)	(4,384		)	112.7
Total derivative liabilities	$	(48,838	)	$	(30,737	)	58.9

Equity Warrant Assets

In connection with negotiating credit facilities and certain other services, we often obtain rights to acquire stock in the form of equity warrant assets in primarily private, venture-backed companies in the technology and life science/healthcare industries. At September 30, 2016 , we held warrants in 1,719 companies, compared to 1,652 companies at December 31, 2015 . Warrants in 18 companies each had values greater than $1.0 million and collectively represented 36 percent of the fair value of the total warrant portfolio at September 30, 2016 . The change in fair value of equity warrant assets is recorded in gains on derivatives instruments, net, in noninterest income, a component of consolidated net income. The following table provides a summary of transactions and valuation changes for equity warrant assets for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 :



	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2016			2015			2016			2015
Balance, beginning of period	$	129,800		$	122,504		$	137,105		$	116,604
New equity warrant assets	5,251			3,544			9,857			8,877
Non-cash increases in fair value	16,788			8,924			21,989			29,034
Exercised equity warrant assets	(5,338		)	(4,469		)	(21,066		)	(23,606		)
Terminated equity warrant assets	(1,161		)	(412		)	(2,545		)	(818		)
Balance, end of period	$	145,340		$	130,091		$	145,340		$	130,091

Foreign Exchange Forward and Foreign Currency Option Contracts

We enter into foreign exchange forward contracts and foreign currency option contracts with clients involved in foreign activities, either as the purchaser or seller, depending upon the clients’ need. For each forward or option contract entered into with our clients, we enter into an opposite way forward or option contract with a correspondent bank, which mitigates the risk of fluctuations in currency rates. We also enter into forward contracts with correspondent banks to economically reduce our foreign exchange exposure related to certain foreign currency denominated instruments. Net gains and losses on the revaluation of foreign currency denominated instruments are recorded in the line item “Other” as part of noninterest income, a component of consolidated net income. We have not experienced nonperformance by any of our counterparties and therefore have not incurred any related losses. Further, we anticipate performance by all counterparties. Our net exposure for foreign exchange forward and foreign currency option contracts at September 30, 2016 was $7.1 million and our net exposure at December 31, 2015 was $3.0 million . For additional information on our foreign exchange forward contracts and foreign currency option contracts, see Note 9- “Derivative Financial Instruments” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item I in this report.

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Deposits

Deposits were $ 38.2 billion at September 30, 2016 , a decrease of $0.9 billion, or 2.4 percent , compared to $ 39.1 billion at December 31, 2015 . The decrease in deposits was due primarily to increased utilization of higher yielding off-balance sheet client investment funds by our early-stage clients.

At September 30, 2016 , the aggregate balance of time deposit accounts individually equal to or greater than $250,000 totaled $38.1 million, compared to $53.9 million at December 31, 2015 . At September 30, 2016 , $38.1 million of the time deposit accounts individually equal to or greater than $250,000 were scheduled to mature within one year. No material portion of our deposits has been obtained from a single depositor and the loss of any one depositor would not materially affect our business.

Short-Term Borrowings

We had $2.4 million in short-term borrowings at September 30, 2016 , compared to $774.9 million at December 31, 2015 . The decrease was due to the repayment of short-term borrowings utilized and outstanding at December 31, 2015.

Long-Term Debt

Our long-term debt was $796.0 million at September 30, 2016 and $796.7 million at December 31, 2015 .

As of September 30, 2016 , long-term debt included our 3.50% Senior Notes, 5.375% Senior Notes, 6.05% Subordinated Notes and 7.0% Junior Subordinated Debentures. For more information on our long-term debt, see Note 8–“Short-term Borrowings and Long-Term Debt” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item I in this report.

Other Liabilities

A summary of other liabilities at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 is as follows:



(Dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2016		December 31, 2015		% Change
Foreign exchange spot contract liabilities, gross	$	118,194	$	154,699	(23.6	)%
Accrued compensation	102,394		151,134		(32.2	)
Reserve for unfunded credit commitments	35,924		34,415		4.4
Derivative liabilities, gross (1)	48,838		30,737		58.9
Other	257,562		268,109		(3.9	)
Total other liabilities	$	562,912	$	639,094	(11.9	)


(1)	See “Derivatives” section above.

Foreign Exchange Spot Contract Liabilities

Foreign exchange spot contract liabilities represent unsettled client trades at the end of the period. The decrease of $36.5 million was due primarily to decreased client trade activity at period-end.

Accrued Compensation

Accrued compensation includes amounts for our Incentive Compensation Plan, Direct Drive Incentive Compensation Plan, Retention Program, Warrant Incentive Plan, ESOP/profit sharing and other compensation arrangements. The decrease of $48.7 million was primarily the result of 2015 incentive compensation payouts during the first quarter of 2016 as well as lower accruals for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 based on current expectations for our updated internal performance estimates for 2016.

Noncontrolling Interests

Noncontrolling interests totaled $130.3 million and $ 135.1 million at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively. The $4.8 million decrease was due primarily to net distributions of $8.2 million to limited partners from various managed funds of funds, partially offset by income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $3.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 .

Fair Value Measurements

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The following table summarizes our financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 .



	September 30, 2016						December 31, 2015
(Dollars in thousands)	Total Balance			Level 3			Total Balance			Level 3
Assets carried at fair value	$	13,014,642		$	145,260		$	16,710,656		$	137,208
As a percentage of total assets	30.1		%	0.3		%	37.4		%	0.3		%
Liabilities carried at fair value	$	48,838		$	—		$	30,737		$	—
As a percentage of total liabilities	0.1		%	—		%	0.1		%	—		%
As a percentage of assets carried at fair value				1.1		%				0.8		%

Financial assets valued using Level 3 measurements consist of our non-marketable investment securities in shares of private company stock and equity warrant assets (rights to shares of private and public company capital stock). The valuation methodologies of our non-marketable securities carried under fair value accounting and equity warrant assets involve a significant degree of management judgment. Refer to Note 14—“Fair Value of Financial Instruments” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report for a summary of the valuation techniques and significant inputs used for each class of Level 3 assets.

The inherent uncertainty in the process of valuing securities for which a ready market does not exist may cause our estimated values of these securities to differ significantly from the values that would have been derived had a ready market for the securities existed, and those differences could be material. The timing and amount of changes in fair value, if any, of these financial instruments depend upon factors beyond our control, including the performance of the underlying companies, fluctuations in the market prices of the preferred or common stock of the underlying companies, general volatility and interest rate market factors, and legal and contractual restrictions. The timing and amount of actual net proceeds, if any, from the disposition of these financial instruments depend upon factors beyond our control, including investor demand for IPOs, levels of M&A activity, legal and contractual restrictions on our ability to sell, and the perceived and actual performance of portfolio companies. All of these factors are difficult to predict and there can be no assurances that we will realize the full value of these securities, which could result in significant losses (See “Risk Factors” set forth in our 2015 Form 10-K).

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , the Level 3 assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis experienced net realized and unrealized gains of $21.1 million and $33.1 million , primarily due to valuation increases from our public and private company warrant portfolios and net gains realized on exercised warrant assets due to IPO and M&A activity. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 , the Level 3 assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis experienced net realized and unrealized gains of $11.6 million and $55.0 million .

Capital Resources

We maintain an adequate capital base to support anticipated asset growth, operating needs and credit and other business risks, and to provide for SVB Financial and the Bank to be in compliance with all regulatory capital guidelines. Our primary sources of new capital include retained earnings and proceeds from the sale and issuance of our capital stock or other securities. In consultation with the Finance Committee of our Board of Directors, management engages in regular capital planning processes designed to effectively utilize capital resources available to us and to appropriately plan for our future capital needs. The capital plan considers capital needs for the foreseeable future and allocates capital to both existing and future business activities. Expected future use or activities for which capital may be set aside include balance sheet growth and associated relative increases in market or credit exposure, investment activity, potential product and business expansions, acquisitions and strategic or infrastructure investments. In addition, we conduct capital stress tests as part of our annual capital planning process. The stress tests allow us to assess the impact of adverse changes in the economy and interest rates on our capital adequacy position.

SVBFG Stockholders’ Equity

SVBFG stockholders’ equity totaled $ 3.6 billion at September 30, 2016 , an increase of $0.4 billion , or 12.3 percent , compared to $3.2 billion at December 31, 2015 . This increase was due primarily to net income of $283 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , an increase in the net balance of our accumulated other comprehensive income to $97 million from $15 million at December 31, 2015 , and an increase in additional paid-in capital of $31 million attributable primarily to amortization of share-based compensation. The increase in our accumulated other comprehensive income was driven primarily by a $158 million increase in the fair value of our AFS securities portfolio ($93 million net of tax), which resulted from a decrease in period-end market interest rates at September 30, 2016 , as compared to market interest rates at December 31, 2015 .

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Funds generated through retained earnings are a significant source of capital and liquidity and are expected to continue to be so in the future.

Capital Ratios

Both SVB Financial and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by state and federal banking agencies.

Regulatory capital ratios for SVB Financial and the Bank exceeded minimum federal regulatory guidelines for a well-capitalized depository institution as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 . Capital ratios for SVB Financial and the Bank, compared to the minimum regulatory ratios applicable to bank holding companies and banks to be considered “well capitalized” and “adequately capitalized”, are set forth below:



					Minimum Ratios under Applicable Regulatory Capital Adequacy Requirements
	September 30, 2016		December 31, 2015		"Well Capitalized”		“Adequately Capitalized”
SVB Financial:
CET 1 risk-based capital ratio	12.75	%	12.28	%	6.5	%	4.5	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio	13.21		12.83		8.0		6.0
Total risk-based capital ratio	14.22		13.84		10.0		8.0
Tier 1 leverage ratio	8.35		7.63		N/A		4.0
Tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio (1)	8.30		7.16		N/A		N/A
Tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets ratio (1)	13.11		12.34		N/A		N/A
Bank:
CET 1 risk-based capital ratio	12.77	%	12.52	%	6.5	%	4.5	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio	12.77		12.52		8.0		6.0
Total risk-based capital ratio	13.83		13.60		10.0		8.0
Tier 1 leverage ratio	7.74		7.09		5.0		4.0
Tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio (1)	7.98		6.95		N/A		N/A
Tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets ratio (1)	13.14		12.59		N/A		N/A


(1)	See below for a reconciliation of non-GAAP tangible common equity to tangible assets and tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets.

Both SVB Financial’s and the Bank's risk-based capital ratios (CET 1, tier 1 and total risk-based capital) increased as of September 30, 2016 , compared to the same ratios as of December 31, 2015. The increases were a result of the proportionally higher increase in our capital compared to the increases in risk-weighted assets during the nine months ended September 30, 2016. Increased capital was reflective primarily of year-to-date earnings. The growth in period-end risk-weighted assets was primarily from loan growth, partially offset by a decrease in fixed income securities. SVB Financial's and the Bank's tier 1 leverage ratios increased 72 basis points and 65 basis points, respectively, as of September 30, 2016, compared to December 31, 2015. The higher tier 1 leverage ratios were reflective of the increase in tier 1 capital from net income and the decrease in average assets resulting from the decrease in both cash and fixed income investment securities, partially offset by loan growth. All of our reported capital ratios remain above the levels considered to be “well capitalized” under applicable banking regulations.

The tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio and the tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets ratios are not required by GAAP or applicable bank regulatory requirements. However, we believe these ratios provide meaningful supplemental information regarding our capital levels. Our management uses, and believes that investors benefit from referring to, these ratios in evaluating the adequacy of the Company’s capital levels; however, these financial measures should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for or preferable to, comparable financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. These ratios are calculated by dividing total SVBFG stockholders' equity, by total period-end assets and risk-weighted assets, after reducing both amounts by acquired intangibles, if any. The manner in which this ratio is calculated varies among companies. Accordingly, our ratio is not necessarily comparable to similar measures of other companies.

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The following table provides a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures with financial measures defined by GAAP for SVB Financial and the Bank for the periods ended September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 :



	SVB Financial						Bank
Non-GAAP tangible common equity and tangible assets (dollars in thousands, except ratios)	September 30, 2016			December 31, 2015			September 30, 2016			December 31, 2015
GAAP SVBFG stockholders’ equity	$	3,593,051		$	3,198,134		$	3,405,028		$	3,059,045
Tangible common equity	$	3,593,051		$	3,198,134		$	3,405,028		$	3,059,045
GAAP Total assets	$	43,274,037		$	44,686,703		$	42,651,702		$	44,045,967
Tangible assets	$	43,274,037		$	44,686,703		$	42,651,702		$	44,045,967
Risk-weighted assets	$	27,407,756		$	25,919,594		$	25,909,301		$	24,301,043
Tangible common equity to tangible assets	8.30		%	7.16		%	7.98		%	6.95		%
Tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets	13.11			12.34			13.14			12.59

Both the tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio and tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets ratio increased for SVB Financial and the Bank. The increases are a result of the proportionally higher increase in our capital compared to the changes in total and risk-weighted assets during the nine months ended September 30, 2016. Increased capital is reflective primarily of 2016 year-to-date earnings. Total assets decreased as a result of the sale of $2.9 billion of U.S. Treasury securities, partially offset by loan growth during the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The growth in period-end risk-weighted assets was primarily from loan growth, partially offset by a decrease in fixed income securities. See "SVBFG Stockholders’ Equity" above for further details on changes to the individual components of our equity balance.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

In the normal course of business, we use financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk to meet the financing needs of our customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, commercial and standby letters of credit and commitments to invest in venture capital and private equity fund investments. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk. Credit risk is defined as the possibility of sustaining a loss because other parties to the financial instrument fail to perform in accordance with the terms of the contract. For details of our commitments to extend credit, and commercial and standby letters of credit, please refer to Note 12—“Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Guarantees, and Other Commitments” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report.

Commitments to Invest in Venture Capital and Private Equity Funds

Subject to applicable regulatory requirements, including the Volcker Rule, we make investments. We make commitments to invest in venture capital and private equity funds, which in turn make investments generally in, or in some cases make loans to, privately-held companies. Commitments to invest in these funds are generally made for a 10 -year period from the inception of the fund. Although the limited partnership agreements governing these investments typically do not restrict the general partners from calling 100% of committed capital in one year, it is customary for these funds to generally call most of the capital commitments over 5 to 7 years; however in certain cases, the funds may not call 100% of committed capital over the life of the fund. The actual timing of future cash requirements to fund these commitments is generally dependent upon the investment cycle, overall market conditions, and the nature and type of industry in which the privately held companies operate.

For further details on our commitments to invest in venture capital and private equity funds, refer to Note 12—“Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Guarantees, and Other Commitments” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report.

Liquidity

The objective of liquidity management is to ensure that funds are available in a timely manner to meet our financial obligations, including, as necessary, paying creditors, meeting depositors’ needs, accommodating loan demand and growth, funding investments, repurchasing securities and other operating or capital needs, without incurring undue cost or risk, or causing a disruption to normal operating conditions.

We regularly assess the amount and likelihood of projected funding requirements through a review of factors such as historical deposit volatility and funding patterns, present and forecasted market and economic conditions, individual client funding needs, and existing and planned business activities. Our Asset/Liability Committee (“ALCO”), which is a management committee, provides oversight to the liquidity management process and recommends policy guidelines for the approval of the Finance Committee of our Board of Directors, and courses of action to address our actual and projected liquidity needs. Additionally, we routinely conduct liquidity stress testing as part of our liquidity management practices.

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Our deposit base is, and historically has been, our primary source of liquidity. Our deposit levels and cost of deposits may fluctuate from time to time due to a variety of factors, including market conditions, prevailing interest rates, changes in client deposit behaviors, availability of insurance protection, and our offering of deposit products. We may also offer more investment alternatives off the balance sheet which may impact deposit levels. At September 30, 2016 , our period-end total deposit balances were $38.2 billion , compared to $39.1 billion at December 31, 2015 .

Our liquidity requirements can also be met through the use of our portfolio of liquid assets. Our definition of liquid assets includes cash and cash equivalents in excess of the minimum levels necessary to carry out normal business operations, short-term investment securities maturing within one year, available-for-sale securities eligible and available for financing or pledging purposes with a maturity in excess of one year and anticipated near-term cash flows from investments.

On a stand-alone basis, SVB Financial’s primary liquidity channels include dividends from the Bank, its portfolio of liquid assets, cash proceeds from the sale of equity warrants and fund investments and its ability to raise debt and capital. The ability of the Bank to pay dividends is subject to certain regulations described in “Business—Supervision and Regulation—Restriction on Dividends” under Part I, Item 1 of our 2015 Form 10-K.

Consolidated Summary of Cash Flows

Below is a summary of our average cash position and statement of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 . For further details, see our "Interim Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)" under Part I, Item 1 of this report.



	Nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2016			2015
Average cash and cash equivalents	$	2,437,763		$	2,388,660
Percentage of total average assets	5.6		%	6.0		%
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	273,004		$	254,207
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	2,472,444			(3,372,109		)
Net cash (used for) provided by financing activities	(1,727,386		)	2,981,033
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	1,018,062		$	(136,869	)

Average cash and cash equivalents increased by $49 million , or 2.1 percent , to $2.4 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , compared to $2.4 billion for the comparable 2015 period.

Cash provided by operating activities was $273.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , reflective primarily of net income before noncontrolling interests of $286.6 million , partially offset by a $48.7 million reduction of compensation accruals during the nine months ended September 30, 2016, primarily from the incentive compensation payouts during the first quarter of 2016, offset by incentive compensation accruals for 2016.

Cash provided by investing activities of $2.5 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was driven by $2.9 billion in proceeds from the sale of U.S. Treasury securities and $2.2 billion from maturities and principal paydowns from our fixed income securities investment portfolio, partially offset by $2.4 billion in loan growth.

Cash used for financing activities was $1.7 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 , primarily reflective of a net decrease of $1.0 billion in deposits and $0.8 billion of payments on our overnight short-term borrowings.

Cash and cash equivalents were $2.5 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively, at September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015 .

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Interest Rate Risk Management

Market risk is defined as the risk of adverse fluctuations in the market value of financial instruments due to changes in market interest rates. Interest rate risk is our primary market risk and can result from timing and volume differences in the repricing of our rate-sensitive assets and liabilities, widening or tightening of credit spreads, changes in the general level of market interest rates and changes in the shape and level of the benchmark LIBOR/SWAP yield curve. Additionally, changes in interest rates can influence the rate of principal prepayments on mortgage securities which affects the rate of amortization of purchase premiums and discounts. Other market risks include foreign currency exchange risk and equity price risk. These risks are not considered significant compared to interest rate sensitivity risks and no separate quantitative information concerning them is presented herein.

Interest rate risk is managed by our ALCO. ALCO reviews the market valuation and 12-month forward looking earnings sensitivity of assets and liabilities to changes in interest rates, structural changes in investment and funding portfolios, loan and deposit activity and current market conditions. Adherence to relevant policies, which are approved by the Finance Committee of our Board of Directors, is monitored on an ongoing basis.

Management of interest rate risk is carried out primarily through strategies involving our fixed income securities portfolio, available funding channels and capital market activities. In addition, our policies permit the use of off-balance sheet derivative instruments to assist in managing interest rate risk.

We utilize a simulation model to perform sensitivity analysis on the economic value of equity and net interest income under a variety of interest rate scenarios, balance sheet forecasts and proposed strategies. The simulation model provides a dynamic assessment of interest rate sensitivity embedded in our balance sheet which measures the potential variability in forecasted results relating to changes in market interest rates over time. We review our interest rate risk position on a quarterly basis at a minimum.

Model Simulation and Sensitivity Analysis

One application of the aforementioned simulation model involves measurement of the impact of changes in market interest rates on our economic value of equity (“EVE”). EVE is defined as the market value of assets, less the market value of liabilities, adjusted for any off-balance sheet items. A second application of the simulation model measures the impact of changes in market interest rates on our net interest income (“NII”) assuming a static balance sheet as of the period-end reporting date. Changes in market interest rates that affect us are principally short-term interest rates and include the following: (i) National Prime and SVB Prime rates; (ii) 1-month and 3-month LIBOR; and (iii) Federal Funds target rate. Changes in these short-term rates impact interest earned on our variable rate loans, variable rate investment securities and balances held as cash and cash equivalents. Additionally, deposit pricing generally follows overall changes in short-term interest rates.

For the period ended September 30, 2016, an assumption change was applied to the EVE simulation model for the discount spreads applied to our loan balances. Prior to this change, discount spread assumptions were derived utilizing the historical data of new loans that had originated in the previous month. The new methodology derives loan discount spread assumptions utilizing a historical rolling six-month average of new loan originations. The assumption change produced a lower overall discount spread on our loan balances at September 30, 2016, ultimately resulting in a higher base case EVE of $303 million and a lower base case estimated NII of $4 million, as compared to the respective base cases as derived under the old methodology. We believe the new methodology produces a discount spread assumption that is more stable from period to period and better represents the overall market for our loan balances.

This assumption change did not have a significant impact on NII sensitivity results, nor did it substantially change the EVE sensitivity profile. The impact of this modeling change was primarily to the overall level of EVE.

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The following table presents our EVE and NII sensitivity exposure related to an instantaneous and sustained parallel shift in market interest rates of 100 and 200 basis points at September 30, 2016, presented under both the new and old methodologies for comparative purposes, and at December, 31, 2015, as previously reported:



Change in interest rates (basis points) (Dollars in thousands)	Estimated		Estimated Increase/(Decrease) In EVE				Estimated		Estimated Increase/ (Decrease) In NII
	EVE		Amount		Percent		NII		Amount			Percent
September 30, 2016: (New Assumptions)
200	$	6,013,687	$	1,782,164	42.1	%	$	1,548,731	$	367,393		31.1	%
100	4,934,132		702,609		16.6		1,364,926		183,588			15.5
—	4,231,523		—		—		1,181,338		—			—
-100	4,829,973		598,450		14.1		1,117,248		(64,090		)	(5.4	)
-200	4,826,240		594,717		14.1		1,102,758		(78,580		)	(6.7	)

September 30, 2016: (Old Assumptions)
200	$	5,721,750	$	1,792,829	45.6	%	$	1,552,804	$	367,414		31.0	%
100	4,635,267		706,346		18.0		1,368,988		183,598			15.5
—	3,928,921		—		—		1,185,390		—			—
-100	4,512,935		584,014		14.9		1,121,284		(64,106		)	(5.4	)
-200	4,506,188		577,267		14.7		1,106,768		(78,622		)	(6.6	)

December 31, 2015:
200	$	6,007,061	$	1,783,649	42.2	%	$	1,454,889	$	268,242		22.6	%
100	5,166,410		942,998		22.3		1,318,584		131,937			11.1
—	4,223,412		—		—		1,186,647		—			—
-100	4,350,421		127,009		3.0		1,127,223		(59,424		)	(5.0	)
-200	4,548,417		325,005		7.7		1,095,854		(90,793		)	(7.7	)

Economic Value of Equity

The estimated EVE in the preceding table is based on a combination of valuation methodologies including a discounted cash flow analysis and a multi-path lattice based valuation. Both methodologies use publicly available market interest rates. The model simulations and calculations are highly assumption-dependent and will change regularly as our asset/liability structure changes, as interest rate environments evolve, and as we change our assumptions in response to relevant market or business circumstances. These calculations do not reflect the changes that we anticipate or may make to reduce our EVE exposure in response to a change in market interest rates as a part of our overall interest rate risk management strategy.

As with any method of measuring interest rate risk, certain limitations are inherent in the method of analysis presented in the preceding table. We are exposed to yield curve risk, prepayment risk and basis risk, which cannot be fully modeled and expressed using the above methodology. Accordingly, the results in the preceding table should not be relied upon as a precise indicator of actual results in the event of changing market interest rates. Additionally, the resulting EVE and NII estimates are not intended to represent, and should not be construed to represent the underlying value. In addition, we assume different deposit balance decay rates for each interest rate scenario based on a historical deposit study of our clients.

Our base case EVE as of September 30, 2016 increased from December 31, 2015 by $8 million as a result of balance sheet mix changes, as well as yield curve changes. At September 30, 2016, as compared to December 31, 2015, total loan balances increased $2.4 billion, while total investment securities decreased $4.7 billion, primarily due to sales of AFS securities and fixed income portfolio maturities. Additionally, total deposit decreases of $953 million were offset by cash and cash equivalent balance increases of $1.0 billion.

Marginally higher LIBOR rates in the 3- to 12-month term points continue to drive a relatively flat yield curve compared to December 31, 2015. Higher rates contributed to a $240 million decrease in EVE sensitivity in the +100 bps rate shock scenario while higher rates in the -100 and -200 bps rate shock scenarios contributed to increases of $471 million and $270 million, respectively. Changes in all three of these scenarios are can be attributed to the increase in the yield curve described above, which causes the discount curves for loans and deposits to hit fewer floors as compared to the curve as of December 31, 2015.

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This allows more of the impact from a downward rate shock to flow through the valuation. The balance sheet changes described previously were not a significant factor in the change in sensitivity relative to December 31, 2015 results.

12-Month Net Interest Income Simulation

Our estimated 12-month base case NII forecast at September 30, 2016 decreased from December 31, 2015 by $5 million , primarily due to the change in balance sheet composition as noted above. Higher-yielding investment portfolio instruments are being replaced by lower-yielding floating rate loans, however, the decrease in asset yield is being mitigated to some extent by a decrease in interest expense due to balance sheet runoff in interest bearing deposits.

NII sensitivity at September 30, 2016 in the +100 and +200 bps interest rate shock scenarios increased $52 million and $99 million, respectively, as compared to December 31, 2015. These changes are due primarily to the changing composition of the balance sheet as noted above. Specifically, an increase in floating rate loans coupled with lower interest bearing deposit balances causes NII to increase in a rising rate environment.

The simulation model used in the above analysis embeds floors in our interest rate scenarios, which prevent model benchmark rates from moving below 0.0%. In addition, we assume different deposit balance decay rates for each interest rate scenario based on a historical deposit study of our clients. These assumptions may change in future periods based on management discretion. Actual changes in our deposit pricing strategies may differ from our current model assumptions and may have an impact on our overall sensitivity.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures are the controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, among other things, processes, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of our most recently completed fiscal quarter, pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b). Based upon this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Changes in Internal Control

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II–OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Please refer to Note 15–“Legal Matters” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

There are no material changes from the risk factors set forth in our 2015 Form 10-K.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

None.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

See Index to Exhibits at end of report.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.



		SVB Financial Group

Date: November 8, 2016		/s/ MICHAEL DESCHENEAUX
		Michael Descheneaux
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)

		SVB Financial Group

Date: November 8, 2016		/s/ KAMRAN HUSAIN
		Kamran Husain
		Chief Accounting Officer
		(Principal Accounting Officer)

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS

Exhibit

Number

Exhibit Description

Incorporated by Reference

Filed

Herewith

Form

File No.

Exhibit

Filing Date

31.1

Rule 13a-14(a) / 15(d)-14(a) Certification of Principal Executive Officer

31.2

Rule 13a-14(a) / 15(d)-14(a) Certification of Principal Financial Officer

32.1

Section 1350 Certifications

101.INS

XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

100

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Part I - Financial Informationprint Item 1. Interim Consolidated Financial Statementsprint Item 2. Management S Discussion and Analysis Of Financial Condition and Results Of Operationsprint Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Riskprint Item 4. Controls and Proceduresprint Part II Other Informationprint Item 1. Legal Proceedingsprint Item 1A. Risk Factorsprint Item 2. Unregistered Sales Of Equity Securities and Use Of Proceedsprint Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securitiesprint Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosuresprint Item 5. Other Informationprint Item 6. Exhibitsprint

Customer name	Ticker
Apartment Investment and Management Company	AIV
Equity Residential	EQR

SIVB 10-Q Quarter ended Sept. 30, 2016