UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM
(Mark One)
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Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||
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| * | Listed not for trading or quotation purposes, but only in connection with the registration of American Depositary Shares representing such ordinary shares pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The American Depositary Shares are registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, pursuant to a separate registration statement on Form F-6 (File No. 333-253915). |
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Emerging growth company
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International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐ | Other ☐ |
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
i
INTRODUCTION
Certain Definitions
In this Annual Report on Form 20-F, unless the context otherwise requires:
| ● | references to “Steakholder Foods,” the “Company,” “us,” “we” and “our” refer to Steakholder Innovation Ltd. (formerly MeaTech MT Ltd. and MeaTech Ltd.) from its inception until the consummation of the January 2020 merger described herein, and Steakholder Foods Ltd. (formerly MeaTech 3D Ltd.) (the “Registrant”), an Israeli company, thereafter, unless otherwise required by the context; |
| ● | references to “ordinary shares,” “our shares” and similar expressions refer to the Registrant’s ordinary shares, no nominal (par) value per share; |
| ● | references to “ADS” refer to the American Depositary Shares listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “STKH,” each representing ten ordinary shares of the Registrant; |
| ● | References to the “Deposit Agreement” refer to that certain deposit agreement by and among the Company, the Bank of New York Mellon as Depositary, and the holders and owners from time to time of ADSs issued by the Company. | |
| ● | References to the “Depositary” refer to The Bank of New York Mellon. | |
| ● | references to “dollars,” “U.S. dollars,” “USD” and “$” are to United States Dollars; |
| ● | references to “NIS” are to New Israeli Shekels, the currency of the State of Israel; |
| ● | references to the “Companies Law” are to Israel’s Companies Law, 5759-1999, as amended; and |
| ● | references to the “SEC” are to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. |
Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements concerning our business, operations and financial performance and condition as well as our plans, objectives and expectations for our business operations and financial performance and condition. Any statements that are not historical facts may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms including “anticipates,” “believes,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts,” “projects,” “should,” “will,” “would,” and similar expressions intended to identify forward-looking statements, but these are not the only ways these statements are identified. Forward-looking statements reflect our current views with respect to future events and are based on assumptions and subject to risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made, and do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments. You should not put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Unless we are required to do so under U.S. federal securities laws or other applicable laws, we do not intend to update or revise any forward-looking statements. Readers are encouraged to consult the Company’s filings made on Form 6-K, which are periodically filed with or furnished to the SEC.
Forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus include, but are not limited to:
| ● | our estimates regarding our expenses, future revenue, capital requirements and needs for additional financing; |
| ● | our expectations regarding the success of the alternative protein manufacturing technologies we are developing; |
| ● | our research and development activities associated with technologies for alternative protein manufacturing, including three-dimensional protein production, which involves a lengthy and complex process; |
| ● | our expectations regarding sales of products based on our alternative protein technologies; |
| ● | our ability to successfully manage our planned growth, and any future acquisitions, joint ventures, collaborations or similar transactions; |
| ● | the competitiveness of the market for our alternative protein technologies; |
| ● | our ability to enforce our intellectual property rights and to operate our business without infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights and proprietary technology of third parties; |
| ● | our ability to predict and timely respond to preferences for alternative proteins and new trends; |
| ● | our ability to attract, hire and retain qualified employees and key personnel; |
| ● | security, political and economic instability in the Middle East that could harm our business, including due to the war between Israel and Hamas; and |
| ● | other risks and uncertainties, including those listed in “Item 3. —Key Information—Risk Factors.” |
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PART I
ITEM 1. Identity Of Directors, Senior Management And Advisers
Not applicable.
ITEM 2. Offer Statistics And Expected Timetable
Not applicable.
ITEM 3. Key Information
A. Selected Financial Data
Not applicable.
B. Capitalization and Indebtedness
Not applicable.
C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds
Not applicable.
D. Risk Factors
Our business is subject to various risks, including those described below. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below and in our future filings with the SEC. If any of the following risks are realized, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. Additionally, risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or prospects.
Summary of Risks Associated with our Business
Our business is subject to a number of risks of which you should be aware. You should carefully consider all the information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 20-F and, in particular, should evaluate the specific factors set forth in the sections titled “Risk Factors”. Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected by any of these risks. Among these important risks are, but not limited to, the following:
RISKS RELATED TO OUR FINANCIAL CONDITION AND LIQUIDITY REQUIREMENTS
| ● | We expect to continue incurring significant losses for the foreseeable future. | |
| ● | We may require substantial additional funds to complete our research, development and commercialization activities. | |
| ● | There is substantial doubt as to whether we can continue as a going concern. | |
| ● | Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing shareholders or restrict our operations. |
RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS AND STRATEGY
| ● | We have a limited operating history to date. | |
| ● | The research and development associated with alternative protein manufacturing is a lengthy process. | |
| ● | We may engage in future acquisitions, joint ventures or collaborations, which may not be successful. | |
| ● | We may not be able to successfully manage our planned growth, and if the market does not grow as we expect, we may not achieve sustainable revenues. |
RISKS RELATED TO COMPETITION AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF OUR TECHNOLOGIES
| ● | We are an early-stage company with an unproven business model. | |
| ● | We may suffer reputational harm due to issues with products manufactured by our licensees. | |
| ● | Failure to improve our technologies may adversely affect our ability to continue to grow. | |
| ● | We may face difficulties if we expand our operations into new geographic regions. |
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| ● | Consumer preferences for alternative proteins in general are difficult to predict and may change. | |
| ● | We have limited manufacturing experience or resources, and we may have issues in obtaining raw materials. | |
| ● | Litigation or legal proceedings, government investigations or other regulatory enforcement actions could subject us to civil and criminal penalties or otherwise expose us to significant liabilities. |
RISKS RELATED TO OUR OPERATIONS
| ● | We expect that a small number of customers will account for a significant portion of our revenues, and we may be exposed to the credit risks of our customers. | |
| ● | If we are unable to attract and retain qualified employees, our ability to implement our business plan may be adversely affected, and we may not be able to enforce covenants not to compete under applicable employment laws. | |
| ● | Insurance policies may not fully cover the risk of loss to which we are exposed. | |
| ● | Our business, reputation and operations could suffer in the event of information technology system failures or a cybersecurity incident. | |
| ● | Food safety and food-borne illness incidents may materially adversely affect our business. |
RISKS RELATED TO GOVERNMENT REGULATION
| ● | Products utilizing our technologies will be subject to regulations that could adversely affect our business and results of operations. | |
| ● | Any changes in, or failure by our supplier to comply with, applicable laws, regulations or policies could adversely affect our business. |
RISKS RELATED TO OUR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND POTENTIAL LITIGATION
| ● | If we are unable to obtain and maintain our intellectual property rights, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets. | |
| ● | Intellectual property rights of third parties could adversely affect our ability to successfully commercialize our products and may prevent or delay our development and commercialization. | |
| ● | Patent policy and rule changes could increase uncertainties and costs. | |
| ● | We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our or third party intellectual property rights. |
RISKS RELATED TO OUR OPERATIONS IN ISRAEL
| ● | Political, economic and military conditions in Israel could have an adverse impact on our business. | |
| ● | We are exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates. | |
| ● | Enforcing a U.S. judgment against us and our executive officers and directors, or asserting U.S. securities law claims in Israel, may be difficult. | |
| ● | Our articles of association provide that unless we consent to an alternate forum, the federal district courts of the United States shall be the exclusive forum of resolution of any claims arising under the Securities Act. | |
| ● | Our articles of association provide that unless we consent otherwise, the competent courts of Tel Aviv, Israel shall be the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between the Company and its shareholders under the Companies Law and the Israeli Securities Law. | |
| ● | Your rights and responsibilities as our shareholder will be governed by Israeli law, which may differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S. corporations. | |
| ● | Our articles of association and Israeli law could prevent a takeover that shareholders consider favorable and could also reduce the market price of our ADSs. |
RISKS RELATED TO OWNERSHIP OF THE ADSs
| ● | The ADS price may be volatile, and you may lose all or part of your investment. | |
| ● | We have never paid dividends on our share capital, nor do we intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future. | |
| ● | ADS holders may not receive the same distributions or dividends as those we make to the holders of our ordinary shares. | |
| ● | ADS holders do not have the same rights as our shareholders. |
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| ● | ADS holders may be subject to limitations on transfer of their ADSs. | |
| ● | We follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of certain Nasdaq and Exchange Act requirements. | |
| ● | If we are a “passive foreign investment company” for U.S. income tax purposes, there may be adverse tax consequences to U.S. investors. | |
| ● | If we are a controlled foreign corporation, there could be adverse U.S. income tax consequences to certain U.S. holders. |
RISKS RELATED TO OUR FINANCIAL CONDITION AND LIQUIDITY REQUIREMENTS
We expect to continue incurring significant losses for the foreseeable future and may never become profitable.
We have experienced net losses in every period since the inception of our predecessor entity, Steakholder Innovation Ltd., or Steakholder Innovation. We anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future until our commercialization activities become profitable. These activities may prove more expensive than we anticipate. We incur significant expenses in continuing to develop our technologies. Accordingly, we may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability, and we expect to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future.
Steakholder Innovation commenced food technology development operations in September 2019, and for most of the period since then, we engaged in researching and developing our technologies. Our initial revenues were generated in late 2024, and we cannot guarantee whether or when we will generate substantial revenue from operations. We may not be able to successfully commercialize our technologies. In addition, there is no certainty that there will be sufficient demand to justify the production and marketing of our food production machines. The market for alternative proteins may be small or may not develop.
If food production machines utilizing our technologies do not gain wide market acceptance, we may not be able to achieve our anticipated growth, revenues or profitability and we may not be able to continue our business operations.
We may require substantial additional funds to complete our research, development and commercialization activities and, if additional funds are not available on acceptable terms or at all, we may need to significantly scale back or cease our operations.
A significant portion of our activities has been financed by the issuance of equity securities. We believe that we will continue to expend substantial resources for the foreseeable future as we work to commercialize our technologies. These expenditures are expected to include costs associated with continued development, manufacturing and supply, as well as general operating expenses. In addition, other unanticipated costs may arise.
There is no certainty that we will be able to obtain funding for our commercialization activities when we need it, on acceptable terms or at all. A lack of adequate funding may force us to reduce or cease all or part of our commercialization activities and business operations. Our operating plan may change because of factors currently unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned, through public or private equity or debt financings or other sources, such as strategic collaborations. Such financing may result in dilution to shareholders, imposition of debt covenants and repayment obligations, or other restrictions that may adversely affect our business. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans.
Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including:
| ● | our progress with current research, development and commercialization activities; | |
| ● | the number and characteristics of any products or manufacturing processes we develop or acquire; | |
| ● | the expenses associated with our marketing initiatives; | |
| ● | the timing, receipt and amount of milestone, royalty and other payments from future customers and collaborators, if any; | |
| ● | the scope, progress, results and costs of researching and developing future products or improvements to existing products or manufacturing processes; | |
| ● | any lawsuits related to our products or commenced against us; | |
| ● | the expenses needed to attract, hire and retain skilled personnel; | |
| ● | the costs associated with being a public company in the United States; and | |
| ● | the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing intellectual property claims, including litigation costs and the outcome of such litigation. |
If our estimates and predictions relating to any of these factors are incorrect, we may need to modify our operating plan. Additional funds may not be available to us when needed on acceptable terms, or at all. If adequate funds are not available to us on a timely basis, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our manufacturing, commercialization activities or other activities that may be necessary to generate revenue and achieve profitability.
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There is substantial doubt as to whether we can continue as a going concern.
Our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024 contain an explanatory paragraph that states that our recurring losses from operations raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our financial statements do not include any measurement or presentation adjustment for assets or liabilities that might result if we would be unable to continue as a going concern. We have incurred operating losses since inception, have only generated initial revenues in 2024, and have not achieved profitable operations. Our net loss, accumulated during the development stage through December 31, 2024, totaled approximately USD 78.7 million, and we expect to continue to incur substantial losses in future periods while we continue our research and development activities.
Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing shareholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies.
Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through equity offerings, debt financings, government contracts, government and/or other third-party grants or other third-party funding, marketing and distribution arrangements and other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. We will require substantial funding to fund our anticipated commercialization efforts and fund our operating expenses and other activities. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest may be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a shareholder. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, we may be required to significantly curtail our development or commercialization programs, or a part thereof, which would adversely impact our potential revenues, results of operations and financial condition.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS AND STRATEGY
We have a limited operating history to date and our business prospects will be dependent on our ability to meet a number of challenges.
Our business prospects are difficult to predict due to a lack of operational history, and our success will be dependent on our ability to meet a number of challenges. We are focused on commercializing technologies to manufacture alternative foods without the need for animal butchery. If we are unable to successfully commercialize our alternative protein manufacturing technologies, we may not be able to achieve our anticipated growth, revenues or profitability, and we may not be able to continue our business operations.
Because we have a limited operating history and have only just begun to generate initial revenues, you may not be able to evaluate our future prospects accurately. Our prospects will be primarily dependent on our ability to successfully market and sell food production machines and related products to our customers. If we are not able to successfully meet these challenges, our prospects, business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely impacted.
We are wholly dependent on the success of our food manufacturing technologies, and we have limited data on the performance of our technologies to date.
To date, we have limited data on the ability of our technologies to successfully manufacture alternative proteins, towards which we have devoted substantial resources. We may not be successful in developing our technologies in a manner sufficient to support our expected scale-ups and future growth, or at all. We expect that a substantial portion of our efforts and expenditures in the near future will be devoted to the commercialization of technologies designed to enable us to market industrial-scale food production machines and related products. We cannot ensure that upon commercialization, our technologies will achieve market acceptance. Any such delay or failure would materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
We may engage in future acquisitions, joint ventures or collaborations, which may increase our capital requirements, dilute our shareholders, cause us to incur debt or assume contingent liabilities, and subject us to other risks. We may not realize the benefits of these acquisitions, joint ventures or collaborations.
We may evaluate various acquisitions and collaborations, including licensing or acquiring complementary technologies, intellectual property rights, or businesses. Any potential acquisition, joint venture or collaboration will entail numerous potential risks, including:
| ● | increased operating expenses and cash requirements; |
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| ● | the assumption of additional indebtedness or contingent liabilities; | |
| ● | assimilation of operations, intellectual property and products of an acquired company, including difficulties associated with integrating new personnel; | |
| ● | the diversion of our management’s attention from our existing programs and initiatives in pursuing such a strategic merger or acquisition; | |
| ● | retention of key employees, the loss of key personnel, and uncertainties in our ability to maintain key business relationships; | |
| ● | risks and uncertainties associated with the other party to such a transaction, including the prospects of that party and their existing technologies; and | |
| ● | our inability to generate revenue from acquired technologies or products sufficient to meet our objectives in undertaking the acquisition or even to offset the associated acquisition and maintenance costs. |
In addition, if we undertake acquisitions, we may utilize our cash, issue dilutive securities, assume or incur debt obligations, incur large one-time expenses and acquire intangible assets that could result in significant future amortization expenses.
Moreover, we may not be able to locate suitable acquisition or collaboration opportunities, and this inability could impair our ability to grow or obtain access to technologies that may be important to the development of our business.
Our existing potential collaborations, or any future collaboration arrangements into which we may enter, may not be successful, which could significantly limit the likelihood of receiving the potential economic benefits of the collaboration and adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates.
We have entered into collaborations with partner organizations, and may enter into future collaborations under which our collaborators may provide funding and other resources for developing and commercializing our alternative protein manufacturing technologies. We expect to enter into additional collaborations to access additional funding, capabilities and expertise in the future. Our existing collaborations, and any future collaborations into which we may enter, may pose a number of risks, including the following:
| ● | collaborators may not perform or prioritize their obligations as expected; | |
| ● | collaborators may not pursue development and commercialization of any of our alternative protein manufacturing technologies or may elect not to continue or renew development or commercialization, changes in the collaborators’ focus or available funding, or external factors, such as an acquisition, that divert resources or create competing priorities; | |
| ● | collaborators may provide insufficient funding for the successful development or commercialization of our alternative protein manufacturing technologies; | |
| ● | collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products or technologies that compete directly or indirectly with our products or alternative protein manufacturing technologies if the collaborators believe that competitive products are more likely to be successfully developed or can be commercialized under terms that are more economically attractive than ours; | |
| ● | alternative protein manufacturing technologies developed in collaborations with us may be viewed by our collaborators as competitive with their own products or technologies, which may cause collaborators to cease to devote resources to the development or commercialization of our products; | |
| ● | a collaborator with marketing and distribution rights to one or more of our products or technologies that achieve regulatory approval may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of any such product; | |
| ● | disagreements with collaborators, including disagreements over proprietary rights, contract interpretation or the preferred course of development of alternative protein manufacturing technologies, may cause delays or termination of the research, development or commercialization of such technologies, may lead to additional responsibilities for us with respect to such technologies, or may result in litigation or arbitration, any of which would be time-consuming and expensive; | |
| ● | collaborators may not properly maintain, protect, defend or enforce our intellectual property rights or may use our proprietary information in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our intellectual property or proprietary information or expose us to potential litigation; | |
| ● | disputes may arise with respect to the ownership of intellectual property developed pursuant to our collaborations; |
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| ● | collaborators may infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of third parties, which may expose us to litigation and potential liability; | |
| ● | collaborations may be terminated for the convenience of the collaborator and, if terminated, the development of our alternative protein manufacturing technologies may be delayed, and we could be required to raise additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization ; | |
| ● | future relationships may require us to incur non-recurring and other charges, increase our near- and long-term expenditures, issue securities that dilute our existing shareholders, or disrupt our management and business; and | |
| ● | we could face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators, and the negotiation process is time-consuming and complex. |
If our collaborations do not result in the successful development of our products, or if one of our collaborators terminates its agreement with us, we may not receive any future research funding or milestone, earn-out, royalty or other contingent payments under the collaborations. If we do not receive the funding we expect under these agreements, our development of our alternative protein manufacturing technologies could be delayed and we may need additional resources to develop our technologies. If one of our collaborators terminates its agreement with us, we may find it more difficult to attract new collaborators and the perception of us in the business and financial communities could be adversely affected. All of the risks relating to product development, regulatory approval and commercialization described in this report apply to the activities of our collaborators.
We may not be able to successfully manage our planned growth.
We expect to continue to make investments in our alternative protein manufacturing technologies. We expect that our annual operating expenses may increase as we invest in further development activities, sales and marketing efforts and customer service and support resources. Our failure to expand operational and financial systems in a timely or efficient manner could result in operating inefficiencies, which could increase our costs and expenses more than we had planned and prevent us from successfully executing our business plan. We may not be able to offset the costs of operation expansion by leveraging the economies of scale from our growth in negotiations with our suppliers and contract manufacturers. Additionally, if we increase our operating expenses in anticipation of the growth of our business and this growth does not meet our expectations, our financial results will be negatively impacted.
If our business grows, we may have to manage additional product design projects, materials procurement processes, and sales efforts and marketing for an increasing number of products, as well as expand the number and scope of our relationships with suppliers, distributors and end customers. If we fail to manage these additional responsibilities and relationships successfully, we may incur significant costs, which may negatively impact our operating results. Additionally, in our efforts to be first to market with new products with innovative functionality and features, we may devote significant research and development resources to products and product features for which a market does not develop quickly, or at all. If we are not able to predict market trends accurately, we may not benefit from such research and development activities, and our results of operations may suffer.
As our future development and commercialization plans and strategies develop, we expect to need additional managerial, operational, sales, marketing, financial and legal personnel. Our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, failure to deliver and timely deliver our products to customers, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Our expected growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of additional new products. If our management is unable to manage our growth effectively, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate and/or grow revenue could be reduced, and we may not be able to implement our business strategy.
If the market does not grow as we expect, we may not achieve sustainable revenues.
The marketplace for alternative protein manufacturing plants, which we expect to be our primary market, is dominated by methods that do not involve three-dimensional printing technology. If the market does not broadly accept three-dimensional printing of alternative protein as an alternative for conventional meat harvesting, or if it adopts three-dimensional printing based on a technology other than our proprietary technology, we may not be able to achieve a sustainable level of revenues, and our results of operations would be adversely affected as a result. Additionally, alternative proteins may be more expensive than conventional meat. If the price of alternative proteins remains high, this may limit the consumer demand for, and market acceptance of, products manufactured using our technologies, and we may never be able to compete successfully or generate sufficient revenue or sustained profitability.
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RISKS RELATED TO COMPETITION AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF OUR TECHNOLOGIES
We are an early-stage company with an unproven business model, which makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects.
We have no established basis to assure investors that our business strategies will be successful. We are dependent on unproven technologies and we have no basis to predict acceptance of our technologies by potential licensees and their customers. The market for printed alternative proteins is new and untested. As a result, the revenue and income potential of our business and our market are unproven. Further, because of our limited operating history and stage of development, and because the market for alternative proteins is relatively new and rapidly evolving, we have limited insight into trends that may emerge and affect our business. We may make errors in predicting and reacting to relevant business trends, which could harm our business.
We may not be able to compete successfully in our highly competitive market.
The alternative protein market is expected to be highly competitive, with numerous brands and products competing for limited retailer shelf space, foodservice and restaurant customers and consumers. For us to compete successfully, we expect that the alternative proteins printed using our technologies will need to be competitive in taste, ingredients, texture, ease of integration into the consumer diet, nutritional claims, convenience, brand recognition and loyalty, product variety, product packaging and package design, shelf space, reputation, price, advertising and access to restaurant and foodservice customers.
Generally, the food industry is dominated by multinational corporations with substantially greater resources and operations than we. We cannot be certain that we will successfully compete with larger competitors that have greater financial, marketing, sales, manufacturing, distributing and technical resources than we do. Conventional food companies may acquire our competitors or launch their own competing products, and they may be able to use their resources and scale to respond to competitive pressures and changes in consumer preferences by introducing new products, reducing prices or increasing promotional activities, among other things. Competitive pressures or other factors could prevent us from acquiring market share or cause us to lose market share, which may require us to lower prices, or increase marketing and advertising expenditures, either of which would adversely affect our margins and could result in a decrease in our operating results and profitability. We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain a competitive position or compete successfully against such sources of competition.
We may suffer reputational harm due to real or perceived quality or health issues with products manufactured by our customers using our technology.
Any real or perceived quality or food safety concerns or failures to comply with applicable food regulations and requirements, whether or not ultimately based on fact and whether or not involving us, or even merely involving unrelated manufacturers, could cause negative publicity and reduced confidence in our company, or the industry as a whole, which could in turn harm our reputation and sales, and could adversely impact our business, financial condition and operating results. There can be no assurance that products manufactured by our customers will always comply with regulatory standards. Although we expect that our customers will strive to manufacture products free of pathogenic organisms, these may not be easily detected and cross-contamination can occur. We cannot assure you that this health risk will always be preempted by quality control processes.
We will have no control over the products manufactured by our customers, especially once they are purchased by consumers, who may prepare these products in a manner that is inconsistent with directions or store them for excessive periods of time, which may adversely affect their quality and safety. If the products manufactured by our licensees are not perceived as safe or of high quality, then our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.
The growing use of social and digital media increases the speed and extent that information or misinformation and opinions can be shared. Negative publicity about alternative proteins produced using our technologies could seriously damage our reputation.
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Failure to improve our technologies may adversely affect our ability to continue to grow.
In order to continue to grow, we expect we will need to continue to innovate by developing new technologies or improving existing ones, in ways that meet our standards for quality and will enable our customers to manufacture products that appeal to consumer preferences. Such innovation will depend on the technical capability of our staff in developing and testing product prototypes, including complying with applicable governmental regulations, and the success of our management and sales and marketing teams in introducing and marketing new technologies. Failure to develop and market new technologies may cause a negative impact on our business and results of operations.
Additionally, the development and introduction of new technologies requires substantial research, development and marketing expenditures, which we may be unable to recoup if the new technologies do not lead to products that gain widespread market acceptance. If we are unsuccessful in meeting our objectives with respect to new or improved technologies, our business could be harmed.
We may face difficulties if we expand our operations into new geographic regions, in which we have no prior operating experience.
We intend to commercialize our technologies in numerous geographical markets. International operations involve a number of risks, including foreign regulatory compliance, tariffs, taxes and exchange controls, economic downturns, inflation, foreign currency fluctuations and political and social instability in the countries in which we will operate. Expansion may involve expanding into less developed countries, which may have less political, social or economic stability and less developed infrastructure and legal systems. It is costly to establish, develop and maintain international operations and develop and promote our brands in international markets. As we expand our business into other countries, we may encounter regulatory, legal, personnel, technological and other difficulties that increase our expenses and/or delay our ability to become profitable in such countries, which may have an adverse impact on our business and brand.
Consumer preferences for alternative proteins are difficult to predict and may change, and, if we are unable to respond quickly to new trends, our business may be adversely affected.
Our business is focused on the development and marketing of alternative protein manufacturing technologies. Consumer demand for the alternative proteins manufactured using these technologies could change based on a number of possible factors, including dietary habits and nutritional values, concerns regarding the health effects of ingredients and shifts in preference for various product attributes. If consumer demand for our products decreases, our business and financial condition may suffer. Consumer trends that we believe favor sales of products manufactured using our technologies could change based on a number of possible factors, including a shift in preference from animal-based protein products, economic factors and social trends. A significant shift in consumer demand away from products manufactured using our technologies could reduce our sales or our market share and the prestige of our brand, which would harm our business and financial condition.
We have limited manufacturing experience and resources and we expect we will incur significant costs to develop this expertise or need to rely on third parties for manufacturing.
We have limited manufacturing experience. In order to develop and commercialize our technologies, we will need to develop, contract for or otherwise arrange for the necessary manufacturing capabilities. We may experience difficulty in obtaining adequate and timely manufacturing capacity for our proprietary alternative protein printers and blends. Even if we develop or obtain the necessary manufacturing capacity, if we fail to comply with regulations, to obtain the necessary licenses and knowhow or to obtain the requisite financing in order to comply with all applicable regulations and to own or lease the required facilities in order to manufacture products, we could be forced to cease operations.
Our limited manufacturing capabilities are nascent, and if we fail to effectively develop manufacturing and production capabilities, our business and operating results and our brand reputation could be harmed.
If we are unable to develop manufacturing capacity to commence alternative protein production, we may not be able to expedite our market entry or develop industrial production processes. Additionally, there is risk in our ability to effectively scale production processes, if developed, to optimize manufacturing capacity for specific products and effectively manage our supply chain requirements, which involves accurately forecasting demand for each of our products and inventory needs in order to ensure we have adequate available manufacturing capacity for each such product and to ensure we are effectively managing our inventory. Our forecasts may be based on multiple assumptions that may cause our estimates to be inaccurate and affect our ability to obtain adequate manufacturing capacity (whether our own manufacturing capacity or co-manufacturing capacity) and adequate inventory supply in order to meet the demand for our products, which could prevent us from developing our industrial process and harm our business and prospects.
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However, if we overestimate our demand and overbuild our capacity or inventory, we may have significantly underutilized assets, experience reduced margins, and have excess inventory which we may be required to write-down or write-off. If we do not accurately align our manufacturing capabilities and inventory supply with demand, if we experience disruptions or delays in our supply chain, or if we cannot obtain raw materials of sufficient quantity and quality at reasonable prices and in a timely manner, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.
Our manufacturing and production operations will be subject to additional risks and uncertainties.
The interruption in, or the loss of operations at, our pilot facility, which may be caused by work stoppages, labor shortages, strikes or other labor unrest, production disruptions, product quality issues, local economic and political conditions, restrictive governmental actions, border closures, disease outbreaks or pandemics, the outbreak of hostilities, acts of war, terrorism, fire, earthquakes, severe weather, flooding or other natural disasters at one or more of these facilities, could delay, postpone or reduce production of some of our products, could impede our ability to develop an industrial process for producing alternative proteins or could otherwise have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition until such time as such interruption is resolved or an alternate source of production is secured.
Because we rely on a limited number of third-party suppliers, we may not be able to obtain raw materials on a timely basis or in sufficient quantities at competitive prices to produce our products or meet the demand for our products.
We rely on a limited number of vendors, a portion of which are located internationally, to supply us with raw materials. Our financial performance depends in large part on our ability to arrange for the purchase of raw materials in sufficient quantities at competitive prices. We are not assured a continued supply or pricing of raw materials. Any of our other suppliers could discontinue or seek to alter their relationship with us. We could experience similar delays in the future from any of our suppliers. Any disruption in the supply of raw materials would have a material adverse effect on our business if we cannot replace these suppliers in a timely manner, on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.
In addition, our suppliers manufacture their products at a limited number of facilities. A natural disaster, severe weather, fire, power interruption, work stoppage or other calamity affecting any of these facilities, or any interruption in their operations, could negatively impact our ability to obtain required quantities of raw materials in a timely manner, or at all, which could materially increase our cost and delay our timeline, and have a material effect on our business and financial condition.
Events that adversely affect our suppliers of raw materials could impair our ability to obtain raw material inventory in the quantities at competitive prices that we desire. Such events include problems with our suppliers’ businesses, finances, labor relations and/or shortages, strikes or other labor unrest, ability to import raw materials, product quality issues, costs, production, insurance and reputation, as well as local economic and political conditions, restrictive U.S. and foreign governmental actions, such as restrictions on transfers of funds and trade protection measures, including export/import duties and quotas and customs duties and tariffs, adverse fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, changes in legal or regulatory requirements, border closures, disease outbreaks or pandemics, acts of war, terrorism, natural disasters, fires, earthquakes, flooding, severe weather, agricultural diseases or other catastrophic occurrences. We continuously seek alternative sources of raw materials to use in our products, but we may not be successful in diversifying the raw materials we use in our products.
If we need to replace an existing supplier, there can be no assurance that supplies of raw materials will be available when required on acceptable terms, or at all, or that a new supplier would allocate sufficient capacity to us in order to meet our requirements, fill our orders in a timely manner or meet our strict quality standards.
Litigation or legal proceedings, government investigations or other regulatory enforcement actions could subject us to civil and criminal penalties or otherwise expose us to significant liabilities and have a negative impact on our reputation or business.
We operate in a constantly evolving legal and regulatory framework. Consequently, we are subject to heightened risk of legal claims, government investigations or other regulatory enforcement actions. Although we have implemented policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with existing laws and regulations, we cannot assure you that our employees, temporary workers, contractors or agents will not violate our policies and procedures. Moreover, a failure to maintain effective control processes could lead to violations, unintentional or otherwise, of laws and regulations. Legal claims, government investigations or regulatory enforcement actions arising out of our failure or alleged failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could subject us to civil and criminal penalties that could materially and adversely affect our product sales, reputation, financial condition and operating results.
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RISKS RELATED TO OUR OPERATIONS
We expect that a small number of customers will account for a significant portion of our revenues, and the loss of one or more of these customers could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We expect to generate revenue through three primary streams: (i) selling alternative protein manufacturing machines, including three-dimensional printers; (ii) brokering the supply of materials needed in the manufacturing process; and (iii) providing consulting and implementation services to customers. These streams may arise in the context of product co-development. Under this model, we initially expect to derive a significant portion of our revenues from a few customers. Our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely impacted if any one of these customers interrupt or curtail their activities, fail to pay for the services that have been performed, terminate their cultured meat operations, or if we are unable to enter into agreements with new customers on favorable terms. The loss of customers could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We may be exposed to the credit risks of our customers, and nonpayment by these customers and other parties could adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
We may be subject to risks of loss resulting from nonpayment by our customers. Any material nonpayment by these entities could adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. If customers default on their obligations to us, our financial results and condition could be adversely affected. Some of these customers may be highly leveraged and subject to their own operating and regulatory risks.
If we are unable to attract and retain qualified employees, our ability to implement our business plan may be adversely affected.
The loss of the service of our employees, such as Mr. Arik Kaufman, our Chief Executive Officer, would likely delay our achievement of product development and other business objectives, as we may not be able to find suitable individuals to replace them on a timely basis, if at all. In addition, any such departure could be viewed in a negative light by investors and analysts, which may cause the price of our securities to decline. Although we have employment agreements with our key employees, these employees could terminate their employment with us at any time on relatively short notice. We do not carry key man life insurance on any of our executive officers.
Recruiting and retaining qualified engineering, manufacturing and sales and marketing personnel will also be critical to our success. We may not be able to attract and retain these personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among high technology and life sciences companies for similar personnel. In addition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific advisors, to assist us in formulating our research and development and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us.
Under applicable employment laws, we may not be able to enforce covenants not to compete.
Our employment agreements generally include covenants not to compete. These agreements prohibit our employees, if they cease working for us, from competing directly with us or working for our competitors for a limited period. We may be unable to enforce these agreements under the laws of the jurisdictions in which our employees work. For example, Israeli courts have required employers seeking to enforce covenants not to compete to demonstrate that the competitive activities of a former employee will harm one of a limited number of material interests of the employer, such as the secrecy of a company’s confidential commercial information or the protection of its intellectual property. If we cannot demonstrate that such an interest will be harmed, we may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of our former employees or consultants and our competitiveness may be diminished.
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We are exposed to a risk of substantial loss due to claims that may be filed against us in the future because our insurance policies may not fully cover the risk of loss to which we are exposed.
We are exposed to the risk of having claims seeking monetary damages being filed against us, for example with regard to securities-related claims. In the event that we are required to pay damages for any such claim, we may be forced to seek bankruptcy or to liquidate because our asset base and revenue base may be insufficient to satisfy the payment of damages and any insurance that we have obtained may not provide sufficient coverage against potential liabilities.
Our business and operations would suffer in the event of information technology system failures, including security breaches.
Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. While we have not experienced any such system failure, accident or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, causing our business to suffer. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the further development of our product could be delayed.
A cybersecurity incident, other technology disruptions or failure to comply with laws and regulations relating to privacy and the protection of data relating to individuals could negatively impact our business, our reputation and our relationships with customers.
We use computers in substantially all aspects of our business operations. We also use mobile devices, social networking and other online activities to connect with our employees, suppliers and co-manufacturers. Such uses give rise to cybersecurity risks, including security breaches, espionage, system disruption, theft and inadvertent release of information. Our business involves the storage and transmission of numerous classes of sensitive and/or confidential information and intellectual property, including suppliers’ information, private information about employees and financial and strategic information about us and our business partners. Further, as we pursue new initiatives that improve our operations and cost structure, potentially including acquisitions, we may also be expand and improve our information technologies, resulting in a larger technological presence and corresponding exposure to cybersecurity risk. If we fail to assess and identify cybersecurity risks associated with new initiatives or acquisitions, we may become increasingly vulnerable to such risks. Additionally, while we have implemented measures to prevent security breaches and cyber incidents, our preventative measures and incident response efforts may not be entirely effective. The theft, destruction, loss, misappropriation, or release of sensitive and/or confidential information or intellectual property, or interference with our information technology systems or the technology systems of third parties on which we rely, could result in business disruption, negative publicity, brand damage, violation of privacy laws, loss of customers, potential liability and competitive disadvantage all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
In addition, we are subject to laws, rules and regulations in the United States, the European Union and other jurisdictions relating to the collection, use and security of personal information and data. Such data privacy laws, regulations and other obligations may require us to change our business practices and may negatively impact our ability to expand our business and pursue business opportunities. We may incur significant expenses to comply with the laws, regulations and other obligations that apply to us. Additionally, the privacy- and data protection-related laws, rules and regulations applicable to us are subject to significant change. Several jurisdictions have passed new laws and regulations in this area, and other jurisdictions are considering imposing additional restrictions. Privacy- and data protection-related laws and regulations also may be interpreted and enforced inconsistently over time and from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Any actual or perceived inability to comply with applicable privacy or data protection laws, regulations, or other obligations could result in significant cost and liability, litigation or governmental investigations, damage our reputation, and adversely affect our business.
Disruptions in the worldwide economy may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Instability in the global markets and in the geopolitical environment in many parts of the world, including current war between Russia and Ukraine, may continue to put pressure on global economic conditions. The global economy can be negatively impacted by a variety of other factors such as the emergence of a pandemic, or other widespread health emergencies (or concerns over the possibility of such an emergency), man-made or natural disasters, actual or threatened war, armed conflict, trade wars and acts of terrorism or war, political unrest, intergovernmental conflicts or actions, civil strife and other geopolitical uncertainty. Moreover, current market conditions, including inflation, slower growth, changes to fiscal and monetary policy, tighter credit, higher interest rates, high unemployment, geopolitical issues increase in energy costs, unstable global conditions and changes in currency exchange rates can impact our business, operating results and financial condition. Such adverse and uncertain economic conditions may impact consumer demand for alternative proteins, which may in turn impact manufacturer and retailer demand for our technologies. In addition, our ability to manage normal commercial relationships with suppliers may suffer. Consumers may shift purchases to lower-priced or other perceived value offerings during economic downturns as a result of various factors, including job losses, inflation, higher taxes, reduced access to credit, change in government economic policy and international trade disputes. In particular, consumers may reduce the amount of alternative proteins that they purchase in favor of conventional meat, which may have lower retail prices, which could indirectly affect our results of operations. Manufacturer and retailers may become more conservative in response to these conditions and seek to delay commencing alternative protein manufacturing operations or reduce existing operations. Our results of operations will depend upon, among other things, the financial condition of our business customers and our ability to supply them with the means to manufacture products that appeal to consumers at the right price. Decreases in demand for the products manufactured by our customers would put downward pressure on margins and would negatively impact our financial results. Prolonged unfavorable economic conditions or uncertainty may result in end consumers making long-lasting changes to their discretionary spending behavior on a more permanent basis, which may likewise have an indirect adverse effect on our sales and profitability.
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Furthermore, the international environment in which we operate is affected by inter-country trade agreements and tariffs. As a result of recent revisions in the U.S. administrative policy there are, and may be additional, changes to existing trade agreements, greater restrictions on free trade and significant increases in tariffs on goods imported into the United States. Therefore, there is current uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and other countries with respect to trade policies, taxes, government regulations, and tariffs, and we cannot predict whether, and to what extent, U.S. trade policies will change in the future, including as a result of changes by the new U.S. presidential administration. For example, the U.S. has recently signaled its intention to change U.S. trade policy, including potentially renegotiating or terminating existing trade agreements and leveraging tariffs. In February 2025, the U.S. imposed additional tariffs on imports from China, and in March 2025 imposed tariffs on imports from Canada and Mexico, the imposition of some of which will be delayed until April 2025. In response, Canada implemented 25% tariffs on U.S. goods worth $20 billion, with plans to extend these tariffs. Mexico also announced retaliatory measures, including tariffs on U.S. products. These additional tariffs or any future tariffs or retaliation by another government against such tariffs or policies have introduced significant uncertainty into the market and have led to increased consumer prices for various goods, including food items. Future actions of the U.S. administration and that of foreign governments with respect to tariffs or international trade agreements and policies, remain currently unclear.
Food safety and food-borne illness incidents may materially adversely affect our business by exposing us to lawsuits, product recalls or regulatory enforcement actions, increasing our operating costs and reducing demand for our product offerings.
Selling food for human consumption involves inherent legal and other risks, and there is increasing governmental scrutiny of and public awareness regarding food safety. Unexpected side effects, illness, injury or death related to allergens, food-borne illnesses or other food safety incidents caused by products we sell, or involving our suppliers or co-manufacturers, could result in the discontinuance of sales of these products or our relationships with such suppliers or co-manufacturers, or otherwise result in increased operating costs, regulatory enforcement actions or harm to our reputation. Shipment of adulterated or misbranded products, even if inadvertent, can result in criminal or civil liability. Such incidents could also expose us to product liability, negligence or other lawsuits, including consumer class action lawsuits. Any claims brought against us may exceed or be outside the scope of our existing or future insurance policy coverage or limits. Any judgment against us that is more than our policy limits or not covered by our policies or not subject to insurance would have to be paid from our cash reserves, which would reduce our capital resources.
The occurrence of food-borne illnesses or other food safety incidents could also adversely affect the price and availability of affected ingredients, resulting in higher costs, disruptions in supply and a reduction in our sales. Furthermore, any instances of food contamination or regulatory noncompliance, whether or not caused by our actions, could compel us, our suppliers, our distributors or our customers, depending on the circumstances, to conduct a recall in accordance with FDA regulations, comparable state laws or foreign laws such as those of the European Union and the United Kingdom. Food recalls could result in significant losses due to their costs, the destruction of product inventory, lost sales due to the unavailability of the product for a period of time and potential loss of existing distributors or customers and a potential negative impact on our ability to attract new customers due to negative consumer experiences or because of an adverse impact on our brand and reputation. The costs of a recall could exceed or be outside the scope of our existing or future insurance policy coverage or limits.
In addition, food companies have been subject to targeted, large-scale tampering as well as to opportunistic, individual product tampering, and we, like any food company, could be a target for product tampering. Forms of tampering could include the introduction of foreign material, chemical contaminants and pathological organisms into consumer products as well as product substitution. FDA regulations require companies like us to analyze, prepare and implement mitigation strategies specifically to address tampering (i.e., intentional adulteration) designed to inflict widespread public health harm. If we do not adequately address the possibility, or any actual instance, of intentional adulteration, we could face possible seizure or recall of our products and the imposition of civil or criminal sanctions, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.
Non-compliance with environmental, social, and governance, or ESG, practices could harm our reputation, or otherwise adversely impact our business, while increased attention to ESG initiatives could increase our costs.
Companies across industries are facing increasing scrutiny from a variety of stakeholders related to their ESG and sustainability practices. Certain market participants, including institutional investors and capital providers, are increasingly placing importance on the impact of their investments and are thus focusing on corporate ESG practices, including the use of third-party benchmarks and scores to assess companies’ ESG profiles in making investment or voting decisions, and engaging with companies to encourage changes to their practices. Unfavorable ESG ratings could lead to increased negative investor sentiment towards us or our industry. If we do not comply with investor or shareholder expectations and standards in connection with our ESG initiatives or are perceived to have not addressed ESG issues within our company, our business and reputation could be negatively impacted and our share price could be materially and adversely affected, as well as our access to and cost of capital.
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While we may, at times, engage in voluntary initiatives (such as voluntary disclosures, certifications, or goals, among others) or commitments to improve the ESG profile of our company and/or products, such initiatives or achievements of such commitments may not have the desired effect and may be costly.
In addition, we may commit to certain initiatives or goals but not ultimately achieve such commitments or goals due to factors that are both within or outside of our control. Moreover, actions or statements that we may take based on expectations, assumptions, or third-party information that we currently believe to be reasonable may subsequently be determined to be erroneous or be subject to misinterpretation. Even if this is not the case, our current actions may subsequently be determined to be insufficient by various stakeholders, and we may be subject to investor or regulator engagement on our ESG initiatives and disclosures, even if such initiatives are currently voluntary. In addition, increasing ESG-related regulation, such as the SEC’s climate disclosure proposal, may also result in increased compliance costs or scrutiny.
Expectations around a company’s management of ESG matters continues to evolve rapidly, in many instances due to factors that are out of our control. To the extent ESG matters negatively impact our reputation, it may also impede our ability to compete as effectively to attract and retain employees or customers, which may adversely impact our operations.
RISKS RELATED TO GOVERNMENT REGULATION
We expect that products utilizing our technologies will be subject to regulations that could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
The manufacture and marketing of food products is highly regulated. We, our suppliers and customers, may be subject to a variety of laws and regulations. These laws and regulations apply, directly or indirectly, to many aspects of our business, including the manufacture, composition and ingredients, packaging, labeling, distribution, advertising, sale, quality and safety of food products, as well as the health and safety of our employees and the protection of the environment.
We are focused on commercializing proprietary three-dimensional printers to print structured food. We do not intend to manufacture, distribute and sell branded end products for consumer consumption.
For the reasons discussed below, we ourselves are not directly regulated by the FDA for United States compliance purposes but apply FDA’s food contact substance standards or analogous foreign regulations for our three-dimensional printers. Specifically, we sell our production machines, as well as provide associated products and services to food processing and food retail companies through a B2B model. From a regulatory perspective, in the United States, we expect companies manufacturing products that include cultured meat to be subject to regulation by various government agencies, including the FDA, the USDA, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, as well as the requirements of various state and local agencies and laws, such as the California Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. We likewise expect these products to be regulated by equivalent agencies outside the United States by various international regulatory bodies.
As the manufacturer of machines used to produce food, including cultured meat, and consistent with the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, Federal Meat Inspection Act, and Poultry Products Inspection Act, we are not directly regulated by the FDA or USDA. Rather, we believe the regulatory obligation falls on our customers to ensure that all food produced using our products is wholesome and not adulterated. Consistent with food industry norms, we expect that our customers will therefore request assurances from us that our products are suitable for their intended use from an FDA regulatory perspective. Therefore, we apply FDA food safety standards when manufacturing our three-dimensional printers as a means of assuring our customers that our printers are safe for their intended use and will not result in the production of adulterated food. In particular, we apply applicable food contact substance requirements, such as those of the FDA, when manufacturing our three-dimensional printers. If we are unable to provide regulatory compliance assurance to our customers, we expect that our ability to commercialize our production technology would be adversely impacted.
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The manufacturing of cultured meat, for which we are developing pipeline technologies, is expected to be subject to extensive regulations internationally, with products subject to numerous food safety and other laws and regulations relating to the sourcing, manufacturing, composition and ingredients, storing, labeling, marketing, advertising and distribution of these products. In addition, enforcement of existing laws and regulations, changes in legal requirements and/or evolving interpretations of existing regulatory requirements may result in increased compliance costs and create other obligations, financial or otherwise, that could adversely affect our business, financial condition or operating results. In addition, we could be adversely affected by violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, and similar worldwide anti-bribery laws, which generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to officials or other third parties for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. While our policies mandate compliance with anti-bribery laws, our internal control policies and procedures may not protect us from reckless or criminal acts committed by our employees, contractors or agents. Violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could disrupt our business and adversely impact our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.
Any changes in, or changes in the interpretation of, applicable laws, regulations or policies of the USDA, state regulators or similar foreign regulatory authorities that relate to the use of the word “meat” or other similar words in connection with alternative protein products could adversely affect our business, prospects, results of operations or financial condition.
The USDA, state regulators or similar foreign regulatory authorities, such as Health Canada or the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, or CFIA, or authorities of the EU or the EU member states ( e.g., European Food Safety Authority, or EFSA), could take action to impact our ability to use the term “meat” or similar words, such as “beef”, to describe the products our printers will produce. In addition, a food may be deemed misbranded if its labeling is false or misleading in any particular way, and the USDA, CFIA, EFSA or other regulators could interpret the use of the term “meat” or any similar phrase(s) to describe our alternative protein products as false or misleading or likely to create an erroneous impression regarding their composition. In the U.S., USDA will develop new labeling requirements for foods under its jurisdiction produced through cell culture technology as noted in an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, or ANPR, published in September 2021.
Failure by our raw materials suppliers to comply with food safety, environmental or other laws and regulations, or with the specifications and requirements of our products, may disrupt our supply of products and adversely affect our business.
If our suppliers fail to comply with food safety, environmental or other laws and regulations, or face allegations of non-compliance, their operations may be disrupted. In the event of actual or even alleged non-compliance, we might be forced to find an alternative supplier and we may be subject to lawsuits related to such non-compliance by our suppliers. As a result, our supply of raw materials could be disrupted or our costs could increase, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. The failure of any supplier to produce products that conform to our standards could adversely affect our reputation in the marketplace and result in economic loss. Additionally, actions we may take to mitigate the impact of any disruption or potential disruption in our supply of raw materials, including increasing inventory in anticipation of a potential supply or production interruption, may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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RISKS RELATED TO OUR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND POTENTIAL LITIGATION
If we are unable to obtain and maintain effective patent rights for our products, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets. If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets or know-how, such proprietary information may be used by others to compete against us.
Since September 2019, we have sought patent protection for certain of our products, systems, processes, designs and applications. Our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain, maintain, monitor and enforce patent and other intellectual property protection in the United States and in other countries with respect to our proprietary technology and new products.
We seek to protect our proprietary position and sustain our competitive advantage by filing patent applications in the United States and in other countries. Patent prosecution in the United States and the rest of the world is uncertain, expensive and time consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner in all the necessary locations. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection.
We have a portfolio of 15 patents and provisional and non-provisional pending patent applications, with a robust pipeline. These are filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, the World Intellectual Property Organization, or WIPO, and when the time comes, in various patent offices around the world, such as Israel, China, Japan, Europe, Canada, Australia, Singapore and South Korea. Three of the pending patent applications were filed through the Paris Convention Treaty, or PCT. We cannot offer any assurances about which, if any of the pending patent applications will issue, the scope of protection of any such patent or whether any issued patents will be found invalid and/or unenforceable or will be threatened by third parties. Any successful opposition to these patents or any other patents owned by or licensed to us after patent issuance could deprive us of rights necessary for the successful commercialization of any new products that we may develop.
Further, there is no assurance that all potentially relevant prior art relating to our patent applications has been found, which can invalidate a patent or prevent a patent from issuing from a pending patent application. Even if patents do successfully issue, and even if such patents cover our products, third parties may challenge their validity, enforceability, or scope, which may result in such patents being narrowed, found unenforceable or invalidated. Furthermore, even if they are unchallenged, our patent applications and any future patents may not adequately protect our intellectual property, provide exclusivity for our new products, or prevent others from designing around our claims. Any of these outcomes could impair our ability to prevent competition from third parties, which may have an adverse impact on our business.
If we cannot obtain and maintain effective patent rights for our products, we may not be able to compete effectively, and our business and results of operations would potentially be harmed.
If we are unable to maintain effective proprietary rights for our products, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.
In addition to the protection afforded by any patents currently owned and that may be granted, historically, we have relied on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary know-how that is not patentable or that we elect not to patent, processes and helpful devices that are not easily known, knowable or easily ascertainable, and for which patent infringement is difficult to monitor and enforce and any other elements of our product development processes, that involve proprietary know-how, as well as information or technology that is not covered by patents. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect. We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, scientific advisors, and contractors. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data, trade secrets and intellectual property by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems, as well as implementing various standard operating procedures designed to maintain that integrity. Agreements or security measures may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets and intellectual property may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors.
We cannot provide any assurances that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed in violation of our confidentiality agreements or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. Also, misappropriation or unauthorized and unavoidable disclosure of our trade secrets and intellectual property could impair our competitive position and may have a material adverse effect on our business. Additionally, if the steps taken to maintain our trade secrets and intellectual property are deemed inadequate, we may have insufficient recourse against third parties for misappropriating any trade secret.
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Intellectual property rights of third parties could adversely affect our ability to successfully commercialize our products, and we might be required to litigate or obtain licenses from third parties in order to develop or market our product candidates. Such litigation or licenses could be costly or not available on commercially reasonable terms.
At this stage, and in the future it is inherently difficult to conclusively assess our freedom to operate without infringing on third party rights. Our competitive position may be adversely affected if existing patents or patents resulting from patent applications issued to third parties or other third-party intellectual property rights are held to cover our products, systems and processes or elements thereof, or our manufacturing or uses relevant to our development plans. In such cases, we may be limited, or not be in a position to develop or commercialize products or our product candidates unless we successfully pursue litigation to nullify or invalidate the third party intellectual property right concerned, or enter into a license agreement with the intellectual property rights’ holder, if available on commercially reasonable terms. There may also be pending patent applications that should they result in issued patents, could be alleged to be infringed by our new products. If such an infringement claim should be brought and be successful, we may be required to pay substantial damages, royalties, be forced to abandon our new products or seek a license from any patent holders. No assurances can be given that a license will be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.
It is also possible that we have failed to identify relevant third party patents or applications. For example, U.S. patent applications filed before July 8, 2019 and certain U.S. patent applications filed after that date that will not be filed outside the United States remain confidential until patents issue. Patent applications in the United States and elsewhere are published 18 months after the earliest filing for which priority is claimed, with such earliest filing date being commonly referred to as the priority date. Therefore, patent applications covering our new products or platform technology could have been filed by others without our knowledge. Additionally, pending patent applications which have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover our platform technologies, our new products or the use of our new products. Third party intellectual property right holders may also actively bring infringement claims against us. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully settle or otherwise resolve such infringement claims. If we are unable to successfully settle future claims on terms acceptable to us, we may be required to engage in or continue costly, unpredictable and time-consuming litigation and may be prevented from or experience substantial delays in pursuing the development of and/or marketing our new products. If we fail in any such dispute, in addition to being forced to pay damages, we may be temporarily or permanently prohibited from commercializing our new products that are held to be infringing. We might, if possible, also be forced to redesign our new products so that we no longer infringe the third party intellectual property rights. Any of these events, even if we were ultimately to prevail, could require us to divert substantial financial and management resources that we would otherwise be able to devote to our business.
Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement may prevent or delay our development and commercialization efforts.
Our commercial success depends in part on our avoiding infringement of the patents and proprietary rights of third parties. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we are developing new products. As our industries expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our products may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent rights of third parties.
Third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. There may be third-party patents or patent applications with claims to materials, designs or methods of manufacture related to the use or manufacture of our products. There may be currently pending patent applications that may later result in issued patents that our products may infringe. In addition, third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies infringes upon these patents.
If any third-party patents were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover aspects of our formulations, processes for designs, or methods of use, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to develop and commercialize the applicable product candidate unless we obtain a license or until such patent expires or is finally determined to be invalid or unenforceable. In either case, such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.
Parties making claims against us may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize one or more of our products. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, pay royalties, redesign our infringing products or obtain one or more licenses from third parties, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure.
Patent policy and rule changes could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of any issued patents.
Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of any patents that may issue from our patent applications, or narrow the scope of our patent protection. The laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. We therefore cannot be certain that we were the first to file the invention claimed in our owned and licensed patent or pending applications, or that we or our licensor were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. Assuming all other requirements for patentability are met, in the United States prior to March 15, 2013, the first to make the claimed invention without undue delay in filing, is entitled to the patent, while outside the United States, the first to file a patent application is entitled to the patent. After March 15, 2013, under the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, enacted on September 16, 2011, the United States has moved to a first to file system. The Leahy-Smith Act also includes a number of significant changes that affect the way patent applications will be prosecuted and may also affect patent litigation. In general, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of any issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
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We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming, and unsuccessful.
Competitors may infringe our intellectual property. If we were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering one of our new products, the defendant could counterclaim that the patent covering our product candidate is invalid and/or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness, or non-enablement. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the USPTO, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. Under the Leahy-Smith Act, the validity of U.S. patents may also be challenged in post-grant proceedings before the USPTO. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable.
Derivation proceedings initiated by third parties or brought by us may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions and/or their scope with respect to our patent or patent applications or those of our licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms. Our defense of litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. In addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our clinical trials, continue our research programs, license necessary technology from third parties, or enter into development partnerships that would help us bring our new products to market.
Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our traded securities.
We may, in the future, be subject to claims that our employees, consultants, or independent contractors have wrongfully or unavoidably used or disclosed confidential information of third parties or that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.
We continue to employ individuals who were previously employed at our competitors or potential competitors. We have established standard operating procedures to try and ensure that our employees, consultants, and independent contractors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, but we may nevertheless be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants, or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any of our employees’ former employers or other third parties. Litigation may result and be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel, which could adversely impact our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.
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We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship of our intellectual property.
We may be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an interest in, or right to compensation, with respect to our current patent and patent applications, future patents or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. For example, we may have inventorship disputes arise from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing our products. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or claiming the right to compensation. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.
We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.
Filing, prosecuting, and defending patents on products, as well as monitoring their infringement in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States.
Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and may also export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products. Future patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.
Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets, and other intellectual property protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions, whether or not successful, could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our future patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to monitor and enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR OPERATIONS IN ISRAEL
Conditions in Israel, including Israel’s conflicts with Hamas and other parties in the Middle East, as well as political and economic instability, may adversely impact our business operations.
We are incorporated under Israeli law, and many of our employees, including our Chief Executive Officer, our Chief Technology Officer, our Vice President of Finance and other senior members of our management team, operate from our headquarters located in Israel. In addition, our officers and directors are residents of Israel. Accordingly, our business and operations are directly affected by economic, political, geopolitical, and military conditions in Israel.
Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 and in recent years, armed conflicts between Israel and its neighboring countries and terrorist organizations active in the region have involved missile strikes, hostile infiltrations, terrorism against civilian targets in various parts of Israel, and recently abduction of soldiers and citizens.
Following the attacks on October 7 th , 2023 by Hamas terrorists in Israel’s southern border, Israel declared war against Hamas and since then, Israel has been involved in military conflicts with Hamas, Hezbollah, a terrorist organization based in Lebanon, and Iran, both directly and through proxies like the Houthi movement in Yemen and armed groups in Iraq and other terrorist organizations. Additionally, following the fall of the Assad regime in Syria, Israel has conducted limited military operations targeting the Syrian army, Iranian military assets and infrastructure linked to Hezbollah and other Iran-supported groups. Although certain ceasefire agreements were reached and parties fighting against Israel halted their attacks, fighting resumed in March 2025 and there is no assurance when or on what terms a ceasefire would resume. Military activity and hostilities continue to exist at varying levels of intensity, and the situation remains volatile, with the potential for escalation into a broader regional conflict involving additional terrorist organizations and possibly other countries. Also, the fall of the Assad regime in Syria may create geopolitical instability in the region.
While our facilities have not been damaged during the current war, the hostilities with Hamas, Hezbollah, Iran and its proxies and others have caused and may continue to cause damage to private and public facilities, infrastructure, utilities, and telecommunication networks, and potentially disrupting our operations and supply chains. In addition, Israeli organizations, government agencies and companies have been subject to extensive cyber attacks. This could lead to increased costs, risks to employee safety, and challenges to business continuity, with potential financial losses.
The continuation of the war has also led to a deterioration of certain indicators of Israel’s economic standing, for instance, a downgrade in Israel’s credit rating by rating agencies (such as by Moody’s, SP Global, and Fitch).
In connection with the ongoing war, several hundred thousand Israeli military reservists were drafted to perform immediate military service, and military reservists are expected to perform long reserve duty service in the coming years. As of the date of this annual report, only several of our employees are called to active military duty. The absence of our employees due to their military service in the current or future wars or other armed conflicts may materially and adversely affect our ability to conduct our operations.
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Our commercial insurance does not cover losses that may occur as a result of events associated with war and terrorism. Although the Israeli government currently covers the reinstatement value of certain direct damages that are caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, we cannot assure you that such government coverage will be maintained or that it will sufficiently cover our potential damages. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our business.
The global perception of Israel and Israeli companies, influenced by actions by international judicial bodies, may lead to increased sanctions and other negative measures against Israel, as well as Israeli companies and academic institutions. There is also a growing movement among countries, activists, and organizations to boycott Israeli goods, services and academic research or restrict business with Israel, which could affect business operations. If these efforts become widespread, along with any future rulings from international tribunals against Israel, they could significantly and negatively impact business operations.
Prior to the October 2023 war, the Israeli government pursued changes to Israel’s judicial system and has recently renewed its efforts to effect such changes. In response to the foregoing developments, certain individuals, organizations, and institutions, both within and outside of Israel, voiced concerns that such proposed changes, if adopted, may negatively impact the business environment in Israel. Such proposed changes may also lead to political instability or civil unrest. If such changes to Israel’s judicial system are pursued by the government and approved by the parliament, this may have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and ability to raise additional funds, if deemed necessary by our management and board of directors.
Because a substantial portion of our revenues is expected to be generated in currencies other than our functional currency, we will be exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which could negatively affect our financial condition.
In the future, we expect that a substantial portion of our revenues will be generated in currencies other than our functional currency. Our functional and presentation currency, in which we currently maintain our financial records and report our financial results, is USD. As a result, our revenues for financial statement purposes might be negatively affected by fluctuations in the exchange rates of currencies in other countries in which our products may be sold, and supplementary services provided.
Currency exchange controls may restrict our ability to utilize our cash flows.
We expect to receive proceeds from sales of any product we may develop, and also to pay a portion of our operational costs and expenses, in New Israeli Shekels, Euros and other foreign currencies. However, we may be subject to existing or future rules and regulations on currency conversion. In 1998, the Israeli currency control regulations were liberalized significantly, and there are currently no currency controls in place. Legislation remains in effect, however, pursuant to which such currency controls could be imposed in Israel by administrative action at any time. We cannot assure that such controls will not be reinstated, or if reinstated, that they would not have an adverse effect on our operations.
Enforcing a U.S. judgment against us and our executive officers and directors, or asserting U.S. securities law claims in Israel, may be difficult.
We are incorporated in Israel. Our executive officers and directors reside in Israel and most of our assets and the assets of these persons are located outside of the United States. We have been informed by our legal counsel in Israel that it may be difficult to assert claims under U.S. securities laws in original actions instituted in Israel or obtain, a judgment based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. Israeli courts may refuse hear a claim based on a violation of U.S. securities laws against us or any of our non-U.S. executive officers and directors because Israel may not be the most appropriate forum to bring such a claim.
In addition, even if an Israeli court agrees to hear such a claim, it may determine that Israeli, and not U.S., law is applicable to the claim. Under Israeli law, if U.S. law is found to be applicable to such a claim, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proved as a fact, which can be a time-consuming and costly process, and certain matters of procedure would be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel addressing these matters. Israeli courts might not enforce judgments rendered outside Israel, which may make it difficult to collect on judgments rendered against us or any of our non-U.S. executive officers and directors.
Moreover, an Israeli court will not enforce a non-Israeli judgment if (among other things) it was given in a state whose laws do not provide for the enforcement of judgments of Israeli courts (subject to exceptional cases), or if its enforcement is likely to prejudice the sovereignty or security of the State of Israel, or if it was obtained by fraud or in absence of due process, or if it is at variance with another valid judgment that was given in the same matter between the same parties, or if a suit in the same matter between the same parties was pending before a court or tribunal in Israel, at the time the foreign action was brought.
As a result of the difficulty associated with enforcing a judgment against us in Israel, you may not be able to collect any damages awarded by either a U.S. or foreign court.
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If a foreign judgment is enforced by an Israeli court, it generally will be payable in Israeli currency, which can be converted into non-Israeli currency and transferred out of Israel. The usual practice in an action before an Israeli court to recover an amount in a non-Israeli currency is for the Israeli court to issue a judgment for the equivalent amount in Israeli currency at the rate of exchange in force on the date of the judgment, but the judgment debtor may make payment in foreign currency. Pending collection, the amount of the judgment of an Israeli court stated in Israeli currency ordinarily will be linked to the Israeli consumer price index, or Israeli CPI, plus interest at the annual statutory rate set by Israeli regulations prevailing at the time. Judgment creditors must bear the risk of unfavorable exchange rate fluctuations.
Our articles of association provide that unless we consent to an alternate forum, the federal district courts of the United States shall be the exclusive forum of resolution of any claims arising under the Securities Act.
Our articles of association provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States shall be the sole and exclusive forum for any claim asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act (for the avoidance of any doubt, such provision does not apply to any claim asserting a cause of action arising under the Exchange Act). Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all such Securities Act actions. Accordingly, both U.S. state and federal courts have jurisdiction to entertain such claims. This choice of forum provision may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees and may increase the costs associated with such lawsuits, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find these provisions of the articles of association inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in our share capital shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the choice of forum provisions of the articles of association described above. This provision would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the U.S. federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction.
Our articles of association provide that unless we consent otherwise, the competent courts of Tel Aviv, Israel shall be the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between the Company and its shareholders under the Companies Law and the Israeli Securities Law.
The competent courts of Tel Aviv, Israel shall, unless we consent otherwise in writing, be the exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of the Company to the Company or the Company’s shareholders, or (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Companies Law or the Israeli Securities Law, 1968, or the Israeli Securities Law. This exclusive forum provision is intended to apply to claims arising under Israeli law and would not apply to claims brought pursuant to the Securities Act or the Exchange Act or any other claim for which federal courts would have exclusive jurisdiction. Such exclusive forum provision in the articles of association will not relieve us of our duties to comply with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder, and our shareholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with these laws, rules and regulations. This exclusive forum provision may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing for disputes us Company or our directors or other employees which may discourage lawsuits against us, our directors, officers and employees.
Your rights and responsibilities as our shareholder will be governed by Israeli law, which may differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S. corporations.
Since we are incorporated under Israeli law, the rights and responsibilities of our shareholders are governed by our articles of association and Israeli law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S. corporations. In particular, each of our shareholders has a duty to act in good faith and in a customary manner in exercising its rights and performing its obligations toward us and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing its power in, among other things, voting at shareholder meetings on certain matters, such as an amendment to our articles of association, an increase of our authorized share capital, a merger and approval of related party transactions that require shareholder approval. In addition, a controlling shareholder or a shareholder who knows that it possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholders vote or to appoint or prevent the appointment of an office holder has a duty to act in fairness toward us. Israeli law does not clearly define the substance of these duties. There is limited case law available to assist in understanding the implications of these provisions that govern shareholder behavior.
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Provisions of Israeli corporate and tax law may deter acquisition transactions.
Israeli corporate law regulates mergers, requires tender offers for acquisitions of shares above specified thresholds, requires special approvals for transactions involving directors, officers or significant shareholders and regulates other matters that may be relevant to such types of transactions. For example, a merger may not be consummated unless at least 50 days have passed from the date on which a merger proposal is filed by each merging company with the Israel Registrar of Companies and at least 30 days have passed from the date on which the shareholders of both merging companies have approved the merger. In addition, a majority of each class of securities of the target company must approve a merger. Moreover, the Companies law requires that an acquirer in a full tender offer, which as a result would result in the acquirer to hold over 90% of the target company’s voting rights or the target company’s issued and outstanding share capital (or of a class thereof), to make a tender offer to all of the company’s shareholders for the purchase of all of the issued and outstanding shares of the company (or the applicable class). The full tender offer can only be completed if the acquirer receives positive responses from the holders of at least 95% of the issued share capital (or the applicable class) and if a majority of the offerees that do not have a personal interest in the tender offer; unless, the shareholders who did not accept the tender offer hold less than 2% of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company (or of the applicable class), all of the shares that the acquirer offered to purchase will be transferred to the acquirer by operation of law. the shareholders, including those who indicated their acceptance of the tender offer, may, at any time within six months following date of acceptance of the tender offer, and petition an Israeli court to determine whether the tender offer was for less than fair value and whether the fair value should be paid as determined by the court. However, an offeror may provide in the offer that a shareholder who accepted the offer will not be entitled to petition the court for appraisal rights as described in the preceding sentence, as long as the offeror and the company disclosed the information required by law in connection with the full tender offer. If the full tender offer was not accepted in accordance with any of the above alternatives, the acquirer may not acquire shares of the company that will increase its holdings to more than 90% of the company’s voting rights or the company’s issued and outstanding share capital (or of the applicable class) from shareholders who accepted the tender offer. Shares purchased in contradiction to the full tender offer rules under the Companies Law will have no rights and will become dormant shares.
Furthermore, Israeli tax considerations may make potential transactions unappealing to us or to our shareholders whose country of residence does not have a tax treaty with Israel exempting such shareholders from Israeli tax. For example, Israeli tax law does not recognize tax-free share exchanges to the same extent as U.S. tax law. With respect to mergers, Israeli tax law allows for tax deferral in certain circumstances but makes the deferral contingent on the fulfillment of a number of conditions, including, in some cases, a holding period of two years from the date of the transaction during which sales and dispositions of shares of the participating companies are subject to certain restrictions. Moreover, with respect to certain share swap transactions, the tax deferral is limited in time, and when such time expires, the tax becomes payable even if no disposition of the shares has occurred. These provisions could delay, prevent or impede an acquisition of us or our merger with another company, even if such an acquisition or merger would be beneficial to us or to our shareholders.
Our articles of association and Israeli law could prevent a takeover that shareholders consider favorable and could also reduce the market price of our ADSs.
Certain provisions of Israeli law and our articles of association could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control and may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us or for our shareholders to elect different individuals to its board of directors, even if doing so would be beneficial to its shareholders, and may limit the price that investors may be willing to pay in the future for the our ADSs. Among other things:
| ● | Israeli corporate law regulates mergers and requires that a tender offer be effected when more than a specified percentage of shares in a company are purchased; | |
| ● | Israeli corporate law requires special approvals for certain transactions involving directors, officers or significant shareholders and regulates other matters that may be relevant to these types of transactions; | |
| ● | Israeli corporate law does not provide for shareholder action by written consent for public companies, thereby requiring all shareholder actions to be taken at a general meeting of shareholders; | |
| ● | our articles of association divide our directors into three classes, each of which is elected once every three years; | |
| ● | our articles of association generally require a vote of the holders of a majority of our outstanding ordinary shares entitled to vote present and voting on the matter at a general meeting of shareholders (referred to as simple majority), and solely the amendment of the provision relating to the removal of members of our board of directors, require a vote of the holders of 65% of our outstanding ordinary shares entitled to vote at a general meeting; | |
| ● | our articles of association provide that director vacancies may be filled by our board of directors. |
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RISKS RELATED TO OWNERSHIP OF THE ADSs
If we are unable to maintain compliance with Nasdaq listing standards, our ADSs may be delisted from the Nasdaq Stock Market and you may face significant restrictions on the resale of your shares.
There can be no assurances that we will be able to maintain our Nasdaq listing in the future. In 2023, we received two notifications from Nasdaq that the trading price of our ADSs did not meet the minimum bid price requirement of $1.00 per share for a period of 30 consecutive trading days. In both cases, the Nasdaq later confirmed that we had regained compliance. In the event we are unable to maintain compliance with the Nasdaq Capital Market listing standards and our ADSs are delisted from the exchange, it would, among other things, likely lead to a number of negative implications, including an adverse effect on the price of our ADSs, reduced liquidity in our ADSs and greater difficulty in obtaining financing. In the event of a de-listing, we would take actions to restore our compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements, but we can provide no assurance that any such action taken by us would allow our ADSs to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our ADSs, prevent our ADSs from dropping below the Nasdaq minimum bid price requirement in the future, or prevent future non-compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements. If we cannot maintain our compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements, we would pursue eligibility for trading of these securities on other markets or exchanges, such as the OTCQB or OTCQX, which are unorganized, inter-dealer, over-the-counter markets which provides significantly less liquidity than the Nasdaq Capital Market or other national securities exchanges.
Our ADS price may be volatile, and you may lose all or part of your investment.
The market price of the ADSs could be highly volatile and may fluctuate substantially, including downward, as a result of many factors, including:
| ● | changes in the prices of our raw materials or the products manufactured in factories using our technologies; |
| ● | the trading volume of the ADSs; |
| ● | general economic, market and political conditions, including negative effects on consumer confidence and spending levels that could indirectly affect our results of operations; |
| ● | actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition and operating results, including fluctuations in our quarterly and annual results; |
| ● | announcements by us or our competitors of innovations, other significant business developments, changes in distributor relationships, acquisitions or expansion plans; |
| ● | announcement by competitors or new market entrants of their entry into or exit from the alternative protein market; |
| ● | overall conditions in our industry and the markets in which we intend to operate; |
| ● | market conditions or trends in the packaged food sales industry that could indirectly affect our results of operations; |
| ● | addition or loss of significant customers or other developments with respect to significant customers; |
| ● | adverse developments concerning our manufacturers and suppliers; |
| ● | changes in laws or regulations applicable to our products or business; |
| ● | our ability to effectively manage our growth and market expectations with respect to our growth, including relative to our competitors; |
| ● | changes in the estimation of the future size and growth rate of our markets; |
| ● | announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments; |
| ● | additions or departures of key personnel; |
| ● | competition from existing products or new products that may emerge; |
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| ● | issuance of new or updated research or reports about us or our industry, or positive or negative recommendations or withdrawal of research coverage by securities analysts; |
| ● | variance in our financial performance from the expectations of market analysts; |
| ● | our failure to meet or exceed the estimates and projections of the investment community or that we may otherwise provide to the public; |
| ● | fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us; |
| ● | disputes or other developments related to proprietary rights, including patents, and our ability to obtain intellectual property protection for our products; |
| ● | litigation or regulatory matters; |
| ● | announcement or expectation of additional financing efforts; |
| ● | our cash position; |
| ● | sales and short-selling of the ADSs; |
| ● | our issuance of equity or debt; |
| ● | changes in accounting practices; |
| ● | ineffectiveness of our internal controls; |
| ● | negative media or marketing campaigns undertaken by our competitors or lobbyists supporting the conventional meat industry; |
| ● | the public’s response to publicity relating to the health aspects or nutritional value of products to be manufactured in factories using our technologies; and |
| ● | other events or factors, many of which are beyond our control. |
In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. Broad market and industry factors may materially harm the market price of the ADSs, regardless of our operating performance. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. These fluctuations, as well as general economic, political and market conditions such as recessions, interest rate changes, tariffs, international currency fluctuations, or the effects of disease outbreaks or pandemics, may negatively impact the market price of the ADSs. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against that company. If we were involved in any similar litigation, we could incur substantial costs and our management’s attention and resources could be diverted.
We have never paid dividends on our share capital and we do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.
We have never declared or paid any dividends on our share capital and do not intend to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. We anticipate that we will retain all of our future earnings for use in the development and growth of our business and for general corporate purposes. Accordingly, any gains from an investment in the ADSs will depend on price appreciation of the ADSs, which may never occur. In addition, Israeli law limits our ability to declare and pay dividends, and may subject our dividends to certain Israeli withholding taxes.
ADS holders may not receive the same distributions or dividends as those we make to the holders of our ordinary shares, and, in some limited circumstances, they may not receive dividends or other distributions on our ordinary shares and may not receive any value for them, if it is illegal or impractical to make them available.
The ADS Depositary has agreed to pay to ADS holders the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on ordinary shares or other deposited securities underlying the ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses. ADS holders will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares their ADSs represent. However, the Depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, but that are not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. In addition, conversion into U.S. dollars from foreign currency that was part of a dividend made in respect of deposited ordinary shares may require the approval or license of, or a filing with, any government or agency thereof, which may be unobtainable. In these cases, the Depositary may determine not to distribute such property and hold it as “deposited securities” or may seek to affect a substitute dividend or distribution, including net cash proceeds from the sale of the dividends that the Depositary deems an equitable and practicable substitute. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. In addition, the Depositary may deduct from such dividends or distributions its fees and may withhold an amount on account of taxes or other governmental charges to the extent the Depositary believes it is required to make such withholding. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of the ADSs.
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ADS holders do not have the same rights as our shareholders.
ADS holders do not have the same rights as our shareholders. For example, ADS holders may not attend shareholders’ meetings or directly exercise the voting rights attaching to the ordinary shares underlying their ADSs. ADS holders may vote only by instructing the Depositary to vote on their behalf. If we request the Depositary to solicit voting instructions from ADS holders (which we are not required to do), the Depositary will notify ADS holders of a shareholders’ meeting and send or make voting materials available to them. Those materials will describe the matters to be voted on and explain how ADS holders may instruct the Depositary how to vote. For instructions to be valid, they must reach the Depositary by a date set by the Depositary. The Depositary will try, as far as practical, subject to the laws of Israel and the provisions of our articles of association or similar documents, to vote or to have its agents vote the deposited ordinary shares as instructed by ADS holders. If we do not request the Depositary to solicit voting instructions from ADS holders, they can still send voting instructions, and, in that case, the Depositary may try to vote as they instruct, but it is not required to do so. Except by instructing the Depositary as described above, ADS holders won’t be able to exercise voting rights unless they surrender their ADSs and withdraw the ordinary shares. However, they may not know about the meeting enough in advance to withdraw the ordinary shares. We cannot assure ADS holders that they will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that they can instruct the Depositary to vote their ordinary shares. In addition, the Depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for the manner of carrying out voting instructions. This means that ADS holders may not be able to exercise voting rights and there may be nothing they can do if their ordinary shares are not voted as they requested. In addition, ADS holders have no right to call a shareholders’ meeting.
ADS holders may be subject to limitations on transfer of their ADSs.
ADSs will be transferable on the books of the Depositary. However, the Depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the Depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the Depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the Depositary deem it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, under any provision of the Deposit Agreement, or for any other reason in accordance with the terms of the Deposit Agreement.
As a foreign private issuer whose ADSs are listed on Nasdaq, we follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of certain Nasdaq requirements, we are not subject to U.S. proxy rules and are exempt from certain Exchange Act reporting requirements. If we were to lose our foreign private issuer status, our costs to modify our practices and maintain compliance under U.S. securities laws and Nasdaq rules would be significantly higher.
We are a foreign private issuer and are not subject to the same requirements that are imposed upon U.S. domestic issuers by the SEC. We are permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of certain requirements of the rules of Nasdaq. As permitted under the Israeli Companies Law 1999, or Companies Law, pursuant to our articles of association, the quorum for an ordinary meeting of shareholders shall be the presence of at least two shareholders present in person, by proxy or by a voting instrument, who hold at least 25% of the voting power of our shares (and in an adjourned meeting, with some exceptions, a minimum of one shareholder) instead of 33 1⁄3% of our issued share capital as otherwise required under the Nasdaq corporate governance rules. We may also adopt and approve material changes to equity incentive plans in accordance with the Companies Law, which does not impose a requirement of shareholder approval for such actions. In addition, we follow Israeli corporate governance practice instead of the Nasdaq requirements to obtain shareholder approval for certain dilutive events (such as issuances that will result in a change of control, certain transactions other than a public offering involving issuances of a 20% or greater interest in us and certain acquisitions of the stock or assets of another company). Additionally, we follow Israeli corporate governance practices instead of Nasdaq requirements with regard to, among other things, the composition of our board of directors. For example, our board of directors currently comprises four directors, three of whom we have determined are independent, however during 2021, the majority of our board of directors was not deemed to be independent, in compliance with our home-country requirements. Accordingly, our shareholders may be afforded less protection that what is provided under the Nasdaq corporate governance rules to investors in U.S. domestic issuers. See “Item 16G. —Corporate Governance—Nasdaq Listing Rules and Home Country Practices.”
Additionally, we are exempt from the rules and regulations under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors, and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. Furthermore, although under regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, as an Israeli public company listed on Nasdaq, we are required to disclose the compensation of our five most highly compensated officers on an individual basis, this disclosure may not be as extensive as that required of U.S. domestic reporting companies. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file current reports and quarterly reports, including financial statements, with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic reporting companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. Moreover, we are not required to comply with Regulation FD, which restricts the selective disclosure of material information. These exemptions and leniencies reduce the frequency and scope of information and protections available to ADS holders in comparison to those applicable to U.S. domestic reporting companies.
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If we cease to qualify as a foreign private issuer, we would be required to comply fully with the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. We would lose our foreign private issuer status if a majority of our shares are owned by U.S. residents and a majority of our directors or executive officers are U.S. citizens or residents or we fail to meet additional requirements necessary to avoid loss of foreign private issuer status. If we are not a foreign private issuer, we will be required to file periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms with the SEC, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We may also be required to modify certain of our policies to comply with accepted governance practices associated with U.S. domestic issuers and we would lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements on U.S. stock exchanges that are available to foreign private issuers. Such modifications and subsequent compliance would cause us to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we would not incur as a foreign private issuer.
If we are a “passive foreign investment company” for U.S. federal income tax purposes, there may be adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. investors
Based on our income and assets, we believe that we may be treated as a PFIC for the preceding taxable year. However, the determination of our PFIC status is made annually based on the factual tests described below. Consequently, while we may be a PFIC in future years, we cannot estimate with certainty at this stage whether or not we are likely to be treated as a PFIC in the current taxable year or any future taxable years. Generally, if, for any taxable year, at least 75 percent of our gross income is “passive income” or at least 50 percent of the average percentage of our assets during the taxable year (based on the average of the fair market values of the assets determined at the end of each quarterly period) are assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income, we will be characterized as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Passive income for this purpose generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, rents, royalties, gains from commodities and securities transactions, and gains from assets that produce passive income. However, rents and royalties received from unrelated parties in connection with the active conduct of a trade or business should not be considered passive income for purposes of the PFIC test. For example, if we were to be characterized as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes in any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Item 10.—Additional Information—Taxation — Material United States federal income tax considerations”) holds ordinary shares or ADSs, such U.S. Holder could be subject to additional taxes and interest charges upon certain distributions by us and any gain recognized on a sale, exchange or other disposition of our shares, whether or not we continue to be characterized as a PFIC. Certain adverse consequences of PFIC status can be mitigated if a U.S. Holder makes a “mark to market” election or an election to treat us as a qualified electing fund, or QEF. See “Item 10.—Additional Information—Taxation—Passive foreign investment company considerations.”
Whether we are a PFIC for any taxable year will depend on the composition of our income and the composition and value of our assets from time to time. Each U.S. Holder is strongly urged to consult its tax advisor regarding these issues and any available elections to mitigate such tax consequences.
If we are a controlled foreign corporation, there could be adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to certain U.S. Holders.
Each “Ten Percent Shareholder” (as defined below) in a non-U.S. corporation that is classified as a “controlled foreign corporation,” or a CFC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes generally is required to include in income for U.S. federal tax purposes such Ten Percent Shareholder’s pro rata share of the CFC’s “Subpart F income,” “tested income,” “global intangible low-taxed income” and investment of earnings in U.S. property, even if the CFC has made no distributions to its shareholders. Subpart F income generally includes dividends, interest, rents, royalties, gains from the sale of securities and income from certain transactions with related parties. A non-U.S. corporation generally will be classified as a CFC for U.S. federal income tax purposes if Ten Percent Shareholders own, directly or indirectly, more than 50% of either the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of such corporation entitled to vote or of the total value of the stock of such corporation. A “Ten Percent Shareholder” is a United States person (as defined by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code) who owns or is considered to own, directly, indirectly, or constructively, 10% or more of the value or total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote of such corporation.
The determination of CFC status is complex and includes complex attribution rules. A non-corporate Ten Percent Shareholder with respect to a CFC generally will not be allowed certain tax deductions or foreign tax credits generally available to a corporate Ten Percent Shareholder. Failure to comply with CFC reporting obligations may subject a Ten Percent Shareholder to significant monetary penalties. We cannot provide any assurances that we will furnish to any Ten Percent Shareholder information that may be necessary to comply with the reporting and tax paying obligations applicable under the CFC rules of the Code. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors with respect to the potential adverse U.S. tax consequences of becoming a Ten Percent Shareholder in a CFC.
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ITEM 4. Information On The Company
A. History and Development of the Company
We were incorporated in May 2018 in Israel as DocoMed Ltd., and originally provided digital health services. In July 2019, we changed our name to MeaTech Ltd. and later Steakholder Innovation Ltd., or Steakholder Innovation, and commenced our cultured meat technology development operations. In January 2020, Steakholder Innovation completed a merger with Ophectra Real Estate and Investment Ltd., or Ophectra, a company incorporated in Israel whose shares were traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, or TASE, whereupon the name of Ophectra was changed to Meat-Tech 3D Ltd., then MeaTech 3D Ltd. and finally Steakholder Foods Ltd., or Steakholder Foods.
According to the terms of the merger, Steakholder Foods acquired all outstanding shares of Steakholder Innovation from the shareholders of Steakholder Innovation, in return for the issuance of ordinary shares to the shareholders of Steakholder Innovation, as well as non-tradable merger warrants to receive ordinary shares upon the achievement of pre-defined milestones, which were achieved in 2020 and 2021. Steakholder Innovation became Steakholder Foods’ wholly-owned subsidiary.
In connection with the merger, the Tel Aviv District Court for Economic Affairs approved an arrangement whereby all of Ophectra’s assets and liabilities, whether certain or contingent, at the time of the merger were irrevocably assigned to a settlement fund, or Settlement Fund, for the purpose of settling Ophectra’s pre-merger liabilities (except for Ophectra’s ownership of 14.74% of the outstanding shares of Therapin Ltd., as described below). This includes all future liabilities arising from Ophectra’s activities prior to the merger (including tax liabilities, if any), and any commitments made by Ophectra prior to the merger. We also provided the Settlement Fund approximately NIS 1.3 million (approximately $0.4 million), which we included in our public listing expenses, for the purpose of settling any of Ophectra’s debts, and bear no additional liabilities to the Settlement Fund. Anyone who believed they had a claim to Ophectra’s assets were invited to lodge their claims to the trustees. Due to the fact that more than two years have passed since the merger, and the fact that the Settlement Fund no longer contains any assets, its trustees are expected to instigate proceedings to wind up the Settlement Fund.
Although Steakholder Foods was the legal acquirer of Steakholder Innovation’s shares as described above, the merger was not considered a business acquisition as defined in ASC 805. As a result, it was determined that Steakholder Innovation is the acquirer of the business for accounting purposes and the transaction was treated as a reverse acquisition that does not constitute a business combination.
In March 2021, we completed an initial public offering on the Nasdaq Capital Market, listing American Depositary Shares (ADSs) for trade, initially under the symbol “MITC” between March 12, 2021 and August 2, 2022, since then under the ticker STKH, and later voluntarily de-listed our ordinary shares from the TASE.
B. Business Overview
Overview
We are an international deep-tech food company that initiated activities in 2019 and are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker “STKH”. We are focusing on alternative protein machinery production, initially for three-dimensional printing of meat and seafood analogs, followed by hybrid meats that combine cultivated and plant-based elements. We believe that our alternative protein and cultivated meat technologies hold significant potential to reduce the environmental impact of food production (including reducing carbon footprint and promoting biodiversity), improve the supply chain, and offer consumers a range of new product offerings.
We aim to provide production technology and associated supplies needed to commercially produce structured alternative protein products. To that end, we are developing three-dimensional printing capabilities that can mimic meat and seafood texture, flavor, nutritional values and more. Our initial commercial offering combines three-dimensional printers and their supplies, primarily plant-based ingredient blends for printing plant-based meat and fish analogs. So far, we have developed two main types of three-dimensional printer: (1) meat printer - a food production machine that produces meat analogs with a fibrous texture, mimicking meats such as beef, pork and chicken; and (2) fish printer – a food production machine that produces fish and seafood analogs with a flaky texture, such as fish and seafood.
During 2023, we focused our efforts on commercializing our three-dimensional printers and their ingredient blend supplies for plant-based foods initially. As a result, our first commercial offering is intended to affordably generate revenues for our partners and customers by manufacturing plant-based meat and fish analogs, which are not expected to require the lengthy regulatory processes associated with cultivated meats and other novel foods.
In August 2024, we filed a supplement to our shelf registration statement on Form F-3 with the SEC, which allows us to sell, from time to time, and at our discretion, ADSs having an aggregate offering price of up to $4.0 million pursuant to an “at the market” offering program, or ATM Program. We use the net proceeds from sales of our ADSs issued under the ATM Program for general corporate and working capital purposes. The timing of any sales and the number of shares sold, depend on a variety of factors determined by us. In 2024, we sold approximately $422 thousand of ADSs pursuant to the ATM Program, with net proceeds of $403 thousand following underwriter fees of approximately $19 thousand, and since January 1, 2025, we have sold approximately an additional $278 thousand of ADSs, with net proceeds of approximately $265 thousand following underwriter fees of approximately $13 thousand.
In September 2024, we announced the opening of our first full-scale Demonstration Center. The state-of-the-art facility features live demonstrations of the company’s innovative 3D printers—the MX200 and HD144—showcasing real-time production of plant-based meat and seafood alternatives, and promoting customer engagement.
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In September 2024, we also received a purchase order from Bondor Foods Ltd. to supply our proprietary plant-based premixes for the production of a line of white fish and salmon patties, and in October 2024, we received a purchase order from Wyler Farm Ltd. to supply premixes for the production of plant-based beef.
In November 2024, together with UMAMI Bioworks, a leading global cultivated seafood platform provider, we announced the culmination of a two-year RD collaboration, establishing the feasibility of producing 3D-printed cultivated fish products at scalable volumes, and with the support of the Singaporean National Additive Manufacturing Innovation Cluster, or NAMIC, we aim to develop and refine 3D-printed fish fillets, targeting both local and international markets.
In December 2024, we announced the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding with Vegefarm Co. Ltd., a prominent Taiwanese food company, for the sale of our MX200 3D printer and accompanying raw materials. Under the MoU, we are to provide Vegefarm with the MX200 printer, powered by our advanced Fused Paste Layering (FPL™) technology, and plant-based premixes designed to create high-quality meat alternatives. The Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), a leading Taiwanese research institute, will support the adaptation of our product for the Taiwanese market, while Vegefarm will take on the role of commercialization, managing the production and distribution of these products, utilizing its established market presence to drive adoption and sales.
In the first quarter of 2025, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with a certain investor, or the Investor, whereby the Investor purchased, following true-up adjustment 192,660 of our ADSs at a final purchase price of $1.1391 per ADS, 904,698 pre-funded warrants at a final purchase price of $1.139 per pre-funded warrant (exercisable at any time until fully exercised) and warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,097,358 ADSs. The warrants have an exercise price of $2.00 per ADS, are immediately exercisable, and will expire five years from the date of issuance. The gross proceeds to us from the sale of ADSs was approximately $1.25 million, prior to deducting offering expenses. We intend to use the net proceeds as working capital for general corporate purposes. The ADSs representing ordinary shares and ADSs issuable upon exercise of the warrants were offered in a private placement pursuant to an applicable exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities, and, along with the ADSs issuable upon exercise, were later registered under the Securities Act.
Simultaneously with the private placement, we established an USD 8 million equity line of credit with the Investor. For details, see “Item 8.—Financial Information — B. Significant Changes” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.
We are led by our Chief Executive Officer, Arik Kaufman, who has founded various Nasdaq- and TASE-traded foodtech companies. He is also a founding partner of BlueOcean Sustainability Fund, LLC, or BlueSoundWaves, led by Ashton Kutcher, Guy Oseary and Effie Epstein, which has partnered with Steakholder to assist in attempting to accelerate our growth. Mr. Kaufman holds extensive personal experience in the fields of food-tech and bio-tech law, and has led and managed numerous complex commercial negotiations, as part of local and international fundraising, mergers and acquisitions, or MA, transactions and licensing agreements. We have carefully selected personnel for the rest of our executive management team who possess substantial industry experience and share our core values, from fields as diverse as tissue engineering, industrial stem cell growth, and printer and print materials development.
Alternative Protein Market Opportunity
Protein is a necessary staple for healthy nutrition. The growth in recent years of both the human population and global wealth is driving a decades-long trend of accelerating demand for meat. The demand for protein products has consistently risen in recent decades and is expected to continue to do so, however the rising growth of demand for farm animals for the food industry has created significant environmental, health, financial and ethical challenges.
Alternative proteins, with an emphasis on meat substitutes, have emerged as a leading method for dealing with these challenges. Globally, more than 670 million kilograms of meat substitutes are consumed annually, at a value of exceeding USD 11 billion in 2024. In the near term alone, this is expected to rise to over 980 million kilograms by 2028, valued at over USD 16 billion.
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Meat substitutes are the second most valuable category of plant-based food products in the United States, where sales of plant-based analogs were estimated to be worth USD 1.8 billion in 2023, exceeded only by the People’s Republic of China (USD 2.1 billion in 2023 and 2.4 billion in 2024). Other countries in the world’s most populous continent led global rates of consumer spending for meat substitutes, chiefly Vietnam (24%) and Hong Kong (21%).
Meat substitutes are likewise the second-most valuable category of plant-based food products in Europe, with sales reaching EUR 2 billion in 2022, led by the United Kingdom (21%) and the Netherlands (19%) in rates of consumer spending.
Among those taking note of the potential of the alternative protein market are conventional meat players, seeking to benefit from diversification. For example, Rügenwalder Mühle, the German meat producer, has adapted its operations to became the leading manufacturer of plant-based meat analogs in Germany, with more than 40% overall share. With a rapidly growing global population and increased demand for proteins among existing populations, the alternative protein market can expect to receive a lot more attention in coming years.
Limitations of Conventional Meat Production
In addition to questions about whether conventional meat production can adequately provide for the growing global population, conventional meat production raises serious environmental issues. According to the United Nations, 8% of the world’s freshwater is used for raising livestock for meat and leather. At least 18% of the greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere are from the livestock industry. 26% of the planet’s ice-free land is used for livestock grazing and 33% of croplands are used for animal feed. With regard to treatment of animals in conventional meat production, the Humane Society of the United States estimated in 2023 that more than 92 billion animals are slaughtered annually, with steady increases to be expected in line with increased demand for meat.
Another common consumer concern with industrial-scale animal rearing is the reliance on the intensive use of antibiotics. Antibiotics are used in livestock, especially pigs and poultry, to manage animal health, and to treat or prophylactically prevent diseases such as avian flu and swine flu. Their effects on human health have not been fully resolved, with concerns including the potential growth of antibiotic-resistant diseases in meat for human consumption.
Existing Alternative Proteins and their Limitations
Negative consumer sentiment towards the perceived ethical, health and environmental effects of the global meat industry help explain the strong focus that has developed on creating methods of protein production that are more sustainable, nutritious and conscious of animal welfare. Recent years have seen a combination of increasing consumer awareness and advanced technological development that has led to substantially increased demand for proteins that do not involve animal slaughter besides traditional plant-based proteins, such as soy, peas and chickpeas. Some of the alternative proteins being developed for human consumption for this purpose include:
Plant-Based Meat: These products are designed to look, cook, and taste like traditional meat, with the texture of traditional meat while using plant ingredients. Innovations in this field have led to plant-based burgers, sausages and nuggets that mimic their animal-based counterparts in an approach known as biomimicry.
Cultivated Meat: M eat grown through cellular agriculture, which aims to produce cultivated animal proteins without the need for slaughter. Cultivated meat is grown in cell culture rather than inside animals and applies tissue engineering practices for fat and muscle production for the purpose of human consumption. Stem cells are isolated from animal tissue, such as from an umbilical cord (following birth), an adipose or a muscle tissue, and then cultivated in vitro to form protein biomass, muscle fibers and fat cells.
Fermentation-Derived Proteins: Created through microbial fermentation. Examples include precision fermentation products, and mycoproteins , which are derived from fungi. They are high in protein and fiber, low in saturated fat, and contain no cholesterol. However, they have been associated with allergic and gastrointestinal reactions. They are fermented to become a dough, which can develop a texture similar to that of meat. and precision fermentation products.
Insect-Based Proteins: Insects are an environmentally-friendly source of protein that requires significantly less land and water, and emits significantly less greenhouse gases than large mammals raised for slaughter. In addition, they can be fed food unsuitable for livestock that would otherwise be wasted. While crickets are the most common source of edible insects, research is currently taking place on new insect species of value for food production, as well as methods to produce them economically at scale. Insects can be consumed in their natural state; however many cultures consider insect consumption to be taboo and many people are disgusted by the idea. As a result, research is taking place into developing insect-based products in different forms not easily discernable as insect-based, including flour.
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Three-Dimensional Printing Solution
Our three-dimensional food printers are designed as specialized, large-scale production machines, tailored to meet the distinct requirements for producing plant-based meat and seafood alternatives. We are developing two distinct types of industrial-grade printers, engineered to handle the specific textures and production requirements of meat or seafood alternatives, respectively, within high-volume food manufacturing environments.
Our Three-Dimensional Printer Types
Meat-Specific Three-Dimensional Printers
Our meat-specific printers are equipped with advanced Fused Paste Layering, or FPL, technology. This technology is ideal for creating the dense, fibrous textures associated with various types of meat, from beef to poultry. The FPL process meticulously layers plant-based materials to mimic the natural structure of meats, including intricate marbling and texture variations that are critical for authentic taste and mouthfeel. These printers are designed to integrate seamlessly into existing meat production lines within food factories, complementing traditional meat processing equipment with minimal adjustment required.
Seafood-Specific Three-Dimensional Printers
Our seafood-specific printers utilize Drop Location in Space, or DLS, technology, which specializes in replicating the delicate, flaky textures of various seafoods, from white fish to shellfish. DLS technology is designed to precisely position plant-based materials to emulate the unique physical properties of seafood, including layering and tender flakiness, essential for authentic experiences in alternative-protein seafood dishes. These machines are also built to integrate with standard seafood processing lines in food factories, ensuring that they can operate alongside other familiar equipment without disrupting existing workflows.
Key Features of Both Meat- and Seafood-Specific Printers
| ● | Industrial Scale Production: Both types of printers are designed for high output, capable of continuous operation in demanding factory settings. They support large-scale production needs, ensuring that food manufacturers can meet substantial market demands efficiently. |
| ● | Seamless Factory Integration: Each printer model is crafted to fit into existing production environments easily. They interface smoothly with other factory equipment such as automated feed systems, conveyors, and packaging lines, ensuring a cohesive and streamlined production process. |
| ● | Compliance with Regulatory Standards: We are committed to maintaining strict standards of food safety and hygiene in all of our manufacturing processes. In line with this commitment, all of our three-dimensional food printers – whether meat-specific or seafood-specific – are designed in accordance with regulatory requirements and guidelines, such as the European Hygienic Engineering Design Group guidelines. This ensures that our printers meet rigorous standards for safe food production, which we believe is essential for maintaining consumer health and trust. |
| ● | Customization and Flexibility: Despite their specialized functions, both printer types offer customizable settings to adjust textures, shapes, and sizes, allowing for a high degree of product personalization and innovation within the plant-based food industry. |
By offering these two distinct types of three-dimensional food printers, we aim to provide food manufacturers with the precise tools needed to expand into or enhance their plant-based product offerings. Whether producing plant-based meats with realistic textures or crafting delicate seafood alternatives, our technology is designed to empower manufacturers to be leaders in the rapidly growing market for sustainable and innovative food solutions.
Premix Blends
At the core of our product catalog are the SHMeat™ and SHFish™ premix blends which we are developing in order to offer customers and partners a wide range of plant-based meat and seafood alternatives tailored to a variety of culinary tastes and dietary needs. A premix blend is a mixture of ingredients designed to be mixed with other ingredients before use. These blends are specially formulated to emphasize sustainability, health, and ethical consumption, with the goal of providing a delicious solution for conscientious eaters everywhere.
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We are developing SHMeat™ Premix Blends in an array of premix blends to be available in both a printed format, for structured end products such as steaks, and a minced format, for unstructured end products, crafted to enhance culinary creativity and versatility with a range that extends to include pork, lamb, and exotic meat options. Each blend is being developed to mimic the exact taste and texture profile of its traditional meat counterpart, in order to provide an authentic culinary experience. The variety to which we aspire would cater to many kinds of dishes, from traditional recipes needing robust meaty flavors, to innovative dishes exploring novel culinary landscapes.
We are also developing SHFish™ Premix Blends, with the aim of delivering genuine fish and seafood experiences in both printed and minced product forms. This line includes the SHFish™ White Fish premix blend, for creating flaky, tender fillets suitable for both refined and casual dining. We are also developing additional selections, such as salmon, tuna, and various shellfish, in order to provide a diverse array of seafood dishes without the ecological footprint associated with conventional seafood harvesting. Each SHFish™ product is being designed to meticulously capture the unique textures and flavors specific to each seafood type, from the rich texture of salmon to the subtle taste of white fish, for dishes ranging from sophisticated sushi to hearty seafood tacos.
By choosing Steakholder Foods’ innovative solutions, our customers can provide consumers with traditional flavors in a more sustainable and ethical way, helping to transform the global food landscape and paving the way for a more sustainable culinary future.
Advantages
We are focused on developing a process that will allow our food technology customers to operate a high-throughput manufacturing process for high-quality, healthy meat. Our cellular agriculture and bioprinting processes are being designed to be modular, meaning that they can work using different factory sizes. We believe we could license our technology to customers with industrial plants close to urban areas seeking to provide “just in time”, logistically-efficient, local and premium cellular agriculture. In addition, we believe a licensee of our technology could build a plant in a locality that does not have the resources needed for industrial animal husbandry, which would allow places like the United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong or Singapore to potentially become more agriculturally independent by increasing food security. As costs decrease, we believe that our customers could also build production facilities in localities where there is high agricultural seasonality or desertification risk.
We believe that plant-based meats could have several potential advantages over conventionally-harvested meat:
| ● | Environmental : At least 18% of the greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere today are from the livestock industry. Research shows that the expected environmental footprint of cultivated meat includes approximately 78% to 96% fewer greenhouse gas emissions, 63%-95% less land use, 51% to 78% less water use, and 7% to 45% less energy use than conventionally-produced beef, lamb, pork and poultry. This suggests that the environmental consequences of switching from large-scale, factory farming to lab-grown alternative proteins could have a long-term positive impact on the environment. |
| ● | Mitigating and reducing of health risks : Another potential benefit of lab-grown alternative proteins is that their growth environment is designed to be less susceptible to biological risk and disease, through standardized, tailored production methods consistent with controlled manufacturing practices that are designed to contribute to improved nutrition, health and wellbeing. Therefore, the use of plant-based meats reduces the risk of new diseases and future pandemics. Plant-based and cultivated meats are expected to be insusceptible to animal diseases and should therefore not contribute to pandemic risk because they do not require the use of live animals. Moreover, they may not require antibiotics during production and would therefore not contribute to antibiotic resistance. |
| ● | Animal Suffering : More and more people are grappling with the ethical question of whether humanity should continue to slaughter animals for food. There is a growing trend of opposition to the way animals are raised for slaughter, often in small, confined spaces with unnatural feeding patterns. In many cases, such animals suffer terribly throughout their lives. This consideration is likely a factor in many consumers choosing to incorporate more flexitarian, vegetarian and vegan approaches to their diets in recent years. |
| ● | Alternate Use of Natural Resources : Eight percent of the world’s freshwater supply and one third of croplands are currently used to provide for livestock. Wide-scale acceptance of alternative proteins is expected to free up many of these natural resources, especially in developing economies where they are most needed. |
| ● | Food Waste : The conventional meat industry’s largest waste management problem relates to the disposal of partially-used carcasses, which are usually buried, incinerated, rendered or composted, with attendant problems such as land, water or air pollution. The use of alternative proteins will alleviate this problem, with only the desired cuts of meat or their analogs being produced for consumption and only minimal waste product generated with no leftover carcass. |
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Our Strategy
Our vision is to be a global leader in the alternative protein machinery field, offering printers based on our three-dimensional printing technology, as well as ingredient blends for use in the printers. In the future, we also aim to provide ingredient blends that include cultivated cells, for the printing of hybrid meat and seafood. We are committed to making the right choice of protein simple for end consumers, by developing commercial production machines that are capable of mimicking meat and seafood texture, flavor and nutritional values, all at an affordable cost so that we can offer our customers food printers to create products that end consumers will want to buy. Operators of our printers will have wide-ranging digital control over parameters of the products they print, including with respect to meat type, three-dimensional modeling, texture, flavor and nutritional values. In this way, end products can be adjusted and customized based on market demand. Our commercial-scale production machines are being designed to be modular, scalable starting from minimal production capacity of up to a few hundred kilograms per hour.
We operate a demonstration center at our headquarters, in order to demonstrate the full commercial production process, including all pre- and post-production stages, such as ingredients blend preparation, pasteurization and packaging, culminating in edible meat analogs produced from a commercial-scale printer. Once we successfully commercialize our first printers, we expect to also be able to demonstrate our printers at work in our customers’ food production sites.
Our technologies and processes have the potential to be sustainable. We are developing production processes that are designed to provide sustainability in an industry that, due to inefficiencies inherent in conventional meat farming, is not otherwise expected to be able to meet the growing demand for protein caused by rising population numbers and global affluence. These include the large amounts of land and water use that are needed for raising livestock, which causes precious natural resources to be squandered and the release of methane and other greenhouse gases by livestock. Our production machines are designed to be integrated into food production factories, meeting all relevant food standards, such as technology standards and safety standards.
We have carefully selected personnel for our management team who possess substantial industry experience, from diverse fields including the food industry, business development, three-dimensional printing, food technologies, tissue engineering, industrial stem cell growth, software engineering, electronic and mechanical engineering and print materials development. We believe that this blend of talent and experience in managers who share our core values gives us the requisite insights and capabilities to execute our plan to develop technologies designed to meet demand in a scalable, profitable and sustainable way.
Pipeline Application – Hybrid Product Inks
The cultivated meat industry aims for industrial production at a competitive price compared to conventional meat. However, challenges in scalability and cost have slowed progress. While the vision of cultivated meats steak remains a goal and the industry is actively working to overcome the aforementioned obstacles, our current focus for the next step after commercializing plant-based meat printers is developing hybrid meat blends for our printers, combining plant-based ingredients and cultivated animal cells. Therefore, we continue to develop hybrid products with lab-grown cells from multiple species, such as beef and fish. For example, the addition of bovine cultivated cells to a steak hybrid product is intended to provide qualities of “meatiness,” such as taste, texture, and nutritional values, closer to those of conventional meat products than the alternatives currently available in the market today.
The process of cultivating bovine cells is developed in-house. Integrating these cells into the hybrid product could involve either undifferentiated stem cell biomass or cells differentiated into specialized cell types. Traditional steak is naturally composed of muscle, fat, and connective tissue, so cells forming any of these parts could potentially enhance the final product. We are developing cellular agriculture technology, including cell lines and methods for working with growth media and develop differentiation media, to support the production of cells such as fat and muscle cells as well as undifferentiated biomass. The processes we are developing are designed to allow cells of interest, following humane tissue extraction from the umbilical cord or biopsy, to be isolated, replicated, grown and maintained in vitro under controlled, laboratory conditions.
We are engaged in exploring and evaluating the contributions of fat cells, muscle cells, and undifferentiated stem cells to the hybrid product, while also considering the unique obstacles each of these cell types faces in scaling up to industrial production. In February 2023, we announced that we had analyzed our muscle cells and found that they offer the same amino acid profile as that of the native tissue. The amino acid profile has two important roles in our cultivated beef products – taste and nutritional value. Our biology team tested 17 amino acids and compared them to native tissue, with the results showing that the team was able to create the same amino acid profile in the lab as in animals. For this reason, we believe that hybrid meats printed using our three-dimensional printers have the potential to provide similar nutritional value as that of conventional meats.
Meat is a rich source of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, which play a crucial role in human nutrition. Essential amino acids, which the human body cannot produce on its own, include leucine, isoleucine, valine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and histidine. These amino acids are important for a variety of bodily functions, including muscle growth and repair, immune function, and hormone production. The specific amino acid profile of meat, as well as its taste, varies depending on the animal species and how it is raised, as well as the cut of meat.
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Integrating fat cells into the final hybrid product also appears to be a promising direction of development. Our cultivated fat biomass is engineered to be antibiotic-free and can be customized to offer personalized nutritional profiles and precise flavors, similar to natural beef fat. To this end, we have conducted a number of taste tests where we demonstrated the potential that our cultivated fat biomass has to enhance the taste of plant-based products. We believe that a product comprised of as little as 10-25% of our cultivated fat biomass combined with plant-based ingredients has the potential to enhance mouthfeel and overall experience.
Cell lines development for cultivated meat products
The process of industrial scale meat printing necessitates the isolation and development of cells which have the potential to produce animal muscle or fat tissues. Our proprietary cell lines are isolated from various sources that harbor these properties. For example, adult stem cells can be isolated from various adult tissues and give rise to more cells of the same type, such as fat or muscle tissues, while stem cells isolated from the umbilical cord immediately following birth can give rise to multiple types of cells, including both fat and muscle cells. Each of these cells has advantages and disadvantages and their adaptation to our robust meat production process is currently being evaluated.
Once isolated and plated, stem cells derived from adult tissues or umbilical cord exhibit the intrinsic ability to continue dividing and propagating in vitro; however, their proliferative capacity is limited, rendering them unable to yield a sufficient number of cells for large-scale production. To facilitate industrial-scale production, we have developed an immortalization process. Through this process, our immortalized cell lines can continue proliferating for up to one year, maintaining a steady division rate. It is noteworthy that this division rate is significantly lower than the primary source cells, ensuring a consistent and prolonged expansion for enhanced scalability.
In order to facilitate scale-up processes, it is imperative for cells to grow in suspension, as monolayer growth on traditional laboratory plates proves both cost-ineffective and incompatible with scaling up operations. To address this challenge, we have successfully developed an adaptation to a suspension growth process for our cell lines. Notably, this innovative approach has been successfully applied to various cell lines derived from adult tissues and umbilical cord origins. This achievement positions us strategically for the next crucial step in upscaling our production capabilities.
Media development
We are in the process of developing growth media, a liquid designed to support the growth of cells for hybrid or cultivated meats, to be composed of food-grade ingredients, with growth factors similar to those produced naturally in the bodies of cattle, albeit free of fetal bovine serum. Fetal bovine serum was considered a significant component of cellular growth media, however it was harvested from animals. For that reason, we are engaged with experimentation to develop optimal and cost-effective antibiotic-free cell culture media, and are exploring a range of types of, and sources for, growth factors suited to cell culture. These sources are expected to be sustainable and ethical, providing a route to enabling efficient and cost-effective processes.
Some of the steps that we are taking in order to keep the growth media cost low include:
| ● | Developing our own in-house medium tailored specifically for our cell types. By including only the essential components necessary for the growth of each particular cell line, our medium costs significantly less than commercial alternatives; |
| ● | Replacing expensive, animal-derived components in cell growth media with lab-developed compounds or proteins developed through fermentation; |
| ● | Cell line screening and optimizations for efficient growth in low-cost media; and |
| ● | Bioprocess optimization and media recycling. |
Bioreactors
We are using software-controlled bioreactors to foster cell proliferation for hybrid meats, and eventually cultivated meats. The initial growth phase leverages exponential growth of stem cells to achieve sufficient cell volumes for food production. These stem cells initiate differentiation processes into multiple cell types, such as muscle and fat.
We are developing cell-cultivation processes and protocols unique to each cell line for use in bioreactors, by regulating the system parameters while monitoring the growth, viability and metabolism of our cells. We are continuously exploring diverse bioreactor infrastructures and refining cell harvesting techniques to optimize the yield of biomass production. To date, we have successfully advanced our yield and achieved high cell density in a short period of time, and we expect that our cell cultivation records in small-scale bioreactors will enable us to develop the proprietary information needed for the development of efficient and economical cell-growth processes in industrial-scale bioreactors.
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Collaborations
Wilk Technologies Ltd.
On April 3, 2023, we announced our participation in a strategic investment round in Wilk Technologies Ltd. (TASE: WILK), alongside leading players in the food industry, such as Danone and the Central Bottling Co. Ltd. (owner of Tara, Coca Cola Israel and more). The transaction was approved by our audit committee (due to related party considerations) and board of directors. As part of the investment, we purchased ordinary shares of Wilk in the amount of USD 0.4 million at a 15% discount below its 45-day average closing price, giving us a 2.5% stake in Wilk.
Gulf Cooperation Council Region Governmental Body
In July 2023, we announced that we had entered into a Memorandum of Agreement for Strategic Cooperation, or MOA, with an accredited GCC-based governmental body as our strategic partner, to advance food security efforts through the application of our 3D printing technology. Commencing with an investment by the strategic partner in the construction of a pilot plant to produce printed products, the MOA eventually aims to create a first-of-its-kind large-scale production facility in the Persian Gulf region. The agreement foresees a material initial down payment to us for the procurement of at least one three-dimensional food printer, followed by a milestone-based sales and procurement plan for industrial-scale output. A definitive agreement has not yet been signed, and we believe that geopolitical considerations may have an impact on the timing of its execution.
UMAMI Bioworks Pte. Ltd.
In January 2023, we announced that we had entered into a joint development agreement with UMAMI Bioworks, a leading global cultivated seafood platform provider, pursuant to which the Singapore-Israel Industrial RD Foundation, or SIIRD, approved a grant to us of up to USD 1 million, of which we have already received USD 0.8 million. As part of this collaboration, we are developing printed hybrid grouper and eel products, where we are responsible for the development of the plant-based formulation, the three-dimensional printing process and the integration of UMAMI Bioworks’ cultivated cells into the product. Together, we have created a portfolio of prototype designs, demonstrating the versatility of 3D printing and cell cultivation in producing a range of fish products that match the attributes of a range of species.
In November 2024, we announced a partnership with UMAMI Bioworks and Singapore’s National Additive Manufacturing Innovation Cluster (NAMIC), a national platform hosted by the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), to focus on translating recent development achievements into seafood products ready for commercialization in Singapore and beyond.
Wyler Farm Ltd.
In May 2024, we announced a royalties and raw materials supply agreement, or Wyler Agreement, with Wyler Farm Ltd., a leader in alternative protein production, whereby Wyler Farm will manufacture alternative proteins on a commercial scale using materials purchased from us, and pay us royalties from the sales. Additionally, we agreed to finance the procurement of the equipment necessary for Wyler to establish alternative proteins production. The Wyler Agreement has an initial term of two years and shall automatically be renewed for a successive 12-month period provided the parties have reached an agreement or alternatively subject to the automatic update mechanism, regarding the sales target, as described in the Wyler Agreement. As of December 31, 2024, no revenues have yet been recognized. The execution of the Wyler Agreement was deemed the achievement of pre-determined performance conditions that led to the vesting of performance share units (PSUs) into 32,500 ADS.
Sales and Distribution
We have strategically positioned ourselves to pioneer the integration of three-dimensional printing technology in the food manufacturing industry. Our comprehensive business-to-business model focuses on selling advanced three-dimensional food printers alongside our specialized premix blends, empowering food companies to produce and market innovative plant-based products directly. This dual-product approach is designed to both enhance manufacturing efficiency and foster creativity and customization in the plant-based food sector.
Our cutting-edge three-dimensional food printers are designed to meet the specific needs of plant-based food production, with a view to offering precision and versatility in creating complex textures and forms. We believe that these printers are ideal for manufacturers looking to innovate or expand their product lines with high-quality, plant-based alternatives. Their key sales features include:
| ● | Advanced Printing Technology: Our printers utilize state-of-the-art DLS and FPL technologies, which we view as crucial for replicating the textures and layers of traditional meat and seafood. | |
| ● | Customization Capabilities: Each printer is designed to be adjustable to different formulations and textures, providing our clients with the flexibility to create unique products tailored to their markets. |
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| ● | Full Installation and Training Services: We ensure that our clients can maximize the use of their printers with comprehensive installation, operational training, and ongoing technical support. |
To complement our 3D printers, we offer a range of SHMeat™ and SHFish™ premix blends. These blends are scientifically formulated to work seamlessly with our 3D printing technology, ensuring consistent quality and performance with the following key features:
| ● | High-Quality Ingredients: Our blends are made from premium, sustainably-sourced ingredients, for a delicious and ethical product outcome. | |
| ● | Optimized for 3D Printing: Each blend is specifically developed to perform optimally in our three-dimensional food printers, with properties that support precise extrusion and texturizing. | |
| ● | Custom Blend Development: We collaborate with clients to develop custom blends that meet specific dietary needs, flavor profiles, or nutritional specifications. |
Our sales strategy emphasizes the synergistic benefits of purchasing both the 3D printers and the premix blends. This integrated solution not only simplifies the production process but also ensures high standards of product quality and innovation which benefit from the following key components:
| ● | Bundled Offers: We provide attractive pricing options for clients who purchase both the printers and a steady supply of premix blends. | |
| ● | Joint Product Development: Working together with clients, we are co-developing products that are both innovative and aligned with current market trends. | |
| ● | Long-term Partnership Incentives: We offer long-term contracts that include benefits, such as discounts on blend refills, extended warranties for the printers, and exclusive rights to sell newly developed products in specific markets. |
Recognizing the global potential of our technology and products, we are actively seeking out international partnerships to localize production and streamline supply chains, the key features of which are:
| ● | Local Production Partnerships: We aim to establish partnerships with local manufacturers to produce premix blends regionally, reducing logistics costs and enhancing market responsiveness. | |
| ● | Market Adaptation: We are adapting our products and technologies to meet local tastes, dietary preferences, and regulatory requirements, with a view to global market acceptance. | |
| ● | Strategic Distribution Networks: We will work with local distributors to leverage their in-depth market knowledge and established networks for effective market penetration. |
Intellectual Property
We have sought and continue to seek patent protection as well as other intellectual property rights for our products, processes and technologies in the United States and internationally. Our policy is to pursue, maintain, expand, protect and defend our patent rights and trade secrets, which we believe enable us to deliver long-term protection for the proprietary technologies, inventions and improvements that are commercially important to the development of our business.
Since the beginning of 2022, we have received notices of grant or allowance for patent applications in the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand relating to our development of systems and methods to apply external forces to muscle tissue that result in the development of high-quality complex structured meat.
We have a portfolio of 15 patents and provisional and non-provisional patent applications pending with the USPTO, WIPO (filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty, or PCT), and in various countries worldwide. A provisional patent application is a preliminary application, and establishes a priority date for the patenting process of inventions disclosed therein.
Our existing patent portfolio can currently be divided into three main areas:
Mechanical applications covering printer components and peripherals used in the fabrication of the tissue cultures with two applications filed at the national stage of prosecution: the first is directed to print heads operable in a bioprinting systems for the fabrication of edible biostructures using drop-on-demand, the print heads specifically designed to accommodate bio fluids of suspended systems without causing demixing, while still delivering bio fluids with high accuracy and precision.
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The second area includes an application currently undergoing examination in six countries after being granted in the United States, Canada, New Zealand, and China, is directed to systems and methods of physically manipulating a resilient container (bladder) of bioprinted tissue culture having non-random three-dimensional cell structure over 4 dimensions, namely elongation, compression, torsion and shear, to modulate the tissue and achieve the desired texture for each meat type. An additional application was filed for an alternative bio-printer head and a cooled chuck, which is currently in its provisional stage, with three more applications in the pipeline.
Lastly, applications covering the final consumable formed using mechanical and biological inputs, with a couple of applications currently pending. These include a provisional application for a beef-emulating consumable formed of stacked 3D-pronted layers of muscle and fat tissues; and an application for a method and composition for achieving the flaky characteristics associated with fish.
In addition to patent applications, we maintain trade secrets covering (both positive and negative) know-how and proprietary information relating to our core technologies and make practicable efforts to protect our confidential trade secrets. To this end, we require our employees engaged in the development of intellectual property to enter into confidentiality agreements prohibiting the disclosure of confidential information and further, require disclosure and assignment of any inventions and associated intellectual property rights that are important to our business. Additionally, we require all entering employees to represent they are not bringing in, or are using any third party’s Trade Secrets.
We have also registered our name, Steakholder Foods, and brand name as registered trademarks in various countries, and maintain ongoing rights to our domain name. Steakholder Foods® was registered in Japan and the European Community and is currently undergoing examination in several other countries, including the United States. Likewise, we have registered trademarks covering the two printing modalities developed in the company, namely FPL™ and DLS™
While our policy is to obtain patents by application, license or otherwise, to maintain trade secrets and to seek to operate without infringing on the intellectual property rights of third parties, technologies related to our business have been rapidly developing in recent years. Additionally, patent applications that we may file or license from third parties may not result in the issuance of patents, and our current or future issued patents may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented. Therefore, we cannot predict the extent of claims that may be allowed or enforced against our patents, nor be certain of the priority of inventions covered by pending third-party patent applications. If third parties prepare and file patent applications that also claim technology or therapeutics to which we have rights, we may have to engage in proceedings to determine priority of invention, which could result in substantial costs to us, even if the eventual outcome is favorable. Moreover, because of the extensive time required for clinical development and regulatory review of products we may develop, it is possible that the patent or patents on which we rely to protect such products could expire or be close to expiration by the commencement of commercialization, thereby reducing the value of such patent. Loss or invalidation of certain of our patents, or a finding of unenforceability or limited scope of certain of our intellectual property, could also have a material adverse effect on us. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to our Intellectual Property and Potential Litigation.”
Competition
We view our competition as primarily belonging to one of two groups:
| - | Plant-based meat analog manufacturers , especially those who offer structured plant-based products, such as Redefine Meat, Chunk Foods and Juicy Marbles, which are offering or plan to offer whole cuts of plant-based meats. Apart from quality of texture and flavor, regarding which we believe that our three-dimensional printing technology will offer us an advantage, we are distinguished from these competitors by our business-to-business focus (aiming to sell manufacturing machines rather than the food itself), which we expect to provide a wide range of collaboration opportunities, allowing food producers to market their products under their own brand. Also, we are developing our printer technologies as a platform to biomimic a wide variety of species, rather than one specific type of meat or seafood. |
| - | Machinery providers – as we are developing commercial-scale food production machines, we also view other food machinery providers as competitors, although we have not yet identified any food production machines utilizing similar technologies being developed to produce textured products in high throughput with digital control and development product capabilities. |
We expect that demand for our cultivated meat manufacturing technologies will be driven by consumer demand for alternative proteins. We believe that we will compete with other alternative protein manufacturers, other machinery providers, and the conventional meat industry as a whole.
Companies Developing Vegetable and Insect Protein Alternatives
There are numerous companies focused on developing meat substitutes. In order for a product to achieve commercial acceptance as an alternative to meat, it must have an appearance, taste, smell and nutritional values that are similar enough to the type of meat that it seeks to replace or with which it seeks to compete. These meat substitute companies generally employ proprietary formulae for manufacturing that are based wholly on ingredients of plant origin. In addition, we are aware of several companies developing insect-protein production capabilities, employing among other insects, flies, larvae and grasshoppers.
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Companies Developing Cultivated Meat
The cellular agriculture meat sector is in early stages of development. The sector is currently primarily comprised of companies developing a full technology stack from developing cell lines to scaling up cellular cultivation, developing media and researching the food technology aspects of the final product. Market dynamics have led to a large number of companies operating in this manner. We do not believe that any companies in this space have already developed the capability to produce industrial quantities at prices low enough to compete on a dollar-per-pound basis against conventionally-harvested meat, and despite our cultivated meat technological achievements, we are not focusing our commercialization activities on this domain at this time.
A number of larger companies have begun engaging in this sector. For example, companies such as Cargill, Inc., JBS Foods, Nestlé S.A., Tyson Foods, Inc., Merck Co., Inc. and Lonza Group AG are currently investing in capabilities to accommodate the market’s desire for change in the cell culture media market. Additionally, a number of bioreactor companies are rumored to be interested in the cellular agriculture market opportunity. Over time, we expect that larger players will continue to increase their exposure to cellular meat production either by selling to, or collaborating with, the many start-ups in the space.
Currently, cellular agriculture companies are for the most part paving their own path, with a goal of producing meat cells suitable as a replacement for ground meat. The ground meat type of cellular product may also be suitable as an ingredient in a hybrid plant-based food product. The cell-types relevant to this effort are primarily muscle and fat cells. What exactly these cell-based companies will offer is likely to be affected by consumer expectations and underlying cost structures. We believe that these companies may have to mix their cellular meat product with plant-based ingredients in the interests of cost or appearance.
Companies Developing Structured Hybrid Meat Products
To our knowledge, there is currently no other company focused on the scaling up of three-dimensional printing of hybrid cultivated meat products whose technologies are as advanced as ours. To the best of our knowledge, we were the only company to publicly demonstrate our food printing technology at large food technology events during 2023. However, there are companies attempting to produce steaks by means of other approaches, such as growing bovine cells, including fat, muscle and connective tissue on a pre-prepared scaffold, in order to create a contiguous piece of meat.
Government Regulation
Meat and Fish Analogs
We have received feasibility reports from the Mérieux NutriSciences group with regard to our proprietary, plant-based, three-dimensionally-printed whitefish and steak, which concluded that the products’ raw materials are permitted for use in plant-based substitutes or Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS), and hence should be considered to be safe for use in strategically important jurisdictions such as the United States and United Arab Emirates (a pioneer in the field of food security where we intend to construct a large-scale production facility).
In addition to the status of the ingredients we used in the aforementioned products, the report found that as the 3D-printing process does not change the structure or composition of the materials used, the resulting product is unlikely to be classed as a novel food (a food not historically consumed by humans, such as food developed by innovative technologies) but should rather be subject to a conventional approval process.
We expect that federal, state and foreign regulators will have the authority to inspect our customers’ facilities to evaluate compliance with applicable food safety requirements. Federal, state and foreign regulatory authorities also require that certain nutrition and product information appear on the product labels of our customers’ food products and, more generally, that such labels, marketing and advertising be truthful, non-misleading and not deceptive to consumers.
Cultivated Meat
Regulators around the world are in the process of developing a regulatory approval process for cultivated meat. Cultivated meat is not yet generally commercially available, but technologies like ours are anticipated to facilitate the imminent scaling up of cultivated meat production. In general, cultivated meat production is expected to be subject to extensive regulatory laws and regulations in the United States and in other jurisdictions such as Canada, Japan, the European Union and the United Kingdom. In the United States, existing food safety requirements are expected to apply. Additional details are being developed at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, or USDA, pursuant to a Memorandum of Understanding, or MOU, published by the FDA and USDA on March 7, 2019 entitled the “Formal Agreement to Regulate Cell-Cultured Food Products from Cell Lines of Livestock and Poultry.”
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Under the MOU, the two agencies operate under a joint regulatory framework wherein the FDA oversees cell collection, cell banks and cell growth and differentiation. A transition from FDA to USDA oversight occurs during the cell harvest stage, at which point the USDA oversees the production and labeling of cultivated meat. As noted, the USDA is also advancing new labeling requirements. To the best of our knowledge, the regulatory approval details under development are not expected to apply to our business directly, but they are instructive as to the regulatory requirements that our cultivated meat production customers will be expected to face and their expectations of us, in the form of customer assurances, regarding our products.
At this time, our business is limited to developing cultivated meat production technology, such as bioprinters, that will be marketed to cultivated meat producers. Production equipment manufacturers must ensure that their products do not contribute to the production of adulterated food. The regulatory obligation falls on the food manufacturer to ensure that all food produced, including cultivated meat, is wholesome and not adulterated. Therefore, when sourcing food processing equipment, such as the three-dimensional bioprinter that we are developing, our customers will request assurances that the bioprinter is safe for its intended use and will not result in the production of adulterated food. We intend to monitor developments at the FDA and USDA in connection with the MOU to determine whether any specific requirements or recommendations are published with specific regard to cultivated meat equipment manufacturers.
In the United States, we expect companies manufacturing cultivated meat products to be subject to regulation by various government agencies, including the FDA, USDA, and the FTC. Equivalent foreign regulatory authorities include the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, the Japanese Food Safety Commission, the European Food Safety Authority and authorities of the EU member states, the State Food and Drug Administration of China and the SFA. These agencies, among other things, prescribe the requirements and establish the standards for food quality and safety, and regulate various food technologies, including alternative meat product composition, ingredients, manufacturing, labeling and other marketing and advertising to consumers.
In September 2021, the USDA published an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, or ANPR, indicating that the USDA is developing new labeling requirements for foods under its jurisdiction produced through cell culture technology.
In June 2022, Singapore was the first country to approve cultivated meat for sale. The SFA has published comprehensive guidance explaining all of the requirements necessary for the safety assessment of novel foods, covering all of the specifications required for the approval of cultivated meat in Singapore.
In November 2022, the FDA announced that it completed its first pre-market consultation of human food made from cultured animal cells. Through a process with a U.S.-based cultivated meat technology company, which involved evaluating the company’s production process and the cultured cell material made by the production process, including the establishment of cell lines and cell banks, manufacturing controls, and all components and inputs, the FDA determined that it had no further questions about the company’s safety conclusion. As this was the first instance of the FDA giving the greenlight to a cultivated meat product, the FDA further announced that the world is experiencing a food revolution and the FDA is committed to supporting innovation in the food supply. In March 2023, the FDA completed a second such consultation.
As the cell-based agriculture industry is young and its regulatory framework is emerging and evolving, legislation and regulation may evolve to raise barriers to our go-to-market strategies.
In addition to federal regulatory requirements in the United States, certain states impose their own manufacturing and labeling requirements. For example, states typically require facility registration with the relevant state food safety agency, and those facilities are subject to state inspections as well as federal inspections. Further, states can impose state-specific labeling requirements. In the United States, the USDA will be developing new labeling requirements for foods under its jurisdiction produced through cell culture technology as noted in the ANPR.
We are subject to labor and employment laws, laws governing advertising, privacy laws, safety regulations and other laws, including consumer protection regulations that regulate retailers or govern the promotion and sale of merchandise. Our operations are subject to various laws and regulations relating to environmental protection and worker health and safety matters. We monitor changes in these laws and believe that we are in material compliance with applicable laws.
Environmental, Health and Safety Matters
We, our agents and our service providers, including our manufacturers, may be subject to various environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing air emissions, water and wastewater discharges, noise emissions, the use, management and disposal of hazardous, radioactive and biological materials and wastes and the cleanup of contaminated sites. We believe that our business, operations and facilities, including, to our knowledge, those of our agents and service providers, are being operated in compliance in all material respects with applicable environmental and health and safety laws and regulations. Based on information currently available to us, we do not expect environmental costs and contingencies to have a material adverse effect on us. However, significant expenditures could be required in the future if we, our agents or our service providers are required to comply with new or more stringent environmental or health and safety laws, regulations or requirements.
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Except as stated above, we are not aware of any environmental risks related to our operations, and therefore, we do not believe that environmental regulations will have a significant effect on us. However, in the future, we may be required to meet environmental protection standards or regulations which could have a material impact on our activities, activities, profitability and ability to remain competitive.
Organizational Structure
Our subsidiaries and the countries of their incorporation are as follows:
|
Name |
Jurisdiction of
Incorporation |
Parent |
% Ownership
(direct or otherwise) |
|||||
| Steakholder Foods USA, Inc. | Delaware, U.S. | Steakholder Foods Ltd. | 100 | % | ||||
| Steakholder Innovation Ltd. | Israel | Steakholder Foods Ltd. | 100 | % | ||||
| Steakholder Foods Europe BV (commenced dissolution) | Belgium | Steakholder Foods Ltd. | 100 | % | ||||
| Peace of Meat BV (commenced bankruptcy proceedings) | Belgium | Steakholder Foods Europe BV and Steakholder Foods Ltd. | 100 | % | ||||
Property and Infrastructure
Our principal executive offices and laboratory are located at 5 David Fikes St., Rehovot, Israel, covering approximately 18,300 square feet, for which the annual rent (including parking fees) is approximately $0.7 million, linked to the Israeli CPI. The lease agreement for this property, signed in 2021 for a four-year initial term with an option to extend for an additional four-year term, was restructured in March 2025 as part of our cost-reduction strategy. To this end, a third party agreed to pay for half of our rent between February and November 2025, and compensate us for not exercising our lease renewal option. The termination of the agreement in November 2025 with regard to us is expected to eliminate the long-term lease liability, which is valued at USD 2.1 million as of December 31, 2024.
Employees
As of December 31, 2024, we employed 24 employees based at our office and laboratory in Rehovot, Israel.
Local labor laws govern the length of the workday and workweek, minimum wages for employees, procedures for hiring and dismissing employees, determination of severance pay, annual leave, sick days, advance notice of termination, Social Security payments or regional equivalents, and other conditions of employment, including equal opportunity and anti-discrimination laws. None of our employees is party to any collective bargaining agreements. We generally provide our employees with benefits and working conditions beyond the required minimums. We believe we have a good relationship with our employees, and have never experienced any employment-related work stoppages.
Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we may be party to litigation or other legal proceedings that we consider to be a part of the ordinary course of our business. We are not currently involved in any legal proceedings that could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations.
ITEM 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
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ITEM 5. Operating And Financial Review And Prospects
Our “Operating and Financial Review and Prospectus” is intended to convey management’s perspective regarding operational and financial performance for fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022. The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes to those statements included therein, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). The following discussion includes forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including but not limited to those described in “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report. Please also see “Forward-Looking Statements.”
The Company has applied U.S. GAAP as issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, on a fully retrospective basis, initially for its financial statements for fiscal years as of January 1, 2023. Prior to those financial statements, the Company, reporting as of its Nasdaq IPO as a foreign private issuer under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, elected to avail itself of relief in this respect and conducted its financial reporting in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).
A. Operating Results
Revenues
During 2024, we generated initial revenues from the sale of plant-based premix blends.
To date, we have generated minimal revenue since we commenced our alternative protein operations. We expect to increase revenue as we successfully commercialize our technologies, such as revenue from a collaboration or other partnership such as a co-development agreement, or the acquisition of a company that generates revenues. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in commercializing our technologies, in establishing revenue-generating collaborations or acquiring revenue-generating companies.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development activities were our primary focus, prior to the commencement of our commercialization phase, and we continue to devote resources to developing and improving our products. Development timelines, the probability of success and development costs can differ materially from expectations. In addition, we cannot forecast whether and when collaboration arrangements will be entered into, if at all, and to what degree such arrangements would affect our development plans and capital requirements. We expect our research and development expenses to continue to decrease over the next several years as focus transitions to commercialization. However, we would expect to incur increased research and development expenses if we were to identify and develop additional technologies.
Research and development expenses include the following:
| ● | employee-related expenses, such as salaries and share-based compensation; |
| ● | expenses relating to outsourced and contracted services, such as external laboratories and consulting, research and advisory services; |
| ● | supply and development costs; |
| ● | expenses, such as materials, incurred in operating our laboratories and equipment; and |
| ● | costs associated with regulatory compliance. |
We recognize research and development expenses as we incur them.
Marketing Expenses
Marketing expenses consist primarily of professional services, personnel costs, including share-based compensation related to employees, and business development, public relations and investor relations services.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including share-based compensation related to directors and employees, corporate costs (such as insurance), facility costs, patent application and maintenance expenses, and professional service costs, including legal, accounting, audit, finance and human resource services, and other consulting fees.
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Finance Expenses (income), Net
Finance expenses (income), net, consist primarily of changes in the fair value of financial instruments mandatorily measured at fair value through profit or loss, and exchange rate fluctuations.
Income Taxes
We have yet to generate taxable income. As of December 31, 2024, our operating tax loss carryforwards were approximately $26.6 million.
Results of Operations
Our results of operations have varied in the past and can be expected to vary in the future due to numerous factors. We believe that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results are not necessarily meaningful and should not be relied upon as indications of future performance.
Below is a summary of our results of operations for the periods indicated (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | 10 | $ | - | $ | - | ||||||
| Cost of Revenue | $ | 22 | $ | - | $ | - | ||||||
| Gross loss | $ | 12 | $ | - | $ | - | ||||||
| Operating expenses: | ||||||||||||
| Research and development | $ | 3,518 | $ | 7,095 | $ | 6,529 | ||||||
| Marketing | 1,192 | 1,937 | 2,874 | |||||||||
| Marketing with related party | 172 | 745 | 2,210 | |||||||||
| General and administrative | 3,582 | 4,401 | 5,485 | |||||||||
| Total operating loss | $ | 8,476 | $ | 14,178 | $ | 17,098 | ||||||
| Finance expense (income), net | 45 | 1,369 | (2,565 | ) | ||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations | 8,521 | 15,547 | 14,533 | |||||||||
| Net loss from discontinued operations | - | 1,317 | 7,326 | |||||||||
| Loss for the year | $ | 8,521 | $ | 16,864 | $ | 21,859 | ||||||
Year Ended December 31, 2024, Compared to Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
Revenue and cost of revenue
We recognized initial revenues in 2024, and there is therefore no basis for comparison to previous years.
Research and development expenses
Research and development expenses decreased by approximately $3.6 million, or 50.4%, to approximately $3.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to approximately $7.1 million for year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease resulted mainly from reduced payroll expenses, share-based compensation, materials related to our research and development operations and from the SIIRD grant that is recognized as a reduction of research and development expenses.
Research and development expenses increased by approximately $0.5 million, or 8.7%, to approximately $7.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to approximately $6.5 million for year ended December 31, 2022. The increase resulted mainly from payroll expenses, materials and professional services expenditures related to our research and development operations.
Marketing expense, including marketing with related party
Marketing expenses decreased by approximately $1.3 million, or 49.1%, to approximately $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to approximately $2.7 million for year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease resulted mainly from reduction in professional services and personnel costs, including share-based compensation for employees, as well as in business development, public relations and investor relations services.
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Marketing expenses decreased by approximately $2.3 million, or 47.3%, to approximately $2.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to approximately $5.0 million for year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease resulted mainly from reduction in professional services and personnel costs, including share-based compensation for employees, as well as in business development, public relations and investor relations services.
General and administrative expenses
General and administrative expenses decreased by approximately $0.8 million, or 18.6%, to approximately $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to approximately $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease resulted mainly from payroll expenses, share-based compensation, DO insurance expenses and corporate costs.
General and administrative expenses decreased by approximately $1.1 million, or 20%, to approximately $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to approximately $5.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease resulted mainly from decreased employee share-based compensation.
Loss from continuing operations
The loss from continuing operations decreased by approximately $7 million, or 45.2%, to approximately $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to approximately $15.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, driven mainly by decreases in research and development expenses as part of our company-wide economizing measures.
The loss from continuing operations increased by approximately $1.0 million, or 6.9%, to approximately $15.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to approximately $14.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. After deducting $1.9 million and $3.4 million non-cash share-based compensation in 2023 and 2022, respectively, $1.4 million net financial expenses in 2023, and $2.6 million for net financial income in 2022, the net loss decreased by approximately $1.4 million, or 10.2%, driven mainly by decreases in marketing expenses.
Net loss from discontinued operations
The net loss from a discontinued operation decreased by approximately $1.3 million, or 100%, to $0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to approximately $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This decrease resulted from the operation being discontinued only in 2023 and having no further effect in 2024.
The net loss from a discontinued operation decreased by approximately $6.0 million, or 82%, to approximately $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to approximately $7.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This decrease resulted mainly from the discontinued operation taking place over a shorter period in 2023 (three months) than in 2022 (12 months).
Critical Accounting Policies
We describe our significant accounting policies and estimates in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements contained elsewhere in this annual report. We believe that these accounting policies and estimates are critical in order to fully understand and evaluate our financial condition and results of operations.
We prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP as issued by the FASB.
In preparing these financial statements, management has made judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of our accounting policies and the reported amounts recognized in the financial statements. On a periodic basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to share-based compensation and the fair value measurement of financial instruments at each reporting period. We base our estimates on historical experience, authoritative pronouncements and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
Recently-Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Certain recently-issued accounting pronouncements, if applicable, are discussed in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements, regarding the impact of the U.S GAAP standards as issued by the FASB that we will adopt in future periods in our consolidated financial statements.
Emerging Growth Company Status
We qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other burdens that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include:
| ● | to the extent that we no longer qualify as a foreign private issuer, (i) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and (ii) exemptions from the requirement to hold a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation, including golden parachute compensation; |
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| ● | an exemption from the auditor attestation requirement in the assessment of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002; and |
| ● | an exemption from compliance with the Critical Audit Matters requirement that the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board has adopted regarding a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements. |
We may take advantage of these exemptions for up to five years or until such earlier time that we are no longer an emerging growth company. We would cease to be an emerging growth company upon the earliest to occur of: (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1.235 billion or more; (ii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; (iii) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC; or (iv) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of our initial Nasdaq offering of March 2021. We may choose to take advantage of some but not all of these exemptions. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an “emerging growth company” can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This means that an “emerging growth company” can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies.
B. Liquidity and Capital Resources
Since the commencement of our food technology operations, we have only generated initial revenues and have incurred operating losses and negative cash flows from our operations. We have funded our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities. Since the inception of Steakholder Innovation through December 31, 2024, we have raised an aggregate of approximately $72.5 million in public and private placement rounds. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $1.3 million in cash and cash equivalents.
The table below shows a summary of our cash flows from continued and discontinued operations for the periods indicated.
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Net cash used in operating activities | $ | (8,458 | ) | $ | (12,727 | ) | $ | (14,821 | ) | |||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (956 | ) | (764 | ) | (3,591 | ) | ||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 6,384 | 11,257 | 5,899 | |||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | 42 | 198 | (379 | ) | ||||||||
| Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | $ | (2,988 | ) | $ | (2,036 | ) | $ | (12,892 | ) | |||
Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022
Net cash used in operating activities
Net cash used in operating activities decreased by approximately $4.3 million, or 33.5%, to approximately $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to approximately $12.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This decrease was attributed mainly to a reduction in discontinued operations, which was valued at $1.3 million in 2023 and had no further effect in 2024, and from decrease in research and development and marketing expenses.
Net cash used in operating activities decreased by approximately $2.0 million, or 14.2%, to approximately $12.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to approximately $14.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This decrease was attributed mainly to reductions in discontinued operation of $2.4 million due to the discontinued operation taking place over a shorter period in 2023 (three months) than in 2022 (12 months).
Net cash used in investing activities
Net cash used in investing activities increased by approximately $0.2 million, or 25.1%, to approximately $1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to approximately $0.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase was driven mainly by the increase in acquisition of fixed assets, the discontinued operation in 2023 and the proceeds from sale of marketable securities.
Net cash used in investing activities decreased by approximately $2.8 million, or 79%, to approximately $0.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to approximately $3.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This decrease was driven by the decrease in acquisition of fixed assets.
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Net cash provided by financing activities
Net cash provided by financing activities decreased by approximately $4.9 million, or 43.2%, to approximately $6.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to approximately $11.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This decrease was due to the decrease in proceeds from issuance of shares and exercise of warrants.
Net cash provided by financing activities increased by approximately $5.3 million, or 91%, to approximately $11.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to approximately $5.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was due to the increase in proceeds from issuance of shares and warrants.
We do not currently have any specific commitments or plans for acquisitions; to the extent we do engage in acquisitions, we will do so after ensuring that we will have sufficient funds available to meet our capital requirements, and such acquisitions are likely to affect our projected cash needs. To meet future capital needs, we would need to raise additional capital through equity or debt financing or other strategic transactions. However, any such financing may not be on favorable terms or even available to us. Our failure to obtain sufficient funds on commercially acceptable terms when needed would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our forecast of the period of time through which our financial resources will be adequate to support our operations is a forward-looking statement that involves risks and uncertainties, and the actual amount of our expenses could vary materially and adversely as a result of a number of factors. We have based our estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and our expenses could prove to be significantly higher than we currently anticipate.
Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:
| ● | the progress and costs of our research and development activities; |
| ● | the costs of development and expansion of our operational infrastructure; |
| ● | the costs and timing of developing technologies sufficient to allow food production equipment manufacturers and food manufacturers to product products compliant with applicable regulations; |
| ● | our ability, or that of our collaborators, to achieve development milestones and other events or developments under potential future licensing agreements; |
| ● | the amount of revenues and contributions we receive under future licensing, collaboration, development and commercialization arrangements with respect to our technologies; |
| ● | the costs of filing, prosecuting, enforcing and defending patent claims and other intellectual property rights; |
| ● | the costs of contracting with third parties to provide sales and marketing capabilities for us or establishing such capabilities ourselves, once our technologies are developed and ready for commercialization; |
| ● | the costs of acquiring or undertaking development and commercialization efforts for any future products or technology; |
| ● | the magnitude of our general and administrative expenses; and |
| ● | any additional costs that we may incur under future in- and out-licensing arrangements relating to our technologies and futures products. |
Until we can generate significant recurring revenues, we expect to satisfy our future cash needs through capital raising or capital inflows from strategic partnerships. We cannot be certain that additional funding will be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. If funds are not available on favorable terms, or at all, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate research or development efforts or plans for commercialization with respect to our technologies and make necessary change to our operations to reduce the level of our expenditures in line with available resources.
We are a development-stage technology company and it is not possible for us to predict with any degree of accuracy the outcome of our research and development efforts. As such, it is not possible for us to predict with any degree of accuracy any significant trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our net loss, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause financial information to not necessarily be indicative of future operating results or financial condition. However, to the extent possible, certain trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments and events are described herein.
Since inception, we have incurred significant losses and negative cash flows from operations and have an accumulated deficit of $78.7 million. We have financed our operations mainly through fundraising from various investors.
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In February 2025, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with gross proceeds of approximately $1.25 million, and established an $8 million equity line of credit. However, our management expects that we will continue to generate losses and negative cash flows from operations for the foreseeable future. Consequently, our management is of the opinion that our existing cash will not be sufficient to continue the Company’s operations for at least 12 months from the date of approval of the financial statements. As a result, there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.
Management’s plans include continuing to secure sufficient financing through the sale of additional equity securities or capital inflows from strategic partnerships. Additional funds may not be available when we need them on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If we are unsuccessful in securing sufficient financing, we may need to cease operations.
Our financial statements include no adjustments for measurement or presentation of assets and liabilities, which may be required should we fail to operate as a going concern.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Liquidity Risk
Liquidity risk is the risk that we will encounter difficulty in meeting the obligations associated with our financial liabilities that are settled in cash. Cash flow forecasting is performed in our operating entities and aggregated at a consolidated level. We monitor forecasts of our liquidity requirements to ensure we have sufficient cash to meet operational needs. We may be reliant on our ability to raise additional investment capital from the issuance of equity or debt securities to fund our business operating plans and future obligations.
Credit risk
Credit risk is the risk of financial loss to us if a debtor or counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations, and arises mainly from our receivables. We restrict exposure to credit risk in the course of our operations by investing primarily in bank deposits.
Equity price risk
As we primarily invest in short-term bank deposits, with only non-material holdings of marketable securities, we do not believe that changes in equity prices pose a material risk to our holdings. However, decreases in the market price of our ordinary shares or ADSs could make it more difficult for us to raise additional funds in the future or require us to raise funds at terms unfavorable to us.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
Currency fluctuations could affect us primarily through increased or decreased foreign currency-denominated expenses. Currency fluctuations had an immaterial effect on our results of operations during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
C. Research and development, patents and licenses, etc.
For a description of our research and development policies for the last three years, see “Item 4.—Information on the Company—Business Overview—Intellectual Property.”
D. Trend Information
Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this Annual Report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the period from January 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024 that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our revenue, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that caused the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future operating results or financial condition.
E. Critical Accounting Estimates
Critical accounting estimates are those estimates made in accordance with U.S. GAAP that involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on the financial condition or results of operations of the registrant. For further information, see Note 2B to our annual consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.
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ITEM 6. Directors, Senior Management And Employees
A. Directors and Senior Management
The following table sets forth the name, age and position of each of our executive officers and directors as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 20-F. Unless otherwise stated, the address of our executive officers and directors is Steakholder Foods Ltd., 5 David Fikes St., Rehovot 7638205 , Israel.
| Name | Age | Position | ||
| Executive Officers: | ||||
| Arik Kaufman | 44 | Chief Executive Officer | ||
| Oren Attiya | 43 | Vice President of Finance | ||
| Itamar Atzmony | 38 | Chief Engineering Officer | ||
| Non-Employee Directors: | ||||
| Yaron Kaiser | 47 | Chairman of the Board of Directors | ||
| David Gerbi(1)(2)(3) | 45 | Director | ||
| Eli Arad(1)(2)(3) | 52 | Director | ||
| Sari Singer(1)(2)(3) | 45 | Director |
| (1) | Member of the Audit Committee |
| (2) | Member of the Compensation Committee |
| (3) | Independent director as defined under Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5605(a)(2) and SEC Rule 10A-3(b)(1). |
Executive Officers
Arik Kaufman has served as our Chief Executive Officer since January 2022. He has founded various Nasdaq- and TASE-traded foodtech companies, and is a founding partner of the BlueSoundWaves collective, led by Ashton Kutcher, Guy Oseary and Effie Epstein, which partnered with us to assist in attempting to accelerate our growth. Mr. Kaufman holds extensive personal experience in the fields of food-tech and bio-tech, and has led and managed numerous complex commercial negotiations, as part of local and international fundraising, MA transactions and licensing agreements. He holds a B.A. degree in Law from Reichman University (formerly the Interdisciplinary Center Hertzliya).
Oren Attiya has served as our Vice President of Finance since November 2024. He has served as CEO of CO-Finance since he founded it in 2014, where he provides CFO, controlling and accounting, bookkeeping, and payroll services. He has vast experience in financial management, budgeting and controlling, cash flow management, financial infrastructure development, accounting reporting, and taxation. Between 2008 and 2014, he served as Audit Manager at PwC Israel, where he provided services to public, private, and international companies, and as CFO for Israeli branches of global companies and for high tech startups. He holds a B.A. in Accounting and Economics from Ruppin Academic Center, and is a member of the Institute of Certified Public Accountants in Israel.
Itamar Atzmony has served as our Chief Engineering Officer since September 2023, having previously served as our Vice President of Engineering since April 2022 and Team Leader since May 2021, after joining us as a mechanical engineer in May 2020. A highly accomplished Chief Engineering Officer with a strong background in 3D printing, robotics, and automation, Itamar previously served as a mechanical engineer at Highcon Systems Ltd. from February 2019 to February 2020, at Polygon T.R. Ltd. from December 2017 to February 2019, and at Nano Dimension Ltd. from June 2016 to November 2017, in which positions he made significant contributions to his field. He holds a B.Sc. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Afeka College of Engineering.
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Directors
Yaron Kaiser has founded various Nasdaq- or TASE-traded foodtech companies, and served as Chairperson of Wilk Technologies Ltd. between January 2021 and December 2023. Mr. Kaiser is a founding partner of the BlueSoundWaves collective since 2021, and practices law in the fields of securities, commercial and corporate law, representing numerous public companies on fundraising, IPOs, MA, the Israel Securities Authority and corporate governance, most recently at JST Co., Law Office, between 2010 and May 2021, and since then as a founding partner of Kaiser Kaufman, Law Firm. He holds an LL.B. degree from the College of Management Academic Studies, Israel.
Eli Arad has served as a director since February 2018. Mr. Arad has been chief executive officer of the real-estate and life science investment company Merchavia Holdings and Investments Ltd (TASE:MRHL) since 2011. Mr. Arad has served as a director of Cleveland Diagnostics, Inc., a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing technology to improve cancer diagnostics since 2016, E.N. Shoham Business Ltd. (TASE:SHOM) since 2019, and a number of privately-held companies (Veoli Ltd., Train Pain Ltd., EFA Ltd., Nervio Ltd. and Cardiosert Ltd.). He has had leadership roles in many biomedical startup companies, and has extensive experience in all areas of financial management. Mr. Arad is a certified practicing accountant who holds a diploma in Accounting from Ramat Gan College and an Executive B.A. (Hons.) in Business Administration from the Ruppin Academic Center.
David Gerbi has served as a director since August 2019. Mr. Gerbi is managing partner of accounting firm Gerbi Co., and serves as Chief Financial Officer of Israir Group Ltd. (TASE:ISRG) since 2017, Nur Ink Innovations Ltd. (TASE:NURI) since June 2021 and Bee-io Honey Ltd. (TASE:BHNY) since November 2021. Mr. Gerbi holds a B.A. in Business Administration and Accounting from the Israeli College of Management Academic Studies and an M.B.A. in Finance from Tel Aviv University.
Sari Singer has served as a director since March 2021. Ms. Singer has served as General Counsel and Executive Vice President at NewMed Energy LP (formerly Delek Drilling LP), the oil and gas arm of the Delek Group in Israel, and a partner in the Leviathan offshore gas field, as well as other petroleum assets offshore Israel and Cyprus, since 2012, where she has led significant strategic processes, including restructurings and complex financing rounds totaling some $7 billion in various transactions in the international and domestic markets. Ms. Singer holds an LL.B. (cum laude) from Tel Aviv University and has been a member of the Israel Bar since 2007.
Family Relationships
There are no family relationships among any of our directors or officers.
B. Compensation
Aggregate Compensation of Office Holders
The aggregate compensation we paid to our executive officers and directors for the year ended December 31, 2024, was approximately $1.4 million. This amount includes approximately $0.1 million paid, set aside or accrued to provide pension, severance, retirement or similar benefits or expenses, but does not include share-based compensation expenses, or business travel, professional and business association dues and expenses reimbursed to office holders, and other benefits commonly reimbursed or paid by companies in our industry. As of the date hereof, options to purchase 7,628 ADSs granted to our officers and directors were outstanding under our share option plans at a weighted average exercise price of $60.68 per share, in addition to restricted share units vesting into 30,961 ADSs, with no exercise price.
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Individual Compensation of Office Holders
The table and summary below outlines the compensation granted to our five most highly compensated executive officers in 2024, including our Chief Executive Officer, the Chairman of our Board of Directors, Chief Technologies Officer, a director and former Vice-President of Finance, with respect to the year ended December 31, 2024. For purposes of the table and the summary below, “compensation” includes base salary, bonuses, equity-based compensation, retirement or termination payments, benefits and perquisites such as car, phone and social benefits and any undertaking to provide such compensation.
| Name and Principal Position | Salary (1) | Bonus (2) |
Equity-Based
Compensation (3) |
Other
Compensation |
Total | |||||||||||||||
| (USD in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Mr. Arik Kaufman | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Chief Executive Officer | $ | 486 | $ | - | $ | 101 | $ | - | $ | 587 | ||||||||||
| Mr. Yaron Kaiser | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Chairman of the Board of Directors | 341 | - | 69 | - | 410 | |||||||||||||||
| Mr. Itamar Atzmony | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Chief Technologies Officer | 280 | - | 43 | - | 323 | |||||||||||||||
| Ms. Sari Singer | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Director | 50 | - | 60 | - | 110 | |||||||||||||||
| Ms. Moran Attar | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Former Vice President of Finance | $ | 84 | $ | - | $ | 2 | $ | - | $ | 86 | ||||||||||
| (1) | Salary includes the gross salary of the officer or director plus payment by us of social benefits on behalf of the officer or director. Such benefits may include payments, contributions and/or allocations for savings funds (e.g., Managers’ Life Insurance Policy), pension, severance, risk insurance (e.g., life, or work disability insurance), payments for social security and tax gross-up payments, vacation, medical insurance and benefits, convalescence or recreation pay and other benefits and perquisites consistent with our policies. |
| (2) | Represents annual cash-based bonuses paid or to be paid in 2025 with respect to 2024. |
| (3) | Represents the equity-based compensation expenses, based on the options’ fair value on the grant date, calculated in accordance with applicable accounting guidance for equity-based compensation. For a discussion of the assumptions used in reaching this valuation, see Note 11 to our annual consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. |
Employment Agreements and Director Fees
We have entered into written employment agreements with each of our executive officers, which provide for notice periods of varying duration for termination of the agreement by us or by the relevant executive officer, during which time the executive officer will continue to receive base salary and benefits. These agreements also contain customary provisions regarding noncompetition, confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions. However, the enforceability of the noncompetition provisions may be limited under applicable law. See “Risk Factors — Risks relating to our operations — Under applicable employment laws, we may not be able to enforce covenants not to compete” for a further description of the enforceability of non-competition clauses.
The material employment terms for Mr. Kaufman, our Chief Executive Officer, are as follows since January 24, 2023: (1) a gross annual salary at a cost to us of $414,000, which automatically increases by an amount equal to seven percent at the end of each year of service; (2) an allocation of restricted share units (RSUs) vesting into 1,910,000 ordinary shares (currently equivalent to 19,100 ADSs), vesting over three years, pursuant to which 1/12 vest every quarter until fully vested, with no exercise price, issued under the Company’s 2022 Share Incentive Plan and the Capital Gains tax track pursuant to Section 102 of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance (New Version), 1961 and subject to acceleration upon termination pursuant to either our sale or change in control; (3) an allocation of performance share units (PSUs) which vested into 1,910,000 ordinary shares (currently equivalent to 19,100 ADSs) in 2024 upon achievement of a pre-determined milestone; (4) reimbursement of annual travel expenses; (5) termination of the employment relationship upon provision of six months’ advance notice by either party; (6) severance pay equal to 25% of the gross annual salary upon termination of Mr. Kaufman’s employment by us, not for cause, following three to twelve months of service, or 50% following twelve or more months of service (or 50% of these amounts upon Mr. Kaufman’s resignation); (7) social benefits that we pay on behalf of officers, such as payments, contributions and/or allocations for savings funds (e.g., Managers’ Life Insurance Policy), pension, severance, risk insurance (e.g., life, or work disability insurance), payments for social security and tax gross-up payments, vacation, medical insurance and benefits, convalescence or recreation pay and other benefits and perquisites consistent with our policies, such as inclusion in our directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policy, and provision of indemnification and exculpation undertakings to the fullest extent permitted by the Companies Law; and (8) an annual performance bonus in the aggregate amount of up to $113,000, subject to his meeting certain performance milestones as determined by our Board of Directors on an annual basis. In 2024, these milestones included initial revenues from the sale of our products in the minimum amount of USD 200,000, meeting our budget goals, completing the installation of our printer at a third party, regulatory approval for the sale of the Company’s products in any of USA, the UAE, Israel, Europe or Asia, engagement in additional cooperation with companies in the food sector, whether technological or commercial, receiving approval for a grant from the Israel Innovation Authority or similar in Israel or the rest of the world, in the amount of at least USD 500,000, and completion of capital raising of up to USD 8 million (on a pro rata basis for lesser amounts).
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The material terms for Mr. Kaiser, the Chairman of our board of directors, are as follows since January 24, 2023: (1) an annual fee of $290,000, to be paid in four equal quarterly installments in USD or in NIS at the then-current exchange rate, which automatically increases by an amount equal to seven percent at the end of each year of service; (2) reimbursement of annual travel expenses of up to $18,000; (3) an allocation of restricted share units (RSUs) vesting into 1,340,000 ordinary shares (currently equivalent to 13,400 ADSs), vesting over three years, pursuant to which 1/12 will vest every quarter until fully vested, with no exercise price, issued under the Company’s 2022 Share Incentive Plan and the Capital Gains tax track pursuant to Section 102 of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance (New Version), 1961 and subject to acceleration upon termination pursuant to either our sale or change in control; (4) an allocation of performance share units (PSUs) which vested into 1,340,000 ordinary shares (currently equivalent to 13,400 ADSs), upon achievement of a pre-determined milestone in 2024; (5) an annual bonus equal to 70% of the bonus awarded to the Chief Executive Officer in the applicable year; (6) severance pay equal to 12.5% of Mr. Kaiser’s annual fee upon the involuntary termination of his directorship, not for cause, following three to twelve months of service, or 25% following twelve or more months of service (or 50% of these amounts upon Mr. Kaiser’s resignation); and (7) other benefits and perquisites consistent with our policies, such as inclusion in our directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policy, and provision of indemnification and exculpation undertakings to the fullest extent permitted by the Companies Law.
In addition, we pay fees to our non-executive directors in return for their service on our board of directors, in accordance with our compensation policy.
Our other employees are employed under the terms prescribed in their respective employment contracts. The employees are entitled to the social benefits prescribed by law and as otherwise provided in their agreements. These agreements each contain provisions standard for a company in our industry regarding non-competition, confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions. Under currently applicable labor laws, we may not be able to enforce covenants not to compete and therefore may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of some of our former employees. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Operations” for a further description of the enforceability of non-competition clauses.
Executive officers are also employed on the terms and conditions prescribed in employment agreements. These agreements provide for notice periods of varying duration for termination of the agreement by us or by the relevant executive officer, during which time the executive officer will continue to receive base salary and benefits. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Operations—If we are unable to attract and retain qualified employees, our ability to implement our business plan may be adversely affected.”
2018 Option and RSU Allocation Plan
In June 2018, the board of directors of Ophectra adopted our Option and RSU Allocation Plan, as amended, or the share option plan, to issue options to purchase our Ordinary Shares and restricted stock units to our directors, officers, employees and consultants, and those of our affiliated companies (as such term is defined under share option plan), or the Grantees. The share option plan is administered by our board of directors or a committee that was designated by the board of directors for such purpose, or the Administrator.
Under the share option plan, we may grant options to purchase Ordinary Shares and/or RSUs, or options, under four tracks: (i) Approved 102 capital gains options through a trustee, which was approved by the Israeli Tax Authority in accordance with Section 102(a) of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance (New Version), 1961, or ITO, and granted under the tax track set forth in Section 102(b)(2) of the ITO. The holding period under this tax track is 24 months from the date of issuance of options to the trustee or such period as may be determined in any amendment of Section 102 of the ITO, or any applicable tax ruling or guidelines; (ii) Approved 102 earned income options through a trustee, granted under the tax track set forth is Section 102(b)(1) of the ITO. The holding period under this tax track is 12 months from the date of issuance of options to the trustee or such period as may be determined in any amendment of Section 102 of the ITO; (iii) Unapproved 102 options (the options will not be issued through a trustee and will not be subject to a holding period); and (iv) 3(i) options (the options will not be subject to a holding period). These options shall be subject to taxation pursuant to Section 3(i) of the ITO, or Section 3(i).
Options pursuant to the first three tax tracks (under Section 102 of the ITO) can be granted to our employees and directors and the grant of options under Section 3(i) can be granted to our consultants and controlling shareholders (a controlling shareholder is defined under the Section 102 of the ITO is a person who holds, directly or indirectly, alone or together with a “relative,” (i) the right to at least 10% of the company’s issued capital or 10% of the voting power; (ii) the right to hold at least 10% of the company’s issued capital or 10% of the voting power, or the right to purchase such rights; (iii) the right to receive at least 10% of the company’s profits; or (iv) the right to appoint a company’s director). Grantees who are not Israeli residents may be granted options that are subject to the applicable tax laws in their respective jurisdictions.
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We determine, in our sole discretion, under which of the first three tax tracks above the options are granted and we notify the Grantee in a grant letter, as to the elected tax track. As mentioned above, consultants and controlling shareholders can only be granted Section 3(i) options.
The number of Ordinary Shares authorized to be issued under the share option plan will be proportionately adjusted for any increase or decrease in the number of Ordinary Shares issued as a result of a distribution of bonus shares, change in our capitalization (split, combination, reclassification of the shares or other capital change), or issuance of rights to purchase Ordinary Shares or payment of a dividend. We will not issue fractions of Ordinary Shares and the number of Ordinary Shares shall be rounded up to the closest number of ordinary shares.
In the event of a (i) merger or consolidation in which we (in this context, specifically Steakholder Foods Ltd.) are not the surviving entity or pursuant to which the other company becomes our parent company or that pursuant to which we are the surviving company but another entity holds 50% or more of our voting rights, (ii) an acquisition of all or substantially all of our Ordinary Shares, (iii) the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or (iv) any other event with a similar impact, we may exchange all of our outstanding options granted under the share option plan that remain unexercised prior to any such transaction for options to purchase shares of the successor corporation (or those of an affiliated company) following the consummation of such transaction.
The exercise price of an option granted under the share option plan will be specified in the grant letter every Grantee received from us in which the Grantee notifies of the decision to grant him/her options under the share option plan, and will be denominated in our functional currency at the time of grant or the currency in which the Grantee is paid, at our discretion.
The Administrator may, in its absolute discretion, accelerate the time at which options granted under the share option plan or any portion of which will vest.
Unless otherwise determined by the Administrator, in the event that the Grantee’s employment was terminated, not for Cause (as defined in the share option plan), the Grantee may exercise that portion of the options that had vested as of the date of such termination until the end of the specified term in the grant letter or the share option plan. The portion of the options that had not vested at such date, will be forfeited and can be re-granted to other Grantees, in accordance with the terms of the share option plan.
At the discretion of our board of directors, and subject to receipt of taxation authority approvals, we may allow Grantees to exercise their options on a cashless basis.
2022 Share Incentive Plan
We adopted the 2022 Share Incentive Plan, or the 2022 Plan, on June 10, 2022, and a general meeting of our shareholders approved the 2022 Plan on March 30, 2023. The 2022 Plan provides for the grant of equity-based incentive awards to our employees, directors, office holders, service providers and consultants in order to incentivize them to increase their efforts on behalf of the Company and to promote the success of the Company’s business.
Shares Available for Grants. The maximum number Shares (which means ordinary shares, of no par value, (including ordinary shares resulting or issued as a result of share split, reverse share split, bonus shares, combination or other recapitalization events, and including in the form of ADSs), or shares of such other class of shares as shall be designated by the board of directors of the Company in respect of the relevant award) available for issuance under the 2022 Plan is equal to the sum of (i) 8,500,000 Shares, (ii) 1,127,850 Shares, which represents the number of Shares available for issuance under the Option and RSU Allocation Plan, or the Prior Plan, on the effective date of the 2022 Plan, and (iii) an annual increase on the first day of each year beginning in 2023 and on January 1st of each calendar year thereafter and ending on January 1, 2032, equal to the lesser of (A) 5% of the outstanding ordinary shares of the Company on the last day of the immediately preceding calendar year, on a fully diluted basis; and (B) such amount as determined by our board of directors if so determined prior to January 1 of a calendar year. Shares issued under the 2022 Plan may be, in whole or in part, authorized but unissued Shares, (and, subject to obtaining a ruling as it applies to 102 awards) treasury shares (dormant shares) or otherwise Shares that shall have been or may be repurchased by the Company (to the extent permitted pursuant to the Companies Law).
Any Shares (a) underlying an award granted under the 2022 Plan or an award granted under the Prior Plan (in an amount not to exceed 8,498,490 Shares under the Prior Plan) that has expired, or was cancelled, terminated, forfeited, or settled in cash in lieu of issuance of Shares, for any reason, without resulting in the issuance of Shares; (b) if permitted by the Company, subject to an award that are tendered to pay the exercise price of an award; or withholding tax obligations with respect to an award; or, if permitted by the Company, subject to an award that are not delivered to a Grantee because such Shares are withheld to pay the exercise price of such award; or withholding tax obligations with respect to such award may again be available for issuance under the 2022 Plan and for issuance upon exercise or (if applicable) vesting thereof for the purposes of the 2022 Plan, unless determined otherwise by the Board. Our board of directors may also reduce the number of ordinary shares reserved and available for issuance under the 2022 Plan in its discretion.
The maximum aggregate number of Shares that may be issued pursuant to the exercise of incentive stock options granted under the 2022 Plan, or the ISO Limit, shall be the sum of (a) the aggregate number of Shares set forth in clauses (a) and (b) in the above paragraph; and (b) any Shares underlying awards granted under the Prior Plan that are returned to the 2022 Plan (not to exceed 8,498,490 Shares). To the extent permitted under Section 422 of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, and any applicable regulations promulgated thereunder, all as amended (the “Code”), any Shares covered by an award that has expired, or was cancelled, terminated, forfeited, or settled in cash without the issuance of Shares shall not count against the ISO Limit. Shares that actually have been issued under the 2022 Plan shall not become available for future issuance hereunder pursuant to incentive stock options.
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Administration. Our board of directors, or a duly authorized committee of our board of directors, or the Administrator, or the Administrator, will administer the 2022 Plan. Under the 2022 Plan, the Administrator has the authority, subject to applicable law, to interpret the terms of the 2022 Plan and any award agreements or awards granted thereunder, designate recipients of awards, determine and amend the terms of awards, including the exercise price of an option award, the fair market value of an ordinary share, the time and vesting schedule applicable to an award or the method of payment for an award, accelerate or amend the vesting schedule applicable to an award, prescribe the forms of agreement for use under the 2022 Plan and take all other actions and make all other determinations necessary for the administration of the 2022 Plan.
The Administrator also has the authority to approve the conversion, substitution, cancellation or suspension under and in accordance with the 2022 Plan of any or all option awards or ordinary shares, and the authority to modify option awards to eligible individuals who are foreign nationals or are individuals who are employed outside Israel to recognize differences in local law, tax policy or custom, in order to effectuate the purposes of the 2022 Plan but without amending the 2022 Plan; provided , that if the Administrator takes such action with respect to an award held by a U.S. service provider, it shall do so in accordance with the requirements of Section 409A of the Code, if applicable.
The Administrator also has the authority to amend and rescind rules and regulations relating to the 2022 Plan or terminate the 2022 Plan at any time before the date of expiration of its ten year term.
Eligibility. The 2022 Plan provides for granting awards under various tax regimes, including, without limitation, in compliance with Section 102 of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance (New Version) 5271-1961, and the regulations and rules promulgated thereunder, all as amended from time to time (the “Ordinance”), and Section 3(i) of the Ordinance and in compliance with Section 422 of the Code and Section 409A of the Code as they relate to U.S. service providers when granted Nonqualified Stock Options, and to U.S. service providers who are Employees when granted Incentive Stock Options.
Grants. All awards granted pursuant to the 2022 Plan will be evidenced by an award agreement, in a form approved, from time to time, by the Administrator in its sole discretion. The award agreement will set forth the terms and conditions of the award, including the type of award, number of shares subject to such award, vesting schedule and conditions (including performance goals or measures) and the exercise price, if applicable. Certain awards under the 2022 Plan may constitute or provide for a deferral of compensation, subject to Section 409A of the Code, which may impose additional requirements on the terms and conditions of such awards.
Unless otherwise determined by the Administrator and stated in the award agreement, and subject to the conditions of the 2022 Plan, awards vest and become exercisable under the following schedule: 25% of the shares covered by the award on the first anniversary of the vesting commencement date determined by the Administrator (and in the absence of such determination, the date on which such award was granted) and 6.25% of the Shares covered by the award at the end of each subsequent three-month period thereafter over the course of the following three years; provided that the grantee remains continuously as an employee or provides services to the company throughout such vesting dates.
Each award will expire ten years from the date of the grant thereof, unless such shorter term of expiration is otherwise designated by the Administrator.
Awards. The 2022 Plan provides for the grant of stock options (including incentive stock options and nonqualified stock options), ordinary shares, restricted shares, RSUs, stock appreciation rights and other share-based awards.
Options granted under the 2022 Plan to the Company employees who are U.S. residents may qualify as “incentive stock options” within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code, or may be non-qualified stock options. The exercise price of an option may not be less than the par value of the Shares (if the Shares bear a par value) for which such option is exercisable. The exercise price of an Incentive Stock Option may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the underlying share on the date immediately preceding the day of the grant or such other amount as may be required pursuant to the Code, and in the case of Incentive Stock Options granted to ten percent shareholders, not less than 110%.
Nonqualified stock options may not be granted to a U.S. service provider unless (i) the Shares underlying such options constitute “service recipient stock” under Section 409A of the Code and such options meet the other requirements to be exempt from Section 409A of the Code or (ii) such options comply with the requirements of Section 409A of the Code. A nonqualified stock option may be granted with an exercise price lower than the minimum exercise price set forth above if (i) such option is granted pursuant to an assumption or substitution for another option in accordance with and pursuant to Section 409A of the Code or (ii) the Administrator expressly determined that the option will have a lower exercise price and the Option complies with Section 409A of the Code or meets another exemption under Section 409A of the Code.
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Incentive stock options may be granted only to U.S. service providers who are employees of the Company. However, if for any reason an option (or portion thereof) does not qualify as an incentive stock option, then, to the extent of such non-qualification, such option (or portion thereof) shall be treated as a nonqualified stock option granted under the 2022 Plan.
An RSU may be awarded to any service provider, including under Section 102 of the Ordinance. Subject to Applicable Law, RSUs may be granted in consideration of a reduction in the recipient’s other compensation. No payment of exercise price shall be required as consideration for RSUs, unless included in the award agreement or as required by applicable law. The grantee shall not possess or own any ownership rights in the Shares underlying the RSUs. Settlement of vested RSUs shall be made in the form of Shares. Distribution to a grantee of an amount (or amounts) from settlement of vested RSUs can be deferred to a date after vesting as determined by the Administrator; provided, that no such deferral shall be made with respect to RSUs held by a U.S. service provider if such deferral would cause such RSUs to fail to qualify for an exemption under Section 409A of the Code and become subject to the requirements of Section 409A of the Code, unless expressly determined by the Administrator, or would violate the requirements of Section 409A. In no event shall any dividends or dividend equivalent rights be paid before the vesting of the portion of the RSUs to which such dividends or dividend equivalent rights relate, unless otherwise provided for in an award agreement or determined by the Committee. Any RSUs granted under the 2022 Plan that are not exempt from the requirements of Section 409A of the Code shall contain such restrictions or other provisions so that such RSUs will comply with the requirements of Section 409A of the Code.
Exercise. An award under the 2022 Plan may be exercised by providing the Company with a written or electronic notice of exercise and full payment of the exercise price for such shares underlying the award, if applicable, in such form and method as may be determined by the Administrator and permitted by applicable law. An award may not be exercised for a fraction of a share. With regard to tax withholding, exercise price and purchase price obligations arising in connection with awards under the 2022 Plan, the Administrator may, in its discretion, accept cash, provide for net withholding of shares in a cashless exercise mechanism or direct a securities broker to sell shares and deliver all or a part of the proceeds to the Company or the trustee. The exercise period of an award will be determined by the Administrator and stated in the award agreement, but will in no event be longer than ten (10) years from the date of grant of the award. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary, the Administrator may extend the periods for which awards held by any grantee may continue to vest and/or be exercisable; it being clarified that such awards may lose their entitlement to certain tax benefits under applicable law; if done so with respect to a U.S service provider, the Administrator shall act in accordance with Section 409A of the Code, as applicable.
Transferability. Other than by will, the laws of descent and distribution or as otherwise provided under the 2022 Plan, neither the options nor any right in connection with such options are assignable or transferable.
Termination of Employment. In the event of termination of a grantee’s employment or service with the Company or any of its affiliates, all vested and exercisable awards held by such grantee as of the date of termination may be exercised within three months after such date of termination, unless otherwise determined by the Administrator, but in no event later than the date of expiration of the award as set forth in the award agreement. After such three-month period, all such unexercised awards will terminate and the shares covered by such awards shall again be available for issuance under the 2022 Plan.
In the event of termination of a grantee’s employment or service with the Company or any of its affiliates due to such grantee’s death or permanent disability, or in the event of the grantee’s death within the three month period (or such longer period as determined by the Administrator) following his or her termination of service, all vested and exercisable awards held by such grantee as of the date of termination may be exercised by the grantee or the grantee’s legal guardian, estate or by a person who acquired the right to exercise the award by bequest or inheritance, as applicable, within one year after such date of termination, unless otherwise provided by the Administrator, but in no event later than the date of expiration of the award as set forth in the award agreement. Any awards which are unvested as of the date of such termination or which are vested but not then exercised within the one year period following such date, will terminate and the shares covered by such awards shall again be available for issuance under the 2022 Plan.
Notwithstanding any of the foregoing, if a grantee’s employment or services with the Company or any of its affiliates is terminated for “cause” (as defined in the 2022 Plan), all outstanding awards held by such grantee (whether vested or unvested) will terminate on the date of such termination and the shares covered by such awards shall again be available for issuance under the 2022 Plan.
Any Option that is intended to be an incentive stock option and is exercised later than three (3) months after the grantee ceases to be employed by the Company (or any parent or subsidiary), except in the case of death or “Disability” (as defined in Section 22(e)(3) of the Code), will be deemed a nonqualified stock option. If the grantee ceases to be employed by the Company (or any parent or subsidiary) due to disability, any option that is intended to be an incentive stock option and is exercised later than twelve (12) months after such termination date will be deemed a nonqualified stock option.
Voting Rights. Except with respect to restricted share awards, grantees will not have the rights as a shareholder of the Company with respect to any shares covered by an award until the award has vested and/or the grantee has exercised such award, paid any exercise price for such award and becomes the record holder of the shares. With respect to restricted share awards, grantees will possess all incidents of ownership of the restricted shares, including the right to vote and receive dividends on such shares.
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Dividends. Grantees holding restricted share awards will be entitled to receive dividends and other distributions with respect to the shares underlying the restricted share award. Any stock split, stock dividend, combination of shares or similar transaction will be subject to the restrictions of the original restricted share award. Grantees holding RSUs will not be eligible to receive dividend but may be eligible to receive dividend equivalents.
Transactions. In the event of a share split, reverse share split, share dividend, recapitalization, combination or reclassification of the Company’s shares, the Administrator in its sole discretion may, and where required by applicable law shall, without the need for a consent of any holder, make an appropriate adjustment in order to adjust (i) the number and class of shares reserved and available for the outstanding awards, (ii) the number and class of shares covered by outstanding awards, (iii) the exercise price per share covered by any award, (iv) the terms and conditions concerning vesting and exercisability and the term and duration of the outstanding awards, (v) the type or class of security, asset or right underlying the award (which need not be only that of the Company, and may be that of the surviving corporation or any affiliate thereof or such other entity party to any of the above transactions), and (vi) any other terms of the award that in the opinion of the Administrator should be adjusted; provided that any fractional shares resulting from such adjustment shall be rounded to the nearest whole share unless otherwise determined by the Administrator. In the event of a distribution of a cash dividend to all shareholders, the Administrator may determine, without the consent of any holder of an award, that the exercise price of an outstanding and unexercised award shall be reduced by an amount equal to the per share gross dividend amount distributed by the Company, subject to applicable law.
In the event of a merger or consolidation of the Company or a sale of all, or substantially all, of the Company’s shares or assets or other transaction having a similar effect on the Company, or change in the composition of the board of directors, or liquidation or dissolution, or such other transaction or circumstances that our board of directors determines to be a relevant transaction, then without the consent of the grantee, (i) unless otherwise determined by the Administrator, any outstanding award will be assumed or substituted by such successor corporation, or (ii) regardless of whether or not the successor corporation assumes or substitutes the award (a) provide the grantee with the option to exercise the award as to all or part of the shares, and may provide for an acceleration of vesting of unvested awards, (b) cancel the award and pay in cash, shares of the Company, the acquirer or other corporation which is a party to such transaction or other property as determined by the Administrator as fair in the circumstances, or (c) provide that the terms of any award shall be otherwise amended, modified or terminated, as determined by the Administrator to be fair in the circumstances. Changes with respect to awards held by U.S. service providers shall be made in accordance with the requirements of Section 409A of the Code or Section 424 of the Code, as applicable and to the extent necessary to avoid adverse tax consequences under Section 409A of the Code, a transaction or other event will not be deemed a Merger/Sale for purposes of awards granted to U.S. service providers unless the transaction or other event qualifies as a change in control event within the meaning of Section 409A of the Code.
C. Board Practices
Board of Directors
Our board of directors consists of four directors, three of whom are deemed independent directors under the corporate governance standards of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules and the independence requirements of Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act, as well as the standards of the Companies Law.
Under our articles of association, our board of directors must consist of no less than three and no more than seven directors (including the external directors, if any), divided into three classes with staggered three-year terms. Each class of directors consists, as nearly as possible, of one-third of the total number of directors constituting the entire board of directors. At each annual general meeting of our shareholders, the election or re-election of directors following the expiration of the term of office of the directors of that class of directors will be for a term of office that expires on the third annual general meeting following such election or re-election.
Our directors are divided among the three classes as follows:
| ● | the Class I directors are Messrs. Eli Arad and David Gerbi and their respective terms will expire at the Company’s annual general meeting of shareholders to be held in 2026; |
| ● | the Class II director is Ms. Sari Singer and her term will expire at the Company’s annual general meeting of shareholders to be held in 2027; and |
| ● | the Class III director is Mr. Yaron Kaiser and his term will expire at the Company’s annual general meeting of shareholders to be held in 2025. |
Pursuant to our articles of association, the vote general required to appoint a director is a simple majority vote of holders of our voting shares participating and voting at the relevant meeting, provided that (i) in the event of a contested election, the method of calculation of the votes and the manner in which the resolutions will be presented to our shareholders at the general meeting shall be determined by our board of directors in its discretion, and (ii) in the event that our board of directors does not or is unable to make a determination on such matter, then the directors will be elected by a plurality of the voting power represented at the general meeting in person or by proxy and voting on the election of directors.
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Each director will hold office until the annual general meeting of our shareholders for the year in which such director’s term expires, unless the tenure of such director expires earlier pursuant to the Companies Law or unless such director is removed from office. Under our articles of association, the approval of the holders of at least 65% of the total voting power of our shareholders is generally required to remove any of our directors from office.
In addition, our articles of association allow our board of directors to appoint new directors to fill vacancies which can occur for any reason or as additional directors, provided that the number of board members shall not exceed the maximum number of directors mentioned above. A director so appointed will hold office until the next annual general meeting of our shareholders for the election of the class of directors in respect of which the vacancy was created, or in the case of a vacancy due to the number of directors being less than the maximum number of directors stated in our articles of association, until the next annual general meeting of our shareholders for the election of the class of directors to which such director was assigned by our board of directors. Our board of directors may continue to operate for as long as the number of directors is no less than the minimum number of directors mentioned above.
In addition, under the Companies Law, our board of directors must determine the minimum number of directors who are required to have financial and accounting expertise. Under applicable regulations, a director with financial and accounting expertise is a director who, by reason of his or her education, professional experience and skill, has a high level of proficiency in and understanding of business accounting matters and financial statements. He or she must be able to thoroughly comprehend the financial statements of the company and initiate discussion regarding the manner in which financial information is presented. In determining the number of directors required to have such expertise, the board of directors must consider, among other things, the type and size of the company and the scope and complexity of its operations. Our board of directors has determined that we require at least one director with the requisite financial and accounting expertise and that Eli Arad and David Gerbi have such expertise.
External Directors
The Companies Law requires a public Israeli company to have at least two external directors who meet certain independence criteria to ensure that they are unaffiliated with the company and its controlling shareholder. An external director must have either financial and accounting expertise or professional qualifications, as defined in the regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, and at least one of the external directors is required to have financial and accounting expertise. An external director is entitled to reimbursement of expenses and compensation as provided in the regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, but is otherwise prohibited from receiving any other compensation from the company, directly or indirectly, during his or her term and for two years thereafter.
Pursuant to regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, as a company with shares traded on Nasdaq, we have elected no to comply with the requirements to appoint external directors and related rules concerning the composition of the audit committee and compensation committee of the board of directors. We are still subject to the gender diversity rule under the Companies Law, which requires that if, at the time a director is to be elected or appointed, all members of the board of directors are of the same gender, the director to be appointed must be of the other gender. The conditions to the exemptions from the Companies Law requirements are that: (i) the company does not have a “controlling shareholder,” as such term is defined under the Companies Law, (ii) its shares are traded on certain U.S. stock exchanges, including Nasdaq, and (iii) it complies with the director independence requirements and the audit committee and compensation committee composition requirements under U.S. laws, including the rules of the applicable exchange, that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.
Committees of the Board of Directors
Our board of directors has established the following committees. Each committee operates in accordance with a written charter that sets forth the committee’s structure, operations, membership requirements, responsibilities and authority to engage advisors.
Audit Committee
Under the Companies Law, the Exchange Act and Nasdaq Marketplace Rules, we are required to maintain an audit committee.
The responsibilities of an audit committee under the Companies Law include identifying and addressing flaws in the business management of the company, reviewing and approving related party transactions, establishing whistleblower procedures, overseeing the company’s internal audit system and the performance of its internal auditor, and assessing the scope of the work and recommending the fees of the company’s independent accounting firm. In addition, the audit committee is required to determine whether certain related party actions and transactions are “material” or “extraordinary” for the purpose of the requisite approval procedures under the Companies Law and to establish procedures for considering proposed transactions with a controlling shareholder.
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In accordance with U.S. law and Nasdaq Marketplace Rules, our audit committee is also responsible for the appointment, compensation and oversight of the work of our independent auditors and for assisting our board of directors in monitoring our financial statements, the effectiveness of our internal controls and our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements.
Under the Companies Law, the audit committee must consist of at least three directors who meet certain independence criteria. Under the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules, we are required to maintain an audit committee consisting of at least three independent directors, all of whom are financially literate and one of whom has accounting or related financial management expertise. Each of the members of the audit committee is required to be “independent” as such term is defined in Rule 10A-3(b)(1) under the Exchange Act.
Our audit committee currently consists of Eli Arad, Sari Singer and David Gerbi. All members are independent directors as defined in the Companies Law, SEC rules and Nasdaq listing requirements. Our board of directors has determined that all members of our audit committee meet the requirements for financial literacy under the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and Nasdaq Marketplace Rules. Our board of directors has determined that Eli Arad and David Gerbi are audit committee financial experts as defined by the SEC rules and have the requisite financial experience as defined by the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules.
Compensation Committee
Under both the Companies Law and Nasdaq Marketplace Rules, we are required to establish a compensation committee.
The responsibilities of a compensation committee under the Companies Law include recommending to the board of directors, for ultimate shareholder approval by a special majority, a policy governing the compensation of directors and officers based on specified criteria, reviewing modifications to and implementing such compensation policy from time to time, and approving the actual compensation terms of directors and officers prior to approval by the board of directors.
The Companies Law stipulates that the compensation committee must consist of at least three directors who meet certain independence criteria. Under Nasdaq Marketplace Rules, we are required to maintain a compensation committee consisting of at least two independent directors; each of the members of the compensation committee is required to be independent under Nasdaq Marketplace Rules relating to compensation committee members, which are different from the general test for independence of board and committee members.
Our compensation committee currently consists of Eli Arad, Sari Singer and David Gerbi. All members are independent directors as defined in the Companies Law, SEC rules and regulations, and Nasdaq Marketplace Rules.
Director Nominations
We do not have a standing nominating committee. In accordance with Rule 5605(e)(2) of the Nasdaq Rules, a majority of the independent directors may recommend a director nominee for selection by the board of directors. Our board of directors believes that the independent directors can satisfactorily carry out the responsibility of properly selecting or approving director nominees without the formation of a standing nominating committee. As we do not have a standing nominating committee, we will not have a nominating committee charter in place.
Our board of directors will consider candidates for nomination who have a high level of personal and professional integrity, strong ethics and values and the ability to make mature business judgments. In general, in identifying and evaluating nominees for director, our board of directors will also consider experience in corporate management such as serving as an officer or former officer of a publicly held company, experience as a board member of another publicly held company, professional and academic experience relevant to our business, leadership skills, experience in finance and accounting or executive compensation practices, whether candidate has the time required for preparation, participation and attendance at board meetings and committee meetings, if applicable, independence and the ability to represent the best interests of our shareholders.
Internal Auditor
Under the Companies Law, the board of directors is required to appoint an internal auditor recommended by the audit committee. The role of the internal auditor is to examine, among other things, whether the company’s actions comply with applicable law and proper business procedures. The internal auditor may not be an interested party, a director or an officer of the company, or a relative of any of the foregoing, nor may the internal auditor be our independent accountant or a representative thereof. Our current internal auditor is Mr. Daniel Spira, CPA, who is a member of the board of directors of the Institute of Internal Auditors in Israel and Chairman of its Auditing and Knesset Relations Committee.
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Fiduciary Duties and Approval of Related Party Transactions
Fiduciary duties of directors and officers
Israeli law imposes a duty of care and a duty of loyalty on all directors and officers of a company. The duty of care requires a director or officer to act with the level of care with which a reasonable director or officer in the same position would have acted under the same circumstances. The duty of care includes, among other things, a duty to use reasonable means, under the circumstances, to obtain information on the advisability of a given action brought for his approval or performed by virtue of his position and other important information pertaining to such action. The duty of loyalty requires the director or officer to act in good faith and for the benefit of the company.
Disclosure of Personal Interests of an Office Holder and Approval of Certain Transactions
Under the Companies Law, a company may approve an act specified above which would otherwise constitute a breach of the office holder’s fiduciary duty, provided that the office holder acted in good faith, the act or its approval does not harm the company, and the office holder discloses to the company his or her personal interest in the transaction (including any significant fact or document) a reasonable time before the approval of such act. Any such approval is subject to the terms of the Companies Law, setting forth, among other things, the appropriate bodies of the company required to provide such approval, and the methods of obtaining such approval.
The Companies Law requires that an office holder promptly disclose to the company any direct or indirect personal interest that he or she may have and all related material information or documents known to him or her relating to any existing or proposed transaction by the company. An interested office holder’s disclosure must be made promptly and, in any event, no later than the first meeting of the board of directors at which the transaction is considered. An office holder is not obliged to disclose such information if the personal interest of the office holder derives solely from the personal interest of his or her relative in a transaction that is not considered an extraordinary transaction.
If the transaction is an extraordinary transaction, the office holder must also disclose any personal interest held by:
| ● | the office holder’s relatives (spouse, siblings, parents, grandparents, descendants, spouse’s descendants and the spouses of any of these people); or |
| ● | any company in which the office holder or his or her relatives holds 5% or more of the shares or voting rights, serves as a director or general manager or has the right to appoint at least one director or the general manager. |
Under the Companies Law, unless the articles of association of a company provide otherwise, a transaction with an office holder or with a third party in which the office holder has a personal interest, which is not an extraordinary transaction, requires approval by the board of directors or a committee authorized by the board of directors. If the transaction considered is an extraordinary transaction with an office holder or third party in which the office holder has a personal interest, then audit committee approval is required prior to approval by the board of directors. Under specific circumstances, shareholder approval may also be required. For the approval of compensation arrangements with directors and executive officers, see “Item 6.B. Compensation—Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers.”
Any persons who have a personal interest in the approval of a transaction that is brought before a meeting of the board of directors or the audit committee may not be present at the meeting or vote on the matter. However, if the chairman of the board of directors or the chairman of the audit committee, as applicable, has determined that the presence of an office holder with a personal interest is required, such office holder may be present at the meeting for the purpose of presenting the matter. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a director who has a personal interest may be present at the meeting of the board of directors or the audit committee (as applicable) and vote on the matter if a majority of the members of the board of directors or the audit committee (as applicable) have a personal interest in the approval of such transaction. If a majority of the directors at a board of directors meeting have a personal interest in the transaction, such transaction also generally requires approval of the shareholders of the company.
A “personal interest” is defined under the Companies Law as the personal interest of a person in an action or in a transaction of the company, including the personal interest of such person’s relative or the interest of any other corporate body in which the person and/or such person’s relative is a director or general manager, a 5% shareholder or holds 5% or more of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company or of its voting rights, or has the right to appoint at least one director or the general manager, but excluding a personal interest stemming solely from the fact of holding shares in the company. A personal interest also includes (i) a personal interest of a person who votes according to a proxy of another person, including in the event that the other person has no personal interest, and (ii) a personal interest of a person who gave a proxy to another person to vote on his or her behalf regardless of whether the discretion of how to vote lies with the person voting.
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An “extraordinary transaction” is defined under the Companies Law as any of the following:
| ● | a transaction other than in the ordinary course of business; |
| ● | a transaction that is not on market terms; or |
| ● | a transaction that may have a material impact on the company’s profitability, assets or liabilities. |
Disclosure of Personal Interests of a Controlling Shareholder and Approval of Transactions
Pursuant to the Companies Law, the disclosure requirements that apply to an office holder also apply to a controlling shareholder of a public company. Extraordinary transactions with a controlling shareholder or in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest, including a private placement in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest, and the terms of engagement of the company, directly or indirectly, with a controlling shareholder or a controlling shareholder’s relative (including through a corporation controlled by a controlling shareholder), regarding the company’s receipt of services from the controlling shareholder, and if such controlling shareholder is also an office holder or employee of the company, regarding his or her terms of employment, require the approval of each of (i) the audit committee (or the compensation committee with respect to the terms of the engagement as an office holder or employee, including insurance, indemnification and compensation), (ii) the board of directors and (iii) the shareholders, in that order. In addition, the shareholder approval must fulfill one of the following requirements:
| ● | a majority of the shares held by shareholders who have no personal interest in the transaction and are voting at the meeting must be voted in favor of approving the transaction, excluding abstentions; or |
| ● | the shares voted by shareholders who have no personal interest in the transaction who vote against the transaction represent no more than 2% of the voting rights in the company. |
Such majority determined in accordance with the majority requirement described above is hereinafter referred to as the Compensation Special Majority Requirement.
Any such transaction for which the term is more than three years must be approved in the same manner every three years, unless with respect to certain transactions as permitted by the Companies Law, the audit committee has determined that a longer term is reasonable under the circumstances. In addition, transactions with a controlling shareholder or a controlling shareholder’s relative who serves as an executive officer in a company, directly or indirectly (including through a corporation under his control), involving the receipt of services by a company or their compensation can have a term of five years from the company’s initial public offering under certain circumstances.
The Companies Law requires that every shareholder that participates, in person or by proxy, in a vote regarding a transaction with a controlling shareholder, must indicate in advance or in the ballot whether or not that shareholder has a personal interest in the vote in question. Failure to so indicate generally results in the invalidation of that shareholder’s vote. However, regulations promulgated under the Companies Law provide that, for a company with shares listed on a stock exchange like Nasdaq, a shareholder may indicate to the company that such shareholder has no personal interest in the resolution by casting his/her vote; provided that the ballot states that, by casting his/her vote, such shareholders declares that he/she has no personal interest in the resolution, except for a personal interest that was disclosed to the company.
Disclosure of Compensation of Executive Officers
For so long as we qualify as a foreign private issuer, we are not required to comply with the proxy rules applicable to U.S. domestic filers, including the requirement applicable to emerging growth companies to disclose the compensation of our chief executive officer and other two most highly compensated executive officers on an individual, rather than an aggregate, basis. Nevertheless, regulations promulgated under the Companies Law require us to disclose in the proxy statement for the annual general meeting of our shareholders (or to include a reference therein to other previously furnished public disclosure) the annual compensation of our five most highly compensated executive officers on an individual, rather than an aggregate, basis. This disclosure will not be as extensive as that required of a U.S. domestic issuer.
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Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers
Directors . Under the Companies Law, the compensation of our directors requires the approval of our compensation committee, the subsequent approval of the board of directors and, unless exempted under regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, the approval of the shareholders at a general meeting. If the compensation of our directors is inconsistent with our compensation policy, then, provided that those provisions that must be included in the compensation policy according to the Companies Law have been considered by the compensation committee and board of directors, and provided that shareholder approval is obtained by the Compensation Special Majority Requirement.
Executive Officers (other than the Chief Executive Officer) . The Companies Law requires the approval of the compensation of a public company’s executive officers (other than the chief executive officer) in the following order: (i) the compensation committee, (ii) the company’s board of directors and (iii) if such compensation arrangement is inconsistent with the company’s compensation policy, the company’s shareholders (the Compensation Special Majority Requirement). However, if the shareholders of the company do not approve a compensation arrangement with an executive officer that is inconsistent with the company’s compensation policy, the compensation committee and board of directors may override the shareholders’ decision if each of the compensation committee and the board of directors determine, based on detailed reasons and after reexamining the proposed compensation arrangement, that the approval of the proposed compensation arrangement is in the best interest of the company.
Chief Executive Officer . The Companies Law requires the approval of the compensation of a public company’s chief executive officer in the following order: (i) the company’s compensation committee, (ii) the company’s board of directors and (iii) the company’s shareholders (the Compensation Special Majority Requirement). However, if the shareholders of the company do not approve a compensation arrangement with the chief executive officer that deviates from the company’s compensation policy, the compensation committee and board of directors may override the shareholders’ decision if each of the compensation committee and the board of directors provide a detailed report for their decision. The approval of each of the compensation committee and the board of directors should be in accordance with the company’s compensation policy; however, in special circumstances, they may approve compensation terms of a chief executive officer that are inconsistent with such policy provided that they have considered those provisions that must be included in the compensation policy according to the Companies Law and that shareholder approval was obtained (by a special majority vote as discussed above with respect to the approval of director compensation). In addition, the compensation committee may waive the shareholder approval requirement with regards to the approval of the engagement terms of a candidate for the chief executive officer position, if the compensation committee determines that the compensation arrangement is consistent with the company’s compensation policy, and that the chief executive officer did not have a prior business relationship with the company or a controlling shareholder of the company and that subjecting the approval of the engagement to a shareholder vote would impede the company’s ability to employ the chief executive officer candidate.
Compensation Policy
Under the Companies Law, we are required to approve, at least once every three years, a compensation policy with respect to our directors and officers. Following the recommendation of our compensation committee, the compensation policy must be approved by our board of directors and our shareholders. The shareholder approval must be by a simple majority of all votes cast, provided that (i) such majority includes a simple majority of the votes cast by non-controlling shareholders having no personal interest in the matter or (ii) the total number of votes of shareholders mentioned in clause (i) above who voted against such transaction does not exceed 2% of the total voting rights in the company. Nevertheless, if the shareholders of the company do not approve the proposed compensation policy, our compensation committee and board of directors may override the shareholders’ decision if each of the compensation committee and the board of directors determine, based on detailed reasons and after reexamining the proposed compensation policy, that the adoption of the proposed compensation policy is in the best interest of the company. In addition, and without derogating from the aforementioned, under the Companies Law, our board of directors shall periodically review the compensation policy and any necessary amendment thereto, resulting from material changes in the circumstances under which it was adopted, or from other relevant factors.
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Directors’ Service Contracts
There are no arrangements or understandings between us and any of our subsidiaries, on the one hand, and any of our directors, on the other hand, providing for benefits upon termination of their employment or service as directors of our company or any of our subsidiaries.
Duties of Shareholders
Under the Companies Law, a shareholder has a duty to refrain from abusing its power in the company and to act in good faith and in an acceptable manner in exercising its rights and performing its obligations to the company and other shareholders, including, among other things, when voting at meetings of shareholders on the following matters:
| ● | an amendment to the articles of association; |
| ● | an increase in the company’s authorized share capital; |
| ● | a merger; and |
| ● | the approval of related party transactions and acts of office holders that require shareholder approval. |
A shareholder also has a general duty to refrain from discriminating against other shareholders.
The remedies generally available upon a breach of contract also apply to a breach of the shareholder duties mentioned above, and in the event of discrimination against other shareholders, additional remedies may be available to the injured shareholder.
In addition, any controlling shareholder, any shareholder that knows that its vote can determine the outcome of a shareholder vote and any shareholder that, under a company’s articles of association, has the power to appoint or prevent the appointment of an office holder, or any other power with respect to a company, is under a duty to act with fairness towards the company. The Companies Law does not describe the substance of this duty except to state that the remedies generally available upon a breach of contract also apply in the event of a breach of the duty to act with fairness, taking the shareholder’s position in the company into account.
Exculpation, Insurance and Indemnification of Directors and Officers
Under the Companies Law, a company may not exculpate an office holder from liability for a breach of the duty of loyalty. An Israeli company may exculpate an office holder in advance from liability to the company, in whole or in part, for damages caused to the company as a result of a breach of duty of care but only if a provision authorizing such exculpation is included in its articles of association. Our articles of association include such a provision. The company may not exculpate in advance a director from liability arising from a breach of his or her duty of care in connection with a prohibited dividend or distribution to shareholders.
As permitted under the Companies Law, our articles of association provide that we may indemnify an office holder in respect of the following liabilities, payments and expenses incurred for acts performed by him or her as an office holder, either in advance of an event or following an event:
| ● | financial liability that was imposed upon him in favor of another person pursuant to a judgment, including a compromise judgment or an arbitrator’s award approved by a court; |
| ● | reasonable litigation expenses, including attorneys’ fees paid by an officeholder following an investigation or proceeding conducted against him by an authority authorized to conduct such investigation or proceeding, and which ended without the filing of an indictment against him and without any financial obligation being imposed on him as an alternative to a criminal proceeding, or which ended without the filing of an indictment against him but with the imposition of a financial obligation as an alternative to a criminal proceeding for an offense which does not require proof of mens rea or in connection with a financial sanction; |
| ● | reasonable litigation expenses, including attorneys’ fees paid by the officeholder or which he was required to pay by a court, in a proceeding filed against him by the Company or on its behalf or by another person, or in criminal charges from which he was acquitted, or in criminal charges in which he was convicted of an offense which does not require proof of mens rea ; |
| ● | a financial obligation imposed on the officeholder for the benefit of all of the parties damaged by the violation of an administrative proceeding; |
| ● | expenses incurred by an officeholder in connection with an Administrative Proceeding conducted in his regard, including reasonable litigation expenses, and including attorneys’ fees; |
| ● | expenses incurred by an officeholder in connection with a proceeding under the Antitrust Law, 5748-1988 and/or in connection with it (a “Proceeding Under the Antitrust Law”), conducted regarding him, including reasonable litigation expenses, and attorneys’ fees; and |
| ● | any other liability or expense in respect of which it is permitted or shall be permitted by Law to indemnify an officeholder. |
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As permitted under the Israeli Companies Law, our articles of association provide that we may insure an office holder against the following liabilities incurred for acts performed by him or her as an office holder:
| ● | breach of the duty of care to the Company or to any other person; |
| ● | breach of the fiduciary duty to the Company, provided that the officeholder acted in good faith and had reasonable grounds to assume that his act would not adversely affect the Company’s best interests; |
| ● | financial liability imposed upon him in favor of another person; |
| ● | financial liability imposed on the officeholder for the benefit of all of the parties damaged by the violation of an administrative proceeding; |
| ● | expenses incurred or to be incurred by an officer in connection with an Administrative Proceeding, including reasonable litigation expenses, and including attorneys’ fees; |
| ● | expenses incurred or to be incurred in connection with a proceeding under the Antitrust Law, including reasonable litigation expenses, and including attorneys’ fees; and |
| ● | any other event in respect of which it is permitted and/or shall be permitted by Law to insure the liability of an officeholder. |
Under the Companies Law, a company may not indemnify, exculpate or insure an office holder against any of the following:
| ● | a breach of the duty of loyalty, except for indemnification and insurance for a breach of the duty of loyalty to the company to the extent that the office holder acted in good faith and had a reasonable basis to believe that the act would not prejudice the company; |
| ● | a breach of duty of care committed intentionally or recklessly, excluding a breach arising out of the negligent conduct of the office holder; |
| ● | an act or omission committed with intent to derive illegal personal benefit; or |
| ● | a fine, monetary sanction or forfeit levied against the office holder. |
Under the Companies Law, exculpation, indemnification and insurance of office holders must be approved by the compensation committee and the board of directors and, with respect to directors or controlling shareholders, their relatives and third parties in which controlling shareholders have a personal interest, also by the shareholders.
Our articles of association permit us to exculpate, indemnify and insure our office holders to the fullest extent permitted or to be permitted by law. Our office holders are currently covered by a directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policy. As of the date of this annual report, no claims for directors’ and officers’ liability insurance have been filed under this policy and we are not aware of any pending or threatened litigation or proceeding involving any of our office holders, including our directors, in which indemnification is sought.
D. Employees
As of December 31, 2024, we employed 24 employees based at our headquarters in Rehovot, Israel.
Local labor laws govern the length of the workday and workweek, minimum wages for employees, procedures for hiring and dismissing employees, determination of severance pay, annual leave, sick days, advance notice of termination, Social Security payments or regional equivalents, and other conditions of employment and include equal opportunity and anti-discrimination laws. None of our employees is party to any collective bargaining agreements. We generally provide our employees with benefits and working conditions beyond the required minimums. We believe we have a good relationship with our employees, and have never experienced any employment-related work stoppages.
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E. Beneficial Ownership of Executive Officers and Directors
The beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares (including ordinary shares represented by ADSs) is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC. Under these rules, a person is deemed to be a beneficial owner of a security if that person has or shares voting power, which includes the power to vote or to direct the voting of the security, or investment power, which includes the power to dispose of or to direct the disposition of the security. For purposes of the table below, we deem ordinary shares issuable pursuant to options or warrants that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of the date of this Annual Report on Form 20-F, if any, to be outstanding and to be beneficially owned by the person holding the options or warrants for the purposes of computing the percentage ownership of that person, but we do not treat them as outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person.
Unless otherwise noted below, each shareholder’s address is c/o Steakholder Foods Ltd., 5 David Fikes St., Rehovot 7638205 , Israel.
|
American Depositary Shares
Beneficially Owned |
||||||||
| Name of Beneficial Owner | Number | Percentage (1) | ||||||
| Directors and executive officers | ||||||||
| Arik Kaufman (2) | 78,509 | 1.9 | % | |||||
| Oren Attiya | - | - | ||||||
| Itamar Atzmony (3) | 6,699 | * | ||||||
| Yaron Kaiser (4) | 79,555 | 2.0 | % | |||||
| David Gerbi (5) | 9,923 | * | ||||||
| Eli Arad (6) | 9,407 | * | ||||||
| Sari Singer (7) | 9,477 | * | ||||||
| All directors and executive officers as a group (7 persons) | 152,986 | (8) | 3.8 | % | ||||
| * | Less than one percent (1%). |
| (1) | Based on 4,033,815 ADSs, representing or able to represent Ordinary Shares, outstanding as of March 31, 2025 . |
| (2) | Consists of 34,668 ADSs, 40,583 ADSs which have vested or are expected to vest within 60 days of the date of this annual report from employee RSUs for which Messrs. Kaufman and Kaiser hold a power of attorney with regard to their voting rights only, restricted share units vesting into 1,592 ADSs exercisable within 60 days of the date of this annual report, and options exercisable into 1,667 ADSs within 60 days of the date of this annual report, with an exercise price of $51.90. These options expire on March 16, 2026. |
| (3) | Consists of 5,832 ADSs and options to purchase 867 ADSs exercisable within 60 days of the date of this annual report, with an exercise price of $39.90, expiring on July 23, 2026. |
| (4) | Consists of 36,688 ADSs based on information provided to us by Mr. Kaiser, options to purchase 1,167 ADSs exercisable within 60 days of the date of this annual report with an exercise price of $51.90, expiring on March 16, 2026, 40,583 ADSs which have vested or are expected to vest within 60 days of the date of this annual report from employee RSUs for which Messrs. Kaufman and Kaiser hold a power of attorney with regard to their voting rights only, and restricted share units vesting into 1,117 ADSs exercisable within 60 days of the date of this annual report,. |
| (5) | Consists of 8,614 ADSs and options to purchase 1,309 ADSs within 60 days of the date of this annual report with an exercise price of $71.60. These options expire on July 20, 2025. |
| (6) | Consists of 8,098 ADSs and options to purchase 1,309 ADSs within 60 days of the date of this annual report with an exercise price of $71.60. These options expire on July 20, 2025. |
| (7) | Consists of 8,167 ADSs and options to purchase 1,309 ADSs within 60 days of the date of this annual report with an exercise price of $71.60. These options expire on July 20, 2025. |
| (8) | ADSs attributed to more than one executive director or officer appear once in the total amount attributed to all directors and officers as one group. |
F. Disclosure of a Registrant’s Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation
Not applicable.
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ITEM 7. Major Shareholders And Related Party Transactions
A. Major Shareholders
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the beneficial ownership of our outstanding ordinary shares, including ordinary shares represented by ADSs, as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 20-F, by each person or entity who beneficially owns 5% or more of the outstanding ordinary shares, to the best of our knowledge. For purposes of the table below, we deem ordinary shares issuable pursuant to options or warrants that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of the date of this Annual Report on Form 20-F, if any, to be outstanding and to be beneficially owned by the person holding the options or warrants for the purposes of computing the percentage ownership of that person, but we do not treat them as outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person.
None of our shareholders have different voting rights from other shareholders. We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company.
To our knowledge, we are not owned or controlled by a foreign government. Except for the major shareholders identified above, we have no knowledge of any corporation or other natural or legal person owning a significant interest in the Company.
To our knowledge, the significant changes in the percentage of beneficial ownership held by our major shareholders during the past three years have been the increase in the percentage of beneficial ownership by Armistice Capital, LLC to 9.99% in 2024, as described in the table below.
As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 20-F, there are five shareholders of record of our ordinary shares, of whom three are in the United States. The number of record holders is not representative of the number of beneficial holders of our ordinary shares, as most of the shares we have issued, including those represented by ADSs are currently recorded in the name of our ADS registrar, The Bank of New York Mellon. Based upon a review of the information provided to us by The Bank of New York, as of March 1, 2025, there were 25 holders of record of the ADSs on record with the Depository Trust Company. These numbers are not representative of the number of beneficial holders of our ADSs nor is it representative of where such beneficial holders reside, since many of these ADSs were held of record by brokers or other nominees.
| ADSs Beneficially Owned | ||||||||
| Name of Beneficial Owner | Number | Percentage (1) | ||||||
| 5% or greater shareholders | ||||||||
| Armistice Capital, LLC | 346,487 | (2) | 9.99 | % (3) | ||||
| (1) | Based on 4,033 ,815 ADSs, representing or able to represent Ordinary Shares, outstanding as of March 31, 2025, unless stated otherwise herein . |
| (2) | This information is based solely on a Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on February 14, 2025, or the Schedule 13G/A Report, pursuant to which Armistice Capital, LLC, or Armistice Capital, reported that it is the beneficial owner of 346,487 ADSs. In addition, Armistice Capital is entitled to call shares in abeyance representable by 785,001 ADSs and exercise warrants into 2,871,429 ADSs, all within 60 days of the date hereof. Armistice Capital reported that it is the investment manager of Armistice Capital Master Fund Ltd., or the Master Fund, the direct holder of the aforementioned ADSs, and pursuant to an investment management agreement, or Investment Management Agreement, Armistice Capital exercises voting and investment power over our securities held by the Master Fund and thus may be deemed to beneficially own our securities held by the Master Fund. Mr. Steven Boyd, as the managing member of Armistice Capital, may be deemed to beneficially own the securities held by the Master Fund. The Master Fund specifically disclaims beneficial ownership of our securities directly held by it by virtue of its inability to vote or dispose of such securities as a result of the Investment Management Agreement with Armistice Capital. The address for Armistice Capital and Mr. Boyd is 510 Madison Avenue, 7th Floor New York, New York 10022 USA. |
| (3) | Under the terms of the inducement offer letter with Armistice Capital from January 2024, Armistice Capital may not call the shares in abeyance or exercise the warrants to the extent such call or exercise would cause Armistice Capital, together with its affiliates, to beneficially own a number of ordinary shares which would exceed 9.99% of our then-outstanding ordinary shares following such exercise, excluding for purposes of such determination ordinary shares not yet issuable upon exercise of the warrants which have not been exercised.The percentage is based on 3,496,037 ADSs, representing or able to represent Ordinary Shares, outstanding as December 31, 2024, which was the date of event of the Schedule 13G/A Report. |
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B. Related Party Transactions
The following is a description of the material transactions we entered into with related parties since January 1, 2021. We believe that we have executed all of our transactions with related parties on terms no less favorable to us than those we could have obtained from unaffiliated third parties.
Our Board of Directors, acting through our Audit Committee, is responsible for the review, approval, or ratification of related party transactions between us and related persons. Under Israeli law, related party transactions are subject to special approval requirements, see “Item 6C.–Board Practices–Fiduciary Duties and Approval of Related Party Transactions.”
Employment Agreements and Director Fees
We have entered into written employment agreements with each of our executive officers, which provide for notice periods of varying duration for termination of the agreement by us or by the relevant executive officer, during which time the executive officer will continue to receive base salary and benefits. These agreements also contain customary provisions regarding non-competition, confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions. However, the enforceability of the noncompetition provisions may be limited under applicable law. See “Risk factors - Risks relating to our operations - Under applicable employment laws, we may not be able to enforce covenants not to compete” for a further description of the enforceability of non-competition clauses. For further information, see “Management - Employment and Consulting Agreements.”
Directors and Officers Insurance Policy and Indemnification and Exculpation Agreements
In accordance with our articles of association, we have obtained Directors and Officers insurance for our executive officers and directors, and provide indemnification, exculpation and exemption undertakings to each of our directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by the Companies Law.
Private Issuances of Securities
Engagement with BlueSoundWaves
On October 6, 2021, we entered into a services and collaboration agreement, or the Services and Collaboration Agreement, with BlueOcean Sustainability Fund, LLC, or BlueSoundWaves, pursuant to which BlueSoundWaves provides us with marketing and promotional services, strategic consulting advice, and partner and investor engagement services in the United States. As consideration for such services, BlueSoundWaves received (i) an option to purchase 6,215,770 ordinary shares, currently equal to 62,158 ADSs, and (ii) 1,243,150 restricted ordinary shares, currently equal to 12,432 ADSs.
BlueOcean Sustainability Management Fund LP, a Cayman partnership, and the managing partner of BlueSoundWaves holds all of the outstanding share capital of BlueOcean Kayomot Ltd., an Israeli company. Messrs. Kaufman and Kaiser are directors of BlueOcean Kayomot Ltd. and founding partners of BlueSoundWaves. Mr. Kaufman also serves as the chief executive officer of BlueOcean Kayomot Ltd. See Item 10.C for additional discussion of the Services and Collaboration Agreement.
C. Interests of Experts and Counsel
Not applicable.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
A. Consolidated Statements and other Financial Information
See “Item 18.—Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.
Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we may be party to litigation or other legal proceedings that we consider to be a part of the ordinary course of our business. We are not currently involved in any legal proceedings that could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations.
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Dividend Distributions
We have never declared or paid cash dividends to our shareholders. Currently we do not intend to pay cash dividends. We currently intend to reinvest any future earnings in developing and expanding our business. Any future determination relating to our dividend policy will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on a number of factors, including future earnings, our financial condition, operating results, contractual restrictions, capital requirements, business prospects, applicable Israeli law and other factors our Board of Directors may deem relevant.
B. Significant Changes
Since December 31, 2024, the following significant changes have occurred:
| ● | On February 27, 2025, we entered into a securities purchase agreement, or the SPA, with a certain investor, or the Investor, whereby the Investor purchased, following true-up adjustment: (i) 192,660 ADSs, each representing one hundred (100) ordinary shares, no par value, at a final offering price of $1.1391 per ADS, (ii) warrants to purchase up to 1,097,358 ADSs with an exercise price of $2.00 per ADS, and (iii) pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 904,698 ADSs, where the purchase of ADSs pursuant to the SPA would have otherwise resulted in the Investor, together with its affiliates and certain related parties, beneficially owning more than 4.99% of the Company’s outstanding ADSs immediately following the consummation of the SPA. The Investor purchased each pre-funded warrant for $1.139. Each of the pre-funded warrants is exercisable for one ADS at an exercise price of $0.0001 per ADS, is immediately exercisable and may be exercised at any time until all of the pre-funded warrants are exercised in full. |
| ● | On February 27, 2025, we entered into an At-the-Money Offering Agreement, or ATMOA, with the Investor, whereby simultaneously with the private placement, we established an USD 8 million equity line of credit. The ATMOA allows us to provided us with a flexible funding mechanism to support our strategic growth initiatives while flexibly minimizing dilution to existing shareholders. The structure of the ATMOA ensures that we retain full control over the timing and amount of any equity sales, thereby providing financial stability and strategic flexibility. Pursuant to the ATMOA, we may sell to the Investor up to USD 8 million, or the Commitment Amount, of our ADSs, or Purchase Notice ADSs, from time to time during the term of the ATMOA. The ATMOA contains customary representations, warranties, conditions and indemnification obligations of the parties. Pursuant to the ATMOA, we also agreed to file a registration statement with the SEC, covering the resale of the ADSs issued or sold to the Investor under the ATMOA under the Securities Act. We cannot issue any ADSs to the Investor until the date that the ATMOA registration statement is declared effective by the SEC and a final prospectus in connection therewith is filed and all of the other conditions set forth in the ATMOA are satisfied. In consideration for the Investor’s execution and delivery of the ATMOA, we agreed to pay the Investor a commitment fee equal to two percent of the Commitment Amount within three business days of the effective date of the ATMOA registration statement. At the Company’s election, the commitment fee is payable in (i) cash or (ii) ADS (based on the dollar volume-weighted average price of the ADSs on the business day immediately preceding the issuance date). |
Until June 30, 2026, under the terms and subject to the conditions of the ATMOA, from time to time, at our discretion, we have the right, but not the obligation, to issue to the Investor, and the Investor is obligated to purchase, the Purchase Notice ADSs, subject to certain limitations set forth in the ATMOA. Specifically, from time to time, we may, at our discretion, direct the Investor to purchase on any single business day no greater than USD 0.5 million in ADSs. If we and the Investor so agree, this limit may be increased to USD 3 million in ADSs. The purchase price in respect of any purchase notice shall equal a 6% discount on the lowest dollar volume-weighted average price of the ADSs during the five business days prior to the closing of any purchase thereunder.
The ATMOA also prohibits us from directing the Investor to purchase any ADSs if those ADSs, when aggregated with all other ADSs and ordinary shares then beneficially owned by the Investor and its affiliates, would result in the Investor and its affiliates having beneficial ownership, at any single point in time, of more than 4.99% of our voting power and the number of ordinary shares and ADSs outstanding immediately after to the issuance of Purchase Notice ADSs. The ATMOA does not include any of the following: (i) limitations on our use of amounts we receive as the purchase price for the ADSs sold to the Investor; (ii) financial or business covenants; (iii) restrictions on future financings; (iv) rights of first refusal; or (v) participation rights or penalties.
| ● | Since January 1, 2025, we have sold 169,534 ADSs for gross proceeds of approximately $278 thousand and net proceeds of approximately $265 thousand under an At-the-Money offering agreement of August 1, 2024, with underwriter fees of approximately $13 thousand. |
| ● | On March 20, 2025, as part of our cost-reduction strategy, we signed an agreement with a third party in regards to the lease agreement of our laboratory and offices, originally signed in 2021. The original lease was signed for a four-year term with an option to extend the lease for an additional four-year term. According to the agreement, the third party will take over the lease agreement from us and sublease the property to us for a reduced amount, effectively reducing our rental expenses by about 50% between March and November 2025 and will compensate us for waivers on our part. We will not exercise our lease renewal option. The termination of the agreement in November 2025 with regard to us is expected to eliminate the right-of-use asset and lease liability, which are valued at USD 2.8 million and USD 2.4 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2024. |
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ITEM 9. The Offer And Listing
A. Offer and Listing Details
ADSs
The ADSs, representing our ordinary shares, are traded on the Nasdaq under the symbol “STKH.”
Ordinary Shares
Our ordinary shares were traded on the TASE between January 26, 2020 and August 3, 2021, when we voluntarily de-listed them from trade on the TASE. Our ordinary shares were traded under the symbol “MEAT” until March 2021, and thereafter under the symbol “MITC.” Some of our ordinary shares are traded over the counter under the symbol MTTCF.
B. Plan of Distribution
Not applicable.
C. Markets
For a description of our publicly-traded ADSs, see “Item 9.— Offer and Listing Details —ADSs.” For a description of our ordinary shares, see “Item 9.— Offer and Listing Details —Ordinary Shares.”
D. Selling Shareholders
Not applicable.
E. Dilution
Not applicable.
F. Expenses of the Issue
Not applicable.
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ITEM 10. Additional Information
A. Share Capital
Not applicable.
B. Memorandum and Articles of Association
A copy of our Articles of Association is attached as Exhibit 1.1 to this Annual Report. Other than as set forth below, the information called for by this Item is set forth in Exhibit 2.3 to this Annual Report and is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.
C. Material Contracts
On October 6, 2021, we entered into the Services and Collaboration Agreement with BlueSoundWaves, a sustainability focused fund led by led by Ashton Kutcher, Guy Oseary and Effie Epstein. Pursuant to the Services and Collaboration Agreement, BlueSoundWaves provides us marketing and promotional services, strategic consulting advice, and partner and investor engagement services in the United States.
As consideration for such services, BlueSoundWaves received (i) an option to purchase 6,215,770 ordinary shares, currently equal to 621,577 ADSs, and (ii) 1,243,150 of our ordinary restricted shares, currently equal to 124,315 ADSs. The exercise price per ordinary share of the ordinary share option and restricted ordinary share option is the greater of (a) the closing price per ADS on October 5, 2021 ($6.65) divided by the number of ordinary shares represented by the ADS and (b) the closing price per ADS on the day prior to the exercise of the options less a discount ranging from 25% to 75% depending on how much higher the exercise price is compared to the price determined under subsection (a) of this paragraph. The options granted pursuant to this agreement will vest over a three-year period, with one-third vesting on the first anniversary of the Services and Collaboration Agreement with the remaining amount vesting in equal quarterly installments for the remaining period. If either party provides notice to terminate the agreement, the quarterly vesting will be cancelled. A percentage of the options described above will immediately vest and be exercisable upon the occurrence of certain trading milestones, investment milestones or change of control event. We have also agreed to reimburse BlueSoundWaves its reasonable out of pocket expenses which have been previously approved.
The Services and Collaboration Agreement will remain in effect until terminated in accordance with its terms. Each party has the right to terminate upon 60 days prior written notice after the 12-month anniversary of the effective date. Either party may also terminate the Services and Collaboration Agreement upon the occurrence of a material breach which remains uncured 30 days after the breaching party has received notice of the breach. Any portion of the vested options to purchase ordinary shares or restricted ordinary shares will expire on the second anniversary of the termination of the Services and Collaboration Agreement, or otherwise expire on the 10th anniversary.
For other agreements with related parties, see “Item 7.—Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Related Party Transactions.”
D. Exchange Controls
Non-residents of Israel who purchase our ordinary shares outside of Israel with U.S. dollars or other foreign currency will be able to convert dividends (if any) thereon, and any amounts payable upon the dissolution, liquidation or winding up of the affairs of the Company, as well as the proceeds of any sale in Israel of the ordinary shares to an Israeli resident, into freely repatriable dollars, at a rate of exchange prevailing at the time of conversion, pursuant to regulations issued under the Currency Control Law, 1978, provided that Israeli income tax has been withheld by the Company with respect to such amounts.
E. Taxation
The following description is not intended to constitute a complete analysis of all tax consequences relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares or ADSs. You should consult your own tax advisor concerning the tax consequences of your particular situation, as well as any tax consequences that may arise under the laws of any state, local, foreign or other taxing jurisdiction.
Israeli tax considerations and government programs
The following is a summary of the current tax regime in the State of Israel, which applies to us and to persons who hold our ordinary shares or ADSs.
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This summary does not discuss all the aspects of Israeli tax law that may be relevant to a particular investor in light of his or her personal investment circumstances or to some types of investors subject to special treatment under Israeli law. Examples of this kind of investor include traders in securities or persons who do not hold our ordinary shares or ADSs as a capital asset. Some parts of this discussion are based on a new tax legislation which has not been subject to judicial or administrative interpretation. The discussion should not be construed as legal or professional tax advice and does not cover all possible tax considerations.
HOLDERS AND POTENTIAL INVESTORS ARE URGED TO CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS AS TO THE ISRAELI OR OTHER TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE PURCHASE, OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF OUR ORDINARY SHARES OR ADSs, INCLUDING, IN PARTICULAR, THE EFFECT OF ANY FOREIGN, STATE OR LOCAL TAXES.
General corporate tax structure in Israel
Israeli resident companies are generally subject to corporate tax on both ordinary income and capital gains, currently at the rate of 23% of a company’s taxable income. Capital gains derived by an Israeli resident company are subject to tax at the prevailing corporate tax rate. However, the effective tax rate payable by a company that derives income from a “Preferred Enterprise”, a “Special Preferred Enterprise”, a “Preferred Technology Enterprise” or “Special Preferred Technology Enterprise” which are benefitted tax regimes under the Law for Encouragement of Capital Investments-1959, may be considerably lower. Capital gains derived by an Israeli company are generally subject to the prevailing regular corporate tax rate.
Taxation of our shareholders
Capital gains
Capital gains tax is generally imposed on the disposal of capital assets by an Israeli resident, and on the disposal of capital assets by a non-Israeli resident if those assets (i) are located in Israel, (ii) are shares or a right to shares in an Israeli resident corporation, (iii) represent, directly or indirectly, rights to assets located in Israel, or (iv) a right in a foreign resident corporation, which in its essence is the owner of a direct or indirect right to property located in Israel (with respect to the portion of the gain attributed to the property located in Israel), unless a specific exemption is available or unless a tax treaty between Israel and the shareholder’s country of residence provides otherwise. The ITO distinguishes between “Real Capital Gain” and “Inflationary Surplus.” Real Capital Gain is the excess of the total capital gain over Inflationary Surplus. The Inflationary Surplus is a portion of the total capital gain which is equivalent to the increase of the relevant asset’s price that is attributable to the increase in the Israeli consumer price index or, in certain circumstances, a foreign currency exchange rate, between the date of purchase and the date of sale. Inflationary Surplus is not currently subject to tax in Israel.
Real Capital Gain accrued by individuals on the sale of our ordinary shares or ADSs will be taxed at the rate of 25%. However, if the individual shareholder is a “Substantial Shareholder” ( i.e. , a person who holds, directly or indirectly, alone or together with another, 10% or more of one of the Israeli resident company’s means of control (including, among other things, the right to receive profits of the company, voting rights, the right to receive the company’s liquidation proceeds and the right to appoint a director)) at the time of sale or at any time during the preceding 12-month period, and/or claims a deduction for interest and linkage differences expenses in connection with the purchase and holding of such shares, such gain will be taxed at the rate of 30%.
Individual and corporate shareholders dealing in securities in Israel are taxed at the tax rates applicable to business income in 2024, a tax rate of 23% for corporations and a marginal tax rate of up to 47% for individuals, unless contrary provisions in a relevant tax treaty applies. In addition, a 3% excess tax (as discussed below) is levied on individuals whose total taxable income in Israel in 2025 exceeded NIS 721,560. As detailed below, according to new legislation, in effect as of January 1, 2025, an additional 2% excess tax will apply on Capital-Sourced Income (defined as income from any source other than employment income, business income or income from “personal effort”), to the extent that the Individual’s Capital Sourced Income exceeds the specified threshold of NIS 721,560 (and regardless of the employment/business income amount of such individual).
Notwithstanding the foregoing, generally, capital gain derived from the sale of our ordinary shares or ADSs by a shareholder who is a non-Israeli resident (whether an individual or a corporation) should be exempt from Israeli capital gain tax, provided, among others, that:(i) the ordinary shares or ADSs were purchased upon or after the listing of the securities on the stock exchange, and (ii) the seller does not have a permanent establishment in Israel to which the derived capital gain is attributable. However, non-Israeli entities (including corporations) will not be entitled to the foregoing exemption if Israeli residents, whether directly or indirectly: (i) have a controlling interest of more than 25% in such non-Israeli entity or (ii) are the beneficiaries of, or are entitled to, 25% or more of the revenues or profits of such non-Israeli entity. In addition, such exemption is not applicable to a person whose gains from selling or otherwise disposing of the shares or ADSs are deemed to be business income. In addition, the sale of ordinary shares or ADSs may be exempt from Israeli capital gains tax under the provisions of an applicable tax treaty. For example, the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, or the Treaty, generally exempts U.S. residents (for purposes of the U.S.-Israel Treaty) holding the shares as a capital asset from Israeli capital gains tax in connection with such sale, exchange or disposition unless either (i) the U.S. treaty resident owns, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of the Israeli resident company’s voting rights at any time within the 12-month period preceding such sale, exchange or disposition; (ii) the seller, if an individual, has been present in Israel for a period or periods aggregating to 183 days or more during the relevant taxable year; (iii) the capital gain from the sale, exchange or disposition was derived through a permanent establishment of the U.S. resident in Israel; (iv) the capital gain arising from such sale, exchange or disposition is attributed to real estate located in Israel, or (v) the capital gains arising from such sale, exchange or disposition is attributed to royalties. In any such case, the sale, exchange or disposition of such shares or ADSs would be subject to Israeli tax, to the extent applicable; however, under the U.S.-Israel Treaty, a U.S. resident would be permitted to claim a credit for the Israeli tax against the U.S. federal income tax imposed with respect to the sale, exchange or disposition, subject to the limitations in U.S. laws applicable to foreign tax credits. The U.S.-Israel Treaty does not provide such credit against any U.S. state or local taxes.
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In some instances where our shareholders may be liable for Israeli tax on the sale of their shares or ADSs, the payment of the consideration may be subject to withholding tax at source in Israel. Shareholders may be required to demonstrate that they are exempt from tax on their capital gains in order to avoid withholding tax at source at the time of sale. Specifically, in transactions involving a sale of all of the shares of an Israeli resident company, in the form of a merger or otherwise, the Israel Tax Authority may require from shareholders who are not liable for Israeli tax to sign declarations in forms specified by this authority or obtain a specific exemption from the Israel Tax Authority to confirm their status as non-Israeli residents, and, in the absence of such declarations or exemptions, may require the purchaser of the shares to withhold tax at source.
Upon the sale of securities traded on a stock exchange, a detailed return, including a computation of the tax due, must be filed and an advance payment must be made on January 31 and July 31 of every tax year, in respect of sales of securities made within the previous six months by Israeli residents for whom tax has not already been deducted. However, if all tax due was withheld at source according to applicable provisions of the ITO and the regulations promulgated thereunder, there is no need to file a return and no advance payment must be paid, provided that (i) such income was not generated from business conducted in Israel by the taxpayer, (ii) the taxpayer has no other taxable sources of income in Israel with respect to which a tax return is required to be filed and an advance payment does not need to be made, and (iii) the taxpayer is not obligated to pay excess tax (as further explained below). Capital gains are also reportable on the annual income tax return.
Dividends
Israeli residents who are individuals are generally subject to Israeli income tax for dividends paid (other than bonus shares or share dividends) at 25%, or 30% if the recipient of such dividend is a Substantial Shareholder, as defined above, at the time of distribution or at any time during the preceding 12-month period. Israeli resident corporations are generally exempt from Israeli corporate tax on the receipt of dividends paid on shares of Israeli resident corporations.
Non-Israeli residents (whether individuals or corporations) are generally subject to Israeli income tax on the receipt of dividends paid on ordinary shares at the rate of 25% or 30% (if the dividend recipient is a Substantial Shareholder at the time of distribution or at any time during the preceding 12-month period). Such dividends are generally subject to Israeli withholding tax at a rate of 25% so long as the shares are registered with a nominee company (whether the recipient is a Substantial Shareholder or not), unless a reduced rate is provided under an applicable tax treaty (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for a reduced tax rate). Under the U.S.- Israel Treaty and subject to the eligibility to the benefits under such treaty, the maximum rate of tax withheld at source in Israel on dividends paid to a holder of our ordinary shares who is a U.S. resident (for purposes of the U.S.-Israel Treaty) is 25%. However, for dividends not generated by a Preferred Enterprises, Special Preferred Enterprise, a Preferred Technology Enterprise or Special Preferred Technology Enterprise under the Encouragement of Capital Investments Lawand paid to a U.S. corporation holding 10% or more of the outstanding voting capital throughout the tax year in which the dividend is distributed as well as during the previous tax year, the maximum rate of withholding tax is generally 12.5%, provided that not more than 25% of the gross income of the Israeli resident paying corporation for such preceding year consists of certain types of dividends and interest. Notwithstanding the foregoing, dividends distributed from income attributed to an Approved Enterprise, Benefited Enterprise or Preferred Enterprise Special Preferred Enterprise, a Preferred Technology Enterprise or Special Preferred Technology Enterprise are not entitled to such reduction under such tax treaty but are subject to withholding tax at the rate of 15% , provided that the conditions related to the holding of 10% of our voting capital and to our gross income for the previous year (as set forth in the previous sentence) are met. The aforementioned rates under the U.S.-Israel Treaty would not apply if the dividend income is derived through a permanent establishment of the U.S. resident in Israel. In this case, 20% withholding tax rate will apply for such dividend to a United States corporate shareholder under the Encouragement of Capital Investments Law (4% withholding tax rate will apply providing certain conditions are met on dividend distribution from Preferred Technology Enterprise or Special Preferred Technology Enterprise)
If the dividend is attributable partly to income derived from a Preferred Enterprise, Special Preferred Enterprise, a Preferred Technology Enterprise or Special Preferred Technology Enterprise, and partly to other sources of income, the withholding rate will be a blended rate reflecting the relative portions of the two types of income. U.S. residents (for purposes of the U.S.-Israel Treaty) who are subject to Israeli withholding tax on a dividend may be entitled to a credit or deduction for United States federal income tax purposes up to the amount of the taxes withheld, subject to detailed rules contained in U.S. tax law.
A non-Israeli resident who receives dividends from which tax was withheld is generally exempt from the obligation to file tax returns in Israel in respect of such income, provided, inter alia, that (i) such income was not derived from a business conducted in Israel by the taxpayer, (ii) the taxpayer has no other taxable sources of income in Israel with respect to which a tax return is required to be filed and (iii) the taxpayer is not obliged to pay excess tax (as further explained below).
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Excess Tax
Individuals who are subject to tax in Israel (whether any such individual is an Israeli resident or non-Israeli resident) are also subject to an additional tax at a rate of 3% on annual income exceeding NIS 721,560 for 2025 (which amount will be linked to the annual change in the Israeli consumer price index from 2028), including, but not limited to, dividends, interest and capital gain. According to new legislation, in effect as of January 1, 2025, an additional 2% excess tax will apply on Capital-Sourced Income to the extent that the Individual’s Capital Sourced Income exceeds the specified threshold of NIS 721,560 for 2025 (and regardless of the employment/business income amount of such individual). This new excess tax applies, among other things, to income from capital gains, dividends, interest, rental income, or the sale of real property.
Estate and gift tax
Israeli law presently does not impose estate or gift taxes.
Material United States federal income tax considerations
The following discussion describes material United States federal income tax considerations relating to the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of shares or ADSs by a U.S. Holder (as defined below) that acquires our shares or ADSs and holds them as a capital asset. This discussion is based on the tax laws of the United States, including the Code, Treasury regulations promulgated or proposed thereunder, and administrative and judicial interpretations thereof, all as in effect on the date hereof. These tax laws are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect, and subject to differing interpretations that could affect the tax consequences described herein. In addition, this section is based in part upon the representations of the Depositary and the assumption that each obligation in the Deposit Agreement and any related agreements will be performed in accordance with its terms. This discussion does not address the tax consequences to a U.S. Holder under the laws of any state, local or foreign taxing jurisdiction.
For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of our shares or ADSs that, for United States federal income tax purposes, is:
| ● | an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, |
| ● | a domestic corporation (or other entity taxable as a corporation); |
| ● | an estate the income of which is subject to United States federal income taxation regardless of its source; or |
| ● | a trust if (1) a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over the trust’s administration and one or more United States persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (2) a valid election under the Treasury regulations is in effect for the trust to be treated as a United States person. |
A “Non-U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of our ordinary shares that is neither a U.S. Holder nor a partnership (or other entity treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes).
This discussion does not address all aspects of United States federal income taxation that may be applicable to U.S. Holders in light of their particular circumstances or status (including, for example, banks and other financial institutions, insurance companies, broker and dealers in securities or currencies, traders that have elected to mark securities to market, regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts, partnerships or other pass-through entities, corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax, tax-exempt organizations, pension plans, persons that hold our shares as part of a straddle, hedge or other integrated investment, persons subject to alternative minimum tax or whose “functional currency” is not the U.S. dollar).
If a partnership (including any entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes) holds our shares or ADSs, the tax treatment of a person treated as a partner in the partnership for United States federal income tax purposes generally will depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships (and other entities or arrangements so treated for United States federal income tax purposes) and their partners should consult their own tax advisors.
In general, and taking into account the earlier assumptions, for United States federal income and Israeli tax purposes, a holder that holds ADRs evidencing ADSs will be treated as the owner of the shares represented by those ADRs. Exchanges of shares for ADRs, and ADRs for shares, generally will not be subject to United States federal income or Israeli tax.
This discussion addresses only U.S. Holders and does not discuss any tax considerations other than United States federal income tax considerations. Prospective investors are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the United States federal, state, and local, and non-United States tax consequences of the purchase, ownership, and disposition of our shares or ADSs.
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Dividends
We do not expect to make any distribution with respect to our shares or ADSs. However, if we make any such distribution, under the United States federal income tax laws, and subject to the passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, rules discussed below, the gross amount of any dividend we pay out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined for United States federal income tax purposes) will be includible in income for a U.S. Holder and subject to United States federal income taxation. Dividends paid to a noncorporate U.S. Holder that constitute qualified dividend income will be taxable at a preferential tax rate applicable to long-term capital gains of, currently, 20 percent, provided that the U.S. Holder holds the shares or ADSs for more than 60 days during the 121-day period beginning 60 days before the ex-dividend date and meets other holding period requirements. If we are treated as a PFIC, dividends paid to a U.S. Holder will not be treated as qualified dividend income. If we are not treated as a PFIC, dividends we pay with respect to the shares or ADSs generally may be qualified dividend income, provided that the holding period requirements are satisfied by the U.S. Holder.
A U.S. Holder must include any Israeli tax withheld from the dividend payment in the gross amount of the dividend even though the holder does not in fact receive it. The dividend is taxable to the holder when the holder, in the case of shares, or the Depositary, in the case of ADSs, receives the dividend, actually or constructively. The amount of the dividend distribution includible in a U.S. Holder’s income will be the U.S. dollar value of the NIS payments made, determined at the spot NIS/U.S. dollar rate on the date the dividend distribution is includible in income, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars. Generally, any gain or loss resulting from currency exchange fluctuations during the period from the date the dividend payment is included in income to the date the payment is converted into U.S. dollars will be treated as ordinary income or loss and will not be eligible for the special tax rate applicable to qualified dividend income. The gain or loss generally will be income or loss from sources within the United States for foreign tax credit limitation purposes.
Dividends paid with respect to our ordinary shares or ADSs will be treated as foreign source income, which may be relevant in calculating the holder’s foreign tax credit limitation. The limitation on foreign taxes eligible for credit is calculated separately with respect to specific classes of income. For this purpose, dividends that we distribute generally should constitute “passive category income,” or, in the case of certain U.S. Holders, “general category income.” A foreign tax credit for foreign taxes imposed on distributions may be denied if holders do not satisfy certain minimum holding period requirements. The rules relating to the determination of the foreign tax credit are complex, and you should consult your tax advisor to determine whether and to what extent you will be entitled to this credit.
To the extent a distribution with respect to our shares or ADSs exceeds our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under United States federal income tax principles, the distribution will be treated, first, as a tax-free return of the U.S. Holder’s investment, up to the holder’s adjusted tax basis in its shares or ADSs, and, thereafter, as capital gain, which is subject to the tax treatment described below in “—Gain on Sale, Exchange or Other Taxable Disposition.”
Subject to certain limitations, the Israeli tax withheld in accordance with the Treaty and paid over to Israel will be creditable or deductible against a U.S. Holder’s United States federal income tax liability.
Subject to the discussion below under “Information reporting and backup withholding,” if you are a Non-U.S. Holder, you generally will not be subject to United States federal income (or withholding) tax on dividends received by you on your ordinary shares, unless you conduct a trade or business in the United States and such income is effectively connected with that trade or business (or, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, the dividends are attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base that such holder maintains in the United States).
Gain on sale, exchange or other taxable disposition
Subject to the PFIC rules described below under “ — Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations,” a U.S. Holder that sells, exchanges or otherwise disposes of shares or ADSs in a taxable disposition generally will recognize capital gain or loss for United States federal income tax purposes equal to the difference between the U.S. Dollar value of the amount realized and the holder’s tax basis, determined in U.S. Dollars, in the shares or ADSs. Gain or loss recognized on such a sale, exchange or other disposition of shares or ADSs generally will be long-term capital gain if the U.S. Holder’s holding period in the shares or ADSs exceeds one year. Long-term capital gains of non-corporate U.S. Holders are generally taxed at preferential rates. The gain or loss generally will be income or loss from sources within the United States for foreign tax credit limitation purposes. A U.S. Holder’s ability to deduct capital losses is subject to limitations.
Subject to the discussion below under “Information reporting and backup withholding,” if you are a Non-U.S. Holder, you generally will not be subject to United States federal income or withholding tax on any gain realized on the sale or exchange of such ordinary shares unless:
| ● | such gain is effectively connected with your conduct of a trade or business in the United States (or, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, the gain is attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base that such holder maintains in the United States); or |
| ● | you are an individual and have been present in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable year of such sale or exchange and certain other conditions are met. |
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For a cash basis taxpayer, units of foreign currency paid or received are translated into U.S. dollars at the spot rate on the settlement date of the purchase or sale. In that case, no foreign currency exchange gain or loss will result from currency fluctuations between the trade date and the settlement date of such a purchase or sale. An accrual basis taxpayer, however, may elect the same treatment required of cash basis taxpayers with respect to purchases and sales of our ordinary shares that are traded on an established securities market, provided the election is applied consistently from year to year. Such election may not be changed without the consent of the IRS. An accrual basis taxpayer who does not make such election may recognize exchange gain or loss based on currency fluctuations between the trade date and the settlement date. Any foreign currency gain or loss a U.S. Holder realizes will be U.S. source ordinary income or loss.
The determination of whether the ADSs or ordinary shares are traded on an established securities market is not entirely clear under current U.S. federal income tax law. Please consult your tax advisor regarding the proper treatment of foreign currency gains or losses with respect to a sale or other disposition of our ordinary shares.
Passive foreign investment company considerations
Based on our income and assets, we believe that we may be treated as a PFIC for the preceding taxable year. However, the determination of our status is made annually based on the factual tests described below. Consequently, while we may be treated as a PFIC in future years, we cannot estimate with certainty at this stage whether or not we are likely to be treated as a PFIC for the current or future taxable years. If we were classified as a PFIC in any taxable year, a U.S. Holder would be subject to special rules with respect to distributions on and sales, exchanges and other dispositions of the shares or ADSs. We will be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year in which at least 75 percent of our gross income is “passive income” or at least 50 percent of the average percentage of our assets during the taxable year, measured based on the average of the fair market values of the assets determined at the end of each quarterly period, are assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income for this purpose generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, rents, royalties, gains from commodities and securities transactions, and gains from assets that produce passive income. In determining whether we are a PFIC, a pro rata portion of the income and assets of each corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, at least a 25% interest (by value) is taken into account.
Excess distribution rules
If we were a PFIC with respect to a U.S. Holder, then unless the holder makes one of the elections described below, a special tax regime would apply to the U.S. Holder with respect to (a) any “excess distribution” (generally, aggregate distributions in any year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distribution received by the holder in the shorter of the three preceding years or the holder’s holding period for the shares or ADSs) and (b) any gain realized on the sale or other disposition of the shares or ADSs. Under this regime, any excess distribution and realized gain will be treated as ordinary income and will be subject to tax as if (a) the excess distribution or gain had been realized ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period, (b) the amount deemed realized in each year had been subject to tax in each year of that holding period at the highest marginal rate for such year (other than income allocated to the current period or any taxable period before we became a PFIC, which would be subject to tax at the U.S. Holder’s regular ordinary income rate for the current year and would not be subject to the interest charge discussed below), and (c) the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax had been imposed on the taxes deemed to have been payable in those years. If we were determined to be a PFIC, this tax treatment for U.S. Holders would apply also to indirect distributions and gains deemed realized by U.S. Holders in respect of stock of any of our subsidiaries determined to be PFICs. In addition, dividend distributions would not qualify for the lower rates of taxation applicable to long-term capital gains discussed above under “Dividends”.
A U.S. Holder that holds the shares or ADSs at any time during a taxable year in which we are classified as a PFIC generally will continue to treat such shares or ADSs as shares or ADSs in a PFIC, even if we no longer satisfy the income and asset tests described above, unless the U.S. Holder elects to recognize gain, which will be taxed under the excess distribution rules as if such shares or ADSs had been sold on the last day of the last taxable year for which we were a PFIC.
Certain elections by a U.S. Holder would alleviate some of the adverse consequences of PFIC status and would result in an alternative treatment of the shares or ADSs, as described below. However, we do not currently intend to provide the information necessary for U.S. Holders to make “QEF elections,” as described below, and the availability of a “mark-to-market election” with respect to the shares or ADSs is a factual determination that will depend on the manner and quantity of trading of our shares or ADSs, as described below. A mark-to-market election cannot be made with respect to the stock of any of our subsidiaries.
QEF election
If we were a PFIC, the rules above would not apply to a U.S. Holder that makes an election to treat our shares or ADSs as stock of a “qualified electing fund” or QEF. A U.S. Holder that makes a QEF election is required to include in income its pro rata share of our ordinary earnings and net capital gain as ordinary income and long-term capital gain, respectively. A U.S. Holder makes a QEF election generally by attaching a completed IRS Form 8621 to a timely filed United States federal income tax return for the year beginning with which the QEF election is to be effective (taking into account any extensions). A QEF election can be revoked only with the consent of the IRS. In order for a U.S. Holder to make a valid QEF election, we must annually provide or make available to the holder certain information. We cannot provide any assurances that we will provide to U.S. Holders the information required to make a valid QEF election.
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Mark-to-market election
If we were a PFIC, the rules above also would not apply to a U.S. Holder that makes a “mark-to-market” election with respect to the shares or ADSs, but this election will be available with respect to the shares or ADSs only if they meet certain minimum trading requirements to be considered “marketable stock” for purposes of the PFIC rules. In addition, a mark-to-market election generally could not be made with respect to the stock of any of our subsidiaries unless that stock were itself marketable stock, and the election may therefore be of limited benefit to a U.S. Holder that wants to avoid the excess distribution rules described above. Shares or ADSs will be marketable stock if they are regularly traded on a national securities exchange that is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission or on a non-U.S. exchange or market that meets certain requirements under the Treasury regulations. Shares or ADSs generally will be considered regularly traded during any calendar year during which they are traded, other than in de minimis quantities, on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter. Any trades that have as their principal purpose meeting this requirement will be disregarded.
A U.S. Holder that makes a valid mark-to-market election for the first tax year in which the holder holds (or is deemed to hold) our shares or ADSs and for which we are a PFIC will be required to include each year an amount equal to the excess, if any, of the fair market value of such shares or ADSs the holder owns as of the close of the taxable year over the holder’s adjusted tax basis in such shares or ADSs. The U.S. Holder will be entitled to a deduction for the excess, if any, of the holder’s adjusted tax basis in the shares or ADSs over the fair market value of such shares or ADSs as of the close of the taxable year, but only to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains with respect to such shares or ADSs included by the U.S. Holder under the election for prior taxable years. The U.S. Holder’s basis in such shares or ADSs will be adjusted to reflect the amounts included or deducted pursuant to the election. Amounts included in income pursuant to a mark-to-market election, as well as gain on the sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of such shares or ADSs, will be treated as ordinary income. The deductible portion of any mark-to-market loss, as well as loss on a sale, exchange or other disposition of our shares or ADSs to the extent that the amount of such loss does not exceed net mark-to-market gains previously included in income, will be treated as ordinary loss.
The mark-to-market election applies to the taxable year for which the election is made and all subsequent taxable years, unless the shares cease to be treated as marketable stock for purposes of the PFIC rules or the IRS consents to its revocation. The excess distribution rules described above generally will not apply to a U.S. Holder for tax years for which a mark-to-market election is in effect. However, if we were a PFIC for any year in which the U.S. Holder owns the shares or ADSs but before a mark-to-market election is made, the interest charge rules described above would apply to any mark-to-market gain recognized in the year the election is made.
PFIC reporting obligations
A U.S. Holder of PFIC shares must generally file an annual information return on IRS Form 8621 (Information Return by a Shareholder of a Passive Foreign Investment Company or Qualified Electing Fund) containing such information as the U.S. Treasury Department may require. The failure to file IRS Form 8621 could result in the imposition of penalties and the extension of the statute of limitations with respect to U.S. federal income tax.
U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors as to our status as a PFIC, and the tax consequences to them if we were a PFIC, including the reporting requirements and the desirability of making, and the availability of, a QEF election or a mark-to-market election with respect to the shares or ADSs .
Medicare tax
Non-corporate U.S. Holders that are individuals, estates or trusts and whose income exceeds certain thresholds generally are subject to a 3.8% tax on all or a portion of their net investment income, which may include their gross dividend income and net gains from the disposition of shares or ADSs. A United States person that is an individual, estate or trust is encouraged to consult its tax advisors regarding the applicability of this Medicare tax to its income and gains in respect of any investment in our shares or ADSs.
Information reporting with respect to foreign financial assets
Individual U.S. Holders may be subject to certain reporting obligations on IRS Form 8938 (Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Asset) with respect to the shares or ADSs for any taxable year during which the U.S. Holder’s aggregate value of these and certain other “specified foreign financial assets” exceed a threshold amount that varies with the filing status of the individual. This reporting obligation also applies to domestic entities formed or availed of to hold, directly or indirectly, specified foreign financial assets, including the shares or ADSs. Significant penalties can apply if U.S. Holders are required to make this disclosure and fail to do so.
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Information reporting and backup withholding
In general, information reporting may apply to dividends in respect of shares or ADSs and the proceeds from the sale, exchange or redemption of shares of ADSs that are paid to a holder of shares or ADSs within the United States (and in certain cases, outside the United States), unless such holder is an exempt recipient such as a corporation. Backup withholding (currently at a 24% rate) may apply to such payments if a holder of shares or ADSs fails to provide a taxpayer identification number (generally on an IRS Form W-9) or certification of other exempt status or fails to report in full dividend and interest income.
Backup withholding is not an additional tax. A U.S. Holder generally may obtain a refund of any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules that exceed the U.S. Holder’s income tax liability by filing a refund claim with the Internal Revenue Service.
F. Dividends and Paying Agents
Not applicable
G. Statement by Experts
Not applicable.
H. Documents on Display
We are subject to the information reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to foreign private issuers and under those requirements will file reports with the SEC. Those reports may be inspected without charge at the locations described below. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as United States companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act.
We maintain a corporate website at www.steakholderfoods.com. We intend to post our Annual Report on Form 20-F on our website promptly following it being filed with the SEC. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this Annual Report on Form 20-F. We have included our website address in this Annual Report on Form 20-F solely as an inactive textual reference.
Our SEC filings are available to you on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. This site contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The information on that website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 20-F.
With respect to references made in this Annual Report on Form 20-F to any contract or other document of Steakholder Foods, such references are not necessarily complete and you should refer to the exhibits attached or incorporated by reference to this Annual Report on Form 20-F for copies of the actual contract or document.
I. Subsidiary Information
Not applicable.
J. Annual Report to Security Holders
Not applicable.
ITEM 11. Quantitative And Qualitative Disclosure On Market Risk
For quantitative and qualitative information regarding our market risk, see “Item 5 — Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Liquidity and Capital Resources — Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” and Note 2 to our financial statements.
ITEM 12. Description Of Securities Other Than Equity Securities
A. Debt Securities
Not applicable.
B. Warrants and Rights
Not applicable.
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C. Other Securities
Not applicable.
D. American Depositary Shares
The Bank of New York Mellon is the depositary of the ADSs. Each ADS represents 100 ordinary shares (or a right to receive 100 ordinary shares). Each ADS will also represent any other securities, cash or other property which may be held by the depositary. The Depositary’s office at which the ADSs are administered and its principal executive office are located at 240 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10286.
The Deposit Agreement sets out ADS holder rights as well as the rights and obligations of the Depositary. New York law governs the Deposit Agreement and the ADSs. A copy of the Deposit Agreement was filed as Exhibit 4.1 to our amended registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on March 5, 2021 and is incorporated by reference herein.
Fees and Expenses
Pursuant to the terms of the Deposit Agreement, the holders of the ADSs will be required to pay the following fees:
| Persons depositing or withdrawing ordinary shares or ADS holders must pay | For: | |
| $5.00 (or less) per 100 ADSs (or portion of 100 ADSs) | Issuance of ADSs, including issuances resulting from a distribution of ordinary shares or rights or other property Cancellation of ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal, including if the Deposit Agreement terminates | |
| $.05 (or less) per ADS | Any cash distribution to ADS holders | |
| A fee equivalent to the fee that would be payable if securities distributed to you had been ordinary shares and the ordinary shares had been deposited for issuance of ADSs | Distribution of securities distributed to holders of deposited securities (including rights) that are distributed by the Depositary to ADS holders | |
| $.05 (or less) per ADS per calendar year | Depositary services | |
| Registration or transfer fees | Transfer and registration of ordinary shares on our share register to or from the name of the depositary or its agent when you deposit or withdraw ordinary shares | |
| Expenses of the Depositary | Cable, telex and facsimile transmissions (when expressly provided in the Deposit Agreement) Converting foreign currency to U.S. dollars | |
| Taxes and other governmental charges the Depositary or the custodian have to pay on any ADSs or ordinary shares underlying ADSs, such as stock transfer taxes, stamp duty or withholding taxes | As necessary | |
| Any charges incurred by the Depositary or its agents for servicing the deposited securities | As necessary |
The Depositary collects its fees for delivery and surrender of ADSs directly from investors depositing ordinary shares or surrendering ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them. The Depositary collects fees for making distributions to investors by deducting those fees from the amounts distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. The Depositary may collect its annual fee for depositary services by deduction from cash distributions or by directly billing investors or by charging the book-entry system accounts of participants acting for them. The Depositary may collect any of its fees by deduction from any cash distribution payable (or by selling a portion of securities or other property distributable) to ADS holders that are obligated to pay those fees. The Depositary may generally refuse to provide fee-attracting services until its fees for those services are paid.
From time to time, the Depositary may make payments to us to reimburse us for costs and expenses generally arising out of establishment and maintenance of the ADS program, waive fees and expenses for services provided to us by the Depositary or share revenue from the fees collected from ADS holders. In performing its duties under the Deposit Agreement, the Depositary may use brokers, dealers, foreign currency or other service providers that are owned by or affiliated with the Depositary and that may earn or share fees, spreads or commissions.
The Depositary may convert foreign currency itself or through any of its affiliates and, in those cases, acts as principal for its own account and not as an agent, fiduciary or broker on behalf of any other person and earns revenue, including, without limitation, fees and spreads that it will retain for its own account. The revenue is based on, among other things, the difference between the exchange rate assigned to the currency conversion made under the Deposit Agreement and the rate that the Depositary or its affiliate receives when buying or selling foreign currency for its own account. The Depositary makes no representation that the exchange rate used or obtained in any currency conversion under the Deposit Agreement will be the most favorable rate that could be obtained at the time or that the method by which that rate will be determined will be most favorable to ADS holders, subject to its obligations under the Deposit Agreement. The methodology used to determine exchange rates used in currency conversions is available upon request.
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PART II
ITEM 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies
Not applicable.
ITEM 14. Material Modifications To The Rights Of Security Holders And Use Of Proceeds
Not applicable.
ITEM 15. Controls And Procedures
A. Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We have performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that the material financial and non-financial information required to be disclosed to the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported timely. Based on our evaluation, our management, including our chief executive officer and vice president of finance, has concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report are effective. Notwithstanding the foregoing, there can be no assurance that our disclosure controls and procedures will detect or uncover all failures of persons within the Company to disclose material information otherwise required to be set forth in our reports.
B. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act. Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to our management and board of directors regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation and may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Our management assessed our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, the end of our fiscal year. Management based its assessment on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The assessment included evaluation of elements such as the design and operating effectiveness of key financial reporting controls, process documentation, accounting policies and our overall control environment.
Based on its assessment, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of the end of the fiscal year to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. We reviewed the results of our management’s assessment with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors.
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C. Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm
This Annual Report on Form 20-F does not include an attestation report of the company’s registered public accounting firm as the company is considered an emerging growth company.
D. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
While there were changes in the personnel responsible for financial reporting, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2024, that have materially affected, or that are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 16. [reserved ]
ITEM 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert
Our board of directors has determined that all members of our audit committee are financially literate as determined in accordance with Nasdaq rules and that Messrs. Eli Arad and David Gerbi are qualified to serve as “audit committee financial experts” as defined by SEC rules. The audit committee financial experts are independent directors.
ITEM 16B. Code Of Ethics
We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the “Code of Ethics”) that is applicable to all of our directors, executives and other employees, and those of our affiliates. A copy of the Code of Conduct is available on our website at www.steakholderfoods.com. Any waivers of the Code of Ethics for directors and officers require the approval of the audit committee of our board of directors. We expect that any amendments to the Code of Conduct will be disclosed on our website. We granted no waivers under our Code of Ethics and Conduct in 2024.
ITEM 16C. Principal Accountant Fees And Services
Fees Paid to Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Somekh Chaikin, a member firm
of KPMG International, located in Tel Aviv, Israel (PCAOB ID
| Year ended December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| USD, in thousands | ||||||||
| Audit fees (1) | 218 | 329 | ||||||
| Tax fees (2) | 29 | 24 | ||||||
| Total | 247 | 353 | ||||||
| (1) | Audit fees consist of fees billed or expected to be billed for the annual audit services engagement and other audit services, which are those services that only the external auditor can reasonably provide, and include the Company audit; statutory audits; comfort letters and consents; attest services; and assistance with and review of documents filed with the SEC. |
| (2) | Tax fees include fees billed for tax compliance services that were rendered during the most recent fiscal year, including the preparation of original and amended tax returns and claims for refund; tax consultations, such as assistance and representation in connection with tax audits and appeals, tax advice related to mergers and acquisitions, transfer pricing, and requests for rulings or technical advice from taxing authority; tax planning services; and expatriate tax planning and services. |
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Policy on Audit Committee Pre-Approval of Audit and Permissible Non-Audit Services of Independent Auditors
Our Audit Committee has the sole authority to approve the scope of the audit and any audit-related services, as well as all audit fees and terms. The Audit Committee must pre-approve any audit and non-audit services provided by our independent registered public accounting firm. The Audit Committee will not approve the engagement of the independent registered public accounting firm to perform any services that the independent registered public accounting firm would be prohibited from providing under applicable laws, rules and regulations, including those of self-regulating organizations. The Audit Committee reviews and pre-approves the statutory audit fees that can be provided by the independent registered public accounting firm on an annual basis.
ITEM 16D. Exemptions From The Listing Standards For Audit Committees
Not applicable.
ITEM 16E. Purchases Of Equity Securities By The Issuer And Affiliated Purchasers
Not applicable.
ITEM 16F. Change In Registrant’s Certifying Accountant
Not applicable.
ITEM 16G. Corporate Governance
Nasdaq Listing Rules and Home Country Practices
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as related rules subsequently implemented by the SEC, requires foreign private issuers, such as us, to comply with various corporate governance practices. As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow certain Israeli corporate governance practices instead of Nasdaq rules, provided that we disclose which requirements we are not following and the equivalent Israeli requirements. Below is a concise summary of the significant ways in which our corporate governance practices differ from the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq applicable to domestic U.S. listed companies:
| ● | Quorum . As permitted under the Companies Law, pursuant to our articles of association, the quorum required for an ordinary meeting of shareholders consists of at least two shareholders present in person or by proxy who hold or represent between them at least 25% of the voting power of our shares (and, with respect to an adjourned meeting, generally one or more shareholders who hold or represent any number of shares), instead of 33 1/3% of the issued share capital provided under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5260(c). |
| ● | Shareholder Approval. Although the Nasdaq Listing Rules generally require shareholder approval of equity compensation plans and material amendments thereto, we follow Israeli practice, which is to have such plans and amendments approved only by the board of directors, unless such arrangements are for the compensation of chief executive officer or directors, in which case they also require the approval of the compensation committee and the shareholders . In addition, rather than follow the Nasdaq Listing Rules requiring shareholder approval for the issuance of securities in certain circumstances, we follow Israeli law, under which a private placement of securities requires approval by our board of directors and shareholders if it will cause a person to become a controlling shareholder (generally presumed at 25% ownership) or if: (a) the securities issued amount to 20% or more of our outstanding voting rights before the issuance; (b) some or all of the consideration is other than cash or listed securities or the transaction is not on market terms; and (c) transaction will increase the relative holdings of a shareholder that holds 5% or more of our outstanding share capital or voting rights or will cause any person to become, as a result of the issuance, a holder of more than 5% of our outstanding share capital or voting rights. |
| ● | Executive Sessions. While the Nasdaq Listing Rules require that “independent directors,” as defined in the Nasdaq Listing Rules, must have regularly scheduled meetings at which only “independent directors” are present. Israeli law does not require, nor do our independent directors necessarily conduct, regularly scheduled meetings at which only they are present. |
ITEM 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure
Not applicable.
Item 16I. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
Not applicable.
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ITEM 16J. INSIDER TRADING POLICIES
We have
ITEM 16K. CYBERSECURITY
Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy
We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical systems and information. Our cybersecurity risk management program includes a cybersecurity incident response plan.
We design and assess our program with the help of outside service providers and also based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework (NIST CSF). This does not imply that we meet any particular technical standards, specifications, or requirements, only that we use the NIST CSF as a guide to help us identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks relevant to our business.
Our cybersecurity risk management program is integrated into our overall enterprise risk management program, and shares common methodologies, reporting channels and governance processes that apply across the enterprise risk management program to other legal, compliance, strategic, operational, and financial risk areas.
Our cybersecurity risk management program includes:
| ● | risk assessments designed to help identify material cybersecurity risks to our critical systems, information, products, services, and our broader enterprise IT environment; |
| ● | a security team principally responsible for managing (1) our cybersecurity risk assessment processes, (2) our security controls, and (3) our response to cybersecurity incidents; |
| ● | the use of external service providers, where appropriate, to assess, test or otherwise assist with aspects of our security controls; |
| ● | cybersecurity awareness training of our employees, incident response personnel, and senior management; |
| ● | a cybersecurity incident response plan that includes procedures for responding to cybersecurity incidents; and |
| ● |
a
|
We have
Cybersecurity Governance
Our Board considers cybersecurity risk as part of its risk oversight function and has delegated to the Audit Committee (Committee) oversight of cybersecurity and other information technology risks. The Committee oversees management’s implementation of our cybersecurity risk management program.
The Committee receives regular reports from management on our cybersecurity risks. In addition, management updates the Committee, as necessary, regarding any material cybersecurity incidents, as well as any incidents with lesser impact potential.
Our management team, including
our IT Manager, is responsible for assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats. The IT Manager has primary responsibility
for our overall cybersecurity risk management program and supervises both our internal cybersecurity personnel and our retained external
cybersecurity consultants.
Our IT Manager supervises efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate, and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, which may include briefings from internal security personnel; threat intelligence and other information obtained from governmental, public or private sources, including external consultants engaged by us; and alerts and reports produced by security tools deployed in the IT environment.
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PART III
ITEM 17. Financial Statements
The Registrant has responded to Item 18 in lieu of responding to this Item.
ITEM 18. Financial Statements
See the financial statements beginning on page F-1. The following financial statements and financial statement schedules are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 20-F together with the report of the independent registered public accounting firm.
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ITEM 19. Exhibits
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| * | English translation of original Hebrew document. |
| # | Certain confidential information contained in this document, marked by brackets, was omitted because it is both (i) not material and (ii) would likely cause competitive harm to the Company if publicly disclosed. “[***]” indicates where the information has been omitted from this exhibit. |
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SIGNATURES
The Registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for this filing and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this Annual Report on Form 20-F on its behalf.
| STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD. | ||
| By: | /s/ Arik Kaufman | |
| Arik Kaufman | ||
| Chief Executive Officer | ||
Date: March 31, 2025
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STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
Steakholder Foods Ltd.
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
| Financial Statements of Steakholder Foods Ltd. | Page | |
| Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | F-2 | |
| Consolidated Financial Statements: | ||
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | F-3 | |
| Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Loss | F-4 | |
| Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity | F-5 | |
| Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows | F-6 | |
| Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements | F-7 |
F- 1
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders of Steakholder Foods Ltd.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Steakholder Foods Ltd. and its subsidiaries, (hereinafter: “the Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively, “the consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with U.S generally accepted accounting principles.
Going Concern
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1e to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has incurred significant losses and negative cash flows from operations and has an accumulated deficit that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1e. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Basis of opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.
The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
| /s/ Somekh Chaikin | |
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| Member Firm of KPMG International | |
| We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2020. | |
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| March 31, 2025 | |
F- 2
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share data)
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| ASSETS | ||||||||
| CURRENT ASSETS: | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents |
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| Marketable securities (including related parties) |
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| Prepaid expenses and other current assets |
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| Total current assets |
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| NON-CURRENT ASSETS: | ||||||||
| Restricted deposits |
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| Long-term loan |
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| Right-of-use asset |
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| Property and equipment, net |
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| Total non-current assets |
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| Total assets |
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| LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY | ||||||||
| CURRENT LIABILITIES: | ||||||||
| Accounts payables and accruals |
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| Other liabilities |
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| Trade payables |
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| Current lease liability |
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| Total current liabilities |
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| NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES | ||||||||
| Long term lease liability |
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| Total non-current liabilities |
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| COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES (Note 8) | ||||||||
| SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY | ||||||||
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Ordinary shares –
par value, Authorized
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| Additional paid in capital |
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| Accumulated deficit |
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| Total shareholders’ equity |
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| Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |
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The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F- 3
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except per share data)
| Year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Revenue |
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| Cost of revenue |
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| Gross loss |
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| Research and development, net |
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| Marketing |
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| Marketing with related party |
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| General and administrative |
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| Total operating loss |
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| Financial expenses (income), net |
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| Loss from continuing operations |
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| Net loss from discontinued operations |
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| Loss for the year |
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| Other comprehensive (income) loss: | ||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation differences |
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| Other comprehensive (income) loss for the year, net |
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| Total comprehensive loss |
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| Net loss per share from continuing operations – basic and diluted |
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| Net loss per share from discontinued operations – basic and diluted |
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| Weighted average shares outstanding – basic and diluted |
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The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F- 4
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
U.S. dollars in thousands (except per share data)
| Ordinary Shares (*) | Additional Paid-in | Other Comprehensive | Accumulated | Total Shareholders’ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Value (**) | Capital | Income (loss) | deficit | Equity | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of January 1, 2022 |
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| Exercise of stock options and RSU |
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| Share-based compensation | - |
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| Issuance of shares and warrants, net |
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| Other comprehensive loss | - |
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| Net loss | - |
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| Balance as of December 31, 2022 |
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| Share-based compensation |
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| Issuance of shares and warrants, net |
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| Other comprehensive loss | - |
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| Net loss | - |
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| Balance as of December 31, 2023 |
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| Share-based compensation |
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| Issuance of shares, net |
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| Issuance and exercise of warrants, net |
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| Net loss | - |
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| Balance as of December 31, 2024 |
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The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F- 5
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
U.S. dollars in thousands
| Year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities: | ||||||||||||
| Net Loss |
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| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: | ||||||||||||
| Depreciation |
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| Change in fair value of financial liabilities |
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| Change in fair value of other investment |
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| Change in fair value of marketable securities (including related parties) |
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| Change in lease right of use assets |
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| Change in lease liabilities |
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| Share-based compensation |
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| Share-based compensation with related party |
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| Loss from the sale of Fixed assets |
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| Impairment loss on fixed asset |
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| Loss of control of discontinued operation |
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| Decrease (increase) in prepaid expenses and other current assets |
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| Research and development expenses |
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| Foreign exchange gain or losses |
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| Increase (decrease) in trade payables |
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| Increase (decrease) in accounts payables and accruals |
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| Net cash used in operating activities |
(
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| Cash flows from investing activities: | ||||||||||||
| Acquisition of fixed assets |
(
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| Increase (decrease) in restricted deposit |
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| Proceeds from other investment |
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| Investment in process research and development asset |
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| Proceeds from the sale of (Investment in) marketable securities (including related parties) |
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| Proceeds from the sale of Fixed assets |
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| Net cash decrease from loss of control over discontinued operations |
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| Net cash used in investing activities |
(
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| Cash flows from financing activities: | ||||||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of shares and warrants |
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| Issuance costs |
(
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(
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| Proceeds from exercise of warrants and stock options |
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- |
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| Net cash provided by financing activities |
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| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |
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| Decrease in cash and cash equivalents |
(
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(
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| Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of the year |
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| Supplemental information for non-cash transactions | ||||||||||||
| Non-cash purchase of property and equipment |
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| Issuance of shares and options against in process research and development asset |
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| Right-of-use asset recognized with corresponding lease liability |
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| Issuance costs |
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The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F- 6
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1 – GENERAL
| a. | Steakholder Foods Ltd. (formerly Ophectra Real Estate and Investments Ltd., Meat-Tech 3D Ltd. and MeaTech 3D Ltd.) (the “Company”) was incorporated in Israel on July 22, 1992 as a private company limited by shares in accordance with the Companies Ordinance, 1983, and later a publicly-traded company whose ordinary shares were listed for trade on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE). In March 2021, the Company completed an initial public offering on the Nasdaq Capital Market (Nasdaq), listing American Depositary Shares (ADSs), each representing one hundred (100) ordinary shares of par value, for trade under the ticker STKH, and later voluntarily de-listed its ordinary shares from the T ASE. The Company’s official address is 5 David Fikes St., Rehovot, Israel. In July 2022, the Company changed its name from MeaTech 3D Ltd. to Steakholder Foods Ltd. |
| b. | The Company’s foodtech activities were commenced in July 2019 by a company called MeaTech Ltd., which merged with the Company in January 2020 and became a fully-owned subsidiary, now called Steakholder Innovation Ltd. As the Company was the surviving entity of the merger, and continued the pre-merger business operations, utilizing the pre-merger management and employees of MeaTech Ltd., the transaction was treated as a reverse acquisition that does not constitute a business combination. The Company had two subsidiaries that ceased their operations, and therefore were deconsolidated in 2024. |
| c. |
The Company is developing and selling two types of 3D-printing production machines, plant-based premix blends and plant-based products that aim to replicate the complex textures of traditional meats such as beef steaks, white fish, shrimp, and eel. Also, the Company is exploring the integration of cultivated cells, preparing for future advancements in food technology. The Company believes that its alternative protein and cultivated meat technologies hold significant potential to reduce the environmental impact of food production (including reducing carbon footprint and promoting biodiversity), improve the supply chain, and offer consumers a range of new product offerings. |
| d. |
Since its inception, the Company has incurred
significant losses and negative cash flows from operations and as of December 31, 2024, has an accumulated deficit of USD
In order to continue the Company’s operations, including research and development and sales and marketing, the Company is looking to secure financing from various sources, including capital inflows from strategic partnerships or additional investment funding (See also Note 17). There is no assurance that the Company will be successful in obtaining the level of financing necessary to finance its operations. If the Company is unsuccessful in securing sufficient financing, it may need to cease operations. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. |
| e. | In October 2023, Israel was attacked by a terrorist organization and entered a state of war. As of the date of these consolidated financial statements, the war in Israel is ongoing and continues to evolve. The Company’s activities in Israel have not been substantially affected. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the impact of this war on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition was immaterial, however such impact may increase, and even become material, as a result of the continuation, escalation or expansion of such war. In such a scenario, the Company may encounter difficulties in raising funds and establishing new collaborations with foreign companies. |
F- 7
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
| A. | Basis of preparation: |
The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) as issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB.
| B. | Use of Estimates |
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The accounting and measurement estimates that require management’s subjective judgments include, but are not limited to, those related to share-based compensation at each balance sheet date. The Company evaluates its estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis and revises them when necessary. Actual results may differ from the original or revised estimates.
| C. | Principles of consolidation |
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.
| D. | Foreign currency translation and transactions |
The Company’s management believes that the United States dollar (“USD”) is the currency that represents the primary economic environment in which the Company and its Israeli subsidiary operate and is therefore the functional currency of their operations. Thus, the functional and reporting currency of the Company is the U.S. dollar.
| E. | Discontinued operations |
In 2023, the Company’s subsidiary, Peace of Meat BV (hereinafter – Peace of Meat, or POM), entered into bankruptcy proceedings and was appointed a liquidator following cessation of funding by the Company. Peace of Meat met the definition of a discontinued operation as of March 31, 2023. Pursuant to the guidance of ASC 205-20 Presentation of Financial Statements – Discontinued Operations, the net expenses of the subsidiary have been included in “Net loss from discontinued operations” in the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.
| F. | Cash and cash equivalents |
Cash and Cash equivalents are short-term highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to cash with original maturities of three months or less, at the date acquired.
| G. | Restricted deposit |
Restricted deposits are automatically renewed on a weekly basis and
are used as security for the rental of premises and for the Company’s credit cards. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s
bank deposits were denominated in New Israeli Shekels (“NIS”) and bore interest at a weighted average interest rate of
F- 8
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONT.)
| H. | Concentrations of credit risk |
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, restricted deposits, other investment marketable securities and a long-term loan.
For cash and cash equivalents and restricted deposits, the Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of default by the financial institutions to the extent of the amounts recorded on the consolidated balance sheets exceed government-insured limits. The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents and restricted deposits with financial institutions that management believes are of high credit quality and has not experienced any losses on these accounts.
For its long-term loan, the Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of default by the borrower.
| I. | Property and Equipment |
Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and impairment. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:
|
Estimated
useful life |
||
| Computers |
|
|
| Laboratory equipment |
|
|
| Machinery and equipment |
|
|
| Office Equipment |
|
|
| Leasehold Improvements |
|
Depreciation begins at the time the asset is placed in service. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred while significant renewals and improvements are capitalized. Upon retirement or sale, the cost of the disposed asset and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.
| J. | Segment reporting |
Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the enterprise’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company evaluated segment reporting in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 280, Segment Reporting . The Company concluded that it operates in a single operating segment and a single reportable segment based on the operating results available and evaluated regularly by the CODM to make decisions about resource allocation and performance assessment.
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The amendments in this ASU require disclosures, on an annual and interim basis, of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), as well as the aggregate amount of other segment items included in the reported measure of segment profit or loss. This ASU requires that a public entity disclose the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The amendments in this ASU should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company adopted the new accounting standard for the fiscal year 2024. See also note 13.
| K. | Leases |
The Company accounts for its leases in accordance with ASC Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”). The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception and classifies its leases at commencement. Leases are classified as either finance leases or operating leases. A lease is classified as a finance lease if any one of the following criteria are met: the lease transfers ownership of the asset by the end of the lease term; the lease contains an option to purchase the asset that is reasonably certain to be exercised; the lease term is for a major part of the remaining useful life of the asset; the present value of the lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the asset; or the underlying asset is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative use to the lessor at the end of lease term. A lease is classified as an operating lease if it does not meet any one of these criteria. During the periods presented, the Company’s lease is accounted for as an operating lease.
F- 9
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONT.)
The Company’s lease agreements may include lease and non-lease components, such as services or maintenance, which are combined and accounted for as a single lease component. Certain lease agreements contain variable payments, including payments linked to a consumer price index (“CPI”). Variable lease payments linked to a CPI are initially measured using the index in effect at lease commencement, and will not be subsequently adjusted, unless the liability is reassessed for other reasons. Subsequent increases in the CPI are treated as variable lease payments and recognized in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred.
Right of use (ROU) assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date, based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the Company cannot readily determine the rate implicit in the lease, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The ROU assets also include any prepaid lease payments and lease incentives.
The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease. These options are included in the lease terms when it is reasonably certain they will be exercised. Leases with expected terms of 12 months or less are not recorded on the consolidated balance sheets.
The carrying amounts of ROU assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of such assets may not be recoverable. There were no impairment charges during any of the periods presented.
Leases are presented in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets in long-term assets, and current and non-current liabilities.
Operating lease expenses (excluding variable lease payments) are recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
| L. | Fair value measurement |
The Company applies ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement (“ASC 820”), that defines fair value and establishes a framework for measuring and disclosing fair value. The Company measures certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value based on applicable accounting guidance using a fair value hierarchy, which requires the Company to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s classification within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Three levels of inputs may be used to measure fair value.
| Level 1 - | Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. |
| Level 2 - | Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. |
| Level 3 - | Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. |
The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, restricted deposits and other current assets, accounts payables and accruals and trade and other payables approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturities of such instruments.
F- 10
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONT. )
| M. | Marketable securities and other investments |
Marketable securities consist of investments in equity securities with readily determinable fair values. The Company accounts for investments in marketable equity securities in accordance with ASC Topic 321, Investments - Equity Securities (“ASC 321”). These investments are measured at fair value using a Level 1 fair value measurement, with realized and unrealized gains and losses reported in financial income (expenses), net in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.
For other investments, the Company accounts for investments in fixed maturity securities as trading at acquisition, based on intent or via the election of the fair value option in accordance with ASC Topic 320, Investments - Debt Securities (“ASC 320”). The investment is carried at fair value using a Level 3 fair value measurement, with realized and unrealized gains and losses reported in financial income (expenses), net in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss (for the investment in the separation agreement with Therapin see also Note 7.)
The
Company considers impairments to be changes in value that are driven by a change in the debtor’s ability to meet
its payment obligations and records an allowance and recognizes a corresponding loss in financial income (expenses), net when the impairment
is incurred. During the year ended December 31, 2023, a credit impairment loss was recognized for an amount of USD
The Company classifies its other investment as either short-term or long-term based on each instrument’s underlying contractual maturity date as well as the intended time of realization. Other investment with maturities of 12 months or less are classified as short-term, and other investments with maturities greater than 12 months are classified as long-term.
| N. | Warrants |
The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance. The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments, meet the definition of a liability under ASC 480, and meet all of the requirements for equity classification, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company’s own ordinary shares and whether the warrant holders could potentially require “net cash settlement” in a circumstance outside of the Company’s control, among other conditions for equity classification.
This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and as of each subsequent reporting period end date while the warrants are outstanding. Warrants that meet all the criteria for equity classification are recorded within additional paid-in capital.
F- 11
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONT.)
| O. | Contingencies |
The Company accounts for contingent liabilities in accordance with ASC 450 “Contingencies”. A provision is recorded when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated.
With respect to legal matters, provisions are reviewed and adjusted to reflect the impact of negotiations, estimated settlements, legal rulings, advice of legal counsel and other information and events pertaining to a particular matter.
| P. | Severance pay |
The Israeli Severance Pay Law, 1963 (“Severance Pay Law”), specifies that employees are entitled to severance payment, following the termination of their employment. Under the Severance Pay Law, the severance payment is calculated as one month salary for each year of employment, or a portion thereof.
All the Company’s liability for
severance pay is covered by the provisions of Section 14 of the Severance Pay Law (“Section 14”). Under Section 14,
employees are entitled to monthly deposits, at a rate of
Severance
expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, amounted to USD
| Q. | Basic and diluted net loss per ordinary share |
The Company follows FASB ASC 260, Earnings Per Share (“ASC 260”), which requires the reporting of both basic and diluted earnings per ordinary share. Earnings per share (“EPS”) is calculated using the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during each period.
Basic net loss per share for both continuing and discontinued operations are computed by dividing net loss from continuing operations and net loss from discontinued operations attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted-average number of ordinary shares, including (i) pre-funded warrants to purchase ordinary shares, outstanding for the period because their exercise requires only little or no consideration. (ii) shares held in abeyance because there is no consideration required for delivery of the shares.
Diluted net loss per share for both continuing and discontinued operations is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of ordinary shares and dilutive ordinary share equivalents outstanding for the period determined using the treasury-share and if-converted methods, as applicable. For all periods presented, there is no difference in the number of shares used to calculate basic and diluted shares outstanding as inclusion of the potentially dilutive securities would be anti-dilutive.
| R. | Revenues |
The Company generates revenues from the sale of plant-based premix blends.
The Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that the Company determines are within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps:
| 1. | Identify the contract(s) with a customer; | |
| 2. | Identify the performance obligations in the contract; | |
| 3. | Determine the transaction price; | |
| 4. | Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; | |
| 5. | Recognize revenue when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. |
The Company accounts for a contract with customer when both it and its counterparty have approved and committed to the contract, the rights of the parties and payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable. The Company’s sales contract includes one type of performance obligation, which is satisfied at a point in time. The Company recognizes revenue upon transfer of control of the plant-based premix blends to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for the plant-based premix blends. The transfer of control over the plant-based premix blends occurs when the Company fulfills its performance obligations according to the agreed-upon terms of the contract with the customer. Currently, the Company does not provide a right of return.
During the reporting period, the Company supplied a customer in Israel with plant-based premix blends. The Company recognizes revenue related to the sale of the premix blends during the reporting period upon the delivery of goods to the customer.
F- 12
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONT.)
| S. | Research and development |
Research and development costs are expensed to the statement of Comprehensive loss as incurred, net of government grants which represents participations in research and development.
Research and development costs, consisting primarily of employee compensation, operating supplies, facility costs and depreciation, are expensed as incurred.
The Company receives royalty-bearing grants, which represents participation of the Israel Innovation Authority and the Singapore-Israel Industrial Research and Development (SIIRD) Foundation in approved programs for research and development. At the time the grants were received, successful development of the related projects was not assured. As such, these grants are recognized as a reduction of research and development expenses as the related costs are incurred.
| T. | Share-based compensation |
The Company accounts for share-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718, “Compensation - Stock Compensation” (“ASC 718”), which requires companies to estimate the fair value of equity-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model. The value of the portion of the award that is recognized as an expense over the requisite service periods in the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.
The Company recognizes compensation costs for awards conditioned only on continued service that have a graded vesting schedule using the accelerated method based on the multiple-option award approach. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur.
For performance-based share units, the Company recognizes compensation expenses for the value of such awards, if and when the Company concludes that it is probable that a performance condition will be achieved based on the accelerated attribution method over the requisite service period. The Company reassesses the probability of vesting at each reporting period for awards with performance conditions and adjusts compensation cost based on its probability assessment.
The Company accounts for options granted to consultants and other service providers under ASC 718. The fair value of these options was estimated using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model and is recognized as an expense over the requisite service periods in the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.
The Company estimates the fair value of stock options on the grant date using the binomial and Monte Carlo option pricing models. The option pricing models require the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the expected term of the option, the expected volatility of the price of the Company’s ADSs and the expected dividend yield of ordinary shares. The assumptions used to determine the fair value of the option awards represent management’s best estimates. These estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. Expected volatility was calculated based upon historical volatility of share price of similar companies.
The expected option term represents the period that the Company’s stock options are expected to be outstanding and is determined based on the simplified method until sufficient historical exercise data will support using expected life assumptions. The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield from U.S. treasury bonds with an equivalent term. The Company has historically not paid dividends and has no foreseeable plans to pay dividends.
F- 13
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONT.)
| U. | Income taxes |
The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes”.
Deferred income taxes are determined utilizing the “asset and liability” method based on the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between the financial accounting and tax basis of assets and liabilities under the applicable tax laws, and on tax rates anticipated to be in effect when the deferred income taxes are expected to be paid or realized. A valuation allowance is provided if, based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that a portion of the deferred income tax assets will not be realized. In determining whether a valuation allowance is needed, the Company considers all available evidence, including historical information, long range forecast of future taxable income and evaluation of tax planning strategies. Amounts recorded for valuation allowance can result from a complex series of judgments about future events and can rely on estimates and assumptions. Deferred income tax liabilities and assets are classified as non-current.
ASC
740 also contains a two-step approach of recognizing and measuring a liability for uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate
the tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is
more likely than not that, on an evaluation of the technical merits, the tax position will be sustained on audit, including resolution
of any related appeals or litigation processes. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than
As of December 31, 2024, and 2023, no liability for unrecognized tax benefits was recorded.
| V. | New accounting pronouncements |
The Company qualifies as an emerging growth company (“EGC”) as defined under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”). Using exemptions provided under the JOBS Act for EGCs, the Company has elected to defer compliance with new or revised ASUs until it is required to comply with such updates, which is generally consistent with the adoption dates of private companies.
Recently issued accounting pronouncements, not yet adopted
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The ASU improves the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring (1) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and (2) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. It also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. For public business entities, the ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025. The Company is evaluating the potential impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03 Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosure (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expense and ASU 2025-01, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date. The ASU improves the disclosures about a public business entity’s expenses and provides more detailed information about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions. The amendments require that at each interim and annual reporting period an entity will, inter alia, disclose amounts of purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation and amortization included in each relevant expense caption (such as cost of sales, general and administrative, and research and development). The ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the potential impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statement disclosures.
F- 14
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
NOTE 3 – PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Institutions |
|
|
||||||
| Prepaid expenses |
|
|
||||||
| O ther |
|
|||||||
|
|
|
|||||||
NOTE 4 – PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET
The composition of property and equipment, net is as follows:
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Cost: | ||||||||
| Computers |
|
|
||||||
| Laboratory equipment |
|
|
||||||
| Machinery and equipment |
|
|
||||||
| Office Equipment |
|
|
||||||
| Leasehold Improvements |
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|||||||
| Less – accumulated depreciation |
(
|
) |
(
|
) | ||||
|
|
|
|||||||
The depreciation expense
related to property and equipment, net for the years ended December 2024, 2023 and 2022 was included in the Company’s consolidated
statements of comprehensive loss, excluding discontinued operations in the amount of USD
Additionally, during
the year, the Company sold fixed assets for total consideration of USD
| Year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Research and development, net |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Marketing |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| General and administrative |
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
NOTE 5 – ACOUNT PAYABLES AND ACCRUALS
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Accrued expenses |
|
|
||||||
| Employee benefits |
|
|
||||||
| Other |
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|||||||
F- 15
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
NOTE 6 – LEASES
The Company’s main operating lease expenses
include lease of office space and laboratory facilities. The lease agreement for this property was signed in 2021 for a
-year initial
term with an option to extend for an additional
The Company determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at contract inception and recognizes a right of use asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company has no financing leases.
The components of lease expense were as follows for the periods presented (in thousands):
| Year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Operating lease cost |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Short-term lease cost | - |
|
||||||||||
| Variable lease cost |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total lease cost |
|
|
|
|||||||||
The weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate related to operating leases were as follows:
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Weighted average remaining lease term |
|
|
||||||
| Weighted average discount rate |
|
% |
|
% | ||||
Cash
payments related to operating lease liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, were USD
The maturities of the Company’s operating lease liabilities were as follows (in thousand):
| Fiscal years ending December 31, |
December 31,
2024 |
|||
| 2025 |
|
|||
| 2026 |
|
|||
| 2027 |
|
|||
| 2028 |
|
|||
| Thereafter |
|
|||
| Total undiscounted lease payments |
|
|||
| Less imputed interest |
(
|
) | ||
| Total lease liabilities |
|
|||
NOTE 7 – FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT
The following tables present information about the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicate the level of the fair value hierarchy used to determine such fair values:
| Year ended December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||
| Fair value measurements using input type | ||||||||||||||||
| Fair Value | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | |||||||||||||
| Financial Assets: | ||||||||||||||||
| Marketable securities |
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||||
| Fair value measurements using input type | ||||||||||||||||
| Fair Value | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | |||||||||||||
| Financial Assets: | ||||||||||||||||
| Marketable securities |
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
F- 16
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
NOTE 7 – FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT (CONT.)
During the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, the Company had no transfers in or out of Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy of its assets measured at fair value.
Marketable securities with a former related party
On April 3, 2023, the Company announced its participation
in an investment round in Wilk Technologies Ltd. (TASE: WILK), which was a related party at that time, alongside leading players in the
food industry, such as Danone and the Central Bottling Co. Ltd. (owner of Tara, Coca Cola Israel and more). As part of the investment,
the Company purchased ordinary shares of Wilk in the amount of USD
The Company re-measured the asset using a Level 1 fair value measurement, as its prices are quoted in an active market.
Other investments
On
May 26, 2020, the Company entered into a separation agreement with Therapin, replacing an investment agreement with a debt
arrangement.
NOTE 8 – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
From time to time, the Company may be involved in claims and legal proceedings. The Company reviews the status of each matter and assesses its potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from any claim or legal proceeding is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, the Company accrues a liability for the estimated loss. The Company is not currently involved in any legal proceedings that could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on its business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations.
Ophectra
| a. |
In November 2020, the Israeli Securities Authority, or ISA, initiated an administrative proceeding claiming negligent misstatement regarding certain immediate and periodic reports published by the Company’s predecessor, Ophectra, regarding two alleged matters during the years 2017 and 2018. The ISA views the Company as a party to this proceeding, notwithstanding the infractions being alleged against Ophectra, from a period prior to its merger with MeaTech. This proceeding is of an administrative nature and carries a potential penalty in the form of a monetary fine. In April 2021, following negotiations with the ISA, the Company agreed to settle the matter for USD
|
| b. |
In February 2021, a civil claim was lodged against the fund that was set up at the time of the merger with MeaTech to settle claims relating to Ophectra's activities prior to the merger, in an amount of approximately USD
|
F- 17
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
NOTE 9 – ENGAGEMENT IN COLLABORATIONS AGREEMENTS AND PILOT PROGRAMS
Collaboration agreement with Wyler Farm
On
May 13, 2024, the Company announced a royalties and raw materials supply agreement (the “Wyler Agreement”) with Wyler
Farm Ltd., a leader in alternative protein production, whereby Wyler Farm will manufacture alternative proteins on a commercial
scale using materials purchased from the Company, and pay the Company royalties from the sales. Additionally, the Company agreed to
finance the procurement of the equipment necessary for Wyler to establish alternative proteins production, as a result of which, the
company has recognized an amount of USD
The
execution of the Wyler Agreement was deemed the achievement of pre-determined performance conditions that led to the vesting of performance
share units (PSUs) into
Agreement with Premazon
On July 23, 2024, the Company announced an agreement with Premazon, a renowned frozen foods manufacturer and institutional market distributor. This partnership will introduce a new line of plant-based fish products, developed with Steakholder’s fish premix blends and made commercially available through Premazon’s manufacturing capabilities and distribution network. Through this partnership, Premazon will integrate the Company’s fish premix blends into a new plant-based white fish kebab line.
On
September 17, 2024, the Company signed a supply agreement with Bondor Foods Ltd. (“Bondor Foods”), a sister company of
Premazon. This agreement has an initial term of
In
December 2024, the Company delivered its first order to Bondor Foods, resulting in the recognition of
NOTE 10 – SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
| (1) |
The holders of ordinary share have the right to
|
| (2) |
As part of the acquisition of Peace of Meat, during 2022 and 2021 the Company issued
|
| (3) |
On July 5, 2022, the Company consummated a securities purchase agreement with a single U.S. institutional investor for the purchase and sale of
|
F- 18
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
NOTE 10 – SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (CONT.)
| (4) |
On January 9, 2023, the Company consummated an underwritten public offering of
As part of the offering, the Company issued Underwriter Warrants, classified as equity, to purchase In addition, the underwriters were granted with an option exercisable within 45 days from January 9, 2023, to purchase up to |
Following the public offering the Company entered
into a warrant amendment (the “Amendment”) according to which the exercise price of the warrants to purchase
| (5) |
On July 27, 2023, the Company consummated a securities purchase agreement with a single U.S. institutional investor for the purchase and sale of: (i)
|
| (6) |
On January 24, 2024, the Company entered into an inducement offer letter
agreement with a certain holder of existing warrants to exercise these warrants as follows: (i)
In accordance with ASU 2021-04, the modification of the equity-classified warrants was accounted for as issuance costs of the equity instruments issued.
As part of the warrant exercise and New Warrant
allocation, the Company issued Underwriter Warrants, classified as equity, to purchase
|
F- 19
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
NOTE 10 – SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (CONT.)
| (7) |
On April 4, 2024, the Company effected an adjustment to the ratio of ordinary shares to American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”) at a ratio of 10:1, such that after the ratio adjustment was effected, every
|
| (8) |
On August 1, 2024, the Company filed a supplement to its shelf registration statement on Form F-3 with the SEC, which allows the Company to sell, from time to time, and at its discretion, subject to the Company’s compliance with applicable laws and the applicable requirements of an At-the-Market Offering Agreement (as defined below), ADSs having an aggregate offering price of up to $
|
The At-the-Market Offering Agreement was entered into by the Company
and H.C. Wainwright Co., LLC (“Wainwright”), as sales agent, on August 1, 2024. The Company pays Wainwright a commission
equal to
The table below summarizes the Company’s equity securities in ADS terms as of December 31, 2024:
|
Warrants
outstanding as of December 31, 2024 |
Exercise
price in USD |
Expiration
date |
||||||||||
| Shares in Abeyance |
|
|||||||||||
| ADS warrants |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total outstanding |
|
|||||||||||
F- 20
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
NOTE 11 – SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
The
Company has adopted a share-based compensation plan, the 2022 Share Incentive Plan (the Plan), from which share-based compensation
awards can be granted to employees, directors and consultants. As of December 31, 2024, there were
The
Company has issued stock option and restricted share unit (RSU) awards to management, other employees, consultants, and directors.
These awards generally vest ratably over a three-year period and the option awards expire after a term of five years or
New allotments during the year ended December 31, 2024, all of which are non-tradable and physically-settled, are set out below:
| Date of grant |
Eligible
Recipients |
Terms of the
instrument |
No. of ADSs | Vesting Conditions | ||||||
| April 30, 2024 |
|
|
|
|
||||||
| May 1, 2024 |
|
|
|
|
||||||
| June 30, 2024 |
|
|
|
|
||||||
| August 28, 2024 |
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Total securities exercisable into shares |
|
|||||||||
| (1) |
On March 30, 2023, the Chairman of the Board was granted performance share units, which vested in full upon the achievement of an engagement with a strategic partner/corporation operating in the field of food, healthcare, pharmaceuticals or printing in a joint development agreement to collaborate to develop technology or products for the purpose of later commercialization, as the execution of the Wyler Agreement during 2024 was deemed the achievement of this performance condition, which led to the vesting of the PSUs into
|
| (2) |
On April 20, 2023, the Chief Executive Officer was granted performance share units, which vested in full into
|
| (3) |
During 2024, the Company issued restricted stock units to its employees and stock options to a consultant who provided the Company with advertising services, at a fair value of USD
|
F- 21
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
NOTE 11 – SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION (CONT.)
The fair value at the date the options were awarded in 2024 was estimated using a Black-Scholes model.
The fair value of the Company’s stock options granted to employees, consultant and directors for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was estimated using the following assumptions:
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Expected volatility |
|
% |
|
% |
|
% | ||||||
| Risk free interest rate |
|
% |
|
% |
|
% | ||||||
| Expected dividend |
|
% |
|
% |
|
% | ||||||
| Expected term (in years) |
|
|
|
|||||||||
The Expected Volatility was determined on the basis of the weighted
average share price volatility of the company, as well as similar companies, for a period equal to the expected terms of the share options.
The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield from U.S. treasury bonds with an equivalent term. The Company has historically not paid
dividends and has no foreseeable plans to pay dividends. The estimated exercise coefficient for executives and non-executives is approximately
Transactions related to the grant of options to employees, directors and non-employees under the Company’s options plan during the year ended December 31, 2024 were as follows:
|
Number of
|
Weighted
|
Weighted
|
Aggregate
|
|||||||||||||
| Outstanding at January 1, 2024 |
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Granted |
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Exercised | ||||||||||||||||
| Forfeited |
(
|
) |
|
|||||||||||||
| Expired |
(
|
) |
|
|||||||||||||
| Outstanding at December 31, 2024 |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
| Vested and expected to vest at end of period |
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Exercisable at December 31, 2024 |
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
The weighted-average grant-date fair value of
RSUs and options granted during the years 2024, 2023 and 2022 was USD
The
total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, was USD
Transactions related to restricted share units (RSUs) during the year ended December 31, 2024, were as follows:
|
Number of
RSUs (ordinary shares) |
Weighted
average grant date fair value (USD) |
|||||||
| Outstanding at January 1, 2024 |
|
|
||||||
| Granted |
|
|
||||||
| Vested |
(
|
) |
|
|||||
| Forfeited |
(
|
) |
|
|||||
| Outstanding at December 31, 2024 |
|
|
||||||
The total intrinsic value
of vested RSUs during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, was USD
F- 22
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
NOTE 11 – SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION (CONT.)
As
of December 31, 2024, the total compensation cost related to non-vested awards not yet recognized was approximately USD
The total equity-based compensation expense related to all of the Company’s equity-based awards recognized for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was comprised as follows:
| Year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Research and development, net |
(
|
) |
|
|
||||||||
| Marketing |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| General and administrative |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total share-based compensation expenses |
|
|
|
|||||||||
NOTE 12 – BASIC AND DILUTED NET LOSS PER ORDINARY SHARE
A reconciliation of net loss available to ordinary shareholders and the number of shares in the calculation of basic and diluted loss per share is as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):
| Year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Net loss from continuing operations attributable to ordinary shareholders |
(
|
) |
(
|
) |
(
|
) | ||||||
| Net loss from discontinued operations |
(
|
) |
(
|
) | ||||||||
| Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share, basic and diluted |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Net loss per share from continuing operations, basic and diluted |
(
|
) |
(
|
) |
(
|
) | ||||||
| Net loss per share from discontinued operations, basic and diluted |
(
|
) |
(
|
) | ||||||||
In computing diluted loss per share for the years
ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, no account was taken of the potential dilution that could occur upon the exercise of warrants,
options granted under employee stock compensation plans, and contingently issuable shares, amounting to
F- 23
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
NOTE 13 – SEGMENT REPORTING
The Company operates and manages its business
as
To make operating decisions, the CODM examines, within each operational function, the payroll and employee benefits. The accounting policies of the development and sales of 3D printing production machines and plant-based products segment are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. The CODM does not examine the segment's assets.
The following table presents the operations for the reportable segment during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Revenue |
|
|||||||||||
| Cost of revenue | ||||||||||||
| Payroll and Employee benefits |
|
|||||||||||
| Other cost of revenue |
|
|||||||||||
| Total cost of revenue |
|
|||||||||||
| Gross loss |
|
|||||||||||
| Research and development - Payroll and Employee benefits |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Marketing - Payroll and Employee benefits |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| General and administrative - Payroll and Employee benefits |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization expenses |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Share-based compensation expenses |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Other operating expenses (*) |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total operating expenses |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total operating loss |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Change in fair value of financial liabilities |
(
|
) |
(
|
) | ||||||||
| Impairment from other investment |
|
(
|
) | |||||||||
| Loss from marketable securities |
|
|
||||||||||
| Interest income |
(
|
) |
(
|
) |
(
|
) | ||||||
| Other financial expenses (income), net |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Net loss from discontinued operations |
|
|
||||||||||
| Loss for the year |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| (*) | Other operating expenses include materials, directors and officers insurance, public relations and advertising, consulting and professional services, corporate costs and facility costs. |
NOTE 14 – RELATED PARTY BALANCES AND TRANSACTIONS
The directors of the Company are entitled to a
service fee and share-based compensation (and in the case of the Chairman of the Board, domestic travel expenses and an annual performance-based
bonus). In the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred net expenses of USD
Mr. Kaufman, the Chief Executive Officer of the
Company, and Yaron Kaiser, the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Company, are also founders of BlueOcean Sustainability Fund,
LLC, known as BlueSoundWaves, which provides the Company with marketing, consulting, and investor engagement services in the U.S., in
exchange for warrants to purchase ordinary shares and restricted share units, which were recognized as share-based payments expenses.
BlueSoundWaves is led by prominent investment community personalities Ashton Kutcher, Guy Oseary, and Effie Epstein. In the years ended
December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred net expenses of USD
In addition, the Company invested in equity securities of a related party in 2023 - see Note 7. For information about share-based compensation see Note 11.
F- 24
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
NOTE 15 – INCOME TAX
| A. |
|
| Years ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Israel |
(
|
) |
(
|
) |
(
|
) | ||||||
| Foreign |
(
|
) |
(
|
) | ||||||||
| Total |
(
|
) |
(
|
) |
(
|
) | ||||||
| B. | Provision for income taxes |
No taxes on income were recorded for the years 2024 and 2023.
| C. | Reconciliation of the theoretical tax expenses |
A
reconciliation of the Company’s theoretical income tax expense at the Israeli statutory rate of
| Years ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousand) | ||||||||||||
| Theoretical income tax benefit |
(
|
) |
(
|
) |
(
|
) | ||||||
| Foreign tax rate differentials* |
(
|
) |
(
|
) | ||||||||
| Reduced tax rate for preferred enterprises | ||||||||||||
| Non-deductible expenses |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Change in valuation allowance |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Foreign exchange impact |
|
(
|
) |
|
||||||||
| Total | ||||||||||||
*
| D. | Deferred tax assets and liabilities |
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes.
F- 25
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
NOTE 15 – INCOME TAX (CONT.)
The following table presents the significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities including the discontinued operation:
| Years ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousand) | ||||||||||||
| Deferred tax assets: | ||||||||||||
| Net operating loss carryforwards |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Research and development expenses |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Accruals and reserves |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Shared-based compensations |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Financial income |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Financial instruments |
|
|||||||||||
| Leases |
|
|||||||||||
| Fixed asset |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Gross deferred tax assets |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Valuation allowance |
(
|
) |
(
|
) |
(
|
) | ||||||
| Total deferred tax assets |
|
|
||||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities: | ||||||||||||
| Leases |
(
|
) |
(
|
) | ||||||||
| Financial instruments |
(
|
) |
(
|
) | ||||||||
| Financial expenses |
(
|
) | ||||||||||
| Other |
(
|
) |
(
|
) | ||||||||
| Gross deferred tax liabilities |
(
|
) |
(
|
) | ||||||||
| Deferred tax assets (liabilities), net | ||||||||||||
A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company has established a valuation allowance to offset the deferred tax assets at December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 due to the uncertainty of realizing future tax benefits from its net operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax assets.
The Company’s roll forward of the valuation allowance is as follows:
|
Balance
at
the beginning of the fiscal year |
credited
to
expenses |
Balance
at
the end of the fiscal year |
||||||||||
| Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets: | ||||||||||||
| Fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 |
(
|
) |
(
|
) |
(
|
) | ||||||
| Fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 |
(
|
) |
(
|
) |
(
|
) | ||||||
| Fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 |
(
|
) |
(
|
) |
(
|
) | ||||||
As
of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded a deferred tax asset in the amount of USD
F- 26
STEAKHOLDER FOODS LTD
NOTE 15 – INCOME TAX (CONT.)
| E. |
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had approximately USD
|
| F. | The Company is not currently subject to any tax assessments in any tax jurisdictions. The Company has final assessments through 2018. |
NOTE 16 – GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, all of the Company’s property and equipment is located in Israel.
NOTE 17 – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
| a. |
On
February 27, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “SPA”) with a certain investor (“the
Investor”), whereby the Investor purchased, following true-up adjustment: (i)
|
| b. |
On February 27, 2025, the Company entered into an At-the-Money Offering Agreement (“ATMOA”) with the Investor, establishing an $
In consideration for the Investor’s execution and delivery of the ATMOA, the Company agreed to pay the Investor a commitment fee equal to
The ATMOA cannot be used to the extent that it would require the allocation of ADSs, if those ADSs, when aggregated with all other ADSs and ordinary shares then beneficially owned by the Investor and its affiliates, would result in the Investor and its affiliates having beneficial ownership of more than
The ATMOA will automatically terminate on the earlier of (i) June 30, 2026; (ii) the date on which the ADSs cease trading on the Nasdaq; and (iii) the date on which the Investor has purchased $
|
| c. |
Since January 1,
2025, we have sold
|
| d. |
On March 20, 2025, as part of the Company’s cost-reduction strategy,
the Company signed an agreement with a third party in regards with the lease agreement of the laboratory and offices of the Company, originally
signed in 2021. The original lease was signed for a four-year term with an option to extend the lease for an additional four-year term.
According to the agreement, the third party will take over the lease agreement from the Company and sublease the property to the Company
for a reduced amount, effectively reducing the Company’s rental expenses by about 50% between March and November 2025, and will
compensate the Company for waivers on the part of the Company, which will not exercise its aforementioned option. The termination
of the agreement in November 2025 with regard to the Company is expected to eliminate the right-of-use asset and the lease liability, which
are valued at USD
|
F- 27