SYBT 10-K Fiscal year ended Dec. 31, 2020

GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

The acronyms and abbreviations identified in alphabetical order below are used throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K:

Acronym or Term		Definition		Acronym or Term		Definition		Acronym or Term		Definition
ACH		Automatic Clearing House		ETR		Effective Tax Rate		NPV		Net Present Value
AFS		Available for Sale		EVP		Executive Vice President		Net Interest Spread		Net Interest Spread (FTE)
APIC		Additional paid-in capital		FASB		Financial Accounting Standards Board		NM		Not Meaningful
ACL		Allowance for Credit Losses		FDIC		Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation		OAEM		Other Assets Especially Mentioned
AOCI		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		FFP		Federal Funds Purchased		OCI		Other Comprehensive Income
ASC		Accounting Standards Codification		FFS		Federal Funds Sold		OREO		Other Real Estate Owned
ASU		Accounting Standards Update		FFTR		Federal Funds Target Rate		PPP		Paycheck Protection Program
ATM		Automated Teller Machine		FHA		Federal Housing Authority		PV		Present Value
AUM		Assets Under Management		FHC		Financial Holding Company		PCD		Purchased with Credit Deteriorated
Bancorp / the Company		Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc.		FHLB		Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati		PCI		Purchased Credit Impaired
Bank / SYB		Stock Yards Bank & Trust Company		FHLMC		Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation		Prime		The Wall Street Journal Prime Interest Rate
BOLI		Bank Owned Life Insurance		FICA		Federal Insurance Contributions Act		Provision		Provision for Credit Losses
BP		Basis Point - 1/100th of one percent		FNMA		Federal National Mortgage Association		PSU		Performance Stock Unit
C&D		Construction and Development		FRB		Federal Reserve Bank		ROA		Return on Average Assets
CAA		Consolidated Appropriations Act		FTE		Fully Tax Equivalent		ROE		Return on Average Equity
CARES Act		Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act		GAAP		United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles		RSA		Restricted Stock Award
C&I		Commercial and Industrial		GLB Act		Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act		RSU		Restricted Stock Unit
CD		Certificate of Deposit		GNMA		Government National Mortgage Association		SAB		Staff Accounting Bulletin
CDI		Core Deposit Intangible		HB		House Bill		SAR		Stock Appreciation Right
CECL		Current Expected Credit Loss (ASC-326)		HELOC		Home Equity Line of Credit		SBA		Small Business Administration
CEO		Chief Executive Officer		ITM		Interactive Teller Machine		SEC		Securities and Exchange Commission
CFO		Chief Financial Officer		KBST		King Bancorp Statutory Trust I		SSUAR		Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase
COVID-19		Coronavirus Disease - 2019		KSB		King Bancorp, Inc. and King Southern Bank		SVP		Senior Vice President
CRA		Community Reinvestment Act		LIBOR		London Interbank Offered Rate		TBOC		The Bank Oldham County
CRE		Commercial Real Estate		Loans		Loans and Leases		TCE		Tangible Common Equity
Dodd-Frank Act		The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act		MBS		Mortgage Backed Securities		TDR		Troubled Debt Restructuring
DTA		Deferred Tax Asset		MSA		Metropolitan Statistical Area		TPS		Trust Preferred Securities
DTL		Deferred Tax Liability		MSRs		Mortgage Servicing Rights		VA		U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
DCF		Discounted Cash Flow		NASDAQ		The NASDAQ Stock Market, LLC		WM&T		Wealth Management and Trust
EPS		Earnings Per Share		NIM		Net Interest Margin (FTE)

PART I

Item	1. Business.

Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc., headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, is the holding company for SYB, its sole subsidiary. Bancorp, which was incorporated in 1988 in Kentucky, is registered with, and subject to supervision, regulation and examination by, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. As Bancorp has no significant operations of its own, its business and that of SYB are essentially the same. The operations of SYB are fully reflected in the consolidated financial statements of Bancorp. Accordingly, references to “Bancorp” in this document may encompass both the holding company and SYB.

SYB, chartered in 1904, is a state-chartered non-member financial institution that provides services in the Louisville, Kentucky, Indianapolis, Indiana and Cincinnati, Ohio MSAs through 44 full service banking center locations. The Bank is registered with, and subject to supervision, regulation and examination by the FDIC and the Kentucky Department of Financial Institutions.

In May 2019, Bancorp completed its acquisition of KSB for $28 million in cash. The acquisition expanded Bancorp’s market area into nearby Nelson County, Kentucky, while expanding the customer base in Louisville, Kentucky. The results of operations, acquired assets and assumed liabilities have been included in the consolidated financial statement as of and for the period since the acquisition date. For additional details, see Note 3, “ Acquisitions, ” contained in “ Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. ”

Effective January 27, 2021, Bancorp executed a definitive Share Purchase Agreement (“agreement”), pursuant to which Bancorp will acquire all of the outstanding common stock of publicly traded Kentucky Bancshares, Inc. Kentucky Bancshares, Inc., headquartered in Paris, Kentucky, is the holding company for Kentucky Bank, which operates 19 branches throughout the following central Kentucky cities: Paris (Bourbon County), Cynthiana (Harrison County), Georgetown (Scott County), Lexington (Fayette County), Morehead (Rowan County), Nicholasville (Jessamine County), Richmond (Madison County), Sandy Hook (Elliott County), Versailles (Woodford County), Wilmore (Jessamine County) and Winchester (Clark County).

The acquisition is expected to close during second quarter of 2021, subject to customary regulatory approval and completion of customary closing conditions. As of December 31, 2020, Kentucky Bancshares, Inc. had approximately $1.2 billion in assets, $767 million in loans, $979 million in deposits and $114 million in tangible common equity. Kentucky Bancshares also maintains a Wealth Management and Trust Department with total assets under management of $258 million at December 31, 2020. The combined franchise will serve customers through 63 branches with total assets of approximately $5.9 billion, $4.3 billion in gross loans, $5.0 billion in deposits and over $4.1 billion in trust assets under management.

Including the pending acquisition noted above, Bancorp’s pro-forma geographic footprint would include 63 locations as depicted below:

General Business Overview

As is the case with most banks, our primary revenue sources are net interest income and fee income from various financial services provided to customers. Net interest income is the difference between interest income earned on loans, investment securities and other interest earning assets less interest expense on deposit accounts and other interest bearing liabilities. Loan volume and interest rates earned on those loans are critical to overall profitability. Similarly, deposit volume is crucial to funding loans and rates paid on deposits directly impact profitability. New business volume is influenced by economic factors including market interest rates, business spending, consumer confidence and competitive conditions within the marketplace. Net interest income accounted for 72% of our total revenues, defined as net interest income plus non-interest income, for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Fee income, or non-interest income, is a significant component of our business. Non-interest income represented 28% of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, demonstrating the value of the diversified revenue streams created by our broad product offerings in addition to income provided by the principal banking activities described above. Our non-interest income is driven by WM&T activities, deposit service charges, debit and credit card services, treasury management services, mortgage banking services, brokerage services and other ancillary activities of the Bank. WM&T revenue, which is our largest source of non-interest income, constituted 45%, 46% and 48% of total non-interest income for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Bancorp is divided into two reportable segments: Commercial Banking and WM&T:

Commercial Banking provides a full range of loan and deposit products to individual consumers and businesses in all its markets through retail lending, mortgage banking, deposit services, online banking, mobile banking, private banking, commercial lending, treasury management services, merchant services, international banking, correspondent banking and other banking services. The Bank also offers securities brokerage services via its banking center network through an arrangement with a third party broker-dealer in the Commercial Banking segment. For reporting purposes, the Commercial Banking segment encompasses virtually all operations of Bancorp with the exception of WM&T activities.

WM&T provides investment management, company retirement plan management, retirement planning, trust, estate and financial planning services in all markets in which Bancorp operates, focusing on the wealth management needs of individuals, multi-generational families and institutions. The magnitude of WM&T revenue distinguishes Bancorp from other community banks of similar asset size.

For further discussion regarding our business, see “ Item 7. Management ’ s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. ”

Our Business Strategy

Our strategy focuses on building strong relationships with our customers, employees and communities, while maintaining disciplined underwriting standards and a commitment to operational efficiency. By leveraging our comprehensive suite of products and services, we strive to continue expanding our footprint in our home market of Louisville, Kentucky while also cultivating attractive growth opportunities in our other markets of Indianapolis, Indiana and Cincinnati, Ohio, and opportunistically pursuing acquisitions.

Key components of our strategy include the following:

Continue to focus on customer relationships and our community banking model – We believe that our reputation, expertise and relationship-based approach to banking enables us to establish long-lasting, full-service customer relationships. We look to leverage our relationships with existing customers by offering a wide range of products and services that are tailored to their needs and financial goals. Attracting and retaining high-quality relationship managers and providing them with the tools necessary for success is crucial to maintaining and strengthening the relationships we have with both existing and prospective customers.

Our commitment to our customers and the communities we serve has been exhibited throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Our participation in the SBA’s PPP, our payment deferral and loan modification efforts, and other proactive assistance we’ve provided during the pandemic has not only deepened existing relationships, but created approximately 300 new relationship prospects that have migrated over their full commercial banking relationships. This relationship-based, community-focused approach has been the cornerstone of our success and remains the central tenant of our strategies.

Continue to grow and pursue diversified revenue streams – WM&T revenue distinguishes us from other community banks of similar asset size and continues to provide us with a strong competitive advantage. We have also seen significant growth in other non-interest revenue sources in recent years, particularly treasury management services and debit/credit card services. We believe these services, along with our other non-interest revenue sources, such as mortgage banking, brokerage services and other ancillary activities, provide the diversity necessary to weather the ups and downs of business cycles and the financial solutions our customers and communities desire.

Maintain focus on organic growth while capitalizing on strategic acquisitions – Our strategy has been to pursue attractive, organic growth opportunities within our existing markets and enter new markets that align with our business model and strategic plans. We believe we can increase our presence in our existing markets and broaden our footprint in attractive markets adjacent and complementary to our current markets by expansion of our branch network and opportunistically pursuing acquisitions.

Continue to manage costs and improve efficiency – We believe that conservative cost management and a focus on operational efficiency is critical to our success. We continuously manage our cost structure and refine our internal processes and technology to create further efficiencies with the goal of enhancing our earnings. Our efficiency ratio (FTE) for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was 54.86%, 56.07% and 55.89%, respectively.

Human Capital Resources

At December 31, 2020, the Bank had 641 full-time equivalent employees. Approximately 84% of Bancorp’s employees are located in the Louisville, Kentucky market, while 9% and 7% are located the Cincinnati, Ohio and Indianapolis, Indiana markets, respectively. None of Bancorp’s employees are subject to a collective bargaining agreement and Bancorp has never experienced a work stoppage. Employees of the Bank are entitled to participate in a variety of employee benefit programs including a defined contribution and stock ownership plan. Management of Bancorp strives to be an employer of choice and considers the relationship with employees to be good.

The safety, health and wellness of our employees is a top priority. The COVID-19 pandemic presented a unique challenge with regard to maintaining employee safety while continuing successful operations. In tandem with the declaration of the global pandemic, Bancorp invoked its Board of Director-approved pandemic plan, which included timely communication to employees, implementing remote work arrangements to the full extent possible, separating individual departments, operating select branch lobbies by appointment only, fully staffing all branch drive-thru lanes and actively promoting social distancing in all aspects of business. Bancorp has not made, and at this time does not expect to make, any material staffing or compensation changes as a result of the pandemic.

Executive Officers

Name and Age		Position and Offices with
of Executive Officer		Bancorp and/or the Bank
James A. Hillebrand		CEO of Bancorp and SYB
Age 52
Philip S. Poindexter		President of Bancorp and SYB
Age 54
Kathy C. Thompson		Senior EVP and Director of Bancorp and SYB
Age 59
T. Clay Stinnett		EVP, Treasurer and CFO of Bancorp and SYB
Age 47
William M. Dishman III		EVP and Chief Risk Officer of SYB
Age 57
Michael J. Croce		EVP and Director of Retail Banking of SYB
Age 51
Michael V. Rehm		EVP and Chief Lending Officer of SYB
Age 56

See Part III, Item 10. “ Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance ” for information regarding Bancorp ’ s executive officers.

Competition

The Bank encounters intense competition in its markets in originating loans, attracting deposits, and selling other banking related financial services. The deregulation of the banking industry, the ability to create financial services holding companies to engage in a wide range of financial services other than banking and the widespread enactment of state laws that permit multi-bank holding companies, as well as the availability of nationwide interstate banking, has created a highly competitive environment for financial institutions. In one or more aspects of the Bank’s business, the Bank competes with local and regional retail and commercial banks, other savings banks, credit unions, finance companies and mortgage companies operating in Kentucky, Indiana and Ohio. Some of the Bank’s competitors are not subject to the same degree of regulatory review and restrictions that apply to Bancorp and the Bank. Many of the Bank’s primary competitors, some of which are affiliated with large bank holding companies or other larger financial based institutions, have substantially greater resources, larger established client bases, higher lending limits, more extensive banking center networks, numerous ATMs or ITMs, and greater advertising and marketing budgets. They may also offer services that the Bank does not currently provide. Legislative developments related to interstate branching and banking in general, by providing large banking institutions easier access to a broader marketplace, can act to create more pressure on smaller financial institutions to consolidate. It is anticipated that competition from both bank and non-bank entities will continue to remain strong in the foreseeable future.

The Bank believes that an emphasis on highly personalized service tailored to individual client needs, together with the local character of the Bank’s business and its “community bank” management philosophy will continue to enhance the Bank’s ability to compete successfully in its markets.

Supervision and Regulation

Bank holding companies and commercial banks are extensively regulated under both federal and state laws. Changes in applicable laws or regulations may have a material effect on the business and prospects of Bancorp.

Bancorp, as a registered bank holding company, is subject to the supervision of and regulation by the Federal Reserve Board under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956. In addition, Bancorp is subject to the provisions of Kentucky’s banking laws regulating bank acquisitions and certain activities of controlling bank shareholders.

Kentucky and federal banking statutes delineate permissible activities for Kentucky state-chartered banks. Kentucky’s statutes, however, contain a super parity provision for Kentucky chartered banks having one of the top two ratings in its most recent regulatory examination. This provision allows these state banks to engage in any banking activity in which a national bank, a state bank operating in any other state, or a federally chartered thrift could engage. The bank must first obtain a legal opinion specifying the statutory or regulatory provisions that permit the activity.

The Bank is subject to the supervision of the Kentucky Department of Financial Institutions and the FDIC. The FDIC insures the deposits of the Bank to the current maximum of $250,000 per depositor.

The GLB Act allows for affiliations among banks, securities firms and insurance companies by means of FHC. The GLB Act requires that, at the time of establishment of an FHC, all depository institutions within that corporate group must be “well-managed” and “well-capitalized” and must have received a rating of “satisfactory” or better under its most recent CRA examination. Further, non-banking financial firms (for example an insurance company or securities firm) may establish a FHC and acquire a depository institution. While the distinction between banks and non-banking financial firms is blurred, the GLB Act makes it less cumbersome for banks to offer services “financial in nature” but beyond traditional commercial banking activities. Likewise, non-banking financial firms may find it easier to offer services that had, heretofore, been provided primarily by depository institutions. In 2012, management of Bancorp elected to become and became a FHC.

The Dodd-Frank Act was signed into law in 2010 and generally was effective the day after it was signed into law, but different effective dates apply to specific sections of the law. The extensive and complex legislation contained many provisions affecting the banking industry, including but not limited to:

●

Creation of a Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection overseeing banks with assets totaling $10 billion or greater while writing and maintaining several regulations that apply to all banks,

●

Determination of debit card interchange rates by the Federal Reserve Board,

●

New regulation over derivative instruments,

●

Phase outs of certain forms of trust preferred debt and hybrid instruments previously included as bank capital, and

●

Increases to FDIC deposit coverage, revised calculations for assessing bank premiums, and numerous other provisions affecting financial institution regulation, oversight of certain non-banking organizations, investor protection.

The CRA requires depository institutions to assist in meeting the credit needs of their market areas consistent with safe and sound banking practice. Under the CRA, each depository institution is required to help meet the credit needs of its market areas by, among other things, providing credit to low- and moderate-income individuals and communities. Depository institutions are periodically examined for compliance with the CRA, and banking regulators take into account CRA ratings when considering approval of certain applications. An unsatisfactory CRA rating could, among other things, result in the denial or delay of corporate applications filed by Bancorp or the Bank for proposed activities such as branch openings or relocations and applications to acquire, merge or consolidate with another banking institution or holding company.

The federal banking regulators have adopted rules limiting the ability of banks and other financial institutions to disclose non-public information about consumers to unaffiliated third parties. These limitations require disclosure of privacy policies to consumers and, in some circumstances, allow consumers to prevent disclosure of certain personal information to an unaffiliated third party. These regulations affect how consumer information is conveyed to outside vendors. The Bank is also subject to regulatory guidelines establishing standards for safeguarding customer information. These guidelines describe the federal banking agencies’ expectations for the creation, implementation and maintenance of an information security program, which would include administrative, technical and physical safeguards appropriate to the size and complexity of the institution and the nature and scope of its activities.

The Bank is subject to the Bank Secrecy Act and the USA Patriot Act. These statutes and related rules and regulations impose requirements and limitations on specified financial transactions and accounts and other relationships intended to guard against money laundering and terrorism financing. Financial institutions must take certain steps to assist government agencies in detecting and preventing money laundering and report certain types of suspicious transactions. Regulatory authorities routinely examine financial institutions for compliance with these obligations, and failure of a financial institution to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing, or to comply with relevant laws or regulations, could have serious legal and reputational consequences for the institution, including causing applicable bank regulatory authorities not to approve merger or acquisition transactions when regulatory approval is required or to prohibit such transactions even if approval is not required.

Bancorp and the Bank are subject to capital regulations in accordance with Basel III, as administered by banking regulators. The FRB and FDIC have substantially similar risk-based and leverage ratio guidelines for banking organizations, which are intended to ensure that banking organizations have adequate capital related to the risk levels of assets and off-balance sheet instruments. Under the risk-based guidelines, specific categories of assets are assigned different risk weights based generally on the perceived credit risk of the asset. These risk weights are multiplied by corresponding asset balances to determine a risk-weighted asset base. In addition to the risk-based capital guidelines, the FRB uses a leverage ratio as a tool to evaluate the capital adequacy of bank holding companies. The leverage ratio is a company’s Tier 1 Capital divided by its average total consolidated assets (less goodwill and certain other intangible assets).

The federal banking agencies’ risk-based and leverage ratios represent minimum supervisory ratios generally applicable to banking organizations that meet certain specified criteria, assuming that they have the highest regulatory capital rating. Banking organizations not meeting these criteria are required to operate with capital positions above the minimum ratios. FRB guidelines also provide that banking organizations experiencing internal growth or making acquisitions may be expected to maintain strong capital positions above the minimum supervisory levels, without significant reliance on intangible assets. The FDIC may establish higher minimum capital adequacy requirements if, for example, a bank proposes to make an acquisition requiring regulatory approval, has previously warranted special regulatory attention, rapid growth presents supervisory concerns, or, among other factors, has a high susceptibility to interest rate and other types of risk. The Bank is not subject to any such individual minimum regulatory capital requirements.

Banking regulators have categorized the Bank as well-capitalized. To meet the definition of well-capitalized for prompt corrective action requirements, a bank must have a minimum 6.5% Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, 8.0% Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, 10.0% Total Risk-Based Capital ratio and 5.0% Tier 1 Leverage ratio.

Additionally, in order to avoid limitations on capital distributions, including dividend payments and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers, Bancorp and the Bank must hold a 2.5% capital conservation buffer composed of Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital above the minimum risk-based capital requirements for the Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio and Total Risk-Based Capital ratio necessary to be considered adequately-capitalized. At December 31, 2020, the adequately-capitalized minimums, including the capital conservation buffer, were a 6.0% Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, 8.5% Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio and 10.5% Total Risk-Based Capital ratio. The capital conservation buffer was phased in starting in 2016 at 0.625% and was fully implemented at 2.5% effective January 1, 2019.

As of December 31, 2020, Bancorp exceeded the requirements to be considered well-capitalized and those required to avoid limitations associated with the capital conservation buffer.

Website Access to Reports

Bancorp files reports with the SEC including the Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current event reports on Form 8-K, and proxy statements, as well as any amendments to those reports. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at http://www.sec.gov . Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are also accessible at no cost on Bancorp’s web site at http://www.syb.com after they are electronically filed with the SEC.

Statistical Disclosures

The statistical disclosures required by Part I Item 1 “ Business ” are located under Part II Item 7 “ Management ’ s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. ”

Item 1A.

Risk Factors.

FACTORS THAT MAY AFFECT FUTURE RESULTS

An investment in Bancorp’s common stock is subject to risks inherent in its business. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below together with all of the other information included in this filing. In addition to the risks and uncertainties described below, other risks and uncertainties not currently known to Bancorp or that Bancorp currently deems to be immaterial also may materially and adversely affect its business, financial condition and results of operations in the future. The value or market price of Bancorp’s common stock could decline due to any of these identified or other risks, and an investor could lose all or part of their investment.

There are factors, many beyond Bancorp’s control, which may significantly change the results or expectations of Bancorp. Some of these factors are described below, however, many are described in the other sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Economic, Market and Credit Risks

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and measures intended to prevent its spread have adversely impacted our business and financial results, and the ultimate impact will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the scope and duration of the pandemic and actions taken by governmental authorities in response to the pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created and continues to create extensive disruptions to the global economy and to the lives of individuals throughout the world. Governments, businesses, and the public are taking unprecedented actions to contain the spread of COVID-19 and to mitigate its effects, including self-quarantines, travel bans, shelter-in-place orders, closures of businesses and schools, fiscal stimulus, and legislation designed to deliver monetary aid and other relief. While the scope, duration, and full effects of COVID-19 continue to evolve and are not fully known, the pandemic and related efforts to contain it have disrupted global economic activity, adversely affected the functioning of financial markets, impacted interest rates, increased economic and market uncertainty, and disrupted trade and supply chains. If these effects continue for a prolonged period, or result in sustained economic stress or recession, many of the risk factors identified in this Annual Report on Form-10-K could be exacerbated and such effects could have a material adverse impact on us in a number of ways related to credit, collateral, asset valuations, customer demand, funding, operations, interest rate risk, and human capital.

There are no comparable recent events that provide guidance as to the effect the spread of COVID-19 as a global pandemic may have, and, as a result, the ultimate impact of the outbreak is highly uncertain and subject to change. We do not yet know the full extent of the impact on our business, operations or the economy as a whole. However, the effects could have a material extended impact on our business and heighten many of its known risks described below.

Fluctuations in interest rates could reduce profitability.

Our primary source of income is from net interest spread, the difference between interest earned on loans and investments and interest paid on deposits and borrowings. We expect to periodically experience gaps in interest rate sensitivities of assets and liabilities, meaning that either interest-bearing liabilities may be more sensitive to changes in market interest rates than interest-earning assets, or vice versa. In either event, if market interest rates should move contrary to our position, this gap will work against us and earnings will be negatively affected.

Many factors affect fluctuation of market interest rates, including, but not limited to the following:

●

the FRB’s actions to control interest rates

●

inflation or deflation

●

recession

●

a rise in unemployment

●

tightening money supply

●

local, regional, national or international disorder and instability in financial markets

The FRB has lowered the FFTR five times since the end of 2018, resulting in a combined 225 bps decrease in the FFTR through December 31, 2020, with Prime ending the year at 3.25%. The most recent of these cuts came in March 2020 when the FRB lowered the FFTR to a range of 0% - 0.25% in response to the global COVID-19 pandemic, the lowest level seen since late 2015.

Market expectations are for the FRB to hold rates at current levels in 2021 and possibly beyond. Beyond potential ongoing pricing pressure/competition and the absolute low level of rates, the current economic outlook and prospects of a sustained zero-rate environment continues to pose challenges regarding potential ongoing NIM compression. Deposit rates tend to be tied to the short end of the rate curve, while fixed-rate loans are largely priced based upon longer term rates, typically five-year offerings. A flattening or inverted yield curve may increase our funding costs while limiting rates that can be earned on loans and investments, thereby decreasing our net interest income and earnings. Migration of deposits out of Bancorp, as customers pursue higher rates, could impact liquidity and earnings, as we compete for deposits. Changes in the mix of deposits could result in increased average rates paid on deposits, and lower earnings. Our asset-liability management strategy, which is designed to mitigate risk from changes in market interest rates, may not be able to prevent changes in interest rates from having a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

The CECL accounting standard resulted in a significant change in how we recognize credit losses.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASC, “ Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, ” which replaced the “incurred loss” model for recognizing credit losses with an “expected loss” model and was adopted by Bancorp effective January 1, 2020. Whereas the incurred loss model delayed recognition of loss on financial instruments until it was probable a loss had occurred, the expected loss model recognizes a loss at the time the loan is first added to the balance sheet. Adoption of the CECL model has materially affected the determination of the ACL for loans and has resulted in a significant increase to the ACL. Assumptions made by management and material changes in economic factors could significantly influence the ACL. Any material increase to the required level of loan loss allowance could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If actual loan losses are greater than our assumption for loan losses, earnings could decrease.

Our loan customers may not repay their loans according to the terms of these loans, collateral securing payment of these loans may be insufficient to ensure repayment and the wealth of guarantors providing guarantees to support these loans may be inadequate to aid in the repayment of these loans. Accordingly, we might experience significant credit losses which could have a material adverse effect on operating results. We make various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of our loan portfolio, including creditworthiness of borrowers and value of collateral for repayment. In determining the adequacy of the ACL for loans, we consider, among other factors, an evaluation of economic conditions, future national unemployment projections and our historical loan loss experience. If our assumptions prove to be incorrect or economic problems are worse than projected, the current allowance may be insufficient to cover loan losses and adjustments may be necessary to allow for different economic conditions or adverse developments in the loan portfolio. Such additions to the allowance, if necessary, could have a material adverse impact on our financial results.

Federal and state regulators annually review our allowance and may require an adjustment in the ACL for loans. If regulatory agencies require any increase in the allowance for which we had not allocated, it would have a negative effect on our financial results.

Our credit metrics are currently at historically strong levels and this trend could normalize over time.

Over the past several years, our asset quality metrics have trended within a narrow range, exceeding benchmarks and reaching historically strong levels. We realize that present asset quality metrics are positive and, recognizing the cyclical nature of the lending business, we anticipate this trend will likely normalize over time.

Financial condition and profitability depend significantly on local and national economic conditions.

Our success depends on general economic conditions both locally, regionally and nationally. A portion of our customers’ ability to repay their obligations is directly tied to local, regional, national or global business dealings. Deterioration in the quality of the credit portfolio could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and ultimately capital.

Financial condition and profitability depend on real estate values in our market areas.

We offer a variety of secured loans, including C&I lines of credit, C&I term loans, real estate, C&D, HELOCs, consumer and other loans. Many of our loans are often secured by real estate primarily in our market areas. In instances where borrowers are unable to repay their loans and there has been deterioration in the value of loan collateral, we could experience higher loan losses which could have a material adverse effect on financial condition, and results of operations.

Significant stock market volatility could negatively affect our financial results.

Income from WM&T constitutes approximately 45% of non-interest income. Trust AUM are expressed in terms of market value, and a significant portion of fee income is based upon those values, which generally fluctuate consistent with overall capital markets.

Capital and credit markets experience volatility and disruption from time to time. These conditions may place downward pressure on credit availability, credit worthiness and customers’ inclinations to borrow. Prolonged volatility or a significant disruption could negatively impact customers’ ability to seek new loans or to repay existing loans. Personal wealth of many borrowers and guarantors has historically added a source of financial strength to certain loans and would be negatively impacted by severe market declines. Sustained reliance on personal assets to make loan payments would result in deterioration of their liquidity, and could result in loan defaults.

The value of our investment securities may be negatively affected by factors outside of our control and impairment of these securities could have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

Factors beyond our control can significantly influence the fair value of our investment securities. These factors include, but are not limited to, rating agency actions, defaults by issuers or with respect to underlying securities, changes in market interest rates, volatility and liquidity within capital markets and changes in local, regional, national or international economic conditions. Impairment to the fair value of these securities can result in realized and/or unrealized losses in future periods and declines in other comprehensive income, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The soundness of other financial institutions could adversely affect us.

Our ability to engage in routine funding transactions could be adversely affected by the actions and commercial soundness of other financial institutions. Financial services companies are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty, or other relationships. We have exposure to different industries and counterparties and through transactions with counterparties in the bank and non-bank financial services industries, including broker-dealers, commercial banks, investment banks and other institutional customers. As a result, defaults by, or even rumors or questions about, one or more bank or non-bank financial services companies, or bank or non-bank financial services industries in general, could lead to market-wide liquidity problems and could result in losses or defaults by us or other institutions. These losses or defaults could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The planned phasing out of LIBOR as a financial benchmark presents risks to the financial instruments we originate or hold.

LIBOR is the reference rate used for many of our transactions, including our lending and borrowing, as well as the derivatives that we use to manage risk related to such transactions. LIBOR will cease to exist as a published rate after 2021. The expected discontinuation of LIBOR could have a significant impact on the financial markets and market participants. As of December 31, 2020, we had approximately $440 million in variable rate loans with interest rates tied to LIBOR, of which approximately $330 million have maturity dates beyond December 31, 2021. Our derivative activities based upon LIBOR include interest rate swap transactions with maturities beyond 2021 with notional amounts totaling approximately $120 million.

The FRB, through the Alternative Reference Rate Committee, has recommended a replacement benchmark rate, the Secured Overnight Financing Rate. All loan and swap contracts extending beyond 2021 will need to be managed effectively to ensure appropriate benchmark rate replacements are provided for and adopted.

Failure to identify a replacement benchmark rate and/or update data processing systems could result in future interest rate changes not being correctly captured, which could result in interest rate risk not being mitigated as intended, or interest earned being miscalculated, which could adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Uncertainty regarding LIBOR and discretionary actions or negotiations of fallback provisions could result in pricing volatility, adverse tax or accounting impacts, or additional compliance, legal and operational costs.

Strategic Risks

Acquisitions could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

An institution that we acquire may have asset quality issues or contingent liabilities that we did not discover or fully recognize in the due diligence process, thereby resulting in unanticipated losses. Acquisitions of other institutions also typically require integration of different corporate cultures, loan and deposit products, pricing strategies, data processing systems and other technologies, accounting, compliance, internal audit and financial reporting systems, operating systems and internal controls, marketing programs and personnel of the acquired institution. The integration process is complicated and time consuming and could divert our attention from other business concerns and may be disruptive to our customers and customers of the acquired institution. Our failure to successfully integrate an acquired institution could result in loss of key customers and employees, and prevent us from achieving expected synergies and cost savings. We may finance acquisitions with borrowed funds, thereby increasing our leverage and reducing liquidity, or with potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities.

Competition with other financial institutions could adversely affect profitability.

We operate in a highly competitive industry that could become even more so as a result of earnings pressure from peer organizations, legislative, regulatory and technological changes and continued consolidation. We face vigorous competition in price and structure of financial products from banks and other financial institutions. In recent years, credit unions have expanded their lending mix and now compete heavily with banks in the CRE lending market. Non-traditional providers’ high risk tolerance for fixed rate, long-term loans has adversely affected our net loan growth and results of operations. We also compete with other non-traditional providers of financial services, such as brokerage firms and insurance companies. As internet-based financial services continue to grow in acceptance, we must remain relevant as an institution where consumers and businesses value personal service while other institutions offer these services without human interaction. The variety of sources of competition may reduce or limit our margins on banking services, increase operational costs through expanded product offerings, reduce market share and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to attract and retain skilled people.

Our success depends, in large part, on our ability to attract and retain key people. Competition for the best people in the industry and markets in which we engage can be intense, and we may not be able to retain or hire the people wanted or needed. To attract and retain qualified employees, we must compensate them at or above market levels. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain qualified employees, or do so at rates necessary to maintain the Company’s competitive position, our performance, including the Company’s competitive position, could suffer, and, in turn, adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We are subject to liquidity risks.

Liquidity is essential to our business. We rely on our ability to generate deposits and effectively manage the repayment and maturity schedules of our loans and investment securities, respectively, to ensure we have adequate liquidity to fund our operations. An inability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, sales of investment securities, FHLB advances, sales of loans and other sources could have a significant negative effect on our liquidity.

We are dependent on large commercial deposit relationships as a primary funding source. Approximately 49% of our total deposits are centralized in accounts with balances $500,000 or greater. We categorize these deposits as core funds, as they represent long-standing, full-service relationships and are a testament to our commitment to partner with business customers by providing exemplary service and competitive products. A sudden shift in customer behavior within these deposits resulting in balances being reduced or exiting Bancorp altogether could impact our ability to capitalize on growth opportunities and meet current obligations. We have secondary funding sources to draw upon as needed, but the cost of those funds would be higher than typical deposit accounts, which would negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.

Excess liquidity also poses a risk to our financial condition and results of operations. We have experienced record levels of liquidity over the past year, which is expected to continue in 2021and possibly beyond. Should loan demand not meet desired levels, excess liquidity must be invested in an effort to maximize return. The risks associated with such investment include the inability to find alternative options suitable to our risk profile, investing in alternatives that adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations, and liquidity risk associated with any specific investment. Further, holding elevated levels of liquidity can have a significant impact on our NIM and result in additional margin compression.

We invest in partnerships that generate federal income tax savings and these may not continue.

We invest in certain partnerships that yield federal income tax credits resulting in higher net income. These transactions may also include lending to developers, further enhancing profitability of the transaction. These transactions typically involve a very limited number of counterparties. Availability and suitability of these transactions are not particularly predictable and may not continue to be favorable to us. Current and future tax legislation could result in fewer transactions and the extent to which federal income tax credits favorably affect net income. Therefore, the positive effect on our net income may not continue at levels previously experienced.

Operational Risks

Our accounting policies and methods are critical to how we report our financial condition and results of operations. They require management to make estimates about matters that are uncertain.

Accounting policies and methods are fundamental to how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. Management must exercise judgment in selecting and applying these accounting policies and methods so they comply with GAAP.

We have identified certain accounting policies as being critical because they require management’s judgment to ascertain the valuations of assets, liabilities, commitments and contingencies. A variety of factors could affect the ultimate value that is obtained either when earning income, recognizing an expense, recovering an asset, or reducing a liability. We have established detailed policies and control procedures intended to ensure these critical accounting estimates and judgments are well-controlled and applied consistently.

Policies and procedures are intended to ensure that the process for changing methodologies occurs in an appropriate manner. Because of the uncertainty surrounding judgments and estimates pertaining to these matters, there can be no assurances that actual our results will not differ from those estimates. See the section titled “ Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates ” in “ Management ’ s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ” for more information.

An extended disruption of vital infrastructure could negatively impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Our operations depend upon, among other things, infrastructure, including equipment and facilities. Extended disruption of vital infrastructure by fire, power loss, natural disaster, telecommunications failure, information systems breaches, corporate account take-over, terrorist activity or the domestic and foreign response to such activity, or other events outside of our control could have a material adverse impact on the financial services industry, the economy as a whole or on our financial condition and results of operations. Our business continuity plan may not work as intended or may not prevent significant interruption of operations. Occurrence of any failures or interruptions of information systems could damage our reputation, result in loss of customer business, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, or expose us to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Security breaches or incidences of fraud could negatively impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Our assets, which are at risk for cyber-attacks, include financial assets and non-public information belonging to customers. Cyber security risks include cyber espionage, blackmail, ransom, theft, and corporate account takeovers. We employ many preventive and detective controls to protect our assets, and provide mandatory recurring information security training for all employees. We have invested in multiple preventative tools in an attempt to protect customers from cyber threats and corporate account takeover and regularly provide educational information regarding cyber threats to customers. We utilize multiple third-party vendors who have access to ours assets via electronic media. While we require third parties, many of whom are small companies, to have similar or superior controls in place, there is no guarantee that a breach of information could not occur. Activities of the Bank that subject Bancorp to risk of fraud by customers, employees, vendors, or members of the general public include ACH transactions, wire transactions, ATM/ITM transactions, checking transactions, credit card transactions and loan originations. Repeated incidences of fraud or a single large occurrence could adversely impact our reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

We are dependent upon outside third parties for processing and handling of the Company ’ s records and data.

We rely on software developed by third-party vendors to process various transactions. In some cases, we have contracted with third parties to run their proprietary software on our behalf. While we perform a review of controls instituted by applicable vendors over these programs in accordance with industry standards and performs testing of user controls, we rely on continued maintenance of controls by these third-party vendors, including safeguards over security of client data. We may incur a temporary disruption in our ability to conduct business or process transactions, or incur reputational damage, if a third-party vendor fails to adequately maintain internal controls or institute necessary changes to systems. Such a disruption or breach of security could have a material adverse effect on our business. Further, if these third-party service providers experience difficulties, or should terminate their services, and we are unable to replace them on a timely basis, our business operations could be interrupted. If an interruption were to continue for a significant period of time, or if we incurred excessive costs involved with replacing third-party service provider, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our ability to stay current on technological changes in order to compete and meet customer demands is constantly being challenged.

The financial services industry is constantly undergoing rapid technological changes, with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. Future success of Bancorp will depend, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by utilizing technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands for convenience, as well as to create additional operational efficiencies and greater privacy and security protection for customers and their personal information. Many of our competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements. We may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services as quickly as competitors or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers. We rely on third party providers for many of our technology-driven banking products and services. Some of these companies may be slow to respond with upgrades or enhancements to their products to keep pace with improvements in technology or the introduction of competing products. Failure to successfully keep pace with technological change affecting the financial services industry could impair our ability to effectively compete to retain or acquire new business and could have an adverse impact on our business, financial position and results of operations.

Changes in customer use of banks could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

The rapid evolution of non-bank alternatives for initiation and completion of financial transactions puts us at risk of losing sources of revenue and funding. The ability of customers to pay bills, deposit and transfer funds, and purchase assets without utilizing the banking system could result in loss of fee income, deposits, and loans. If we are unable to continue timely development of competitive new products and services, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Regulatory and Legal Risks

We operate in a highly regulated environment and may be adversely affected by changes to or lack of compliance with federal, state and local laws and regulations.

We are subject to extensive regulation, supervision and examination by federal and state banking authorities. Any change to, or addition of, applicable regulations or federal or state legislation could have a substantial impact on our financial condition and results of operations. If our policies, procedures and systems are deemed deficient, we would be subject to liability, including fines and regulatory actions, which may include restrictions on the ability to pay dividends and the requirement to obtain regulatory approvals to proceed with certain aspects of our business plan, including branching and acquisitions.

Changes in tax laws and regulations may have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which was enacted in December 2017, reduced the federal tax rate for corporations from 35% to 21%. While this legislation resulted in a one-time charge to earnings associated with the revaluation of Bancorp’s DTAs at the date of enactment, it has since had a positive impact on earnings as federal income tax expense has been reduced. With the Biden Administration taking office in 2021, it is increasingly likely that the federal tax rate for corporations could be increased in 2021 or 2022. The potential enactment of such legislation, or changes in the interpretation of existing tax law, including provisions impacting tax rates, apportionment, consolidation or combination, income, expense, credits and exemptions may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes to state tax laws and regulations that go into effect in 2021 may have a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations. In March 2019, the Kentucky Legislature passed HB354 requiring financial institutions to transition from a capital based franchise tax to the Kentucky corporate income tax beginning in 2021. The Kentucky corporate income tax will be assessed at 5% of Kentucky taxable income and will be included as a component of current and deferred state income tax expense.

We are subject to litigation risk and reputational risk pertaining to fiduciary responsibility.

From time to time, customers may make claims and take legal action pertaining to our fiduciary responsibilities. Whether customer claims and legal action related to our fiduciary responsibilities are founded or unfounded, if such claims and legal actions are not resolved in a manner favorable to us they may result in significant financial liability and/or adversely affect the market perception of us and our products and services, as well as impact customer demand for those products and services. Any financial liability or reputational damage could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Item 1B.

Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 2.

Properties.

The principal offices of Bancorp are located at 1040 East Main Street, Louisville, Kentucky. Bancorp’s operations center is at a separate location in Louisville. At December 31, 2020, in addition to the main office complex and the operations center, Bancorp owned 26 branch properties, three of which are located on leased land. At that date, Bancorp also leased 18 branch facilities including its WM&T facility. Of the 44 banking locations, 33 are located in the Louisville MSA, five are located in the Indianapolis MSA and six are located in the Cincinnati MSA.

Item 3.

Legal Proceedings.

In the ordinary course of operations, Bancorp and the Bank are defendants in various legal proceedings. There is no proceeding pending or, to the knowledge of management, threatened in which an adverse decision could result in a material adverse change in the business or consolidated financial position of Bancorp or the Bank.

Item 4.

Mine Safety Disclosures.

NA

PART II

Item 5.

Market for Registrant ’ s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Bancorp’s common stock is traded on the NASDAQ under the ticker symbol SYBT. On December 31, 2020, Bancorp had approximately 1,600 shareholders of record, and approximately 8,200 beneficial owners holding shares in nominee or “street” name.

The following table shows information relating to the repurchase of shares of common stock by Bancorp during the three months ended December 31, 2020.

		Total number of shares purchased (1)				Average price paid per share				Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs				Average price paid per share				Maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs
October 1 - October 31			—			$	—				—			$	—
November 1 - November 30			—				—				—				—
December 1 - December 31			—				—				—				—
Total			—			$	—				—			$	—				741,196

Effective May 22, 2019, Bancorp’s Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing the repurchase of 1 million shares, or approximately 4% of Bancorp’s total common shares outstanding at the time. Stock repurchases are expected to be made from time to time on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, subject to applicable securities laws. The plan, which will expire in May 2021 unless otherwise extended or completed at an earlier date, does not obligate the Company to repurchase any specific dollar amount or number of shares prior to the plan’s expiration. Based on economic developments over the past year and the increased importance of capital preservation, no shares were repurchased in 2020. As of December 31, 2020, Bancorp had 741,196 shares that could be repurchased under its current share repurchase program.

There were no equity securities of the registrant sold without registration during the quarter covered by this report.

The following performance graphs and data shall not be deemed filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, nor shall it be deemed soliciting material or subject to Regulation 14A of the Exchange Act or incorporated by reference in any filing under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act of 1933, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing.

The first graph compares performance of Bancorp’s Common Stock to the Russell 2000 Index, the SNL Midwest Bank Index, and the SNL Bank NASDAQ Index for the last five fiscal years. The graph assumes the value of the investment in Bancorp’s Common Stock and in each index was $100 at December 31, 2015 and that all dividends were reinvested.

In addition to the five-year period required by the SEC, the ten-year period is presented because it provides additional perspective, and Bancorp management believes that longer-term performance is of interest. The ten-year graph assumes the value of the investment in Bancorp’s Common Stock and in each index was $100 at December 31, 2010 and that all dividends were reinvested.

		Period Ending
Index		12/31/15				12/31/16				12/31/17				12/31/18				12/31/19				12/31/20
Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc.		$	100.00			$	190.64			$	156.39			$	139.82			$	179.94			$	183.10
Russell 2000 Index			100.00				121.31				139.08				123.76				155.35				186.36
SNL Midwest Bank Index			100.00				133.61				143.58				122.61				159.51				136.96
SNL Bank NASDAQ Index			100.00				138.65				145.97				123.04				154.47				132.56

		Period Ending
Index		12/31/10				12/31/11				12/31/12				12/31/13				12/31/14				12/31/15				12/31/16				12/31/17				12/31/18				12/31/19				12/31/20
Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc.		$	100.00			$	86.43			$	97.66			$	143.43			$	154.19			$	179.46			$	342.13			$	280.66			$	250.93			$	322.92			$	328.60
Russell 2000 Index			100.00				95.82				111.49				154.78				162.35				155.18				188.25				215.82				192.05				241.07				289.20
SNL Midwest Bank Index			100.00				94.46				113.69				155.65				169.21				171.78				229.52				246.64				210.61				274.00				235.27
SNL Bank NASDAQ Index			100.00				88.73				105.75				152.00				157.42				169.94				235.63				248.07				209.09				262.51				225.27

Item 6.

Selected Financial Data.

		As of and for the Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands except per share data)		2020			2019			2018			2017			2016
Operating Data:
Interest income		$	147,871		$	147,892		$	129,932		$	111,010		$	102,421
Interest expense			11,950			22,544			15,357			7,246			4,918
Net interest income			135,921			125,348			114,575			103,764			97,503
Provision for credit losses			16,918			1,000			2,705			2,550			3,000
Non-interest income			51,899			49,428			45,066			44,042			42,801
Non-interest expenses			103,159			98,116			89,388			90,074			81,033
Income before income tax expense			67,743			75,660			67,548			55,182			56,271
Income tax expense			8,874			9,593			12,031			17,139			15,244
Net income		$	58,869		$	66,067		$	55,517		$	38,043		$	41,027
Share and Per Share Data:
Weighted average shares outstanding - Basic			22,563			22,598			22,619			22,532			22,356
Weighted average shares outstanding - Diluted			22,768			22,865			22,944			22,983			22,792
Total shares outstanding			22,692			22,604			22,749			22,679			22,617
Net income per share - Basic		$	2.61		$	2.92		$	2.45		$	1.69		$	1.84
Net income per share - Diluted			2.59			2.89			2.42			1.66			1.80
Cash dividends declared per share			1.08			1.04			0.96			0.80			0.72
Dividend payout ratio			41	%		36	%		39	%		47	%		39	%
Market value per share			40.48			41.06			32.80			37.70			46.95
Financial Condition Data:
Total assets		$	4,608,629		$	3,724,197		$	3,302,924		$	3,239,646		$	3,039,481
Total loans held for investment			3,531,596			2,845,016			2,548,171			2,409,570			2,305,375
Allowance for credit losses			51,920			26,791			25,534			24,885			24,007
Total deposits			3,988,634			3,133,938			2,794,356			2,578,295			2,520,548
Stockholders' equity			440,701			406,297			366,500			333,644			313,872
Book value per share		$	19.42		$	17.97		$	16.11		$	14.71		$	13.88
Total average assets			4,217,593			3,480,998			3,159,726			3,037,581			2,886,396
Total average stockholders' equity			420,119			386,563			347,041			327,798			304,151
Performance Ratios:
Return on average assets			1.40	%		1.90	%		1.76	%		1.25	%		1.42	%
Return on average stockholders’ equity			14.01			17.09			16.00			11.61			13.49
Average stockholders’ equity to average assets			9.96			11.10			10.98			10.79			10.54
Net interest rate spread			3.22			3.50			3.60			3.53			3.52
Net interest rate margin (FTE)			3.39			3.82			3.83			3.64			3.60
Efficiency ratio (FTE)			54.86			56.07			55.89			60.52			57.41
Asset Quality:
Non-performing loans		$	13,179		$	12,063		$	3,398		$	7,382		$	6,707
Non-performing loans to total loans			0.37	%		0.42	%		0.13	%		0.31	%		0.29	%
Net charge offs/(recoveries) to average loans			0.05			(0.01	)		0.08			0.07			0.07
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans			1.47			0.94			1.00			1.03			1.04
Capital Ratios:
Total risk-based capital			13.36	%		12.85	%		13.91	%		13.52	%		13.04	%
Common equity tier 1 risk-based capital			12.23			12.02			13.00			12.57			12.10
Tier 1 risk based capital			12.23			12.02			13.00			12.57			12.10
Leverage			9.57			10.60			11.33			10.70			10.54
Other Data:
Market value of assets under management		$	3,851,637		$	3,319,812		$	2,764,875		$	2,809,499		$	2,523,411
Number of branches			44			42			38			37			37
Full time equivalent employees			641			615			591			580			578

Share and per share information has been adjusted to reflect the 3 for 2 stock-split in April 2016 effected in the form of a 50% stock dividend.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The following table provides a reconciliation of total stockholders’ equity in accordance with GAAP to tangible stockholders’ equity (TCE), a non-GAAP disclosure. Bancorp provides the TCE per share, a non-GAAP measure, in addition to those defined by banking regulators, based on its widespread use by investors as a means to evaluate capital adequacy:

December 31, (dollars in thousands, except per share data)		2020				2019
Total stockholders' equity - GAAP (a)		$	440,701			$	406,297
Less: Goodwill			(12,513	)			(12,513	)
Less: Core deposit intangible			(1,962	)			(2,285	)
Tangible common equity - Non-GAAP (c)		$	426,226			$	391,499
Total assets - GAAP (b)		$	4,608,629			$	3,724,197
Less: Goodwill			(12,513	)			(12,513	)
Less: Core deposit intangible			(1,962	)			(2,285	)
Tangible assets - Non-GAAP (d)		$	4,594,154			$	3,709,399
Total stockholders' equity to total assets - GAAP (a/b)			9.56	%			10.91	%
Tangible common equity to tangible assets - Non-GAAP (c/d)			9.28	%			10.55	%
Total shares outstanding (e)			22,692				22,604
Book value per share - GAAP (a/e)		$	19.42			$	17.97
Tangible common equity per share - Non-GAAP (c/e)			18.78				17.32

ACL to total non-PPP loans represents the ACL, divided by total loans less PPP loans. Non-performing loans to total non-PPP loans represents non-performing loans, divided by total loans less PPP loans. Delinquent loans to total non-PPP loans represents delinquent loans (consisting of all loans 30 days or more past due), divided by total loans less PPP loans. Bancorp believes these non-GAAP disclosures are important because they provide comparable ratios after eliminating PPP loans, which are fully guaranteed by the SBA and have not been allocated for within the ACL and are not at risk of non-performance.

December 31, (dollars in thousands)		2020				2019
Total loans - GAAP (a)		$	3,531,596			$	2,845,016
Less: PPP loans			(550,186	)			-
Total non-PPP loans - Non-GAAP (b)		$	2,981,410			$	2,845,016
Allowance for credit losses on loans (c)		$	51,920			$	26,791
Non-performing loans (d)			13,179				12,063
Delinquent loans (e)			16,939				15,159
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans - GAAP (c/a)			1.47	%			0.94	%
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans - Non-GAAP (c/b)			1.74	%			0.94	%
Non-performing loans to total loans - GAAP (d/a)			0.37	%			0.42	%
Non-performing loans to total loans - Non-GAAP (d/b)			0.44	%			0.42	%
Delinquent loans to total loans - GAAP (e/a)			0.48	%			0.53	%
Delinquent loans to total loans - Non-GAAP (e/b)			0.57	%			0.53	%

The efficiency ratio, a non-GAAP measure, equals total non-interest expenses divided by the sum of net interest income FTE and non-interest income. The ratio excludes net gains (losses) on sales, calls, and impairment of investment securities, if applicable. In addition to the efficiency ratio, Bancorp considers an adjusted efficiency ratio. Bancorp believes it is important because it provides a comparable ratio after eliminating the fluctuation in non-interest expenses related to amortization of investments in tax credit partnerships.

Net interest income on a FTE basis includes the additional amount of interest income that would have been earned if investments in certain tax-exempt interest earning assets had been made in assets subject to federal, state and local taxes yielding the same after-tax income.

Years ended December 31 , (dollars in thousands)		2020				2019				2018
Total non-interest expenses - GAAP (a)		$	103,159			$	98,116			$	89,388
Less: Amortization of investments in tax credit partnerships			(3,096	)			(1,078	)			(1,237	)
Total non-interest expenses - Non-GAAP (c )		$	100,063			$	97,038			$	88,151
Total net interest income, FTE		$	136,133			$	125,571			$	114,882
Total non-interest income			51,899				49,428				45,066
Total revenue - GAAP (b)		$	188,032			$	174,999			$	159,948
Efficiency ratio - GAAP (a/b)			54.86	%			56.07	%			55.89	%
Efficiency ratio - Non-GAAP (c/b)			53.22	%			55.45	%			55.11	%

Item 7.

Management ’ s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. ’

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc. its wholly-owned subsidiary, SYB, collectively referred to as “Bancorp” or the “Company.” All significant inter-company transactions and accounts have been eliminated in consolidation.

Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc. is a FHC headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky. SYB, chartered in 1904, is a state-chartered non-member financial institution that provides services in the Louisville, Kentucky, Indianapolis, Indiana and Cincinnati, Ohio MSAs through 44 full service banking center locations.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying Footnotes presented in Part II Item 8 “ Financial Statements and Supplementary Data .”

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This document contains statements relating to future results of Bancorp that are considered “forward-looking” as defined by Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The forward-looking statements are principally, but not exclusively, contained in Part II Item 7 “ Management ’ s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ” and Part I Item 1A “ Risk Factors. ”

Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by the statement. These statements are often, but not always, made through the use of words or phrases such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “aim,” “can,” “conclude,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “foresee,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “outlook,” “possible,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “potential,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “will likely,” “would,” or other similar expressions. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts and are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about our industry, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control, particularly with regard to developments related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Forward-looking statements detail management’s expectations regarding the future and are based on information known to management only as of the date the statements are made and management undertakes no obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances that occur after the date forward-looking statements are made, except as required by applicable law.

There is no assurance that any list of risks and uncertainties or risk factors is complete. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in forward-looking statements include, among other things:

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impact of COVID-19 on Bancorp’s business, including the impact of the actions taken by governmental authorities to try and contain the pandemic or address the impact of the pandemic on the U.S. economy (including, without limitation, the CARES Act and other relief efforts), and the resulting effect of all of such items on our operations, liquidity and capital position, and on the financial condition of Bancorp’s borrowers and other customers;

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changes in or forecasts of future political and economic conditions;

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accuracy of assumptions and estimates used in establishing the ACL on loans, ACL for off-balance sheet credit exposures and other estimates;

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impairment of investment securities, goodwill, other intangible assets or DTAs;

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ability to effectively navigate an economic slowdown or other economic or market disruptions;

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changes in laws and regulations or the interpretation thereof;

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changes in fiscal, monetary, and/or regulatory policies;

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changes in tax polices including but not limited to changes in federal and state statutory rates;

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behavior of securities and capital markets, including changes in market volatility and liquidity;

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ability to effectively manage capital and liquidity;

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long-term and short-term interest rate fluctuations, as well as the shape of the U.S. Treasury yield curve;

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the magnitude and frequency of changes to the FFTR implemented by the Federal Open Market Committee of the FRB;

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competitive product and pricing pressures;

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projections of revenue, expenses, capital expenditures, losses, EPS, dividends, capital structure, etc.;

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descriptions of plans or objectives for future operations, products, or services;

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changes in the credit quality of Bancorp’s customers and counterparties, deteriorating asset quality and charge-off levels;

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changes in technology instituted by Bancorp, its counterparties or competitors;

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changes to or the effectiveness of Bancorp’s overall internal control environment;

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adequacy of Bancorp’s risk management framework, disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting;

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changes in applicable accounting standards, including the introduction of new accounting standards;

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changes in investor sentiment or consumer/business spending or savings behavior;

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ability to appropriately address social, environmental and sustainability concerns that may arise from business activities;

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integration of acquired businesses or future acquisitions;

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occurrence of natural or man-made disasters or calamities, including health emergencies, the spread of infectious diseases, pandemics or outbreaks of hostilities, and Bancorp’s ability to deal effectively with disruptions caused by the foregoing;

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ability to maintain the security of its financial, accounting, technology, data processing and other operational systems and facilities;

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ability to withstand disruptions that may be caused by any failure of its operational systems or those of third parties;

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ability to effectively defend itself against cyberattacks or other attempts by unauthorized parties to access information of Bancorp or its customers or to disrupt systems; and

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other risks and uncertainties reported from time-to-time in Bancorp’s filings with the SEC, including Part I Item 1A “ Risk Factors. ”

As previously noted, Bancorp executed a definitive Agreement and Plan of Merger (“agreement”) dated as of January 27, 2021, to acquire Kentucky Bancshares, Inc. and its subsidiary Kentucky Bank. This document also contains statements regarding the proposed acquisition transaction that are not statements of historical fact and are considered forward-looking statements within the criteria described above. These statements are likewise subject to various risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results and outcomes of the proposed transaction to differ, possibly materially, from the anticipated results or outcomes expressed or implied in these forward-looking statements. In addition to factors disclosed in reports filed by Stock Yards and Kentucky Bancshares with the SEC, risks and uncertainties for Stock Yards, Kentucky Bancshares and the combined company include, but are not limited to: the possibility that any of the anticipated benefits of the proposed merger will not be realized or will not be realized within the expected time period; the risk that integration of Kentucky Bancshares’ operations with those of Stock Yards will be materially delayed or will be more costly or difficult than expected; the parties’ inability to meet expectations regarding the timing, completion and accounting and tax treatments of the merger; the inability to complete the merger due to the failure of Kentucky Bancshares’ shareholders to adopt the merger agreement; the failure to satisfy other conditions to completion of the merger, including receipt of required regulatory and other approvals; the failure of the proposed transaction to close for any other reason; diversion of management's attention from ongoing business operations and opportunities due to the merger; the challenges of integrating and retaining key employees; the effect of the announcement of the merger on Stock Yards’, Kentucky Bancshares’ or the combined company's respective customer and employee relationships and operating results; the possibility that the merger may be more expensive to complete than anticipated, including as a result of unexpected factors or events; dilution caused by Stock Yards’ issuance of additional shares of Stock Yards common stock in connection with the merger; the magnitude and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the global economy and financial market conditions and the business, results of operations and financial condition of Stock Yards, Kentucky Bancshares and the combined company; and general competitive, economic, political and market conditions and fluctuations.

Pending Acquisition of Kentucky Bancshares, Inc. and its subsidiary Kentucky Bank

Effective January 27, 2021, Bancorp executed a definitive Share Purchase Agreement (“agreement”), pursuant to which Bancorp will acquire all of the outstanding common stock of publicly traded Kentucky Bancshares, Inc. Kentucky Bancshares, Inc., headquartered in Paris, Kentucky, is the holding company for Kentucky Bank, which operates 19 branches throughout the following central Kentucky cities: Paris (Bourbon County), Cynthiana (Harrison County), Georgetown (Scott County), Lexington (Fayette County), Morehead (Rowan County), Nicholasville (Jessamine County), Richmond (Madison County), Sandy Hook (Elliott County), Versailles (Woodford County), Wilmore (Jessamine County) and Winchester (Clark County).

Under the terms of the Agreement, the Company will acquire all of outstanding common stock in a combined stock and cash transaction, resulting in a total consideration to Kentucky Bancshares existing shareholders of approximately $190 million. Bancorp will fund the cash payment portion of the acquisition through existing resources on-hand.

The acquisition is expected to close during second quarter of 2021, subject to customary regulatory approval and completion of customary closing conditions. As of December 31, 2020, Kentucky Bancshares, Inc. had approximately $1.2 billion in assets, $767 million in loans, $979 million in deposits and $114 million in tangible common equity. Kentucky Bancshares also maintains a Wealth Management and Trust Department with total assets under management of $258 million at December 31, 2020. The combined franchise will serve customers through 63 branches with total assets of approximately $5.8 billion, $4.3 billion in gross loans, $5.0 billion in deposits and over $4.1 billion in trust assets under management.

Acquisition of King Bancorp, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary King Southern Bank

In May 2019, Bancorp completed its acquisition of KSB for $28 million in cash. The acquisition expanded Bancorp’s market area into nearby Nelson County, Kentucky, and expanded the customer base in Louisville, Kentucky. At May 1, 2019, KSB reported approximately $192 million in total assets, approximately $164 million in loans, and approximately $126 million in deposits. As a result of the acquisition, goodwill totaling $12 million was recorded during the second quarter of 2019, with nominal recast adjustments posted during the third and fourth quarters of the same year.

As a result of the completion of the acquisition, Bancorp incurred pre-tax transaction charges totaling $1.3 million during the second quarter of 2019. Net income from the KSB acquisition was accretive to Bancorp’s overall operating results beginning with the third quarter of 2019. Effective March 31, 2020, management finalized the fair values of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities in advance of the 12-month post acquisition date, as allowed by GAAP.

In connection with the acquisition, Bancorp became the 100% successor owner of KBST, an unconsolidated finance subsidiary. As permitted under the terms of KBST’s governing documents, Bancorp redeemed the TPS at the par amount of approximately $4 million in June 2019.

Issued but Not Yet Effective Accounting Standards Updates

For disclosure regarding the impact to Bancorp’s financial statements of issued-but-not-yet-effective ASUs, see the Footnote titled “ Summary of Significant Accounting Policies ” of Part II Item 8 “ Financial Statements and Supplementary Data .”

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Bancorp’s consolidated financial statements and accompanying footnotes have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported periods.

Management continually evaluates its accounting policies and estimates that it uses to prepare the consolidated financial statements. In general, management’s estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience, accounting and regulatory guidance, and information obtained from independent third-party professionals. Actual results may differ from those estimates made by management.

Critical accounting policies are those that management believes are the most important to the portrayal of Bancorp’s financial condition and operating results and require management to make estimates that are difficult, subjective and complex. Most accounting policies are not considered by management to be critical accounting policies. Several factors are considered in determining whether or not a policy is critical in the preparation of the financial statements. These factors include, among other things, whether the estimates have a significant impact on the financial statements, the nature of the estimates, the ability to readily validate the estimates with other information including independent third parties or available pricing, sensitivity of the estimates to changes in economic conditions and whether alternative methods of accounting may be utilized under GAAP. Management has discussed each critical accounting policy and the methodology for the identification and determination of critical accounting policies with Bancorp’s Audit Committee. Effective January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2020, the significant accounting policy considered the most critical in preparing Bancorp’s consolidated financial statements is the determination of the ACL on loans.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans and Provision for Credit Losses

On January 1, 2020, Bancorp adopted ASC 326 “ Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, ” which created material changes to Bancorp’s existing critical accounting policy that existed at December 31, 2019.

The ACL on loans is established through credit loss expense charged to current earnings. The amount maintained in the ACL reflects management’s estimate of the net amount not expected to be collected on the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date over the life of the loan. The ACL is comprised of specific reserves assigned to certain loans that do not share general risk characteristics and general reserves on pools of loans that do share general risk characteristics. Factors contributing to the determination of specific reserves include the creditworthiness of the borrower and more specifically, changes in the expected future receipt of principal and interest payments and/or in the value of pledged collateral. A reserve is recorded when the carrying amount of the loan exceeds the discounted estimated cash flows using the loan’s initial effective interest rate, an expected loss ratio based on historical losses adjusted as appropriate for qualitative factors, or the fair value of the collateral for certain collateral-dependent loans.

For purposes of establishing the general reserve, Bancorp stratifies the loan portfolio into homogeneous groups of loans that possess similar loss potential characteristics and calculates the net amount expected to be collected over the life of the loans to estimate the credit losses in the loan portfolio. Bancorp’s methodologies for estimating the ACL on loans consider available relevant information about the collectability of cash flows, including information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

Business Segment Overview

Bancorp is divided into two reportable segments: Commercial Banking and WM&T:

Commercial Banking provides a full range of loan and deposit products to individual consumers and businesses in all its markets through retail lending, mortgage banking, deposit services, online banking, mobile banking, private banking, commercial lending, treasury management services, merchant services, international banking, correspondent banking and other banking services. The Bank also offers securities brokerage services via its banking center network through an arrangement with a third party broker-dealer in the Commercial Banking segment.

WM&T provides investment management, company retirement plan management, retirement planning, trust, estate and financial planning services in all markets in which Bancorp operates. The magnitude of WM&T revenue distinguishes Bancorp from other community banks of similar asset size.

Overview – Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. and efforts to contain it have had a complex and significant adverse impact on the economy, the banking industry and Bancorp. The impact on future fiscal periods is subject to a high degree of uncertainty.

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 to be a global pandemic, indicating that almost all public commerce and related business activities must be, to varying degrees, curtailed with the goal of decreasing the rate of new infections. The spread of the virus has caused significant disruptions in the U.S. economy and has impacted banking and other financial activity in the markets in which Bancorp operates. While some industries have been impacted more severely than others, all businesses have been impacted to some degree. This disruption resulted in the initial shuttering of non-essential businesses across most of the country, significant job loss, and aggressive measures by the federal government. While phased-in re-opening of commerce that began towards the end of the second quarter has led to the easing of many initial restrictions, unemployment levels remain elevated and uncertainty regarding the effects of the pandemic on general economic behavior remains.

In response to the above, Congress, the President and regulatory agencies took action designed to lessen the economic fallout. Most notably, the CARES Act was signed into law at the end of March. The goal of the CARES Act was to prevent a severe economic downturn through various measures, including direct financial aid to American families and economic stimulus to impacted industry sectors.

The CARES Act established the SBA PPP to provide loans for eligible businesses/not-for-profits with the focus on job retention and assistance with certain operating expenses. Portions of these loans qualify for forgiveness when used for payroll costs, mortgage interest, rent and utilities during the 24-week period beginning with the date of the loan. Loans funded through the PPP are fully guaranteed by the U.S. government.

The first round of the PPP expired on August 8, 2020 and as of December 31, 2020, Bancorp had submitted 520 forgiveness applications to the SBA totaling $170 million and has received payment from the SBA for 333 borrowers. The SBA has 90 days to review and decision applications for forgiveness. On October 8, 2020, the SBA announced it would streamline loan forgiveness for loans of $50,000 or less with one or more employee other than the owner (representing approximately 48% of the PPP loans Bancorp originated). Bancorp has approximately $10.5 million in net unrecognized fees related to the PPP that would be recognized in income immediately once the loans are paid off or forgiven by the SBA. The timing of such forgiveness is expected to have a major impact on 2021 operating results.

Additional legislative stimulus action was signed into law at the end of December 2020 through the CAA, providing $900 billion in new COVID-19 stimulus relief as part of a broader government spending bill, including $284 billion for a second round of the PPP and an extension of the program to March 31, 2021. To qualify, borrowers must show a 25% decline in revenue over certain periods.

The program offers “second draw” loans targeted at hard-hit businesses that employ 300 or fewer employees and that have used or will use the full amount of their initial PPP loan. The maximum loan under this program is $2 million, based on two and a half months of average annual payroll (three and a half months for hotels and restaurants). The measurement period for the payroll can either be calendar year 2019 or the one year period before the date the “second draw” originates. For any loan up to $150,000, the covered loan amount will be forgiven once the borrower submits a one page forgiveness application detailing the loan amount, the number of employees retained, and the amount of the loan spent on payroll. This will substantially reduce the burden on both borrowers and lenders. The lender review will be limited to whether the lender received a complete application with all fields completed, initialed, or signed as applicable. If the submission is complete, the lender is required to accept it and forward to the SBA. Bancorp is projecting to book approximately 1,300 of these “second draw” PPP loans totaling $220 million.

The CARES Act permits financial institutions to suspend requirements under GAAP for loan modifications to borrowers affected by COVID-19 and is intended to provide interpretive guidance as to conditions that would constitute a short-term modification that would not meet the definition of a TDR. This includes the following: (i) the loan modification is made between March 1, 2020 and the earlier of December 31, 2020 or 60 days after the end of the coronavirus emergency declaration, and (ii) the applicable loan was not more than 30 days past due as of December 31, 2019. Bancorp is applying this guidance to qualifying loan modifications and has implemented modifications meeting these conditions. Federal bank regulatory authorities also issued guidance to encourage banks to make loan modifications for borrowers affected by COVID-19 and to assure banks that they would not be criticized by examiners for doing so.

While the emergency-use approval and distribution of the COVID-19 vaccination is a promising development, the duration of the pandemic and its continued effects on local, national and global economic activity will continue to weigh on Bancorp’s financial condition and results of operations in 2021and possibly beyond.

The PPP directly impacted Bancorp ’ s financial condition and results of operations for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 as follows:

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Bancorp originated approximately 3,400 PPP loans totaling $657 million, with the PPP portfolio (net of unearned deferred fees and costs) representing 16% of total loans outstanding at December 31, 2020.

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While the PPP was primarily offered to Bancorp’s customer base to limit fraud risk, Bancorp added approximately 300 new relationship prospects that have migrated over their full commercial banking relationships.

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Bancorp received in excess of $20 million in origination fees from the SBA that will be recognized over the term of the loans (predominantly 24 months), with the fees ranging between 1% and 5% based on the size of the loan.

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Approximately $13.6 million in interest and net fee income on PPP loans was recognized during the twelve month period ended December 31, 2020. While this had a positive impact on interest income and net interest income, the 1% stated yield on the PPP portfolio negatively impacted the overall loan portfolio yield and NIM.

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Based on the 100% SBA guarantee of PPP loans, Bancorp did not reserve for potential losses within the ACL on these loans.

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Bancorp experienced a significant increase in deposit balances (both average and ending) directly related to customers who originated PPP loans. The funding of the PPP loans was deposited into accounts held at the Bank and many Commercial customers have utilized the funds to strengthen their balance sheets.

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A portion of Bancorp’s customer base paid down existing operating C&I lines of credit in part with excess liquidity resulting from PPP loans – primarily during the second quarter.

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Bancorp relied on deposit growth in addition to excess cash on hand to fund PPP loans with no reliance placed on external funding sources. Maintaining excess liquidity related to the PPP loan portfolio contributed to overall NIM compression.

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With regard to Bancorp’s compensation expense, the origination of PPP loans led to elevated levels of deferred salary costs with the offset to deferred loan fees, the latter of which is amortized over the outstanding term of the related loans.

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Consistent with the decline in credit utilization and adoption of ASC-326, Bancorp incurred a significant increase in reserves for off-balance sheet credit exposures, which are recorded as a component of non-interest expenses.

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Bancorp’s leverage ratio, which consists of tier-1 capital divided by adjusted quarterly average assets, was negatively impacted by the outsized balance sheet growth attributed to PPP participation and led to increased FDIC insurance expense in the second half of 2020. This will likely normalize over time. Bancorp and the Bank maintained the “well-capitalized” designation for every capital ratio, as defined by regulators, at December 31, 2020.

Other pandemic-related impacts to Bancorp ’ s financial condition and results of operations for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 were as follows:

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On March 16, 2020, the FRB responded to the pandemic by lowering the FFTR to a range of 0% - 0.25% resulting in Prime dropping to 3.25%.

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Loan loss provisioning in 2020 has been significantly impacted by the economic crisis and corresponding impact on unemployment forecast adjustments within the CECL model.

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Bancorp has deferred either the full loan payment or the principal only portion of respective loan payments for 90 or 180 days for some borrowers directly impacted by the pandemic.  Through December 31, 2020, Bancorp executed approximately 1,200 full payment deferrals. As of December 31, 2020, outstanding loan deferrals totaled $37 million, representing 1.24% of the loan portfolio (excluding PPP loans). Approximately 85% of the total deferrals processed (in terms of dollars) occurred in the month of April, with the subsequent pace slowing significantly. Pursuant to the CARES Act, these loan deferrals were not classified as TDRs and have not been included in non-performing loan statistics. While the modifications themselves did not trigger a loan risk rating downgrade, if the impact of COVID-19 continues, borrower operations do not improve or if other negative events occur, such modified loans could transition to potential problem loans or into problem loans. During the third quarter, a significant portion of the deferred loan portfolio returned to full paying status.

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Deposit balances for both commercial customers who received PPP funding and those that did not were elevated at December 31, 2020, as higher levels of liquidity were held in response to economic uncertainty.

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Consistent with the industry, deposit service charges and debit/credit card income have been impacted by pandemic-driven changes in customer behavior. This led to, among other things, lower transaction volumes and spending behaviors during the initial phase of mandated shutdowns, with debit/credit card activity improving noticeably through the end of the year. While Bancorp also experienced a notable increase in deposit service charge income in the latter half of the year, the industry-wide decline in the volume of fees earned on overdrawn checking accounts experienced over the last several years is a trend that was significantly exacerbated by the pandemic. As such, Management is not able to predict when, or if, this revenue stream will return to pre-pandemic levels.

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Bancorp did not incur material non-interest expenses related to the execution of its pandemic plan or continued efforts associated with employee and customer health and safety.

In tandem with the declaration of the global pandemic, Bancorp invoked its Board of Director-approved pandemic plan, which included timely communication to employees, implementing remote work arrangements to the full extent possible, separating individual departments, operating select branch lobbies by appointment only, fully staffing all branch drive-thru lanes, communicating with and encouraging customers to use Bancorp’s free self-service tools such as ITMs/ATMs, online banking, mobile banking and bill pay and actively promoting social distancing in all aspects of business.

Bancorp has maintained social distancing precautions for all employees in the office and customers visiting branches, preventative cleaning at offices/branches and restrictions on non-essential business related travel to the fullest extent possible and pursuant to guidance issued by the Centers for Disease Control and state and local authorities. Bancorp has implemented business continuity measures as necessary throughout the pandemic, including monitoring potential business interruptions.

Bancorp has taken measures both to support customers affected by the pandemic and to maintain strong asset quality, including:

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Assisting business customers through PPP and other government sponsored loan products

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Monitoring portfolio risk and related mitigation strategies by industry segments and concentrations

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Limiting originations to higher risk industries and customers including, but not limited to, transportation, travel, hospitality, entertainment, and retail

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Proactively contacting customers in order to assess credit situations and needs to develop long-term contingency financial plans

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Offering flexible repayment options to current customers and a streamlined loan modification process, when appropriate

Management continues to meet to anticipate and respond to ongoing pandemic related developments. Bancorp has not incurred any significant challenges to its ability to maintain its systems and controls in light of the measures taken to prevent the spread of COVID-19 and has not incurred significant resource constraints through the implementation of its business continuity plans and does not anticipate incurring such in the future. Bancorp has not made, and at this time does not expect to make, any material staffing or compensation changes as a result of the pandemic.

Overview – Operating Results

The following table presents an overview Bancorp’s financial performance for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018:

Years Ended December 31,														Variance
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)		2020				2019				2018				2020 / 2019				2019 / 2018
Net income			58,869				66,067				55,517				(11	) %			19	%
Diluted earnings per share			2.59				2.89				2.42			(30)		bps		47		bps
ROA			1.40	%			1.90	%			1.76	%		(50)		bps		14		bps
ROE			14.01	%			17.09	%			16.00	%		(308)		bps		109		bps

Additional discussion follows under the section titled “ Results of Operations. ”

General highlights for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to December 31, 2019:

●	In 2020, Bancorp set the following financial records :

o

Total revenue, comprising net interest income FTE and non-interest income, of $187.8 million, surpassing the previous record of $174.8 million in 2019

o

Record loan production in 2020 (excluding PPP)

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Total deposit growth of $855 million, surpassing the previous record of $340 million in 2019

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WM&T AUM of $3.85 billion at December 31, 2020

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WM&T services income of $23.4 million boosted by record new business generation and record historic market performance at December 31, 2020

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Debit and credit card income of $8.5 million, supported by both growth in transaction volume and customer base

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Despite a significant decline in pandemic related transaction volume, new product sales and customer base expansion (partially attributable to the PPP) boosted Treasury Management fees to a record $5.4 million

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Mortgage banking income of $6.2 million, with loan originations surpassing $258 million

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Net income totaled $58.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, resulting in diluted EPS of $2.59, a 10% decline from the prior year. The year ended December 31, 2019 included $3.9 million in non-recurring tax adjustments related to two Kentucky tax law changes that equated to $0.18 per diluted share in addition to significant acquisition deal costs, which equated to $0.05 per diluted share for 2019. Operating results for the year ended December 31, 2020 were lower compared to the prior year, primarily due to increased loan loss provisioning and reserves for off-balance sheet credit exposures. Further, the uncertain economic conditions associated with the pandemic, a substantially lower interest rate environment and government stimulus actions have had a significant impact on Bancorp’s operating results in 2020.

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NIM decreased 43 bps to 3.39% for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to 3.82% for the prior year consistent with the decline in the interest rate environment, the addition of the low-yielding PPP portfolio and excess balance sheet liquidity; offset by strong average year over prior year loan growth (excluding PPP loans) and the strategic lowering of stated deposit interest rates and CD offering rates in tandem with FRB interest rate actions. Despite the decrease in NIM, Bancorp’s deposit rate cuts and fee income associated with PPP loans resulted in a $10.6 million, or 8%, increase in net interest income compared to the prior year.

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Effective January 1, 2020, Bancorp began accounting for credit losses under ASC 326, or CECL. The adoption of this standard increased the opening balance of the ACL and the reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures as of January 1. Initial adoption reduced Bancorp’s retained earnings with no corresponding impact on the income statement.

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Total loans (excluding PPP loans) increased $136 million, or 5%, for the year ended December 31, 2020, as record first and fourth quarter loan production book-ended the largest quarterly loan balance contraction in the Company’s history during the second quarter and flat net loan activity in the third quarter

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Line of credit utilization has declined significantly in 2020, falling to 38% at December 31, 2020 compared to 47% at December 31, 2019. The decline was led by C&I line usage, which dropped from 43% at December 31, 2019 to 28% at December 31, 2020, with a low point of 26% reached at September 30, 2020.

●	Deposit balances ended at record levels at December 31, 2020, primarily as a result of PPP funding and higher levels of liquidity held by customers attributable to current economic uncertainty.

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Despite overall strong credit metrics, significant provisioning occurred based on the on-going economic crisis, its corresponding impact on unemployment forecast adjustments within the CECL model, the addition of a large specific reserve, qualitative factor adjustments and loan growth. Significant non-interest expense related to credit exposure for unfunded off-balance sheet commitments was also recorded for the year ended December 31, 2020 consistent with declines in line utilization (mainly C&I).

●	Bancorp’s ACL on loans to total loans was 1.47% at December 31, 2020, compared to 0.94% at December 31, 2019.

●	Bancorp’s ACL on loans to total loans (excluding PPP loans) rose to 1.74% at December 31, 2020.

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Non-interest income increased 5% for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the prior year on the heels of record mortgage banking income despite substantially lower deposit service charge income and the prior year period benefitting from $1.4 million of non-recurring income. Strong WM&T results, which included a large estate fee in the first quarter of 2020, and continued growth in treasury management fees and card income also contributed to the increase.

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Non-interest expenses increased 5% for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the same period of 2019. Elevated tax credit amortization stemming from a large tax credit investment, CECL-related credit loss expense recorded for off-balance sheet exposures and continued investment in technology drove the increase despite declines associated with one-time acquisition-related charges and non-recurring activity in the prior year and pandemic-driven decreases in marketing and business development activity.

●	Bancorp’s efficiency ratio (FTE) for the year ended December 31, 2020 improved to 54.86% from 56.07% for the prior year, the latter of which included $1.3 million in one-time deal costs associated with the 2019 KSB acquisition.

●	The ETR increased to 13.1% for the year ended December 31, 2020 from 12.7% for the same period in 2019, the latter of which benefitted from $3.9 million in non-recurring tax adjustments related to two Kentucky tax law changes.

Total stockholder’s equity to total assets was 9.56% as of December 31, 2020 compared to 10.91% at December 31, 2019, the decline driven by the outsized balance sheet growth attributed to PPP participation. Total equity increased $34.4 million in 2020, as net income of $58.9 million was offset by dividends declared of $24.5 million, changes in AOCI and various stock based compensation.

TCE is a measure of a company's capital which is useful in evaluating the quality and adequacy of capital. Bancorp’s ratio of TCE to total tangible assets was 9.28% as of December 31, 2020, compared with 10.55% at December 31, 2019, the decline driven by the significant balance sheet growth associated with PPP participation as noted above. See the section titled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for reconcilement of non-GAAP to GAAP measures.

General highlights for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to December 31, 2018:

●	In 2019, Bancorp set the following financial records :

o

Total revenue, comprising FTE net interest income and non-interest income, of $175.0 million

o

Net income of $66.1 million surpassing $55.5 million in 2018

o

The combination of record loan production and the KSB acquisition boosted the loan portfolio by $297 million, or 12%. Approximately $133 million, or 6%, of the growth related to the acquisition.

o

Total deposit growth of $340 million

o

WM&T AUM of $3.3 billion at December 31, 2019

o

WM&T services income of $22.6 million boosted by record new business generation and strong market performance

o

ROA of 1.90%

o

ROE of 17.09%

●

Bancorp completed the acquisition of KSB on May 1st, adding approximately $164 million in loans and $126 million in deposits. Upon closing, goodwill totaling $12 million was recorded and net income from the acquisition was accretive to overall operating results for the third and fourth quarters of 2019.

●	The FRB lowered the FFTR by 25 bps on three separate occasions in 2019 with Prime falling to 4.75% at December 31, 2019.

●	Consistent with changes in Prime, Bancorp lowered the stated rate of most interest-bearing deposit account types during 2019.

●	NIM declined 1 bp to 3.82% for 2019 compared to the prior year.

●	Net interest income increased $10.8 million, or 9%, for 2019.

●	Average loans increased $198 million, or 8%, from December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2019. Bancorp benefited from the KSB acquisition in addition to strong organic loan production and net loan growth in 2019.

●	Average interest-bearing deposits increased $237 million, or 12%, from December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2019.

●	Sustained sound credit metrics, including net loan loss recoveries for 2019, led to a reduced provision under the incurred loan loss model of $1.0 million compared with $2.7 million for 2018.

●	Bancorp’s allowance was 0.94% of total loans at December 31, 2019, compared with 1.00% at December 31, 2018.

●	Non-interest income increased $4.4 million, or 10%, during 2019 based on the following:

o

Strong market returns, new business generation, and growth in corporate retirement plans led to record WM&T income.

o

Debit and credit card revenue continued to benefit from increasing transaction volumes, an expanding customer base and incentives paid by card processors.

o

Treasury management fees continued to grow consistent with growth in the commercial deposit base.

o

Lower long-term interest rates boosted mortgage banking income.

o

Other non-interest income benefited from significant non-recurring swap fees collected, gain on sale of Visa Class B common stock and proceeds received from a life insurance policy.

●	Non-interest expenses increased $8.7 million, or 10%, during 2019 based on the following:

o

KSB related deal costs, in addition to ongoing operational expenses tied to banking center expansion, incurred in 2019.

o

Growth in full time equivalent employees in addition to higher production and performance based compensation attributable to record 2019 operating results drove the increase in compensation expense.

o

Card processing expenses trended upward consistent with revenue growth.

o

Employee benefit expense was elevated in 2019 consistent with higher 401(k) match and increased FICA expense.

o

Additional community support expense was recorded in 2019, as the Company increased its contribution to the Bank’s foundation, established to support various community initiatives, due to outstanding 2019 operating results.

o

In contrast to the above increases, no FDIC insurance expense was recorded for the third and fourth quarters of 2019, as the national FDIC Reserve Ratio reached the FDIC’s targeted level, triggering the FDIC to release credits to small institutions.

●	Bancorp's efficiency ratio, calculated on a FTE basis, for 2019 was 56.07% compared with 55.89% for the same period in 2018.

●	The ETR decreased from 17.81% for 2018 to 12.68% for 2019 primarily due to two Kentucky state tax law changes that occurred during the first half of 2019.

Total stockholder’s equity to total assets was 10.91% as of December 31, 2019 compared to 11.10% at December 31, 2018. Total equity increased $39.8 million in 2019, as record net income of $66.1 million was offset by dividends declared of $23.5 million, stock repurchases totaling $9.2 million, changes in AOCI and various stock based compensation.

TCE is a measure of a company's capital which is useful in evaluating the quality and adequacy of capital. Bancorp’s ratio of TCE to total tangible assets was 10.55% as of December 31, 2019, compared with 11.05% at December 31, 2018, with the decline attributable to the second quarter 2019 KSB acquisition. See the section titled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for reconcilement of non-GAAP to GAAP measures.

Challenges for 2021:

Bancorp has identified the following challenges for fiscal year 2021:

●

Bancorp expects to complete the merger of Kentucky Bancshares, Inc. in the second quarter of 2021. Acquisitions require integration of different corporate cultures, loan and deposit products, pricing strategies, data processing systems and other technologies, accounting, internal audit and financial reporting systems, operating systems and internal controls, and marketing programs and personnel. Bancorp will need to manage the transition effectively to maximize retention of Kentucky Bank’s customers and employees, integrate personnel and systems efficiently, and maximize anticipated economic benefits.

●

Operating results for 2020 were significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which will continue to pose numerous challenges in 2021, such as stress on Bancorp’s borrower base and the impact of future unemployment forecast projections on the Company’s CECL model. Regulatory and legislative actions taken in response to the pandemic may temporarily mask potential problems, which could have a significant impact on future operating results.

●

Goals for fiscal year 2021 include continued net loan growth, excluding the PPP portfolio. This will be impacted by developments surrounding the on-going pandemic, competition, prevailing interest rates, economic conditions, line of credit utilization and loan prepayments. Bancorp believes there is continued opportunity for loan growth in all three of its markets in addition to the new central Kentucky market and Bancorp’s ability to deliver attractive loan growth over the long-term is linked to Bancorp’s overall success.

●

NIM compression in 2021 remains a concern, as market expectations are for the absolute low level of rates to be maintained for the foreseeable future. Based on its December 16, 2020 policy meeting, the FRB is projecting no rate increases until 2023. The PPP loan portfolio will also continue to affect loan yields and NIM as both the timing of forgiveness and further participation in the program will have an on-going impact on loan yields in 2021.

●	Ongoing pricing pressure/competition continues to pose challenges regarding further NIM compression.

●

Bancorp derives significant non-interest income from WM&T services. Most of these fees are based upon the market value of AUM at respective period ends. To continue growth of this income source, Bancorp must attract new customers and retain existing customers. Bancorp believes there is opportunity for growth in its three markets and expansion into Central Kentucky. Growth in market values of AUM and fees is dependent upon positive returns in the overall capital markets. Bancorp has no control over market volatility.

●

Technological advances are consistently providing opportunities for Bancorp to consider potential new products and delivery channels. Bancorp’s customers’ demand for innovative and relevant products and services is expected to trend along with changing technology. Bancorp will need to continue to make prudent investments in technology while managing associated risks so as to remain competitive with other financial service providers.

●

Over the past several years, Bancorp’s asset quality metrics have trended within a narrow range, exceeding benchmarks and reaching historically strong levels. Bancorp realizes that present asset quality metrics are positive and, recognizing the cyclical nature of the lending business, Bancorp anticipates this trend will likely normalize over time.

Results of Operations

Net Interest Income

As is the case with most banks, Bancorp’s primary revenue sources are net interest income and fee income from various financial services provided to customers. Net interest income is the difference between interest income earned on loans, investment securities and other interest earning assets less interest expense on deposit accounts and other interest bearing liabilities. Loan volume and interest rates earned on those loans are critical to overall profitability. Similarly, deposit volume is crucial to funding loans and rates paid on deposits directly impact profitability. New business volume is influenced by economic factors including market interest rates, business spending, consumer confidence and competitive conditions within the marketplace. The discussion that follows is based on fully tax-equivalent interest data.

Comparative information regarding net interest income follows:

As of and for the Years Ended December 31,														Variance
(dollars in thousands)		2020				2019				2018				2020 / 2019				2019 / 2018
Net interest income		$	135,921			$	125,348			$	114,575				8.4	%			9.4	%
Net interest income (FTE)*			136,133				125,571				114,882				8.4	%			9.3	%
Net interest spread			3.22	%			3.50	%			3.60	%			(28	)bps			(10	)bps
Net interest margin			3.39	%			3.82	%			3.83	%			(43	)bps			(1	)bps
Average earning assets		$	4,019,336			$	3,290,345			$	2,998,526				22.2	%			9.7	%
Five year Treasury note rate at year end			0.36	%			1.69	%			2.51	%			(133	)bps			(82	)bps
Average five year Treasury note rate			0.53	%			1.95	%			2.75	%			(142	)bps			(80	)bps
Prime rate at year end			3.25	%			4.75	%			5.50	%			(150	)bps			(75	)bps
Average Prime			3.53	%			5.29	%			4.90	%			(176	)bps			39	bps
One month LIBOR at year end			0.14	%			1.76	%			2.52	%			(162	)bps			(76	)bps
Average one month LIBOR			0.52	%			2.22	%			2.02	%			(170	)bps			20	bps
*See table titled, "Average Balance Sheets and Interest Rates (FTE)" below for detail of Net interest income (FTE)

NIM and net interest spread calculations above exclude the sold portion of certain participation loans, which totaled $10 million, $8 million and $10 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. These sold loans are on Bancorp’s balance sheet as required by GAAP because Bancorp retains some form of effective control; however, Bancorp receives no interest income on the sold portion. These participation loans sold are excluded, because Bancorp believes it provides a more accurate depiction of the performance of its loan portfolio.

Prime rate, the five year Treasury note rate and the one month LIBOR are included in the table above to provide a general indication of the interest rate environment in which Bancorp has operated during the past three years. Approximately $1 billion, or 31%, of Bancorp’s loans are variable rate (37% excluding the PPP portfolio), of which 99% are indexed to either Prime or one month LIBOR and generally reprice as those rates change. At inception, most of Bancorp’s fixed rate loans are priced in relation to the five year Treasury note.

The interest rate environment has declined drastically over the three year period as referenced in the table above. Rising rates in 2018 drove the FFTR to a range of 2.25-2.50%, resulting in Prime rising to 5.50% by the end of that year, representing the highest interest rates experienced post-Great Recession. Since hitting those marks, the FRB has lowered the FFTR five times, resulting in a combined 225 bps decrease in the FFTR through December 31, 2020. The most recent of these cuts came in mid-March 2020 when the FRB lowered the FFTR to a range of 0% - 0.25% in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the lowest level since late 2015.

Discussion of 2020 vs 2019:

Net interest spread and NIM were 3.22% and 3.39% for 2020 compared to 3.50% and 3.82% for 2019. NIM was significantly impacted in 2020 by the following:

●

The FFTR was lowered 225 bps between July 2019 and mid-March 2020, resulting in Prime dropping to 3.25%. Average Prime declined significantly to 3.53% for 2020 compared to 5.29% for 2019.

●

Treasury yields remained near historic lows for several months in 2020, eroding NIM and loan yields.

●

PPP loan originations, which boosted net interest income, had a negative impact on NIM and loan yields.

●

The strategic lowering of stated deposit interest rates and CD offering rates over the past twelve months in tandem with FRB interest rate actions.

●

Strong average loan growth (excluding PPP loans).

●

Excess balance sheet liquidity and elevated deposit balances.

As previously stated, Bancorp originated approximately 3,400 PPP loans, equating to $637 million (net of origination fees and costs) during the second quarter of 2020. Bancorp received $19.5 million in net origination fees from the SBA and recognized $9.1 million in net origination fee income associated with the PPP portfolio in 2020. While this had a positive impact on interest and fee income as well as net interest income, the 1% stated yield on the PPP portfolio negatively impacted the overall loan portfolio yield by 17 bps and NIM by 3 bps. With a heavy concentration of these loans originating in April, the average balance of the PPP portfolio ended at $443 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 with a yield of 3.08%, which was significantly below the 4.34% yield on the traditional loan portfolio (excluding PPP loans) for the same period.

Average FFS and interest bearing due from bank balances increased significantly for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared with the same period in 2019. Excess liquidity contributed to approximately 15 bps of NIM compression for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to 9 bps for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Net interest income (FTE) increased $10.6 million, or 8%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the same period of 2019, primarily attributed to the deposit rate cuts implemented by Bancorp in response to the changing interest rate environment and the additional fee income associated with the PPP portfolio.

Total average interest earning assets increased $729 million, or 22%, to $4.0 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020, with the average rate earned on total interest earning assets contracting 82 bps to 3.68%.

●

Average loans increased $602 million, or 22%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the same period of 2019 with $443 million of the average growth attributed to the PPP portfolio. In addition to the 2019 KSB acquisition, Bancorp has experienced strong organic growth across all three markets leading to a $160 million increase in average non-PPP loan portfolio balances.

●

Average FFS and interest bearing due from bank balances increased $93 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared with the same period of 2019, consistent with the elevated level of deposits.

Total interest income (FTE) was flat, down $32,000 to $148.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared with the same period of 2019 despite the drastic decline in the interest rate environment.

●

Interest and fee income on loans (FTE) increased approximately $3.3 million, or 2%, to $137.9 million, attributed mainly to fee income associated with the PPP portfolio, as significant interest rate contraction led to a $10.4 million decrease in interest income on the traditional loan portfolio (excluding PPP loans).

●

With the exception of mortgage loans held for sale, interest income on the remaining interest earning asset portfolio was significantly negatively impacted by the changes in the interest rate environment in addition to substantial average balance growth.

Total average interest bearing liabilities increased $353 million, or 16%, to $2.6 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared with the same period of 2019, with the average cost decreasing 54 bps to 0.46%.

●

Average interest bearing deposits increased $364 million, or 17%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the same period of 2019, with interest-bearing demand deposits representing $257 million of the increase. Some customers who received PPP loans, the proceeds for which were deposited into accounts held at the Bank, have utilized the funds to strengthen their balance sheets. Further, the economic slow-down and uncertainty surrounding the pandemic has resulted in the customer base maintaining higher levels of liquidity in general, similar to customer behavior seen during the Great Recession.

●

Average FHLB advances declined $9 million, or 13%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the same period of 2019, as matured advances were not replaced or renewed.

Total interest expense decreased $10.6 million, or 47%, for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to the same period of 2019, a direct result of strategic deposit rate reductions implemented in response to the changing interest rate environment.

●

Total interest bearing deposit expense decreased $10.1 million, or 49%, driving a 54 bps decrease in the cost of average total interest bearing liabilities to 0.42% as deposit rates were cut in tandem with FRB interest rate actions.

●

FHLB advance expense decreased $240,000 or 15%, as matured advances were not replaced or renewed, resulting in lower interest expense.

Discussion of 2019 vs 2018:

During the third quarter of 2019, the FRB lowered the FFTR 25 bps twice; effective on August 1 ^st and later during the quarter, effective September 19 ^th . Effective October 31 ^st , the FRB lowered the FFTR 25 bps once again with Prime ending at 4.75% as of December 31, 2019 compared to 5.50% at December 31, 2018.

In response to the August FFTR reduction, Bancorp immediately lowered the stated rate of most interest-bearing deposit account types, in addition to lowering all CD offering rates. With regard to the September FFTR reduction, Bancorp immediately lowered stated rates on most personal money market and larger sweep customers in addition to CD offering rates. Bancorp was able to fully offset the loss in revenue, with the first and second FFTR movements not impacting overall NIM. With the October 31 ^st rate drop, the Bank lowered the stated rate of most interest-bearing deposit account types in addition to subsequently lowering all CD offering rates in early November. Unlike the previous two rate cuts by the FRB, the decline in loan yields associated with this cut was not fully offset by the reduction in deposit rates.

In the first half of 2018, Bancorp raised stated rates paid on money market accounts in addition to launching a targeted CD marketing campaign within its Louisville market to support loan growth and increase liquidity. The campaign generated over $100 million in CD growth in 2018. In addition, the deposit portfolio assumed from KSB in the second quarter of 2019 was concentrated in higher costing time deposits. While Bancorp had not aggressively pursued deposits since mid-2018, falling interest rates in 2019 drove an increase in non-interest bearing deposits.

In general, net interest income and NIM were favorably impacted by elevated loan prepayment fees collected in 2019 with a much lighter impact experienced in the prior year. Offsetting the fee impact, the KSB portfolio mix of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities added during 2019 had a slight negative impact on NIM.

Net interest spread (FTE) and NIM (FTE) were 3.50% and 3.82%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 3.60% and 3.83% for the same period in 2018. Net interest income (FTE) of $125.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased $10.7 million, or 9%, from $114.9 million for the same period in 2018, led by growth in average interest earning assets, primarily loans. Total average earning assets increased $292 million, or 10%, to $3.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019, as compared with the same period in 2018, with the average rate earned on earnings assets increasing 16 bps to 4.50%. Average loans increased $198 million, or 8%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, with the KSB acquisition contributing $102 million, or 52% of the total average increase. The remaining increase stemmed from record annual organic loan production experienced across all markets. Average balances of FFS, interest bearing due from banks and AFS securities increased $91 million, or 19%, in total for the year ended December 31, 2019, as compared with 2018, as excess balance sheet liquidity was deployed into short-term investments.

Total interest income (FTE) increased $17.9 million, or 14%, for the year ended December 31, 2019, as compared with the same period in 2018, to $148.1 million. Approximately $15.8 million of this total increase related to loans (FTE), with the majority of this increase attributed to average balance growth.

Bancorp was successful in growing loans in 2019 despite elevated levels of commercial loan payoffs, resulting largely from construction and land development borrowers moving elsewhere for permanent financing or CRE loans for which collateral was sold. Loan growth during 2019 reflected ongoing expansion in key lending categories such as C&I and CRE owner-occupied lending.

Total average interest bearing liabilities increased $202 million, or 10%, to $2.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019, as compared with the same period in 2018, with the average cost increasing 26 bps to 1.00%. Average interest bearing liabilities assumed in the KSB acquisition (deposits and FHLB advances) represented $78 million, or 39%, of the total increase. Average interest bearing deposits increased $237 million, or 12%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, with approximately $58 million attributable to the KSB acquisition and concentrated in the time deposits category.

Total interest expense increased $7.2 million, or 47%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 and was concentrated within interest bearing deposits. Approximately 62% of the total interest bearing deposit change was attributable to rate with fluctuations as follows:

●

The cost of time deposits increased from 1.29% to 2.02%, while the average balance increased $127 million, or 46%, largely attributable to the KSB acquisition.

●

The cost of money markets increased from 0.84% to 1.02%, while the average balance increased $35 million, or 5%.

●

The cost of interest bearing demand deposits increased from 0.49% to 0.57%, while the average balance increased $64 million, or 8%.

The average balance of SSUAR decreased $24 million, or 38%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, as a significant number of commercial customers migrated from lower yielding collateralized products to higher yielding non-collateralized deposits.

With higher levels of excess balance sheet liquidity in 2019, Bancorp maintained less reliance on short-term borrowing, leading to a $34 million decline in average balance of FFP and a favorable interest expense variance of $618,000.

Average FHLB advances increased $22 million, or 45%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 2018 based on advances assumed from the KSB acquisition. These advances were retained by Bancorp based upon favorable rates and terms at the time of acquisition and in relation to the overall execution of Bancorp’s asset liability management strategy. Also, as a result of the KSB acquisition, Bancorp assumed a $4 million subordinated note that was redeemed at par prior to the end of the second quarter of 2019.

Average Balance Sheets and Interest Rates (FTE)

		2020												2019												2018
Years ended December 31, (dollars in thousands)		Average Balance				Interest				Average Rate				Average Balance				Interest				Average Rate				Average Balance				Interest				Average Rate
Interest earning assets:
Federal funds sold and interest bearing due from banks		$	229,905			$	738				0.32	%		$	136,514			$	2,933				2.15	%		$	67,083			$	1,307				1.95	%
Mortgage loans held for sale			20,156				533				2.64				3,836				182				4.74				2,549				166				6.51
Available for sale debt securities:
Taxable			443,035				8,432				1.90				413,801				9,291				2.25				377,126				8,492				2.25
Tax-exempt			10,047				265				2.64				22,710				570				2.51				37,943				1,006				2.65
Total securities			453,082				8,697				1.92				436,511				9,861				2.26				415,069				9,498				2.29
Federal Home Loan Bank stock			11,284				253				2.24				10,858				548				5.05				9,348				509				5.45
SBA Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loans			442,510				13,636				3.08				—				—				—				—				—				—
Non-PPP loans			2,862,399				124,226				4.34				2,702,626				134,591				4.98				2,504,477				118,759				4.74
Total loans			3,304,909				137,862				4.17				2,702,626				134,591				4.98				2,504,477				118,759				4.74
Total interest earning assets			4,019,336				148,083				3.68				3,290,345				148,115				4.50				2,998,526				130,239				4.34
Less allowance for credit losses			45,008												27,057												25,130
Non-interest earning assets:
Cash and due from banks			46,277												44,884												42,783
Premises and equipment, net			57,474												63,197												42,773
Bank Owned Life Insurance			32,899												32,631												32,396
Accrued interest receivable and other			106,615												76,998												68,378
Total assets		$	4,217,593											$	3,480,998											$	3,159,726
Interest bearing liabilities:
Deposits:
Interest bearing demand deposits		$	1,133,308			$	1,776				0.16	%		$	875,897			$	4,951				0.57	%		$	811,748			$	4,008				0.49	%
Savings deposits			190,368				36				0.02				166,509				291				0.17				156,212				311				0.20
Money market deposits			771,363				1,482				0.19				695,411				7,105				1.02				660,222				5,529				0.84
Time deposits			412,506				7,184				1.74				406,176				8,213				2.02				278,888				3,593				1.29
Total interest bearing deposits			2,507,545				10,478				0.42				2,143,993				20,560				0.96				1,907,070				13,441				0.70
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase			40,363				37				0.09				38,555				101				0.26				62,580				157				0.25
Federal funds purchased			9,457				35				0.37				11,182				217				1.94				45,293				835				1.84
Federal Home Loan Bank advances			61,483				1,400				2.28				70,755				1,640				2.32				48,766				924				1.89
Subordinated debt			—				—				—				922				26				2.82				—				—				—
Total interest bearing liabilities			2,618,848				11,950				0.46				2,265,407				22,544				1.00				2,063,709				15,357				0.74
Non-interest bearing liabilities:
Non-interest bearing demand deposits			1,100,942												765,103												703,453
Accrued interest payable and other			77,684												63,925												45,523
Total liabilities			3,797,474												3,094,435												2,812,685
Stockholders’ equity			420,119												386,563												347,041
Total liabilities and stockholder's equity		$	4,217,593											$	3,480,998											$	3,159,726
Net interest income						$	136,133											$	125,571											$	114,882
Net interest spread											3.22	%											3.50	%											3.60	%
Net interest margin											3.39	%											3.82	%											3.83	%

Supplemental Information - Total Company Average Balance Sheets and Interest Rates (FTE)

●

Average loan balances include the principal balance of non-accrual loans, as well as unearned income such as loan premiums, discounts, fees/costs and exclude participation loans accounted for as secured borrowings. Participation loans averaged $8 million, $9 million and $15 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

●

Interest income on a FTE basis includes additional amounts of interest income that would have been earned if investments in certain tax-exempt interest earning assets had been made in assets subject to federal taxes yielding the same after-tax income. Interest income on municipal securities and tax-exempt loans has been calculated on a FTE basis using a federal income tax rate of 21%. Approximate tax equivalent adjustments to interest income were $212,000, $224,000 and $307,000 for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

●

Interest income includes loan fees of $10.6 million ($9.1 million associated with the PPP), $2.2 million and $1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Interest income on loans may be impacted by the level of prepayment fees collected and accretion related to loans purchased.

●

Net interest income, the most significant component of Bancorp's earnings, represents total interest income less total interest expense. The level of net interest income is determined by mix and volume of interest earning assets, interest bearing deposits and borrowed funds, and changes in interest rates.

●

NIM represents net interest income on a FTE basis as a percentage of average interest earning assets.

●

Net interest spread (FTE) is the difference between taxable equivalent rates earned on interest earning assets less the cost of interest bearing liabilities.

●

The fair market value adjustment on investment securities resulting from ASC 320, Investments – Debt and Equity Securities is included as a component of other assets.

The following table illustrates the extent to which changes in interest rates and changes in the volume of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities impacted Bancorp’s interest income and interest expense during the periods indicated. Information is provided in each category with respect to (i) changes attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate), (ii) changes attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume) and (iii) net change. The changes attributable to the combined impact of volume and rate have been allocated proportionately to the changes due to volume and the changes due to rate. Tax-equivalent adjustments are based on a federal income tax rate of 21%. The change in interest due to both rate and volume has been allocated to the change due to rate and the change due to volume in proportion to the relationship of the absolute dollar amounts of the change in each.

Rate/Volume Analysis (FTE)

		Year ended December 31, 2020												Year ended December 31, 2019
		Compared to												Compared to
		Year ended December 31, 2019												Year ended December 31, 2018
		Total Net				Increase (Decrease) Due to								Total Net				Increase (Decrease) Due to
(in thousands)		Change				Rate				Volume				Change				Rate				Volume
Interest income:
Federal funds sold and interest bearing due from banks		$	(2,195	)		$	(3,441	)		$	1,246			$	1,626			$	147			$	1,479
Mortgage loans held for sale			351				(113	)			464				16				(53	)			69
Securities available for sale:
Taxable			(859	)			(1,484	)			625				799				(25	)			824
Tax-exempt			(305	)			28				(333	)			(436	)			(51	)			(385	)
Federal Home Loan Bank stock			(295	)			(316	)			21				39				(39	)			78
SBA Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loans			13,636				—				13,636				—				—				—
Traditional loans			(10,365	)			(18,000	)			7,635				15,832				6,147				9,685
Total interest income			(32	)			(23,326	)			23,294				17,876				6,126				11,750
Interest expense:
Deposits:
Interest bearing demand deposits			(3,175	)			(4,326	)			1,151				943				610				333
Savings deposits			(255	)			(292	)			37				(20	)			(40	)			20
Money market deposits			(5,623	)			(6,324	)			701				1,576				1,269				307
Time deposits			(1,029	)			(1,155	)			126				4,620				2,565				2,055
Total interest bearing deposits			(10,082	)			(12,097	)			2,015				7,119				4,404				2,715
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase			(64	)			(69	)			5				(56	)			7				(63	)
Federal funds purchased			(182	)			(153	)			(29	)			(618	)			42				(660	)
Federal Home Loan Bank advances			(240	)			(28	)			(212	)			716				237				479
Subordinated debt			(26	)			—				(26	)			26				—				26
Total interest expense			(10,594	)			(12,347	)			1,753				7,187				4,690				2,497
Net interest income		$	10,562			$	(10,979	)		$	21,541			$	10,689			$	1,436			$	9,253

Asset/Liability Management and Interest Rate Risk

Managing interest rate risk is fundamental for the financial services industry. The primary objective of interest rate risk management is to neutralize effects of interest rate changes on net income. By considering both on and off-balance sheet financial instruments, management evaluates interest rate sensitivity with the goal of optimizing net interest income within the constraints of prudent capital adequacy, liquidity needs, market opportunities and customer requirements.

Interest Rate Simulation Sensitivity Analysis

Bancorp uses an earnings simulation model to estimate and evaluate the impact of an immediate change in interest rates on earnings in a one-year forecast. The simulation model is designed to reflect dynamics of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities. By estimating effects of interest rate fluctuations, the model can approximate interest rate risk exposure. This simulation model is used by management to gauge approximate results given a specific change in interest rates at a given point in time. The model is therefore a tool to indicate earnings trends in given interest rate scenarios and may not indicate actual or expected results.

The December 31, 2020 simulation reflects the FRB’s mid-March 2020 action to lower the FFTR to near zero. Bancorp’s interest rate simulation sensitivity analysis details that increases in interest rates of 100 bps would have a slightly positive effect on interest income, while an increase in rates of 200 bps would have a more positive effect on net interest income. These results are attributed to over half of the variable rate loan portfolio being currently at or near floor rates, as these yields will not increase until short-term rates exceed these floor rates. For example, a significant portion of the variable rate loan portfolio is tied to Prime, with floor rates of 4.00%. Given Prime is at 3.25% as of December 31, 2020, short-term rates would have to increase over 75 bps for these loans to move above their floor rates.

The overall increase in net interest income in the rising rate scenarios is primarily due to variable rate loans and short-term investments repricing more quickly than deposits and short-term borrowings. Asset balances subject to immediate repricing cause an estimated decline in net interest income in the down 100 bps scenario, as rates on non-maturity deposits cannot be lowered sufficiently to offset declining interest income. These estimates are summarized below:

		Change in Rates
			-200				-100			+100				+200
		Basis Points				Basis Points				Basis Points				Basis Points
% Change from base net interest income at December 31, 2020		NA					(4.50	)%			0.57	%			4.50	%

Bancorp’s loan portfolio is currently composed of approximately 69% fixed and 31% variable rate loans, with the fixed rate portion pricing (excluding PPP loans) generally based on a spread to the five-year treasury curve at the time of origination and the variable portion pricing based on an on-going spread to Prime (approximately 60%) or one month LIBOR (approximately 40%). Bancorp’s loan portfolio (excluding PPPP loans) at December 31, 2020 was composed of approximately 63% fixed and 37% variable rate loans.

Periodically, Bancorp enters into interest rate swap transactions with borrowers who desire to hedge exposure to rising interest rates, while at the same time entering into an offsetting interest rate swap, with substantially matching terms, with another approved independent counterparty. These are undesignated derivative instruments and are recognized on the balance sheet at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in other non-interest income as interest rates fluctuate. Because of matching terms of offsetting contracts, in addition to collateral provisions which mitigate the impact of non-performance risk, changes in fair value subsequent to initial recognition have a minimal effect on earnings, and are therefore not included in the simulation analysis results above. For additional information see the Footnote titled “ Assets and Liabilities Measured and Reported at Fair Value. ”

In addition, Bancorp uses derivative financial instruments as part of its interest rate risk management, including interest rate swaps. These interest rate swaps are designated as cash flow hedges as described in the Footnote titled “ Derivative Financial Instruments. ” For these derivatives, the effective portion of gains or losses is reported as a component of OCI, and is subsequently reclassified into earnings as an adjustment to interest expense in periods in which the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings.

Provision for Credit Losses

Provision for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2020 represents the amount of expense that, based on Management’s judgment, is required to maintain the ACL on loans at an appropriate level under the CECL model. Previous years were calculated under the incurred loss model. The determination of the amount of the ACL on loans is complex and involves a high degree of judgment and subjectivity. See the footnote titled “ Summary of Significant Accounting Policies ” for detailed discussion regarding Bancorp’s ACL methodology by loan segment.

An analysis of the changes in the ACL on loans, including provision, and selected ratios follow:

Years ended December 31, (dollars in thousands)		2020				2019				2018
Beginning balance		$	26,791			$	25,534			$	24,885
Impact of adopting ASC 326			8,221				—				—
Initial ACL on loans purchased with credit deterioration			1,635				—				—
Provision for credit losses			16,918				1,000				2,705
Total charge-offs			(2,101	)			(684	)			(3,012	)
Total recoveries			456				941				956
Net loan (charge-offs) recoveries			(1,645	)			257				(2,056	)
ACL at the end of the period		$	51,920			$	26,791			$	25,534
Average loans		$	3,304,909			$	2,702,626			$	2,504,477
Provision to average loans			0.51	%			0.04	%			0.11	%
Net loan (charge-offs) recoveries to average loans			(0.05	)%			0.01	%			(0.08	)%
ACL on loans to average loans			1.57	%			0.99	%			1.02	%
ACL on loans to total loans			1.47	%			0.94	%			1.00	%
ACL on loans to total loans (excluding PPP)			1.74	%			—				—

Discussion of 2020 vs 2019:

Upon adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2020, Bancorp recorded an increase of $8.2 million to the ACL on loans and a corresponding decrease to retained earnings, net of the DTA impact. In addition, non-accretable yield marks of $1.6 million related to formerly classified PCI loans were reclassed between the amortized cost basis of loans and corresponding ACL. The adjustment upon adoption of ASC 326 increased the ACL on loans balance to $37 million as of January 1, 2020.

The ACL on loans totaled $52 million at December 31, 2020 compared to $27 million at December 31, 2019, representing an ACL to total loans ratio of 1.47% and 0.94% for those periods, respectively. The ACL to total loans (excluding PPP loans) was 1.74% at December 31, 2020. Based on the 100% SBA guarantee of the PPP loan portfolio, which totaled $550 million (net of unamortized deferred fees) at December 31, 2020, Bancorp did not reserve for potential losses for this portfolio.

Despite overall strong credit metrics, Bancorp recorded provision for credit losses $16.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared with $1.0 million for the same period of 2019, the latter of which was determined under the incurred loan loss model. Provisioning in 2020 was significantly impacted by the economic crisis, its corresponding impact on unemployment forecast adjustments within the CECL model, loan growth, specific reserve additions and qualitative factor adjustments. The forecasted change in the unemployment rate coupled with the qualitative factor adjustments resulted in approximately $12.4 million of the total provision expense recorded for the year ended December 31, 2020. In addition, Bancorp recorded $2.8 million in provision for credit losses in 2020 related to net loan growth which was heavily concentrated within the fourth quarter. During the second quarter of 2020, a large CRE relationship was placed on non-accrual status and allocated a $2 million specific reserve within the ACL on loans. An additional $1 million specific reserve was added to this relationship during the fourth quarter.

During the third quarter of 2020, the Company recorded charge-offs totaling $1.6 million related to loans that were acquired in the prior year acquisition and fully allocated for through purchase accounting adjustments at the time of acquisition. While these are reflected as charge-offs, there was no impact to the provision for credit losses, nor to the income statement, associated with these loans and charge-off activity for the year ended December 31, 2020 was otherwise minimal.

Bancorp’s loan portfolio is diversified with no significant concentrations of credit. Geographically, most loans are extended to borrowers in the MSAs of Louisville, Indianapolis and Cincinnati. The adequacy of the allowance is monitored on an ongoing basis and it is the opinion of management that the balance of the allowance at December 31, 2020 is adequate to absorb probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the financial statement date.

Discussion of 2019 vs 2018:

Bancorp recorded provision of $1.0 million and $2.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, both years’ provision being determined under the incurred-loss methodology. Strong credit metrics and net recoveries of $257,000 in 2019 resulted in an allowance to total loans of 0.94% as of December 31, 2019, compared with 1.00% as December 31, 2018. The loans acquired in the 2019 KSB acquisition were marked to market on the acquisition date and as such, did not receive an allowance.

In 2019, key indicators of loan quality remained consistent, or compared to 2018 with the exception of increased classified balances, defined as OAEM, Substandard, and non-performing loans, which increased $4 million at December 31, 2019 compared to December 31, 2018.

The historical look-back period within Bancorp’s historical loan loss methodology was extended from 32 to 36 quarters in the first quarter of 2019 to all classes and segments of the portfolio. The expansion of the look-back period more accurately represented the level of risk in the loan portfolio in management’s view at that time and attempted to capture the effects of a full economic cycle. Based on the look-back period extension, the allowance level increased approximately $2.0 million during the first quarter of 2019.

See the “ Financial Condition – Allowance for Credit Losses ” section of this discussion for further details regarding the ACL for loans.

Non-Interest Income

														Variance
														2020 / 2019								2019 / 2018
Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands)		2020				2019				2018				$				%				$				%
Wealth management and trust services		$	23,406			$	22,643			$	21,536			$	763				3	%		$	1,107				5	%
Deposit service charges			4,161				5,193				5,431				(1,032	)			(20	)			(238	)			(4	)
Debit and credit card income			8,480				8,123				6,769				357				4				1,354				20
Treasury management fees			5,407				4,992				4,571				415				8				421				9
Mortgage banking income			6,155				2,934				2,413				3,221				110				521				22
Net investment products sales commissions and fees			1,775				1,498				1,677				277				18				(179	)			(11	)
Bank owned life insurance			693				1,031				1,129				(338	)			(33	)			(98	)			(9	)
Other			1,822				3,014				1,540				(1,192	)			(40	)			1,474				96
Total non-interest income		$	51,899			$	49,428			$	45,066			$	2,471				5	%		$	4,362				10	%

Discussion of 2020 vs 2019:

Total non-interest income increased $2.5 million, or 5%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the same period of 2019. Non-interest income comprised 28% of total revenues, defined as net interest income (FTE) and non-interest income, for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. WM&T services comprised 45% of Bancorp’s total non-interest income for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to 46% for the same period in 2019.

WM&T Services:

The magnitude of WM&T revenue distinguishes Bancorp from other community banks of similar asset size. Trust AUM, stated at market value, ended 2020 at a record $3.85 billion, a 16% increase compared with $3.32 billion at December 31, 2019. WM&T revenue increased $763,000, or 3%, to $23.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared with the same period of 2019. While stock market volatility associated with the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the WM&T department, particularly in the second quarter of this year, strong market performance in the latter half of this year, record new business growth and a large non-recurring estate fee from the first quarter of 2020 led to record WM&T income of $23.4 million.

Recurring fees earned for managing accounts are based on a percentage of market value of AUM and are typically assessed on a monthly basis. Recurring fees, which generally comprise the vast majority of WM&T revenue, increased $660,000, or 3%, for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared with the same period of 2019. A portion of WM&T revenue, most notably executor, insurance and some employee benefit plan-related fees, are nonrecurring in nature and the timing of these revenues corresponds with the related administrative activities. For this reason, such fees are subject to more period over period fluctuation. Total nonrecurring fees increased $103,000 or 15%, for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared with the same period in 2019. Contracts between WM&T and their customers do not permit performance based fees and accordingly, none of the WM&T revenue is performance based. Management believes the WM&T department will continue to factor significantly in Bancorp’s financial results and provide strategic diversity to revenue streams.

Detail of WM&T Service Income by Account Type:

Years Ended December 31, (in thousands)		2020				2019				2018
Investment advisory		$	9,747			$	9,072			$	8,395
Personal trust and estate fees			7,027				7,164				7,322
Personal investment retirement			4,319				3,821				3,644
Company retirement			1,457				1,503				1,350
Foundation and endowment			589				559				552
Custody and safekeeping			129				130				161
Brokerage and insurance services			45				52				53
Other			93				342				59
Total wealth management and trust services income		$	23,406			$	22,643			$	21,536

The preceding table demonstrates that WM&T fee revenue is concentrated within investment advisory and personal trust accounts. WM&T fees are predominantly based on AUM and tailored for individual/company accounts and/or relationships with fee structures customized based on account type and other factors with larger relationships paying a lower percentage of AUM in fees. For example, recurring AUM fee structures are in place for investment management, irrevocable trusts, revocable trusts, individual IRAs and accounts holding only fixed income securities. Company retirement plan services often consist of a one-time conversion fee with recurring AUM fees to follow. While there are also fee structures for estate settlements, income received is often non-recurring in nature. Fees are agreed upon at the time the account is opened and any subsequent revisions are communicated in writing to the customer. Fees earned are not performance-based nor are they based on investment strategy or transactions.

Assets Under Management by Account Type:

AUM (not included on balance sheet) grew from $3.32 billion at December 31, 2019 to $3.85 billion at December 31, 2020.

		2020												2019
December 31, (in thousands)		Managed				Non-managed (1)				Total				Managed				Non-managed (1)				Total
Investment advisory		$	1,547,742			$	72,696			$	1,620,438			$	1,347,389			$	21,759			$	1,369,148
Personal trust			721,150				112,053				833,203				617,984				96,506				714,490
Personal individual retirement			506,005				3,241				509,246				437,193				2,799				439,992
Company retirement			40,006				481,222				521,228				45,097				436,188				481,285
Foundation and endowment			281,986				2,532				284,518				231,704				1,343				233,047
Subtotal		$	3,096,889			$	671,744			$	3,768,633			$	2,679,367			$	558,595			$	3,237,962
Custody and safekeeping			—				83,004				83,004				—				81,850				81,850
Total		$	3,096,889			$	754,748			$	3,851,637			$	2,679,367			$	640,445			$	3,319,812
(1) Non-managed assets represent those for which WM&T does not have investment discretion.

As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, approximately 80% and 81%, respectively, of AUM were actively managed. Company retirement plan accounts primarily consist of participant directed assets and the amount of custody and safekeeping accounts are insignificant.

Managed Trust Assets Under Management by Class of Investment:

December 31, (in thousands)		2020				2019
Interest bearing deposits		$	168,344			$	145,710
US Treasury and government agency obligations			31,719				46,950
State, county and municipal obligations			119,344				136,575
Money market mutual funds			58,493				7,511
Equity mutual funds			752,476				654,569
Other mutual funds - fixed, balanced, and municipal			441,275				339,296
Other notes and bonds			165,828				182,940
Common and preferred stocks			1,238,973				1,037,695
Real estate mortgages			190				332
Real estate			51,682				51,059
Other miscellaneous assets (1)			68,565				76,730
Total managed assets		$	3,096,889			$	2,679,367

(1)

Includes client directed instruments including rights, warrants, annuities, insurance policies, unit investment trusts, and oil and gas rights.

Managed assets are invested in instruments for which market values can be readily determined, the majority of which are sensitive to market fluctuations, and consist of approximately 64% in equities and 36% in fixed income securities at December 31, 2020. This composition is relatively consistent from period to period and WM&T has no proprietary mutual funds.

Additional Sources of Non-interest income:

Deposit service charges decreased $1.0 million, or 20%, for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared with the same period in 2019. Deposit service charge income is primarily driven by changes in customer behavior and transaction volume, which can fluctuate from period to period. Consistent with the industry, Bancorp has experienced a steady decline in the volume of fees earned on overdrawn checking accounts over the last several years, a trend that was significantly exacerbated by the pandemic with significant declines in transaction volume and paper check presentments beginning in April 2020. Stimulus checks, extensions of tax payment due dates, more lucrative unemployment compensation, diminished pandemic spend and PPP funding all impacted consumer behavior in 2020. While Bancorp experienced a notable increase in deposit service charge income in the latter half of the year, Management is not able to predict when, or if, this revenue stream will return to pre-pandemic levels.

Debit and credit card income consists of interchange income, ancillary fees and incentives received from card processors. Debit and credit card revenue increased $357,000 or 4%, for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared with the same period in 2019 despite pandemic-related hurdles, as Bancorp has seen continued growth in the customer bases. Total debit card income increased $85,000, or 1%, while total credit card income increased $272,000, or 11%. Similar to deposit service charges above, Bancorp saw significant improvement in transaction volume in the latter of half of 2020 as statewide activity restrictions due to the pandemic in Bancorp’s markets implemented earlier this year were eased and/or lifted.

Treasury management fees primarily consist of fees earned for cash management services provided to commercial customers. This revenue stream increased $415,000, or 8%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to 2019 as Bancorp’s Treasury Management department was able to overcome the significant decline in pandemic related transaction volume with new product sales and expansion of its customer base (partially attributable to the PPP). The demand for Bancorp’s treasury products has increased during the pandemic, as these products allow customers to operate more efficiently in a decentralized environment. Bancorp anticipates this income category will continue to increase based on continued customer base growth and the expanding suite of services offered within Bancorp’s treasury management platform.

Mortgage banking income primarily includes gains on sales of mortgage loans and loan servicing income offset by MSR amortization. Bancorp’s mortgage banking department predominantly originates residential mortgage loans to be sold in the secondary market, primarily to FNMA. Interest rates on the mortgage loans sold are locked with the borrower and investor prior to closing the loans, thus Bancorp bears no interest rate risk related to loans sold. Bancorp offers conventional, VA and FHA financing for purchases and refinances, as well as programs for first-time homebuyers. Interest rates on mortgage loans directly influence the volume of business transacted by the mortgage-banking department. Mortgage banking revenue increased $3.2 million, or 110%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared with the same period of 2019, respectively, as sustained low long-term rates have incentivized refinancing activity and resulted in record mortgage banking income. The current pipeline of mortgage loans remains strong, however, volume could slow as underlying issues with the pandemic develop and the pool of potential customers who have yet to refinance shrinks.

In September 2020, the Bank elected to start retaining a portion of FNMA qualified secondary market single family residential real estate loan production from the mortgage banking department on balance sheet in an effort to deploy excess liquidity. Approximately $31 million in 15/30 year fixed rate loans yielding approximately 2.75% were retained through December 31, 2020, forgoing approximately $845,000 in gain on sales of loans that would typically have been recognized in mortgage banking income. The Bank aims to retain approximately $5 to $10 million per month of such production with a mix of 15/30 year maturities in the first part of 2021.

Net investment product sales commissions and fees are generated primarily on stock, bond and mutual fund sales, as well as wrap fees on brokerage accounts. Wrap fees represent charges for investment programs that bundle together a suite of services, such as brokerage, advisory, research and management and are based on a percentage of assets. Bancorp deploys its financial advisors primarily through its branch network via an arrangement with a third party broker-dealer, while larger managed accounts are serviced by Bancorp’s WM&T segment. Net investment product sales commissions and fees increased $277,000, or 18%, for the year December 31, 2020, as compared with the same period of 2019, as market volatility during 2020 led to increased customer trading activity.

BOLI assets represent the cash surrender value of life insurance policies on certain key employees who have provided consent for Bancorp to be the beneficiary for a portion of such policies. The related change in cash surrender value and any death benefits received under the policies are recorded as non-interest income. This income serves to offset the cost of various employee benefits. BOLI income decreased $338,000, for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily as a result of a $296,000 death benefit received in the third quarter of 2019.

Other non-interest income decreased $1.2 million, or 40%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared with the same period of 2019. This decrease was driven by a plethora of non-recurring activity that occurred in 2019 including swap fee income of $374,000, a $212,000 gain on the sale of VISA Class B stock originally acquired in a 2013 acquisition, proceeds of $142,000 associated with life insurance policies outside of the traditional BOLI program and a $126,000 banking center relocation incentive.

Discussion of 2019 vs 2018:

Total non-interest income increased $4.4 million, or 10%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. Non-interest income comprised 28% of total revenue for both the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. WM&T services comprised 46% of Bancorp’s total non-interest income for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 48% for the same period in 2018.

Trust AUM, stated at market value, ended 2019 at a $3.32 billion, a 20% increase compared with $2.77 billion at December 31, 2018. AUM consisted of approximately 63% in equities and 37% in fixed income securities at December 31, 2019. WM&T revenue increased $1.1 million, or 5%, to a $22.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, as compared with the same period in 2018 consistent with increased new business generation, strong market returns and growth in company retirement plans. Recurring fees increased $973,000, or 5%, for the year ended December 31, 2019, as compared with the same period of 2018. Total non-recurring fees increased $134,000, or 23%, for the year ended December 31, 2019, as compared with the same period of 2018. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, approximately 81% and 79% of AUM were actively managed.

Deposit service charges decreased $238,000, or 4%, for the year ended December 31, 2019, as compared with the same period in 2018. Consistent with the industry, Bancorp has experienced a steady decline in volume and fees earned on overdrawn checking accounts.

Debit and credit card revenue increased $1.4 million, or 20%, for the year ended December 31, 2019, as compared with the same period in 2018 consistent with increased volume resulting from continued growth in the customer bases. Total debit card income increased $500,000, or 10%, for the year ended December 31, 2019, while credit card income increased $854,000, or 56%, for the same period. In 2019, credit card income included a $47,000 non-recurring fee from its card processor for reaching activity incentive thresholds. This was the first such payment received since the Bank launched this product in mid-2015. Also, 2019 debit card revenue included a similar non-recurring fee of $174,000. No similar non-recurring debit or credit card incentives were received in 2018.

Treasury management fees increased $421,000, or 9%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 2018, as a result of customer base growth and expansion in the portfolio of services offered.

Mortgage banking revenue increased $521,000, or 22%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 2018. Mortgage transaction volume began to increase in the second quarter and to a larger extent into the third quarter of 2019, as mortgage rates declined, spurring an increase in refinancing activity. During the third quarter of 2019, the ten year treasury rate/ yield curve, which mortgage rates closely follow, began a steep decline leading to the lowest mortgage rates in recent years.

Net investment product sales commissions and fees decreased $179,000, or 11%, for the year ended December 31, 2019, as compared with the same period in 2018. Advisor turnover in addition to regulatory changes that resulted in lower commissions on several product offerings negatively impacted the brokerage department throughout 2019.

BOLI income decreased $98,000, 9%, in 2019 compared to 2018, as a result of life insurance proceeds received in both periods reducing the related earning assets in addition to lower crediting rates on those investments.

Other non-interest income increased $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, as compared with the same period in 2018 primarily due non-recurring items that included swap fee income of $788,000, a $212,000 gain on the sale of VISA Class B stock originally acquired in a 2013 acquisition, proceeds of $142,000 associated with life insurance policies outside of the traditional BOLI program, receipt of a $130,000 historic tax-credit investment distribution and a $126,000 banking center relocation incentive.

Non-interest expenses

														Variance
														2020 / 2019								2019 / 2018
Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands)		2020				2019				2018				$				%				$				%
Compensation		$	51,368			$	50,319			$	46,104			$	1,049				2	%		$	4,215				9	%
Employee benefits			11,064				10,691				9,875				373				3				816				8
Net occupancy and equipment			8,414				8,379				7,610				35				—				769				10
Technology and communication			8,500				7,098				6,569				1,402				20				529				8
Debit and credit card processing			2,606				2,493				2,328				113				5				165				7
Marketing and business development			2,383				3,627				3,099				(1,244	)			(34	)			528				17
Postage, printing and supplies			1,778				1,652				1,558				126				8				94				6
Legal and professional			2,392				3,014				2,614				(622	)			(21	)			400				15
FDIC insurance			1,217				245				961				972				397				(716	)			(75	)
Amortization of investments in tax credit partnerships			3,096				1,078				1,237				2,018				187				(159	)			(13	)
Capital and deposit based taxes			4,386				3,870				3,325				516				13				545				16
Credit loss expense for off-balance sheet exposures			1,500				—				—				1,500				100				—				—
Other			4,455				5,650				4,108				(1,195	)			(21	)			1,542				38
Total non-interest expenses		$	103,159			$	98,116			$	89,388			$	5,043				5	%		$	8,728				10	%

Discussion of 2020 vs 2019:

Total non-interest expenses increased $5.0 million, or 5%, in 2020 compared to 2019. Compensation and employee benefits comprised 61% and 62% of Bancorp’s total non-interest expenses for 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Compensation, which includes salaries, incentives, bonuses, and stock based compensation, increased $1.1 million, or 2%, for 2020 compared to 2019. The increase is attributed to annual merit-based salary increases, higher incentive-related compensation and an increase in full time equivalent employees, which grew from 591 at the beginning of 2019 to 641 at December 31, 2020 boosted by the 2019 KSB acquisition and the addition of sales professionals. Non-recurring severance and employee retention expense of nearly $500,000 was recorded in 2019 as a result of the KSB acquisition.

Employee benefits consists of all personnel related expense not included in compensation, with the most significant items being health insurance, payroll taxes, and retirement plan contributions. Employee benefits increased $373,000, or 3%, in 2020 compared with 2019. Growth in full time equivalent employees led to higher 401(k) matching contributions and employer payroll tax expense in 2020.

Net occupancy and equipment expense primarily includes depreciation, rent, property taxes, utilities and maintenance. Costs of capital asset additions flow through the statement of income over the lives of the assets in the form of depreciation expense. Net occupancy increased $35,000 for 2020 compared with 2019. Three new locations were added in the second quarter of 2019 as part of the KSB acquisition and an additional branch location was added in the third quarter of 2019. In 2020, Bancorp opened an additional branch in the Cincinnati MSA, as well as another location in Louisville. As of December 31, 2020, Bancorp has 44 full service banking center locations; 33 in the Louisville MSA, 6 in the Cincinnati MSA and 5 in the Indianapolis MSA.

Technology and communications expense include ongoing computer software amortization, equipment depreciation and expenditures related to investments in technology needed to maintain and improve the quality of customer delivery channels, information security and internal resources. Technology expense increased $1.4 million, or 20%, in 2020 compared to 2019 consistent with expanding customer-facing software and system functionality, as well as increased licensing/maintenance expense, higher mortgage loan processing expenses, treasury management customer expansion and the migration to a hosted core environment during the third quarter of 2020. Non-recurring technology expenses associated with the 2019 acquisition totaled $104,000 for the prior year.

Bancorp outsources processing for debit and credit card operations, which generate significant revenue for the Company. These expenses fluctuate consistent with transaction volumes. Debit and credit card processing expense increased $113,000, or 5%, for 2020 as compared with 2019, consistent with the correlated increase experienced for debit and credit card income.

Marketing and business development expenses include all costs associated with promoting Bancorp, community support, retaining customers and acquiring new business. These expenses decreased $1.2 million, or 34%, for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to the same period of 2019. The sharp decline corresponds with less physical customer interaction as a result of the pandemic, which has led to less travel and entertainment expense in addition to lower advertising expense. Bancorp committed to pay $116,000 to the Bank’s foundation, established to support various community initiatives, as of December 31, 2020 compared to $600,000 as of December 31, 2019.

Postage, printing and supply expenses increased $126,000, or 8%, in 2020 compared to 2019, as a result of banking center/customer expansion over the past year and a half coupled with replacing transaction-based forms throughout the Bank associated with the migration to a hosted core environment, which occurred in the third quarter of 2020.

Legal and professional fees decreased $622,000, or 21%, for 2020 compared to 2019. The decrease is attributed to one-time costs associated with the prior year acquisition, which totaled $867,000 in 2019.

FDIC insurance increased $972,000 for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to the same period of 2019. As a result of the national FDIC Reserve Ratio reaching 1.38% in 2019, the FDIC released credits to small institutions (less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets) in the prior year. For this reason, Bancorp recorded no FDIC insurance expense for the third and fourth quarters of 2019, and incurred only a portion of the assessed expense in the first quarter of 2020, as these credits were depleted. FDIC insurance expense normalized in the second quarter of 2020 and ultimately increased in the third and fourth quarters as a result of a higher leverage ratio attributed to a PPP-driven larger balance sheet.

Tax credit partnerships generate federal income tax credits, and for each of Bancorp’s investments in tax credit partnerships, the tax benefit, net of related expenses, results in a positive effect on net income. Amounts of credits and corresponding expenses can vary widely depending upon timing and magnitude of the investments. Amortization of investments in tax credit partnership increased $2.0 million from 2020 to 2019 as a result of a large tax credit deal completed in the fourth quarter of 2020.

Capital and deposit based taxes increased $516,000, or 13%, in 2020 compared to 2019 consistent with overall balance sheet growth.

In connection with the adoption of ASC 326, Bancorp analyzed its unused lines of credit and recorded credit loss expense for off-balance sheet credit exposures totaling $1.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase related to changes in the mix of unused lines and underlying CECL model factors. No such expense was incurred in 2019.

Other non-interest expenses decreased $1.2 million, or 21%, for 2020 compared to 2019 driven by the sale of a bank-owned property recorded as an off-set to non-interest expense in the second quarter of 2020 along with elevated 2019 expense that included the write off of assets totaling $347,000 in connection with signing the contract to migrate to the hosted core processing solution and elevated fraud and robbery-related losses.

Bancorp’s efficiency ratio for 2020 of 54.86% improved from 56.07% in 2019. Excluding amortization of investments in tax credit partnerships, the adjusted efficiency ratio, a non-GAAP measure, would have been 53.22% and 55.45% for 2020 and 2019. See the section titled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for reconcilement of non-GAAP to GAAP measures.

Discussion of 2019 vs 2018:

Total non-interest expenses increased $8.8 million, or 10%, in 2019 compared to 2018. Compensation and employee benefits comprised 62% and 63% of Bancorp’s total non-interest expenses for 2019 and 2018.

Compensation expense increased $4.2 million, or 9%, for 2019 compared to 2018. Consistent with 2019 results, bonus expense of $5.8 million was recorded during 2019 compared to $4.5 million during 2018. Net full time equivalent employees increased from 591 at December 31, 2018 to 615 at December 31, 2019. While 25 employees were added in connection with the KSB acquisition, 2019 reflects a higher concentration of non-KSB related loan production personnel added. In addition, non-recurring severance and employee retention expense of nearly $500,000 was recorded in 2019 as a result of the KSB acquisition.

Employee benefits increased $816,000, or 8%, in 2019 compared with 2018. Growth in full time equivalent employees led to higher 401(k) matching contributions and employer payroll tax expense in 2019. Effective January 1, 2019, as a recruitment strategy, Bancorp amended its 401(k) plan to allow employer matching contribution eligibility following 30 days of employment.

Net occupancy increased $769,000, or 10%, for 2019 compared with 2018. Bancorp opened one branch location during the third quarter of 2019 in Mt. Washington, Kentucky and added five branch locations associated with the KSB acquisition during the second quarter. Bancorp closed three of the acquired branch locations in Louisville during the third quarter of 2019 due to their proximity to existing Bancorp branches. All three buildings and were sold in 2019 resulting in positive re-cast adjustments to goodwill. The KSB locations added $238,000 of additional occupancy and equipment expense for 2019.

Technology expense increased $529,000, or 8%, in 2019 compared to 2018 due largely to increases in computer infrastructure upgrades and maintenance costs. KSB related one-time non-recurring expenses totaled $104,000 for 2019.

Debit and credit card processing expense increased $165,000, or 7%, for 2019 as compared with 2018, as a result of a growing customer base and increased transaction volume.

Marketing and business development expenses increased $528,000, or 17%, for 2019 as compared with 2018 largely due to increased community support expenses. In connection with record operating results, Bancorp committed to pay $600,000 to the Bank’s foundation, established to support various community initiatives, as of December 31, 2019 compared to $125,000 as of December 31, 2018.

Postage, printing and supplies expenses increased $94,000, or 6%, in 2019 compared to 2018, primarily due to the KSB acquisition.

Legal and professional fees increased $400,000, or 15%, for 2019 compared to 2018. One-time costs associated with the KSB acquisition totaled nearly $867,000 in 2019 compared to $337,000 incurred in late 2018 in anticipation of the acquisition. Additional costs associated with consulting engagements also contributed to the period over period increase.

No FDIC insurance expense was recorded for the second half of 2019, as the FDIC released credits to small institutions. This change was announced in 2016 and it took approximately three years for the reserve threshold to be met and the corresponding credits issued.

Amortization of investments in tax credit partnership decreased $159,000, or 13%, from 2018 to 2019.

Capital and deposit based taxes increased $545,000, or 16%, in 2019 compared to 2018 in connection with general balance sheet growth and the KSB acquisition.

Other non-interest expenses increased $1.5 million, or 38%, for 2019 compared to 2018 primarily due to growth in Bancorp’s credit card rebates/rewards program, increased amortization associated with the core deposit intangible resulting from the KBS acquisition, elevated fraud/robbery related losses, increased Director compensation and the write off of assets in relation to signing a contract to move to a hosted core processing solution.

Bancorp’s efficiency ratio for 2019 of 56.07% increased from 55.89% in 2018. Excluding amortization of investments in tax credit partnerships, the adjusted efficiency ratio, a non-GAAP measure, would have been 55.45% and 55.11% for 2019 and 2018. See the section titled “ Non-GAAP Financial Measures ” for reconcilement of non-GAAP to GAAP measures.

Income Taxes

A comparison of income tax expense and ETR follows:

Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands)		2020				2019				2018
Income tax expense		$	8,874			$	9,593			$	12,031
Effective tax rate			13.10	%			12.68	%			17.81	%

Discussion of 2020 vs 2019:

Fluctuations in the ETR are primarily attributed to the following:

●

The ETR for 2020 benefitted from the impact of a large historic tax credit project that was completed during the fourth quarter of 2020.

●

In March 2019, the Kentucky Legislature passed HB354 requiring financial institutions to transition from a capital based franchise tax to the Kentucky corporate income tax beginning in 2021. Historically, the franchise tax, a component of non-interest expenses, was assessed at 1.1% of net capital and has averaged $2.5 million annually over the prior two year-end periods. The Kentucky corporate income tax will be assessed at 5% of Kentucky taxable income and will be included as a component of current and deferred state income tax expense. Associated with this change, predominantly during the first quarter of 2019, Bancorp established a Kentucky state DTA related to existing temporary differences estimated to reverse after the effective date of the law change. Bancorp recorded a corresponding state tax benefit, net of federal tax impact of $1.2 million, or approximately $0.06 per diluted share for 2019.

●

In April 2019, the Kentucky Legislature passed HB458 allowing entities filing a combined Kentucky income return to share certain tax attributed, including net operating loss carryforwards. The combined filing, beginning in 2021, will allow Bancorp’s Holding Company net operating loss carryforwards to offset against net revenue generated by the Bank up to 50% of the Bank’s Kentucky taxable income and reduce Bancorp’s tax liability. Bancorp recorded a state tax benefit, net of federal tax impact of $2.7 million, predominantly in the second quarter of 2019, or approximately $0.12 per diluted share for 2019.

The CARES Act includes several significant provisions for corporations including increasing the amount of deductible interest under section 163(j), allowing companies to carryback certain net operating losses, and increasing the amount of net operating loss that corporations can use to offset income. These changes did not have a significant impact on Bancorp’s income taxes.

Bancorp invests in certain partnerships that yield federal income tax credits. Taken as a whole, the tax benefit of these investments exceeds amortization expense, resulting in a positive impact on net income. The timing and magnitude of these transactions may vary widely from period to period.

Discussion of 2019 vs 2018:

The decline in the ETR from 2018 to 2019 related primarily to the two Kentucky state tax law changes noted in the discussion above.

Financial Condition – December 31, 2020 Compared to December 31, 2019

Overview

Total assets increased $884 million, or 24%, to $4.6 billion at December 31, 2020, from $3.7 billion at December 31, 2019. Average assets increased $737 million, or 21%, to $4.2 billion at December 31, 2020. The significant 2020 balance sheet expansion was directly attributable to the PPP, which drove $550 million of the $687 million increase in loans, the remaining growth being the result of record production in the traditional loan portfolio. In addition, virtually all interest-earning asset categories experienced year over prior year increases. The Company ended 2020 with significantly higher ACL on loans resulting from the adoption of ASC 326 and elevated pandemic-related provisioning during the year.

Total liabilities increased $850 million, or 26%, with record deposit growth of $855 million driven by the PPP. Partially off-setting the deposit growth and increases in SSUAR and other liabilities was a $48 million decline in FHLB borrowings, as advances matured without renewal or replacement.

Cash and Cash Equivalents.

Cash and cash equivalents increased $68 million, or 27%, to $318 million as of December 31, 2020. Bancorp maintained higher levels of liquidity in 2020 attributable to the PPP and growth in deposits.

AFS Debt Securities

The primary purpose of the securities portfolio is to provide another source of interest income, as well as liquidity management. In managing the composition of the balance sheet, Bancorp seeks a balance between earnings sources and credit and liquidity considerations.

AFS debt securities include securities that may be sold in response to changes in interest rates, resultant prepayment risk and other factors related to interest rate and prepayment risk changes and are carried at fair value with unrealized gains or losses, net of tax effect, included in stockholders’ equity.

All of Bancorp’s debt securities are classified as AFS. Carrying value is summarized as follows:

December 31 , (in thousands)		2020				2019
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. Government obligations		$	—			$	49,897
Government sponsored enterprise obligations			138,078				209,944
Mortgage-backed securities – government agencies			437,585				193,861
Obligations of states and political subdivisions			11,315				17,036
Total available for sale debt securities		$	586,978			$	470,738

AFS debt securities increased $116 million, or 25%, for December 31, 2020 as compared to December 31, 2019. Bancorp began strategically growing the AFS securities portfolio in the latter half of the year in an effort to invest excess balance sheet liquidity. In addition, the AFS securities portfolio also experienced market appreciation of $12 million in 2020 stemming from declines in the interest rate environment between December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Bancorp expects the AFS debt securities portfolio to grow in 2021, as strategies associated with the investment of excess balance sheet liquidity continue to be implemented.

Maturity distribution and weighted average interest rates of debt securities AFS follows:

										After one but								After five but
December 31, 2020		Within one year								within five years								within ten years								After ten years
(dollars in thousands)		Amount				Rate				Amount				Rate				Amount				Rate				Amount				Rate
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. Government obligations		$	—				—	%		$	—				—	%		$	—				—	%		$	—				—	%
Government sponsored enterprise obligations			25,433				1.66				4,456				2.08				1,039				2.63				107,150				2.03
MBS - government agencies			—				—				2,018				1.53				39,872				2.35				395,695				1.38
Obligations of states and political subdivisions			1,734				3.57				3,948				1.73				2,029				1.79				3,604				1.52
		$	27,167				1.78	%		$	10,422				1.84	%		$	42,940				2.33	%		$	506,449				1.52	%

Actual maturities for mortgage-backed securities may differ from contractual maturities due to prepayments on underlying collateral.

Loans

Composition of loans, net of deferred fees and costs, by primary loan class as reported under ASC 326 follows:

										Variance
December 31, (dollars in thousands)		2020				2019				$ Change				% Change
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		$	833,470			$	746,283			$	87,187				12	%
Commercial real estate - owner occupied			508,672				474,329				34,343				7	%
Total commercial real estate			1,342,142				1,220,612				121,530				10	%
Commercial and industrial - term			525,776				457,298				68,478				15	%
Commercial and industrial - term - PPP			550,186				—				550,186				100	%
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit			276,646				381,502				(104,856	)			(27	)%
Total commercial and industrial			1,352,608				838,800				513,808				61	%
Residential real estate - owner occupied			239,191				217,606				21,585				10	%
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied			140,930				134,995				5,935				4	%
Total residential real estate			380,121				352,601				27,520				8	%
Construction and land development			291,764				255,816				35,948				14	%
Home equity lines of credit			95,366				103,854				(8,488	)			(8	)%
Consumer			44,606				47,467				(2,861	)			(6	)%
Leases			14,786				16,003				(1,217	)			(8	)%
Credit cards - commercial			10,203				9,863				340				3	%
Total Loans (1)		$	3,531,596			$	2,845,016			$	686,580				24	%

(1) Total loans are presented inclusive of premiums, discounts, and net loan origination fees and costs.

For historical comparative purposes, the composition of loans by class pre-ASC 326 adoption follows:

December 31, (in thousands)		2019				2018				2017				2016
Commercial and industrial		$	870,511			$	833,524			$	779,014			$	736,841
Construction and development			213,822				225,050				195,912				192,348
Undeveloped land (1)			46,360				30,092				18,988				21,496
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial investment			736,618				588,610				594,902				538,886
Owner Occupied commercial			473,783				426,373				398,685				408,292
1-4 family residential			334,358				276,017				262,110				249,498
Home equity - first lien			48,620				49,500				57,110				55,325
Home equity - junior lien			73,477				70,947				63,981				67,519
Subtotal: Real estate mortgage			1,666,856				1,411,447				1,376,788				1,319,520
Consumer			47,467				48,058				38,868				35,170
Total Loans(2)		$	2,845,016			$	2,548,171			$	2,409,570			$	2,305,375

(1) Consists of land acquired for development by the borrower, but for which no development has yet taken place.

(2) Total loans are presented inclusive of premiums, discounts, and net loan origination fees and costs.

Total loans increased $687 million, or 24%, however, excluding the PPP loan portfolio, total loans grew $136 million, or 5%, as growth in the CRE portfolio offset contraction in the C&I lines of credit portfolio. Line of credit usage declined significantly after the first quarter of 2020 as a result of the pandemic, falling to 38% at December 31, 2020 compared to 47% at December 31, 2019. Further, the previously mentioned retention of a portion of FNMA qualified secondary market single family residential real estate loan production from the mortgage banking department predominantly drove the growth in the residential real estate portfolio.

As of December 31, 2020, PPP loans of $561 million ($550 million net of unamortized deferred fees and costs), were outstanding. PPP borrowers are eligible for forgiveness from the SBA for the portion of funding received utilized for job retention and certain other expenses, such as payroll costs, mortgage interest, rent and utilities during the 24-week period beginning with the date of the loan. With a significant portion of these loans potentially eligible for full forgiveness, there is high likelihood of early pay off prior to maturity (predominantly 24 months). On October 8, 2020, the SBA announced it would streamline loan forgiveness for loans of $50,000 or less with one or more employee other than the owner (representing approximately 48% of the PPP loans Bancorp originated). The Bank has approximately $10.5 million in net unrecognized fees related to the PPP that would be recognized in income immediately once the loans are paid off or forgiven by the SBA. The timing of such forgiveness is expected to have a major impact on operating results in 2021.

The initial round of the PPP expired on August 8, 2020 and as of December 31, 2020, the Bank has submitted 520 forgiveness applications to the SBA totaling $170 million and has received payment from the SBA for 333 borrowers. The SBA has 90 days to review and decision applications for forgiveness.

An additional round of the PPP was included in the CAA, which was signed into law on December 27, 2020 and extended the program to March 31, 2021. To qualify for the program, borrowers must show a 25% decline in revenue in the first, second, or third quarters in 2020, as compared to the same periods in 2019 (if the loan application is after December 31, 2020, then a fourth quarter comparison may be used as well). The bill allows borrowers to select the end date of their covered period, however, it must be greater than eight weeks from the date of disbursement of the PPP loan and cannot exceed 24 weeks.

The program offers “second draw” loans targeted at hard-hit businesses that employ 300 or fewer employees and that have used or will use the full amount of their initial PPP loan. The maximum loan under this program is $2 million, based on two and a half months of average annual payroll (three and a half months for hotels and restaurants). The measurement period for the payroll can either be calendar year 2019 or the one year period before the date the “second draw” originates. For any loan up to $150,000, the covered loan amount will be forgiven once the borrower submits a one page form listing the loan amount, the number of employees retained, and the amount of the loan spent on payroll. This will substantially reduce the burden on both borrowers and lenders. The lender review will be limited to whether the lender received a complete application with all fields completed, initialed, or signed as applicable. If the submission is complete, the lender is required to accept it and forward to the SBA. Bancorp is projecting to book approximately 1,300 of these “second draw” PPP loans totaling $220 million.

During 2020 and as a result of the pandemic, Bancorp added a pass-rating category for loans that demonstrated significant exposure to industries impacted by the pandemic. This category was added to allow for the capture of a more detailed review of these loans if any broad economic trends or developments occurred related to the pandemic or the underlying performance of the borrowers. The vast majority of these loans are not in deferral as of December 31, 2020 and are performing according to their original terms. As a result of Bancorp’s review of these loans during the year, loans totaling $41 million were downgraded below a pass-rating as a result of pandemic-related business interruptions, $38 million of which were downgraded to OAEM and $3 million were downgraded to Substandard for the year ended December 31, 2020.

In accordance with Section 4013 of the CARES Act and in response to requests from borrowers who experienced business interruptions related to the pandemic, Bancorp extended payment deferrals for those affected borrowers. Depending on the demonstrated need of the customer, Bancorp deferred either the full loan payment or the principal-only portion of respective loan payments for 90 or 180 days for some borrowers directly impacted by the pandemic.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, Bancorp executed nearly 1,200 full payment deferrals. As of December 31, 2020 outstanding full payment loan deferrals totaled $37 million - representing 1.24% of the loan portfolio (excluding PPP loans). Pursuant to the CARES Act, these loan deferrals were not classified as TDRs and not included in non-performing loan statistics. While the modifications themselves did not trigger a loan risk rating downgrade beyond the “pass” rating, if the impact of COVID-19 continues and borrower’s operations do not improve or if other negative events occur, such modified loans could transition to potential problem loans or into problem loans. The CAA extended relief from TDR accounting to the earlier of 1) 60 days after the national emergency termination date or (2) January 1, 2022.

During the third and fourth quarters of 2020, a significant portion of the deferred loan portfolio returned to full or original paying status. Management continues to analyze the evolving economic conditions in its markets while closely monitoring credit metrics, particularly related to the following segments comprising deferrals in the Bank’s loan portfolio:

		December 31,				September 30,
(in millions)		2020				2020
Lodging / Hotels		$	16			$	30
Residential real estate secured			2				18
Real estate/land development			1				12
Retail centers			2				12
Parking lot/parking garage/storage			—				11
Tradeshows/events			8				10
Other			8				27
Total deferrals		$	37			$	120

Bancorp anticipates that a portion of the Bank’s borrowers in the above industry segments will continue to endure economic challenges, as long as the current COVID-19 related economic conditions persist. Among other things, this could cause them to draw on their existing lines of credit and/or affect their ability to repay existing indebtedness. These developments are also expected to partially impact the CRE portfolio, particularly with respect to real estate with exposure to these industries, and the value of certain collateral.

Bancorp’s credit exposure is diversified with secured and unsecured loans to individuals and businesses. No specific industry concentration exceeds 10% of loans outstanding. While Bancorp has a diversified loan portfolio, a customer’s ability to honor contracts is somewhat dependent upon the economic stability and/or industry in which that customer does business. Loans outstanding and related unfunded commitments are primarily concentrated within Bancorp’s current market areas, which encompass the Louisville, Indianapolis and Cincinnati MSAs.

Bancorp occasionally enters into loan participation agreements with other banks to diversify credit risk. For certain participation loans sold, Bancorp has retained effective control of the loans, typically by restricting the participating institutions from pledging or selling their ownership share of the loan without permission from Bancorp. GAAP requires the participated portion of these loans to be recorded as secured borrowings. These participated loans are included in the C&I and CRE loan portfolio segments with a corresponding liability recorded in other liabilities. At December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the total participated portion of loans of this nature totaled $10 million and $8 million, respectively.

LIBOR will cease to exist as a published rate after 2021. As of December 31, 2020, Bancorp had approximately $443 million in variable rate loans with interest rates tied to LIBOR, of which approximately $330 million have maturity dates beyond December 31, 2021. Bancorp’s derivative activities based upon LIBOR include interest rate swap transactions with maturities beyond 2021 with notional amounts totaling approximately $120 million. Bancorp has established a working group, consisting of key stakeholders from throughout the company, to monitor developments relating to LIBOR uncertainty and changes and to guide Bancorp’s response. This team is currently working to gain an understanding of the specific products, systems, borrowing arrangements and legal agreements that will be impacted by the change.

The following table details amounts of loans at December 31, 2020 which, based on remaining scheduled repayments of principal, are due in the periods indicated.

		Maturing
		Within one				After one but
December 31, 2020 (in thousands)		year				within five years				After five years				Total
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		$	64,355			$	522,624			$	246,491			$	833,470
Commercial real estate - owner-occupied			48,296				255,081				205,295				508,672
Total commercial real estate			112,651				777,705				451,786				1,342,142
Commercial and industrial - term			99,005				304,722				122,049				525,776
Commercial and industrial - term - PPP			—				550,186				—				550,186
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit			214,436				50,277				11,933				276,646
Total commercial and industrial			313,441				905,185				133,982				1,352,608
Residential real estate - owner occupied			10,300				14,785				214,106				239,191
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied			11,893				83,123				45,914				140,930
Total residential real estate			22,193				97,908				260,020				380,121
Construction and land development			73,699				123,429				94,636				291,764
Home equity lines of credit			8,492				31,572				55,302				95,366
Consumer			26,972				14,537				3,097				44,606
Leases			588				11,584				2,614				14,786
Credit cards - commercial			10,203				—				—				10,203
Total loans		$	568,239			$	1,961,920			$	1,001,437			$	3,531,596

The table below details C&I and C&D loans maturing after one year categorized by fixed and variable interest rate structures:

		Commercial and industrial								Construction and land development
December 31, 2020 (in thousands)		Fixed rate				Variable rate				Fixed rate				Variable rate
Due after one but within five years		$	768,244			$	136,941			$	34,493			$	88,936
Due after five years			88,375				45,607				36,688				57,948
		$	856,619			$	182,548			$	71,181			$	146,884

In the event where Bancorp structures a loan with a maturity exceeding five years (typically CRE loans), an automatic rate adjustment will typically be set in place at five years from origination date to limit interest rate sensitivity.

Non-performing Loans and Assets

Information summarizing non-performing loans and assets follows:

December 31, (dollars in thousands)		2020				2019				2018				2017				2016
Non-accrual loans		$	12,514			$	11,494			$	2,611			$	6,511			$	5,295
Troubled debt restructurings			16				34				42				869				974
Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing			649				535				745				2				438
Total non-performing loans			13,179				12,063				3,398				7,382				6,707
Other real estate owned			281				493				1,018				2,640				5,033
Total non-performing assets		$	13,460			$	12,556			$	4,416			$	10,022			$	11,740
Non-performing loans to total loans			0.37	%			0.42	%			0.13	%			0.31	%			0.29	%
Non-peforming loans to total loans (excluding PPP)			0.44	%			—				—				—				—
Non-performing assets as to total assets			0.29	%			0.34	%			0.13	%			0.31	%			0.39	%
Allowance to non-performing loans			394	%			222	%			751	%			337	%			358	%

Non-performing loans to total loans were 0.37% at December 31, 2020 compared to 0.42% at December 31, 2019. Non-performing loans to total loans (excluding PPP loans) were 0.44% at December 31, 2020.

Non-performing loans increased $1.1 million to $13.2 million at December 31, 2020 compared to December 31, 2019. During the first quarter of 2020 a large non-accrual C&I relationship totaling $8 million paid off due to sale of the business. During the second quarter of 2020, a large CRE relationship was placed on non-accrual status and allocated a $2 million specific reserve within the ACL on loans. An additional $1 million specific reserve was added for this relationship during the fourth quarter of 2020.

In total, non-performing assets as of December 31, 2020 were comprised of 35 loans ranging in individual amounts up to $10 million, one nominal accruing TDR loan and foreclosed real estate held for sale. Foreclosed real estate held at December 31, 2020 included a residential real estate properties and a CRE property.

The following table presents the major classifications of non-accrual loans by portfolio:

December 31, (in thousands)		2020				2019
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		$	10,278			$	740
Commercial real estate - owner occupied			1,403				2,278
Total commercial real estate			11,681				3,018
Commercial and industrial - term			6				2,520
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit			88				5,682
Total commercial and industrial			94				8,202
Residential real estate - owner occupied			413				211
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied			101				63
Total residential real estate			514				274
Construction and land development			—				—
Home equity lines of credit			221				—
Consumer			4				—
Leases			—				—
Credit cards - commercial			—				—
Total non-accrual loans		$	12,514			$	11,494

Loans are placed in a non-accrual income status when prospects for recovering both principal and accrued interest are considered doubtful or when a default of principal or interest has existed for 90 days or more, unless such a loan is well- secured and in the process of collection or renewal. Interest income recorded on non-accrual loans as principal payments was $350,000, $552,000, and $93,000 for 2020, 2019, and 2018. Interest income that would have been recorded if non-accrual loans were on a current basis in accordance with their original terms was $457,000, $491,000, and $391,000 for 2020, 2019, and 2018.

In addition to non-performing loans discussed above, there were loans, which are accruing interest, for which payments were current or less than 90 days past due where borrowers are experiencing elevated financial difficulties. These potential problem loans totaled approximately $26 million and $37 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019. These relationships are monitored closely for possible future inclusion in non-performing loans. Management believes it has adequately reflected credit exposure in these loans in its determination of the allowance.

Loans accounted for as TDRs include modifications from original terms such as those due to bankruptcy proceedings, certain changes to amortization periods or extended suspension of principal payments due to customer financial difficulties. To the extent that Bancorp chooses to work with borrowers by providing reasonable concessions rather than initiating collection, this would result in an increase in loans accounted for as TDRs. TDRs that are in non-accrual status are reported as non-accrual loans. Loans accounted for as TDRs are individually evaluated for impairment and are reported as non-performing loans.

On March 27, 2020, the CARES Act was signed into law. Section 4013 of the CARES Act, “Temporary Relief from Troubled Debt Restructurings,” provides banks the option to temporarily suspend certain requirements under GAAP related to TDRs for a limited period of time to account for the effects of COVID-19. To qualify for Section 4013 of the CARES Act, borrowers must have been current at December 31, 2019. All modifications are eligible so long as they are executed between March 1, 2020 and the earlier of (i) December 31, 2020, or (ii) the 60th day after the end of the COVID-19 national emergency declared by the President of the United States. Multiple modifications of the same credits are allowed and there is no cap on the duration of the modification. On December 21, 2020, certain provisions of the CARES Act, including the temporary suspension of certain requirements related to TDRs, were extended through December 31, 2021.

In March 2020, various regulatory agencies, including the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, issued an interagency statement on loan modifications and reporting for financial institutions working with customers affected by the pandemic. The interagency statement was effective immediately and impacted accounting for loan modifications. Under Accounting Standards Codification 310-40, “Receivables – Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors,” (“ASC 310-40”), a restructuring of debt constitutes a TDR if the creditor, for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the debtor that it would not otherwise consider. The agencies confirmed with the staff of the FASB that short-term modifications made on a good faith basis in response to COVID-19 to borrowers who were current prior to any relief, are not to be considered TDRs. This includes short-term modifications such as payment deferrals, fee waivers, extensions of repayment terms, or other delays in payment that are insignificant. Borrowers considered current are those that are less than 30 days past due on their contractual payments at the time a modification program is implemented.

As of December 31, 2020, TDRs consisted of one loan totaling $16,000 compared to two loans totaling $34,000 at December 31, 2019.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of non-performing loans and the amortized cost basis of loans on non-accrual status for which there were no related ACL losses:

December 31, (in thousands)		December 31, 2020				December 31, 2019
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		$	186			$	741
Commercial real estate - owner occupied			1,048				2,278
Total commercial real estate			1,234				3,019
Commercial and industrial - term			6				1
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit			88				173
Total commercial and industrial			94				174
Residential real estate - owner occupied			413				212
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied			101				63
Total residential real estate			514				275
Construction and land development			—				—
Home equity lines of credit			221				—
Consumer			4				—
Leases			—				—
Credit cards - commercial			—				—
Total		$	2,067			$	3,468

Delinquent Loans

Delinquent loans (consisting of all loans 30 days or more past due) totaled $17 million at December 31, 2020 compared to $15 million at December 31, 2019. Delinquent loans total loans were 0.48% and 0.53% at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Delinquent loans to total loans (excluding PPP loans) were 0.57% at December 31, 2020.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

The ACL is a valuation allowance for loans estimated at each balance sheet date in accordance with GAAP. When Bancorp deems all or a portion of a loan to be uncollectible, the appropriate amount is written off and the ACL is reduced by the same amount. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the ACL when received. See the footnote titled “ Summary of Significant Accounting Policies ” for discussion of Bancorp’s ACL methodology on loans. Allocations of the ACL may be made for specific loans, but the entire ACL on loans is available for any loan that, in Bancorp’s judgment, should be charged-off.

The following table sets forth the ACL by category of loan as reported under ASC 326:

		December 31, 2020												December 31, 2019
(dollars in thousands)		Allocated Allowance				% of Total ACL				ACL to Total Loans (1)				Allocated Allowance				% of Total ACL				ACL to Total Loans
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		$	19,396				37	%			2.33	%		$	5,235				20	%			0.70	%
Commercial real estate - owner occupied			6,983				13	%			1.37	%			3,327				12	%			0.70	%
Total commercial real estate			26,379				50	%			1.97	%			8,562				32	%			0.70	%
Commercial and industrial - term (1)			8,970				17	%			1.71	%			6,782				25	%			1.48	%
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit			3,614				7	%			1.31	%			5,657				21	%			1.48	%
Total commercial and industrial			12,584				24	%			1.57	%			12,439				46	%			1.48	%
Residential real estate - owner occupied			3,389				7	%			1.42	%			1,527				6	%			0.70	%
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied			1,818				3	%			1.29	%			947				3	%			0.70	%
Total residential real estate			5,207				10	%			1.37	%			2,474				9	%			0.70	%
Construction and land development			6,119				12	%			2.10	%			2,105				8	%			0.82	%
Home equity lines of credit			895				2	%			0.94	%			728				3	%			0.70	%
Consumer			340				1	%			0.76	%			100				0	%			0.21	%
Leases			261				1	%			1.77	%			237				1	%			1.48	%
Credit cards - commercial			135				0	%			1.32	%			146				1	%			1.48	%
Total		$	51,920				100	%			1.74	%		$	26,791				100	%			0.94	%

(1)

Excludes the PPP loan portfolio at December 31, 2020, which was not reserved for based on the 100% SBA guarantee.

For historical comparative purposes, the ACL by category of loan as reported pre-ASC 326 adoption follows:

December 31, (in thousands)		2019				2018				2017				2016
Commercial and industrial		$	12,822			$	11,965			$	11,276			$	10,483
Construction and development			1,319				1,760				1,724				1,923
Undeveloped land			786				752				521				684
Real estate mortgage			11,764				10,681				11,012				10,573
Consumer			100				376				352				344
Total allowance for loan losses		$	26,791			$	25,534			$	24,885			$	24,007

Upon adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2020, Bancorp recorded an increase of $8.2 million to the ACL on loans and a corresponding decrease to retained earnings, net of the DTA impact. In addition, non-accretable yield marks of $1.6 million related to formerly classified PCI loans were reclassed between the amortized cost basis of loans and corresponding ACL. The adjustment upon adoption of ASC 326 raised the ACL on loans balance to $37 million on January 1, 2020. In addition to the CECL adoption, the ACL for 2020 was significantly impacted by unemployment rate forecast adjustments within the CECL model, loan growth and the addition of a large specific reserve for one relationship and qualitative factor adjustments. During the third quarter of 2020, the aforementioned $1.6 million included in the ACL as specific reserves were charged-off with no resulting impact to provision expense.

Bancorp measures expected credit losses of financial assets on a collective (pool) basis, when the financial assets share similar risk characteristics. Depending on the nature of the pool of financial assets with similar risk characteristics, Bancorp has measured its portfolio classes as follows:

Loan Portfolio Segment		ACL Methodology
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		Discounted cash flow
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		Discounted cash flow
Commercial and industrial - term		Static pool
Commercial and industrial - line of credit		Static pool
Residential real estate - owner occupied		Discounted cash flow
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied		Discounted cash flow
Construction and land development		Static pool
Home equity lines of credit		Static pool
Consumer		Static pool
Leases		Static pool
Credit cards - commercial		Static pool

The static pool methodology is utilized for the loan portfolio segments that typically have shorter durations. For each of these loan segments, Bancorp applies an expected loss ratio based on historical losses adjusted as appropriate for qualitative factors. Qualitative loss factors are based on management's judgment of company, market, industry or business specific data, changes in underlying loan composition of specific portfolios, trends relating to credit quality, delinquency, non-performing and adversely rated loans, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of economic conditions.

When developing the ACL CECL model for loan pools utilizing the DCF method, Bancorp utilized regression analysis of historical internal and peer data to identify a suitable loss driver to utilize when modeling lifetime probability of default and loss given default. Such regression analysis was used to measure how the expected probability of default and loss given default would react to changes in forecasted levels of the loss driver. Based on this regression analysis, management determined that the forecasted Seasonally Adjusted National Civilian Unemployment Rate best correlated to Bancorp’s historical losses and elected to use this rate as the primary loss driver to be consistently applied across all applicable loan segments over a reasonable and supportable forecast period.

Upon adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2020, management determined that four quarters represented a reasonable and supportable national unemployment forecast period with reversion back to Bancorp’s historical loss rate over eight quarters on a straight-line basis. This resulted in an $8.2 million initial increase in the ACL on loans with the offset to retained earnings.

Subsequent to January 1, 2020, based on the economic crisis caused by COVID-19 and measures taken to protect public health such as stay-at-home orders and mandatory closures of businesses, economic activity halted significantly and job losses surged. As such, national unemployment has fluctuated widely in 2020 as follows:

		Dec 20				Sep 20				Jun 20				Mar 20				Dec 19
Seasonally Adjusted National Civilian Unemployment Rate			6.70	%			7.90	%			11.10	%			4.40	%			3.50	%

As of March 31, 2020, based on the evolving pandemic, Bancorp elected to forecast for only one quarter of national unemployment (versus the four quarters used as of January 1, 2020) and modified its forecast to reflect a significant increase in unemployment (utilizing the highest unemployment rate in Bancorp’s observed history) reverting back to Bancorp’s long-term average in the third quarter of 2020, with the loss driver remaining significantly worse compared to recent trends. The impact of the increased unemployment rate forecast was muted by an adjustment in qualitative factors attributed to the massive federal stimulus programs enacted at the end of the first quarter in response to the pandemic. The forecasted increase in the unemployment rate coupled with the qualitative factor adjustments resulted in approximately $5.4 million of the total $5.5 million provision expense recorded for the first quarter of 2020.

During the second quarter, for the first time during 2020, the FRB released a forecasted Seasonally Adjusted National Civilian Unemployment Rate for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022. Based on this and the continuation of the economic crisis, as of June 30, 2020, Bancorp elected to forecast for four quarters of national unemployment utilizing actual June unemployment then stepping down to the FRB median forecast before reverting back to Bancorp’s long-term average in the fourth quarter of 2020. Similar to the first quarter of 2020, the impact of the increased unemployment forecast was muted by an adjustment in qualitative factors attributed to the massive federal stimulus programs that have been enacted. The forecasted increase in unemployment coupled with the qualitative factor adjustments resulted in approximately $4.8 million of the total $5.5 million provision expense recorded for the second quarter of 2020.

As of September 30, 2020, Bancorp elected to forecast for one quarter of the Seasonally Adjusted National Civilian Unemployment Rate utilizing the FRB’s 2020 median unemployment forecast released in September then stepping down to the FRB’s 2021 median unemployment forecast over the next three quarters before reverting back to Bancorp’s long-term average. In addition, Bancorp fully reversed the qualitative factor adjustment established in the first and second quarters of 2020 attributed to the massive federal stimulus programs. The forecasted changes in unemployment, coupled with the qualitative factor adjustments resulted in approximately $4.4 million in provision expense for the third quarter of 2020

During the fourth quarter of 2020, the FRB released its forecasted Seasonally Adjusted National Civilian Unemployment Rate for the 12 months ended December 31, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023 as follows:

		2020				2021				2022				2023
Upper end of range			6.9	%			6.8	%			5.8	%			4.4	%
Median			6.7	%			5.0	%			4.2	%			3.7	%
Lower end of range			6.6	%			4.0	%			3.5	%			3.5	%

As of December 31, 2020, Bancorp elected to forecast four quarters of the Seasonally Adjusted National Civilian Unemployment Rate utilizing the FRB’s 2020 median unemployment forecast released in December then stepping down to the FRB’s 2021 median unemployment forecast over the next three quarters before reverting back to Bancorp’s long-term average. The improvement within the unemployment forecast, coupled with minor qualitative factor adjustments, resulted in a credit of approximately $2.2 million in provision expense for the third quarter of 2020.

Outstanding loans (excluding PPP loans) increased $92 million during the first three months of 2020 and contracted $103 million during the second quarter of 2020, as outstanding C&I lines of credit were reduced by $94 million. The overall net change in the loan mix contributed to $1.4 million of additional provision expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020. During the second quarter of 2020, loan contraction (mainly C&I lines of credit) led to a $1.5 million reduction in the required ACL on loans. In the third quarter, loan growth was essentially flat, as an increase the in CRE portfolio was offset by further contraction in the C&I portfolio, resulting in $133,000 of additional provision expense. In addition, the third quarter change in specific reserves offset net charge-offs by $116,000. Loan growth in the fourth quarter totaled $151 million, contributing to approximately $2.6 million in additional provision expense.

The pandemic has had a material impact on Bancorp’s quarterly ACL on loans calculations for 2020. While Bancorp has not yet experienced credit quality issues resulting in charge-offs related to the pandemic, the ACL calculation for loans and resulting provision were significantly impacted by changes in forecasted economic conditions. Should the forecast for economic conditions worsen, Bancorp could experience further increases in its required ACL and record additional provision expense. While the execution of payment deferrals under the CARES ACT has assisted credit quality ratios, it is possible that asset quality could worsen at future measurement periods if the effects of the pandemic are prolonged.

In connection with the adoption of ASC 326, Bancorp analyzed its unused lines of credit and recorded credit loss expense for off-balance sheet credit exposures (non-interest expense) totaling $375,000 and $1.5 million during the first and second quarters of 2020. The second quarter increase directly correlated to the increased availability due to C&I line of credit pay downs. Further declines in line of credit utilization resulted in an additional $550,000 of such expense in the third quarter. In the fourth quarter of 2020, the reserve was reduced by $900,000 to a balance of $5.4 million, with the majority of the decline attributed to an increase in C&I line of utilization.

During the second quarter of 2020, a large CRE relationship was placed on non-accrual status and received a $2 million specific reserve allocation within the ACL on loans. The borrower did not receive PPP funds, the loan was current at the time of non-accrual classification and each subsequent quarter end, and no payments related to the loan have been deferred. During the fourth quarter, an additional $1 million in specific reserve allocation was attributed to this relationship.

Summary of Loan and Lease Loss Experience

The table below reflects activity in the ACL related to loans for the year ended December 31, 2020, presented in accordance with ASC 326:

Year ended December 31, 2020 (in thousands)		Beginning Balance				Impact of Adopting ASC 326				Initial ACL on Loans Purchased with Credit Deterioration				Provision for Credit Losses				Charge-offs				Recoveries				Ending Balance
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		$	5,235			$	2,946			$	152			$	11,194			$	(143	)		$	12			$	19,396
Commercial real estate - owner occupied			3,327				1,542				1,350				2,115				(1,351	)			-				6,983
Total commercial real estate			8,562				4,488				1,502				13,309				(1,494	)			12				26,379
Commercial and industrial - term			6,782				365				-				1,832				(18	)			9				8,970
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit			5,657				(1,528	)			-				(515	)			-				-				3,614
Total commercial and industrial			12,439				(1,163	)			-				1,317				(18	)			9				12,584
Residential real estate - owner occupied			1,527				1,087				99				737				(79	)			18				3,389
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied			947				429				-				442				(2	)			2				1,818
Total residential real estate			2,474				1,516				99				1,179				(81	)			20				5,207
Construction and land development			2,105				3,056				-				902				-				56				6,119
Home equity lines of credit			728				114				-				53				-				-				895
Consumer			100				264				34				91				(508	)			359				340
Leases			237				(4	)			-				28				-				-				261
Credit cards - commercial			146				(50	)			-				39				-				-				135
Total net loan (charge-offs) recoveries		$	26,791			$	8,221			$	1,635			$	16,918			$	(2,101	)		$	456			$	51,920

The table below reflects activity in the ACL related to loans for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, presented in accordance with ASC 310 prior to the adoption of ASC 326:

Year ended December 31, 2019 (in thousands)		Beginning Balance				Provision for Credit Losses				Charge-offs				Recoveries				Ending Balance
Real estate mortgage		$	10,681			$	1,021			$	(38	)		$	100			$	11,764
Commercial and industrial			11,965				684				(94	)			267				12,822
Construction and development			1,760				(644	)			-				203				1,319
Undeveloped land			752				34				-				-				786
Consumer			376				(95	)			(552	)			371				100
		$	25,534			$	1,000			$	(684	)		$	941			$	26,791

Year ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands)		Beginning Balance				Provision for Credit Losses				Charge-offs				Recoveries				Ending Balance
Real estate mortgage		$	11,012			$	(261	)		$	(132	)		$	62			$	10,681
Commercial and industrial			11,276				2,539				(2,404	)			554				11,965
Construction and development			1,724				36				-				-				1,760
Undeveloped land			521				231				-				-				752
Consumer			352				160				(476	)			340				376
		$	24,885			$	2,705			$	(3,012	)		$	956			$	25,534

Selected ratios relating to the allowance follow:

Years Ended December 31,		2020				2019				2018
Provision for credit losses to average loans			0.51	%			0.04	%			0.11	%
Net charge-offs/(recoveries) to average loans			0.05	%			(0.01	)%			0.08	%
Allowance for credit losses to average loans			1.57	%			0.99	%			1.02	%
Allowance for credit losses to total loans			1.47	%			0.94	%			1.00	%
Allonace for credit losses to total loans (excluding PPP)			1.74	%			—				—

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment experienced minimal fluctuation between December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 as new locations were added in both periods. Three new locations were added in the second quarter of 2019 as part of the KSB acquisition and an additional branch location was added in the third quarter of 2019. In 2020, Bancorp opened an additional branch in the Cincinnati MSA, as well as another location in Louisville. As of December 31, 2020, Bancorp has 44 full service banking center locations; 33 in the Louisville MSA, 6 in the Cincinnati MSA and 5 in the Indianapolis MSA.

Goodwill

At December 31, 2020, Bancorp had $13 million in goodwill recorded on its balance sheet. Events that may trigger goodwill impairment include deterioration in economic conditions, a decline in market-dependent multiples or metrics, negative trends in overall financial performance and regulatory action. More specifically, a sustained decline in stock price could be considered a triggering event. Similar to other financial institutions, the COVID-19 pandemic and related economic crisis has caused volatility to Bancorp’s stock price. Management compared the fair value of the commercial banking segment to the carrying value recorded on the balance sheet and other factors, and concluded its goodwill was not impaired based on testing performed as of December 31, 2020. Additionally, Bancorp’s stock has traded above book value for the entirety of 2020.

Other Assets and Other Liabilities

Other assets increased $20 million, or 40%, as of December 31, 2020 compared to December 31, 2019 while other liabilities increased $27 million, or 45%, for the same respective periods.

Market value changes on interest rate swap transactions maintained for certain loan customers played a large role in the increases for both other asset and other liabilities. Bancorp enters into these interest rate swap transactions with borrowers who desire to hedge exposure to rising interest rates, while at the same time entering into an offsetting interest rate swap, with substantially matching terms, with another approved independent counterparty. These are undesignated derivative instruments and are recognized on the balance sheet at fair value via both an asset and a related liability as Bancorp has an agreement with the borrower (the asset) and the counterparty (the liability). Because of matching terms of offsetting contracts and collateral provisions mitigating any non-performance risk, changes in fair value have an offsetting effect on the related asset and liability. For this reason, the market value changes over the past 12 months stemming from the declining interest rate environment have resulted in increases to both the asset and liability associated with these transactions. For additional information, see the footnote titled “ Derivative Financial Instruments. ”

Further, other assets and other liabilities each experienced increases associated with tax credit investments, as Bancorp recorded obligations on such investments by increasing the related asset and recording a liability for the related future contributions. An increase in Bancorp’s DTAs associated with growth in the ACL for loans and deferred PPP loan fees also contributed to the year over prior year increase in other assets, while other liabilities experienced a substantial increase in 2020 relating to the accrual for losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures stemming from a rise in unused commitments and qualitative loss factor adjustments within the CECL model.

Deposits

Average deposit balances and average rates paid on such deposits for the years indicated are summarized as follows:

		2020								2019								2018
Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands)		Average balance				Average rate				Average balance				Average rate				Average balance				Average rate
Non-interest bearing demand deposits		$	1,100,942				—	%		$	765,103				—	%		$	703,453				—	%
Interest bearing demand deposits			1,133,308				0.16				875,897				0.57				811,748				0.49
Savings deposits			190,368				0.02				166,509				0.17				156,212				0.20
Money market deposits			771,363				0.19				695,411				1.02				660,222				0.84
Time deposits			412,506				1.74				406,176				2.02				278,888				1.29
Total Average Deposits		$	3,608,487							$	2,909,096							$	2,610,523

Maturities of time deposits of $250,000 or more at December 31, 2020 are summarized as follows:

(in thousands)
3 months or less		$	20,041
Over 3 through 6 months			12,986
Over 6 through 12 months			20,580
Over 12 months			19,458
Total		$	73,065

Total deposits increased $855 million, or 27%, from December 31, 2019 to December 31, 2020 with non-interest bearing deposits representing $377 million of the increase. Both ending and average deposit balances finished at record levels as of December 31, 2020, largely as a result of the PPP, as well as customers holding higher levels of liquidity in general due to economic uncertainty. Some commercial customers who were awarded PPP funding have utilized the funding held on deposit at the Bank to strengthen their balance sheets. Bancorp relied on deposit growth in addition to excess cash on hand to fund PPP loans with no reliance placed on external funding sources. In addition, some maturing certificates of deposit are not being renewed in the current low interest rate environment.

Securities Sold Under Agreement to Repurchase

Information regarding SSUAR follows:

December 31, (dollars in thousands)		2020				2019
Outstanding balance at end of period		$	47,979			$	31,895
Weighted average interest rate at end of period			0.05	%			0.22	%

Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands)		2020				2019				2018
Average outstanding balance during the period		$	40,363			$	38,555			$	62,580
Average interest rate during the period			0.09	%			0.26	%			0.25	%
Maximum outstanding at any month end during the period		$	47,979			$	52,599			$	74,725

SSUARs are collateralized by securities and are treated as financings; accordingly, the securities involved with the agreements are recorded as assets and are held by a safekeeping agent and the obligations to repurchase the securities are reflected as liabilities. All securities underlying the agreements are under the Bank’s control.

SSUARs totaled $48 million and $32 million at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.  The majority of SSUARs are subject to immediate repricing. The increase in SSUAR is attributed to the trend of customers maintaining higher balances in general during 2020.

FHLB Advances

FHLB advances decreased $48 million, or 60%, to $32 million at December 31, 2020 as the result of maturing advances not being renewed or replaced and the elective penalty-free pay down of $10 million in advances during the second quarter. Included in 2020 maturities was a $20 million three-month rolling advance related to a five-year rate swap (cash flow hedge) that was entered into in 2015. Both the advance and the interest rate swap matured without renewal during the fourth quarter of 2020. See the Footnote titled “ Derivative Financial Instruments, ” for additional detail regarding interest rate swaps.

In connection with the 2019 KSB acquisition, Bancorp assumed $43 million FHLB term advances and chose to retain them on balance sheet based upon the then-favorable rate and terms in the overall execution of Bancorp’s asset liability management strategy. These advances have not been replaced as they have matured.

Liquidity

The role of liquidity management is to ensure funds are available to meet depositors’ withdrawal and borrowers’ credit demands while at the same time maximizing profitability. This is accomplished by balancing changes in demand for funds with changes in supply of those funds. Liquidity is provided by short-term assets that can be converted to cash, AFS debt securities, various lines of credit available to Bancorp, and the ability to attract funds from external sources, principally deposits. Management believes it has the ability to increase deposits at any time by offering rates slightly higher than market rate.

Bancorp’s Asset/Liability Committee is comprised of senior management and has direct oversight responsibility for Bancorp’s liquidity position and profile. A combination of reports provided to management details internal liquidity metrics, composition and level of the liquid asset portfolio, timing differences in short-term cash flow obligations, and exposure to contingent draws on Bancorp’s liquidity.

As of December 31, 2020, Bancorp had not experienced any significant funding issues related to the PPP or the pandemic in general. A significant portion of the funds borrowed have remained in the form of commercial deposits and have generally been slow to outflow, as customers have utilized the funds to strengthen their balance sheets similar to the Great Recession. In addition, federal stimulus checks and more lucrative unemployment benefits have also contributed to higher than normal deposit balances. If a liquidity issue arose, Bancorp would utilize overnight funds from the FHLB (the lowest costing source), in which Bancorp has available credit of $804 million as of December 31, 2020.

Bancorp’s most liquid assets are comprised of cash and due from banks, FFS and AFS debt securities. FFS and interest bearing deposits totaled $275 million and $203 million at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. FFS normally have overnight maturities while interest-bearing deposits in banks are accessible on demand. These investments are used for general daily liquidity purposes. The fair value of the AFS debt security portfolio was $587 million and $471 million at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The investment portfolio includes scheduled maturities of $27 million and expected cash flows on amortizing AFS debt securities of approximately $167 million (based on scheduled payments and assumed pre-payment speeds as of December 31, 2020) over the next 12 months. Combined with FFS and interest bearing deposits from banks, AFS debt securities offer substantial resources to meet either loan growth or reductions in Bancorp’s deposit funding base. Bancorp pledges portions of its investment securities portfolio to secure public funds, cash balances of certain WM&T accounts and SSUAR. At December 31, 2020, total investment securities pledged for these purposes comprised 86% of the AFS debt securities portfolio, leaving approximately $82 million of unpledged AFS debt securities.

Bancorp has a large base of core customer deposits, defined as time deposits less than or equal to $250,000, demand, savings, money market deposit accounts and excludes brokered deposits. At December 31, 2020, such deposits totaled $3.9 billion and represented 98% of Bancorp’s total deposits, as compared with $3.0 billion, or 96% of total deposits at December 31, 2019. Because these core deposits are less volatile and are often tied to other products of Bancorp through long lasting relationships, they do not place undue pressure on liquidity. However, many of Bancorp’s individual depositors are currently maintaining historically high balances. These excess balances may be more sensitive to market rates, with potential decreases possibly straining Bancorp’s liquidity position.

As of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, Bancorp held brokered deposits totaling $25 million and $30 million, respectively. These deposits are scheduled to mature over the first three quarters of 2021.

Included in total deposit balances at December 31, 2020 and 2019 were $355 million and $217 million, respectively, of public funds generally comprised of accounts from local government agencies and public school districts in the markets in which Bancorp operates. Bancorp has historically considered these to be long-term relationships.

Bancorp is a member of the FHLB of Cincinnati. As a member of the FHLB, Bancorp has access to credit products of the FHLB. Bancorp views these borrowings as a potential low cost alternative to brokered deposits. At December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, available credit from the FHLB totaled $804 million and $599 million, respectively. The increase in available credit during 2020 is due to pledging a portion of the PPP portfolio, which increased our collateral-based borrowing capacity. See the footnote titled “FHLB Advances” for additional detail.  Additionally, Bancorp had unsecured available FFP lines with correspondent banks totaling $80 million at December 31, 2020 and $105 million December 31, 2019. The decrease is the result of closing of an inactive correspondent relationship during the second quarter of this year.

During the normal course of business, Bancorp enters into certain forms of off-balance sheet transactions, including unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit. These transactions are managed through Bancorp’s various risk management processes. Management considers both on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet transactions in its evaluation of Bancorp’s liquidity.

Bancorp’s principal source of cash revenue is dividends paid to it as the sole shareholder of the Bank. As discussed in the footnote titled “Commitments and Contingent Liabilities,” as of January 1st of any year, the Bank may pay dividends in an amount equal to the Bank’s net income of the prior two years less any dividends paid for the same two years. At December 31, 2020, the Bank may pay an amount equal to $74 million in dividends to Bancorp without regulatory approval subject to ongoing capital requirements of the Bank.

Sources and Uses of Cash

Cash flow is provided primarily through financing activities of Bancorp, which include raising deposits and borrowing funds from institutional sources such as advances from FHLB and FFP, as well as scheduled loan repayments and cash flows from AFS debt securities. These funds are primarily used to facilitate investment activities of Bancorp, which include making loans and purchasing securities for the investment portfolio. Another important source of cash is net income of the Bank from operating activities.  For further detail regarding the sources and uses of cash, see the “ Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows ” in Bancorp’s consolidated financial statements.

Commitments

In the normal course of business, Bancorp is party to activities that contain credit, market and operational risk that are not reflected in whole or in part in Bancorp’s consolidated financial statements. Such activities include traditional off-balance sheet credit-related financial instruments, commitments under operating leases and long-term debt.

Bancorp provides customers with off-balance sheet credit support through loan commitments and standby letters of credit. Unused loan commitments increased $218 million as of December 31, 2020 compared to December 31, 2019 consistent with the pay down activity seen for C&I lines of credit and significantly lower line utilization rates stemming from customer use of PPP funding. The C&I line utilization rate fell from 43% at December 31, 2019 to 28% at December 31, 2020.

Commitments to extend credit are an agreement to lend to a customer as long as collateral is available as agreed upon and there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses. Since some of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Bancorp uses the same credit and collateral policies in making commitments and conditional guarantees as for on-balance sheet instruments. Bancorp evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer. Collateral held varies, but may include accounts receivable, inventory, securities, equipment and real estate. However, should the commitments be drawn upon and should our customers default on their resulting obligation to us, our maximum exposure to credit loss, without consideration of collateral, is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments.

Additional detail regarding credit-related financial instruments, including both commitments to extend credit and letters of credit at December 31, 2020 are as follows:

		Amount of commitment expiration per period
		Less than				1-3				3-5				Over 5
(in thousands)		1 year				years				years				years				Total
Unused loan commitments		$	846,721			$	204,600			$	97,848			$	217,178			$	1,366,347
Standby letters of credit			23,427				830				168				—				24,425

At December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, Bancorp had accrued $5.4 million and $350,000, respectively, in other liabilities for its estimate of inherent risks related to unfunded credit commitments. In accordance with the adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2020, Bancorp’s ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures was increased from $350,000 at December 31, 2019 to $3.9 million ($2.6 million net of the DTA) with the offset recorded to retained earnings on a tax-effected basis, with no impact on earnings. Also, based on periodic analysis of its unused lines of credit, Bancorp recorded $1.5 million in additional off-balance sheet credit exposure expense for the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase is related to underlying CECL model factors and a significant decline in line of credit usage related to the pandemic.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by Bancorp to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party beneficiary. Those guarantees are primarily issued to support commercial transactions. Standby letters of credit generally have maturities of one to two years.

In addition to owned banking facilities, Bancorp has entered into long-term leasing arrangements for certain branch facilities. Bancorp also has required future payments for a non-qualified defined benefit retirement plan, FHLB advances, time deposit maturities and other obligations.

Required payments under such commitments at December 31, 2020 are as follows:

		Payments due by period
		Less than				1-3				3-5				Over 5
(in thousands)		1 year				years				years				years				Total
Time deposit maturities		$	289,702			$	88,667			$	14,011			$	24			$	392,404
Federal Home Loan Bank advances			12,148				268				4,216				15,007				31,639
Operating leases (1)			2,282				4,638				3,679				6,256				16,855
Defined benefit retirement plan			—				—				274				3,004				3,278
Other (2)			1,227				5,212				1,691				3,354				11,484

(1) Includes assumed renewals

(2) Consists primarily of contractual requirements relating to tax credit investments and community sponsorships

See the footnote titled “ Commitments and Contingent Liabilities ” for additional detail.

Capital

Information pertaining to Bancorp’s capital balances and ratios follows:

Years ended December 31, (dollars in thousands, except per share data)		2020				2019				2018
Stockholders’ equity		$	440,701			$	406,297			$	366,500
Dividends per share		$	1.08			$	1.04			$	0.96
Dividend payout ratio, based on basic EPS			41.38	%			35.62	%			39.18	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital			12.23				12.02				13.00
Total risk-based capital			13.36				12.85				13.91
Leverage ratio			9.57				10.60				11.33

Bancorp increased its cash dividends declared to stockholders during 2020 to an annual dividend of $1.08, up from $1.04 per share in 2019 and $0.96 in 2018. This represents a payout ratio of 41.38% based on basic EPS and an annual dividend yield of 2.67% based upon an annualized fourth quarter dividend rate and year-end closing stock price.

At December 31, 2020, stockholders’ equity totaled $441 million, an increase of $34 million, or 8%, since December 31, 2019, as 2020 net income of $58.9 million and the positive change in AOCI were offset by CECL related adjustments and dividends declared. AOCI consists of net unrealized gains or losses on AFS debt securities and hedging instruments, as well as a minimum pension liability, each net of income taxes. AOCI was $8.7 million at December 31, 2020 compared with $677,000 at December 31, 2019 with the fluctuation stemming from the changing interest rate environment and corresponding valuation of the AFS debt securities portfolio. See the “ Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders ’ Equity ” for further detail of changes in equity.

In May 2019, Bancorp’s Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing the repurchase of up to 1 million shares, or approximately 4% of Bancorp’s total common shares outstanding at the time. The plan, which will expire in May 2021 unless otherwise extended or completed at an earlier date, does not obligate Bancorp to repurchase any specific dollar amount or number of shares prior to the plan’s expiration. During 2019, Bancorp repurchased 259,000 shares at a weighted average price per share of $35.46. In addition to a $28 million dividend to Bancorp during the second quarter of 2019 to consummate the 2019 acquisition, the Bank paid up an $18.5 million dividend during the third quarter of 2019 to support the share repurchase program. Based on recent economic developments and the increased importance of capital preservation, no shares have been repurchased in 2020 and Management does not intend to resume repurchasing in the near-term. Approximately 741,000 shares remain eligible for repurchase under the current repurchase plan.

Bank holding companies and their subsidiary banks are required by regulators to meet risk-based capital standards. These standards, or ratios, measure the relationship of capital to a combination of balance sheet and off-balance sheet risks. The value of both balance sheet and off-balance sheet items are adjusted to reflect credit risks. See the footnote titled “ Regulatory Matters ” for additional detail regarding regulatory capital requirements, as well as capital ratios of Bancorp and the Bank. The Bank exceeds regulatory capital ratios required to be well-capitalized. Regulatory framework does not define well-capitalized for holding companies. Management considers the effects of growth on capital ratios as it contemplates plans for expansion.

The following table sets forth consolidated Bancorp’s and the Bank’s risk based capital ratios:

December 31,		2020				2019
Total risk-based capital (1)
Consolidated			13.36	%			12.85	%
Bank			12.99				12.20
Common equity tier 1 risk-based capital (1)
Consolidated			12.23				12.02
Bank			11.85				11.37
Tier 1 risk-based capital (1)
Consolidated			12.23				12.02
Bank			11.85				11.37
Leverage (2)
Consolidated			9.57				10.60
Bank			9.26				10.67

(1) Under banking agencies ’ risk-based capital guidelines, assets and credit-equivalent amounts of derivatives and off-balance sheet credit exposures are assigned to broad risk categories. The aggregate dollar amount in each risk category is multiplied by the associated risk weight of the category. Weighted values are added together, resulting in Bancorp's total risk-weighted assets. These ratios are computed in relation to average assets.

(2)    Ratio is computed in relation to average assets.

As noted in the table above, Bancorp and the Bank experienced a decline in leverage ratio from December 31, 2019 to December 31, 2020. The leverage ratio, which consists of tier-1 capital divided by adjusted quarterly average assets, was negatively impacted due to the larger balance sheet growth attributed to participation in the initial round of PPP during the second quarter of 2020. Bancorp is projecting to book approximately 1,300 of “second draw” PPP loans totaling $220 million relating to the second round of PPP. This will normalize over time, as PPP loans pay-off early or ultimately mature.

Banking regulators have categorized the Bank as well-capitalized. The regulations in accordance with Basel III define “well-capitalized” as a 6.5% Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, an 8.0% Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, a 10.0% Total Risk-Based Capital ratio and a 5.0% Tier 1 Leverage ratio.

Additionally, in order to avoid limitations on capital distributions, including dividend payments and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers, Bancorp and Bank must hold a capital conservation buffer composed of Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital above minimum risk-based capital requirements. The capital conservation buffer set forth by the Basel III regulatory capital framework was 2.5% of risk-weighted assets above the minimum risk based capital ratio requirements at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress and requires increased capital levels for the purpose of capital distributions and other payments. At December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, Bancorp’s and SYB’s risk based capital exceeded the required capital conservation buffer.

Bancorp continues to exceed the regulatory requirements for Total Risk Based Capital, Common Equity Tier I Risk Based Capital, Tier I Risk Based Capital and Tier I Leverage. Bancorp and the Bank intend to maintain a capital position that meets or exceeds the “well-capitalized” requirements as defined by the FRB and the FDIC, in addition to the capital conservation buffer. There are no conditions or events since December 31, 2020 that management believes have changed Bancorp’s well-capitalized status.

As permitted by the interim final rule issued on March 27, 2020 by the federal banking regulatory agencies, Bancorp elected the option to delay the estimated impact on regulatory capital related to the adoption of ASC 326 “ Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, ” or CECL , which was effective January 1, 2020. The initial impact of adoption of ASC 326, as well as 25% of the quarterly increases in the ACL subsequent to adoption of ASC 326 (collectively the “transition adjustments”) were declared to be delayed for two years. After two years, the cumulative amount of the transition adjustments will become fixed and will be phased out of the regulatory capital calculations evenly over a three-year period, with 75% recognized in year three, 50% recognized in year four and 25% recognized in year five. After five years, the temporary regulatory capital benefits will be fully reversed. Had Bancorp not elected to defer the regulatory capital impact of CECL, the post ASC 326 adoption capital ratios of Bancorp and the Bank would still have exceeded the well-capitalized level.

Fair Value Measurements

Bancorp follows the provisions of authoritative guidance for fair value measurements. This guidance is definitional and disclosure oriented and addresses how companies should approach measuring fair value when required by GAAP. It prescribes various disclosures about financial statement categories and amounts which are measured at fair value, if such disclosures are not already specified elsewhere in GAAP.

Authoritative guidance defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between participants at the measurement date. The guidance requires fair value measurements to be classified as Level 1 (quoted prices), Level 2 (based on observable inputs) or Level 3 (based on significant unobservable, internally-derived inputs).

Bancorp’s AFS debt securities and interest rate swaps are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Other accounts including mortgage loans held for sale, MSRs, impaired loans and OREO may be recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis, generally in the application of lower of cost or market adjustments or write-downs of specific assets.

The AFS debt securities portfolio is comprised of U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government obligations, debt securities of U.S. government-sponsored corporations (including mortgage-backed securities), and obligations of state and political subdivisions. U.S. Treasury securities are priced using quoted prices of identical securities in an active market. These measurements are classified as Level 1 in the hierarchy above. All other securities are priced using standard industry models or matrices with various assumptions such as yield curves, volatility, prepayment speeds, default rates, time value, credit rating and market prices for similar instruments. These assumptions are generally observable in the market place and can be derived from or supported by observable data. These measurements are classified as Level 2 in the hierarchy above.

Interest rate swaps are valued using primarily Level 2 inputs. Fair value measurements generally based on benchmark forward yield curves and other relevant observable market data. For purposes of potential valuation adjustments to derivative positions, Bancorp evaluates the credit risk of its counterparties as well as its own credit risk. To date, Bancorp has not realized any losses due to a counterparty’s inability to perform and the change in value of derivative assets and liabilities attributable to credit risk was not significant during 2018, 2019 and 2020.

MSRs, carried in other assets and recorded at fair value upon capitalization, are amortized to correspond with estimated servicing income and are periodically assessed for impairment based on fair value at the reporting date. Fair value is based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated net servicing income. The model incorporates assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income. These measurements are classified as Level 3. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, there was no valuation allowance for MSRs, as fair value exceeded carrying value.

Loans considered to be collateral dependent are measured for impairment and, if indicated, a specific allocation is established based on the value of underlying collateral. Collateral dependent loans include non-accrual loans and loans accounted for as TDRs. For collateral dependent loans, fair value amounts represent only those loans with specific valuation allowances and loans charged down to their carrying value. At December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the carrying value of collateral dependent loans measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis was $7.5 million and $7.3 million. These measurements are classified as Level 3.

OREO, which is carried in other assets at the lower of cost or fair value, is periodically assessed for impairment based on fair value at the reporting date. Fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals or valuations performed by internal or external parties which use judgments and assumptions that are property-specific and sensitive to changes in the overall economic environment. Appraisals may be further discounted based on management’s historical knowledge and/or changes in market conditions from the date of the most recent appraisal. Many of these inputs are not observable and, accordingly, these measurements are classified as Level 3. OREO is equal to the carrying value of only parcels of OREO for which carrying value equals appraised value. If a parcel of OREO has a carrying value below its appraised value, it is not considered to be carried at fair value. The losses represent write-downs which occurred during the period indicated. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the carrying value of OREO was $281,000 and $493,000.

See the Footnote titled “ Assets and Liabilities Measured and Reported at Fair Value ,” for additional detail regarding fair value measurements.

Item 7A.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Information required by this item is included in Item 7, “ Management ’ s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ” of this Form 10-K.

Item 8.

Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

The following consolidated financial statements of Bancorp, and reports of independent registered public accounting firms and management are included below:

Consolidated Balance Sheets - December 31, 2020 and 2019

Consolidated Statements of Income - years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity - years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018

Footnotes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms

Management’s Report on Consolidated Financial Statements

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

December 31, (in thousands, except per share data)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

Years Ended December 31, (in thousands, except per share data)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

Years Ended December 31, (in thousands)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

Years Ended December 31, (in thousands)

(continued)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)

Years Ended December 31, (in thousands)

(1) Cash paid for operating lease liabilities in 2018 was determined pre-adoption of ASU 2016-02 in 2019.

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

( 1 ) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Operations and Principles of Consolidation – Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc. (“Bancorp” or “the Company”) is a FHC headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of its wholly owned subsidiary, SYB (“the Bank”). Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation. The consolidated financial statements of Bancorp and its subsidiary have been prepared in conformity with GAAP and adhere to predominant practices within the banking industry.

Established in 1904, SYB is a state-chartered non-member financial institution that provides services in the Louisville, Kentucky, Indianapolis, Indiana and Cincinnati, Ohio MSAs through 44 full service banking center locations.

As a result of its acquisition of KSB on May 1, 2019, Bancorp became the 100 % successor owner of KBST, an unconsolidated finance subsidiary. As permitted under the terms of the governing documents, Bancorp redeemed the TPS at the par amount of approximately $ 4 million in June 2019.

Bancorp is divided into two reportable segments: Commercial Banking and WM&T:

Commercial Banking provides a full range of loan and deposit products to individual consumers and businesses in all its markets through retail lending, mortgage banking, deposit services, online banking, mobile banking, private banking, commercial lending, treasury management services, merchant services, international banking, correspondent banking and other banking services. The Bank also offers securities brokerage services via its banking center network through an arrangement with a third party broker-dealer in the Commercial Banking segment.

WM&T provides investment management, company retirement plan management, retirement planning, trust, estate and financial planning services in all markets in which Bancorp operates. The magnitude of WM&T revenue distinguishes Bancorp from other community banks of similar asset size.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates – To prepare financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management must make estimates and assumptions that require difficult, complex or subjective judgments, some of which may relate to matters that are inherently uncertain. Estimates are susceptible to material changes as a result of changes in facts and circumstances. Facts and circumstances which could affect these judgments include, but are not limited to, changes in interest rates, changes in the performance of the economy, including pandemic-related changes, and changes in the financial condition of borrowers.

Bancorp’s accounting policies are fundamental to understanding management’s discussion and analysis of our results of operations and financial condition. At December 31, 2019 and 2020, the significant accounting policy considered the most critical in preparing Bancorp’s consolidated financial statements is the determination of the ACL on loans.

On January 1, 2020, Bancorp adopted ASC 326 “ Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, ” which created material changes to Bancorp’s existing critical accounting policy that existed at December 31, 2019. Accounting policies relating to credit losses for investment securities, loans and off-balance sheet credit exposures reflect the current accounting policies required by this ASC. Disclosures relating to prior year accounting policies can be found in the 2019 Report on Form 10 -K.

The ACL on loans is established through credit loss expense charged to current earnings. The amount maintained in the ACL reflects management’s estimate of the net amount not expected to be collected on the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date over the life of the loan. The ACL is comprised of specific reserves assigned to certain loans that do not share general risk characteristics and general reserves on pools of loans that do share general risk characteristics. Factors contributing to the determination of specific reserves include the creditworthiness of the borrower and more specifically, changes in the expected future receipt of principal and interest payments and/or in the value of pledged collateral. A reserve is recorded when the carrying amount of the loan exceeds the discounted estimated cash flows using the loan’s initial effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral for certain collateral-dependent loans.

For purposes of establishing the general reserve, Bancorp stratifies the loan portfolio into homogeneous groups of loans that possess similar loss potential characteristics and calculates the net amount expected to be collected over the life of the loans to estimate the credit losses in the loan portfolio. Bancorp’s methodologies for estimating the ACL on loans consider available relevant information about the collectability of cash flows, including information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

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Accounting for Business Acquisitions – Bancorp accounts for acquisitions in accordance with the acquisition method as outlined in ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations . The acquisition method requires: a) identification of the entity that obtains control of the acquiree; b) determination of the acquisition date; c) recognition and measurement of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree; and d) recognition and measurement of goodwill or bargain purchase gain.

Identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interest in acquirees are generally recognized at their acquisition-date (“day-one”) fair values based on the requirements of ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures. The measurement period for day- one fair values begins on the acquisition date and ends at the earlier of: (a) the day management believes it has all the information necessary to determine day- one fair values; or (b) one year following the acquisition date. In many cases, the determination of day- one fair values requires management to make estimates about discount rates, future expected cash flows, market conditions and other future events that are highly complex and subjective in nature and subject to recast adjustments, which are retrospective adjustments to reflect new information existing at the acquisition date affecting day- one fair values. More specifically, these recast adjustments may be made, as market value data, such as valuations, are received by the Bank. Increases or decreases to day- one fair values are reflected with a corresponding increase or decrease to bargain purchase gain or goodwill.

Acquisition related costs are expensed as incurred unless those costs are related to issuing debt or equity securities used to finance the acquisition.

Cash Equivalents – Cash and cash equivalents include cash and due from banks, FFS and interest bearing due from banks as segregated in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Debt Securities – Bancorp determines the classification of debt securities at the time of purchase. Debt securities that management has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity and recorded at amortized cost. Debt securities not classified as held to maturity are classified as AFS and recorded at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported in AOCI, net of tax. All debt securities were classified as AFS at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

Gains and losses on the sale of securities are recorded on the trade date and are determined using the specific-identification method. Amortization of premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income over the period to maturity using the interest method, except for premiums on callable debt securities, which are amortized to their earliest call date.

Bancorp has made a policy election to exclude accrued interest from the amortized cost basis of debt securities and reports accrued interest separately in the consolidated balance sheets. A debt security is placed on non-accrual status at the time any principal or interest payments become more than 90 days delinquent or if full collection of interest or principal becomes uncertain. Accrued interest for a security placed on non-accrual is reversed against interest income. There was no accrued interest related to AFS debt securities reversed against interest income for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.

ACL – AFS Debt Securities – For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, Bancorp evaluates the securities to determine whether the decline in the fair value below the amortized cost basis (impairment) is due to credit-related factors or non-credit related factors. Any impairment that is not credit-related is recognized in AOCI, net of tax. Credit-related impairment is recognized as an a ACL on AFS debt securities on the balance sheet, limited to the amount by which the amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value, with a corresponding adjustment to earnings. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. Both the ACL on AFS debt securities and the adjustment to net income may be reversed if conditions change. However, if Bancorp intends to sell an impaired AFS debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell such a security before recovering its amortized cost basis, the entire impairment amount would be recognized in earnings with a corresponding adjustment to the security’s amortized cost basis. Because the security’s amortized cost basis is adjusted to fair value, there is no ACL on AFS debt securities in this situation.

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In evaluating AFS debt securities in unrealized loss positions for impairment and the criteria regarding its intent or requirement to sell such securities, Bancorp considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, whether the securities are issued by the federal government or its agencies, whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred, and the results of reviews of the issuers’ financial condition, among other factors. There were no credit related factors underlying unrealized losses on AFS debt securities at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

Changes in the ACL on AFS debt securities are recorded as expense. Losses are charged against the ACL on AFS debt securities when management believes the uncollectability of an AFS debt security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.

Mortgage Loans Held for Sale – Mortgage originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are recorded at the lower of cost or market value on an individual loan basis, as determined by outstanding commitments from investors.

Loans – Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at amortized cost basis, which is the unpaid principal balance outstanding, net of unearned income, deferred loan fees and costs, premiums and discounts associated with acquisition date fair value adjustments on acquired loans and any direct partial charge-offs. Bancorp has made a policy election to exclude accrued interest from the amortized cost basis of loans and report accrued interest separately from the related loan balance in the consolidated balance sheets.

Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized in interest income over the life of the loan without anticipating prepayments.

Loans are considered past due or delinquent when the contractual principal and/or interest due in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement or any portion thereof remains unpaid after the due date of the scheduled payment. The accrual of interest income on loans is typically discontinued at the time the loan is 90 days delinquent unless the loan is well-secured and in process of collection, or if full collection of interest or principal becomes doubtful. Consumer loans are typically charged off no later than 120 days past due. All interest accrued but not received for a loan placed on non-accrual is reversed against interest income. Interest received on such loans is accounted for on the cash-basis or cost-recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Under the cost-recovery method, interest income is not recognized until the loan balance is reduced to zero. Under the cash-basis method, interest income is recorded when the payment is received in cash. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

Acquired loans are recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition based on a DCF methodology that considers various factors including the type of loan and related collateral, classification status, fixed or variable interest rate, term of loan and whether or not the loan was amortizing, and a discount rate reflecting Bancorp’s assessment of risk inherent in the cash flow estimates. Certain larger purchased loans are individually evaluated while certain purchased loans are grouped together according to similar risk characteristics and are treated in aggregate when applying various valuation techniques. These cash flow evaluations are inherently subjective, as they require material estimates, all of which may be susceptible to significant change.

Prior to January 1, 2020, loans acquired in a business combination that had evidence of deterioration of credit quality since origination and for which it was probable, at acquisition, that Bancorp would be unable to collect all contractually required payments receivable were considered PCI. PCI loans were individually evaluated and recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition with no initial ACL based on a DCF methodology that considered various factors including the type of loan and related collateral, classification status, fixed or variable interest rate, term of loan and whether or not the loan was amortizing, and a discount rate reflecting Bancorp’s assessment of risk inherent in the cash flow estimates. The difference between the DCFs expected at acquisition and the investment in the loan, or the “accretable yield,” was recognized as interest income on a level-yield method over the life of the loan. Contractually required payments for interest and principal that exceed the DCFs expected at acquisition, or the “non-accretable difference,” were not recognized on the balance sheet and did not result in any yield adjustments, loss accruals or valuation allowances. Increases in expected cash flows, including prepayments, subsequent to the initial investment were recognized prospectively through adjustment of the yield on the loan over its remaining life. Decreases in expected cash flows were recognized as impairment. ACLs on PCI loans reflected only losses incurred post-acquisition (meaning the PV of all cash flows expected at acquisition that ultimately were not to be received).

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Subsequent to January 1, 2020, loans acquired in a business combination that have experienced more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination are considered PCD loans. At the acquisition date, an estimate of expected credit losses is made for groups of PCD loans with similar risk characteristics and individual PCD loans without similar risk characteristics. This initial ACL is allocated to individual PCD loans and added to the purchase price or acquisition date fair values to establish the initial amortized cost basis of the PCD loans. As the initial ACL is added to the purchase price, there is no credit loss expense recognized upon acquisition of a PCD loan. Any difference between the unpaid principal balance of PCD loans and the amortized cost basis is considered to relate to non-credit factors and results in a discount or premium. Discounts and premiums are recognized through interest income on a level-yield method over the life of the loans. Approximately $ 1.6 million in PCI loans were converted to PCD on January 1, 2020 and the majority of these marks were subsequently charged off in the third quarter of 2020.

For acquired loans not deemed PCD at acquisition, the differences between the initial fair value and the unpaid principal balance are recognized as interest income on a level-yield basis over the lives of the related loans. At the acquisition date, an initial ACL on loans is estimated and recorded as credit loss expense.

The subsequent measurement of expected credit losses for all acquired loans is the same as the subsequent measurement of expected credit losses for originated loans.

ACL – Loans – Under the current CECL model, the ACL on loans represents a valuation allowance estimated at each balance sheet date in accordance with GAAP that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loan portfolio.

Bancorp estimates the ACL on loans based on the underlying assets’ amortized cost basis, which is the amount at which the receivable is originated or acquired, adjusted for applicable accretion or amortization of premium, discount, and net deferred fees or costs, collection of payment, and charge-offs. In the event that collection of principal becomes uncertain, Bancorp has policies in place to reverse accrued interest in a timely manner. Therefore, Bancorp has made a policy election to exclude accrued interest from the measurement of the ACL on loans.

Expected credit losses are reflected in the ACL on loans through a charge to provision. When Bancorp deems all or a portion of a financial asset to be uncollectible, the appropriate amount is written-off and the ACL on loans is reduced by the same amount. Bancorp applies judgment to determine when a financial asset is deemed uncollectible; however, generally speaking, an asset will be considered uncollectible no later than when all efforts of collection have been exhausted and the collateral, if any, has been liquidated. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the ACL on loans when received.

Bancorp’s methodologies for estimating the ACL on loans consider available relevant information about the collectability of cash flows, including information about past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The methodologies apply historical loss information, adjusted for asset-specific characteristics, economic conditions at the measurement date, and forecasts about future economic conditions expected to exist through the contractual lives of the financial assets that are reasonable and supportable, to the identified pools of financial assets with similar risk characteristics for which the historical loss experience was observed. Bancorp’s methodologies may revert to historical loss information on a straight-line basis over a number of quarters when it can no longer develop reasonable and supportable forecasts.

Loans are predominantly segmented by FDIC Call Report Codes into loan pools that have similar risk characteristics, similar collateral type and are assumed to pose consistent risk of loss to Bancorp. Bancorp has identified the following pools of financial assets with similar risk characteristics for measuring expected credit losses:

Commercial Real Estate – Owner Occupied – Includes non-farm non-residential real estate loans for a variety of commercial property types and purposes, and is typically secured by commercial office or industrial buildings, warehouses or retail buildings where the owner of the building occupies the property. The primary source of repayment is the cash flow from the ongoing operations and activities conducted by the party (or affiliate) who owns the property. Repayment terms vary considerably; interest rates are fixed or variable and are structured for full, partial, or no amortization of principal.

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Commercial Real Estate – Non-Owner Occupied – Includes investment real estate loans secured by similar collateral as above. The primary source of income for this loan type is typically rental income associated with the property. These loans generally involve a greater degree of credit risk, as these borrowers are more sensitive to adverse economic conditions. This category also includes apartment or multifamily residential buildings (secured by five or more dwelling units).

Construction and Land Development – Consists of loans to finance the ground up construction, improvement and/or construction of owner occupied and non-owner occupied residential and commercial properties and loans secured by raw or improved land. The repayment of C&D loans is generally dependent upon the successful completion of the improvements by the builder for the end user, the leasing of the property, or sale of the property to a third party. Repayment of land secured loans is dependent upon the successful development and sale of the property, the sale of the land as is, or the outside cash flow of the owners to support the retirement of the debt. Bancorp’s construction loans may convert to real estate-secured loans once construction is completed or principal amortization payments begin, assuming the borrower retains financing with the Bank.

Commercial and Industrial – Represents loans for C&I purposes to sole proprietorships, partnerships, corporations and other business enterprises, whether secured (other than those that meet the definition of a “loan secured by real estate”) or unsecured, single payment or installment. This category includes loans originated for financing capital expenditures, loans secured by accounts receivable, inventory and other business assets such as equipment, non-real estate related construction loans in addition to non-real estate loans guaranteed by the SBA. Bancorp originates these loans for a variety of purposes across various industries. This category also includes loans to commercial banks in the U.S. This portfolio has been segregated between term loans and revolving lines of credits based on the varied characteristics of these individual loan structures.

Residential Real Estate – Includes non-revolving (closed-end) first and junior liens secured by residential real estate primarily in Bancorp’s market areas. This portfolio has been segregated between owner occupied and non-owner occupied status, as the investment nature of the latter poses additional credit risks to Bancorp.

Home Equity Lines of Credit – Similar to the above, however these are revolving (open-ended) lines of credit.

Consumer – Represents loans to individuals for personal expenditures that may be secured or unsecured. This includes pre-arranged overdraft plans, secured automobile loans and other consumer-purpose loans.

Leases – Represents a variety of leasing options to businesses to acquire equipment.

Commercial Credit Cards – Represents revolving loans to businesses to manage operating cash flows.

Bancorp measures expected credit losses for its loan portfolio segments as follows:

Loan Portfolio Segment		ACL Methodology
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		Discounted cash flow
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		Discounted cash flow
Commercial and industrial - term		Static pool
Commercial and industrial - line of credit		Static pool
Residential real estate - owner occupied		Discounted cash flow
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied		Discounted cash flow
Construction and land development		Static pool
Home equity lines of credit		Static pool
Consumer		Static pool
Leases		Static pool
Credit cards - commercial		Static pool

Discounted Cash flow Method – The DCF methodology is used to develop cash flow projections at the instrument level wherein payment expectations are adjusted for estimated prepayment speeds, curtailments, time to recovery, probability of default and loss given default. The modeling of expected prepayment speeds, curtailment rates and time to recovery are based on historical internal data.

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Bancorp uses regression analysis on historical internal and peer data to determine suitable loss drivers to utilize when modeling lifetime probability of default and loss given default. This analysis also determines how expected probability of default and loss given default will react to forecasted levels of the loss drivers. For all loan pools utilizing the DCF method, management utilizes the forecasted Seasonally Adjusted National Civilian Unemployment Rate as its primary loss driver, as this was determined to best correlate to historical losses.

With regard to the DCF model and the adoption of CECL on January 1, 2020, management determined that four quarters represented a reasonable and supportable forecast period with reversion back to a historical loss rate over eight quarters on a straight-line basis.

The combination of adjustments for credit expectations (default and loss) and timing expectations (prepayment, curtailment, and time to recovery) produces an expected cash flow stream at the instrument level. Instrument effective yield is calculated, net of the impacts of prepayment assumptions, and the instrument expected cash flows are then discounted at that effective yield to produce an instrument-level NPV of expected cash flows. An ACL is established for the difference between the instrument’s NPV and amortized cost basis.

Static Pool Method – The static pool methodology is utilized for the loan portfolio segments that typically have shorter durations. For each of these loan segments, Bancorp applies an expected loss ratio based on historical losses adjusted as appropriate for qualitative loss factors. Qualitative loss factors are based on management's judgment of company, market, industry or business specific data, changes in underlying loan composition of specific portfolios, trends relating to credit quality, delinquency, non-performing and adversely rated loans and reasonable and supportable forecasts of economic conditions.

Collateral Dependent Loans – Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. For collateral dependent loans where Bancorp has determined that foreclosure of the collateral is probable, or where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and Bancorp expects repayment of the financial asset to be provided substantially through the operation of the business or sale of the collateral, the ACL is measured based on the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost basis of the asset as of the measurement date. When repayment is expected to be from the operation of the collateral, expected credit losses are calculated as the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the financial asset exceeds the NPV of expected cash flows from the operation of the collateral. When repayment is expected to be from the sale of the collateral, expected credit losses are calculated as the amount by which the amortized costs basis of the financial asset exceeds the fair value of the underlying collateral less estimated cost to sell. The ACL may be zero if the fair value of the collateral at the measurement date exceeds the amortized cost basis of loan. Bancorp’s estimate of the ACL reflects losses expected over the remaining contractual life of the loan and the contractual term does not consider extensions, renewals or modifications.

A loan that has been modified or renewed is considered a TDR when two conditions are met: 1 ) the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and 2 ) concessions are made for the borrower's benefit that would not otherwise be considered for a borrower or transaction with similar credit risk characteristics. TDRs are evaluated individually to determine the required ACL. TDRs performing in accordance with their modified contractual terms for a reasonable period may be included in Bancorp’s existing pools based on the underlying risk characteristics of the loan to measure the ACL.

Premises and Equipment – Premises and equipment are carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation of premises and equipment is computed using straight-line methods over the estimated useful lives of the assets ranging from 3 to 40 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized on the straight-line method over terms of the related leases, including expected renewals, or over the useful lives of the improvements, whichever is shorter. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred while major additions and improvements are capitalized.

FHLB Stock – Bancorp is a member institution of the FHLB. Members are required to own a certain amount of stock based on the level of borrowings and other factors and may invest in additional amounts of stock. FHLB stock is carried at cost, classified as a restricted security and annually evaluated for impairment. Because this stock is viewed as a long-term investment, impairment is based on ultimate recovery of par value. Both cash and stock dividends are recorded as interest income.

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Goodwill – Goodwill resulting from business acquisitions represents the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred, plus the fair value of any non-controlling interests in the acquiree, over the fair value of the net assets assumed as of the acquisition date. Goodwill and intangible assets acquired in a purchase business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized, but tested annually for impairment or more frequently if events and circumstances exist that indicate a goodwill impairment test should be performed.

Bancorp has selected September 30th as the date to perform its annual goodwill impairment test. Intangible assets with definite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives to their estimated residual values. Goodwill is the only intangible asset with an indefinite life on the Bank’s balance sheet.

All goodwill is attributable to the Commercial Banking segment and is deductible for tax purposes. Based on its assessment, Bancorp believes its goodwill balance at December 31, 2020 and 2019 was not impaired and is properly recorded in the consolidated financial statements.

Other intangible assets consist of CDI assets arising from business acquisitions. CDI assets are initially measured at fair value and then amortized on an accelerated method over their estimated useful lives.

Other Assets – BOLI and other life insurance policies are carried at net realizable value, which considers applicable surrender charges. Also, Bancorp maintains life insurance policies in conjunction with its non-qualified defined benefit and non-qualified compensation plans.

OREO is carried at the lower of cost or estimated fair value minus estimated selling costs. Any write downs to fair value at the date of acquisition are charged to the allowance. In certain situations, improvements to prepare assets for sale are capitalized if those costs increase the estimated fair value of the asset. Expenses incurred in maintaining assets, write downs to reflect subsequent declines in value, and realized gains or losses are reflected in the results of operations and are included in non-interest income and/or expense.

MSRs are amortized in proportion to, and over the period of, estimated net servicing income, considering appropriate prepayment assumptions and are evaluated quarterly for impairment by comparing the carrying value to fair value.

Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures – Financial instruments include off-balance sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to originate loans and commercial letters of credit issued to meet customer-financing needs. Off-balance sheet refers to assets or liabilities that do not appear on a company's balance sheet. Bancorp’s exposure to credit loss in the event of non-performance by the other party to the financial instrument for off-balance sheet loan commitments is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded.

Bancorp records an ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures, unless the commitments to extend credit are unconditionally cancelable, through a charge to credit loss expense for off-balance sheet credit exposures included in non-interest expense in Bancorp’s consolidated statements of income. The ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures is estimated by loan portfolio segment at each balance sheet date under the current CECL model using the same methodologies as portfolio loans, taking into consideration the likelihood that funding will occur and is included in other liabilities on Bancorp’s consolidated balance sheets.

Derivatives – Bancorp uses derivative financial instruments, including interest rate swaps, as part of its interest rate risk management. GAAP establishes accounting and reporting standards for derivative instruments and hedging activities. As required by GAAP, Bancorp’s interest rate swaps are recognized as other assets and liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet at fair value. Accounting for changes in fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative and the resulting designation. Derivatives used to hedge exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. To qualify for hedge accounting, Bancorp must comply with detailed rules and documentation requirements at inception of the hedge, and hedge effectiveness is assessed at inception and periodically throughout the life of each hedging relationship. Hedge ineffectiveness, if any, is measured periodically throughout the life of the hedging relationship.

For derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, the effective portion of changes in fair value of the derivative is initially reported in OCI and subsequently reclassified to interest income or expense when the hedged transaction affects earnings, while the ineffective portion of changes in fair value of derivative, if any, is recognized immediately in other noninterest income. Bancorp assesses the effectiveness of each hedging relationship by comparing cumulative changes in cash flows of the derivative hedging instrument with cumulative changes in cash flows of the designated hedged item or transaction. No component of the change in the fair value of the hedging instrument is excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness.

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Periodically, Bancorp enters into an interest rate swap transaction with a borrower, who desires to hedge exposure to rising interest rates, while at the same time entering into an offsetting interest rate swap, with substantially matching terms, with another approved independent counterparty. Because of matching terms of offsetting contracts and collateral provisions mitigating any non-performance risk, changes in fair value subsequent to initial recognition have an insignificant effect on earnings. Because these derivative instruments have not been designated as hedging instruments, the derivative instruments are recognized on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value, with changes in fair value, due to changes in prevailing interest rates, recorded in other noninterest income.

Bancorp had no fair value hedging relationships at December 31, 2020 or 2019. Bancorp does not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. See the Footnote titled “ Derivative Financial Instruments ” for additional discussion.

Transfers of Financial Assets –Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been relinquished. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when the assets have been isolated from Bancorp, the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets and Bancorp does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

Stock-Based Compensation – For all awards, stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the period in which it is earned based on the grant-date fair value of the portion of stock-based payment awards that are ultimately expected to vest, reduced for estimated forfeitures. GAAP requires forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

Income Taxes – Income tax expense is the total of the current year income tax due or refundable and the change in DTAs and DTLs. DTAs and DTLs are the expected future tax amounts for the temporary differences between carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities, computed using enacted statutory tax rates. A valuation allowance, if needed, reduces DTAs to the amount expected to be realized.

A tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more-likely-than- not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more-likely-than- not” test, no tax benefit is recorded.

Bancorp recognizes interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.

Bancorp periodically invests in certain partnerships with customers that yield historic tax credits, accounted for using the flow through method, which approximates the equity method, and/or low-income housing tax credits as well as tax deductible losses, which are accounted for using the effective yield method for older transactions or proportional amortization method for more recent transactions. The tax benefit of these investments exceeds the amortization expense associated with them, resulting in a positive impact on net income.

Net Income Per Share – Basic net income per common share is determined by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Diluted net income per share is determined by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding plus the weighted average number of shares that would be issued upon exercise of dilutive options and SARs, assuming proceeds are used to repurchase shares under the treasury stock method.

Comprehensive Income – Comprehensive income is defined as the change in equity (net assets) of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. For Bancorp, this includes net income, changes in unrealized gains and losses on AFS debt securities and cash flow hedging instruments, net of reclassification adjustments and taxes, and minimum pension liability adjustments, net of taxes.

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Loss Contingencies – Loss contingencies, including claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, are recorded as liabilities when the likelihood of loss is probable, and an amount or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. Management does not believe there are any outstanding matters that would have a material effect on the financial statements.

Restrictions on Cash and Cash Equivalents – Bancorp has historically been required by the FRB to maintain average reserve balances. Effective March 26, 2020, the FRB reduced the reserve requirement ratio to 0% in response to the COVID- 19 pandemic, eliminating reserve requirements for all depository institutions.

Dividend Restrictions – Banking regulations require maintaining certain capital levels and may limit the dividends paid by the Bank to the Holding Company or by the Holding Company to shareholders.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments – Fair values of financial instruments are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions, as disclosed in the Footnote titled “ Assets and Liabilities Measured and Reported at Fair Value ” in this section of the filing. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment regarding interest rates, credit risk, prepayments, and other factors, especially in the absence of broad markets for particular items. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect such estimates.

Revenue from Contracts with Customers – On January 1, 2018, Bancorp adopted ASU 2014 - 09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers and all subsequent amendments to the ASU (collectively, “ASC 606” ). While this update modified guidance for recognizing revenue, it did not have a material impact on the timing or presentation of Bancorp’s revenue. The majority of Bancorp’s revenue comes from interest income and other sources, including loans, leases, securities, and derivatives, which are not subject to ASC 606. Bancorp’s services that fall within the scope of ASC 606 are presented within non-interest income and are recognized as revenue as Bancorp satisfies its obligation to its customer.

Segment Information – Bancorp provides a broad range of financial services to individuals, corporations and others through its full service banking locations. These services include loan and deposit services, cash management services, securities brokerage activities, mortgage origination and WM&T activities. Bancorp’s operations are considered by management to be aggregated in two reportable operating segments: Commercial Banking and WM&T.

Reclassifications – Certain amounts presented in prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on previously reported prior periods’ net income or shareholders’ equity.

Adoption of New Accounting Standards – Bancorp adopted ASC 326, “ Financial Instruments – Credit Losses ,” on January 1, 2020 using the modified retrospective approach. Results for the periods subsequent to January 1, 2020 are presented under ASC 326, while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP. Bancorp recorded a net reduction of retained earnings of $ 8.8 million upon adoption. The transition adjustment included an increase in the ACL on loans of $ 8.2 million and an increase in the ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures of $ 3.5 million, net of the total corresponding DTA increase of $ 2.9 million.

Bancorp adopted ASC 326 using the prospective transition approach for loans purchased with PCD that were previously classified as PCI and accounted for under ASC 310 - 30. In accordance with the standard, management did not reassess whether PCI loans met the criteria of PCD loans as of the adoption date. On January 1, 2020, non-accretable yield marks of $1.6 million related to formerly classified PCI loans were reclassified between the amortized cost basis of loans and corresponding ACL. The majority of these marks were subsequently charged off in the third quarter of 2020.

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The following table summarizes the impact of the adoption of ASC 326:

		January 1, 2020
(in thousands)		As reported under ASC 326				Pre-ASC 326 Adoption				Impact of Adoption (1)
Allowance for credit losses on loans:
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		$	8,333			$	5,235			$	3,098
Commercial real estate - owner occupied			6,219				3,327				2,892
Total commercial real estate			14,552				8,562				5,990
Commercial and industrial - term			7,147				6,782				365
Commercial and industrial - line of credit			4,129				5,657				( 1,528	)
Total commercial and industrial			11,276				12,439				( 1,163	)
Residential real estate - owner occupied			2,713				1,527				1,186
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied			1,376				947				429
Total residential real estate			4,089				2,474				1,615
Construction and land development			5,161				2,105				3,056
Home equity lines of credit			842				728				114
Consumer			398				100				298
Leases			233				237				( 4	)
Credit cards - commercial			96				146				( 50	)
Total allowance for credit losses on loans		$	36,647			$	26,791			$	9,856
Total allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet exposures		$	3,850			$	350			$	3,500

( 1 ) – The impact of the ASC 326 adoption on the ACL on loans reflects $8.2 million related to the transition from the incurred loss ACL model to the CECL ACL model and $1.6 million related to the transition from PCI to PCD methodology as defined in the standard.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018 - 13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820 ): “Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement.” The amendments in this update modify the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements by removing, modifying, or adding certain disclosures. The update is effective for interim and annual periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for the removed disclosures and delayed adoption until the fiscal year 2020 permitted for the new disclosures. The removed and modified disclosures will be adopted on a retrospective basis, and the new disclosures will be adopted on a prospective basis. The adoption did not have a material effect on Bancorp’s consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017 - 04, “ Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350 ) - Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment .” This ASU simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairment by requiring impairment charges to be based on the first step in the previous two -step impairment test. Under the new guidance, if a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, an entity will record an impairment charge based on that difference. The impairment charge will be limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The standard eliminates the prior requirement to calculate a goodwill impairment charge using Step 2, which requires an entity to calculate any impairment charge by comparing the implied fair value of goodwill with its carrying amount. ASU 2017 - 04 was effective for Bancorp on January 1, 2020 and it did not have a material impact on Bancorp’s financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018 - 15, “ Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350 - 40 ) - Customer ’ s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract. ” This ASU aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal use software license). The accounting for the service element of a hosting arrangement that is a service contract is not affected by these amendments. ASU 2018 - 15 was effective for Bancorp on January 1, 2020 and did not have a material impact on Bancorp’s financial statements.

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In March 2020, the CARES Act was signed into law. Section 4013 of the CARES Act, “Temporary Relief from Troubled Debt Restructurings,” provides banks the option to temporarily suspend certain requirements under U.S. GAAP related to TDRs for a limited period of time to account for the effects of COVID- 19. To qualify for Section 4013 of the CARES Act, borrowers must have been current at December 31, 2019. All modifications are eligible as long as they are executed between March 1, 2020 and the earlier of (i) December 31, 2020 or (ii) the 60 ^th day after the end of the COVID- 19 national emergency declared by the President of the United States. Multiple modifications of the same credits are allowed and there is no cap on the duration of the modification. The impact of such activity is discussed in the section of this document titled, “ Management ’ s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. ”

Interagency guidance was issued in March 2020 regarding loan modifications and reporting for financial institutions working with customers affected by COVID- 19. The interagency statement was effective immediately and affected accounting for loan modifications. Under ASC 310 - 40, “ Receivables – Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors ,” a restructuring of debt constitutes a TDR if the creditor, for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the debtor that it would not otherwise consider. The agencies confirmed with the staff of the FASB that short-term modifications made on a good faith basis in response to COVID- 19 to borrowers who were current prior to such relief, are not to be considered TDRs. This includes short-term modifications such as full payment and principal only deferrals. Borrowers considered current are those that are less than 30 days past due on their contractual payments at the time a modification program was implemented. This interagency guidance, in addition to deferral guidance included in the CARES Act, could have a material impact on Bancorp’s financial statements; however, the impact cannot be quantified at this time.

The FASB issued ASU No. 2020 - 04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848 ): “ Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting ,” in March 2020. The amendments in this update provide optional guidance for a limited period to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. It provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendments in this update are effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. Bancorp is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on Bancorp’s consolidated financial statements.

Accounting Standards Updates – Generally, if an issued but not yet effective ASU with an expected immaterial impact to Bancorp has been disclosed in prior SEC filings, it will not be re-disclosed.

In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019 - 04, “ Codification Improvements to Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (ASC 326 ), Derivatives and Hedging (ASC 815 ), and Financial Instruments (ASC 825 ) .” The amendments in the ASU improve the Codification by eliminating inconsistencies and providing clarifications. The amended guidance in this ASU related to the credit losses will be effective for Bancorp’s for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2022. Bancorp is currently evaluating the impact of the ASU on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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( 2 ) Cash and Due from Banks

At December 31, 2020 and 2019, Bancorp’s interest-bearing cash accounts and non-interest bearing deposits held at other financial institutions exceeded the $250,000 federally insured limits by approximately $ 86 million and $ 89 million, respectively. Each correspondent bank’s financial performance and market rating are reviewed on a quarterly basis to ensure Bancorp maintains deposits only at highly rated institutions, providing minimal risk for those exceeding federally insured limits. Additionally, at December 31, 2020 and 2019, Bancorp had approximately $ 189 million and $ 113 million at the FHLB and FRB, respectively, which are government-sponsored entities not insured by the FDIC. Bancorp has historically been required to maintain an average reserve balance in cash or with the FRB relating to customer deposits. However, effective March 26, 2020, the FRB reduced the requirement ratio to 0% in response to the COVID- 19 pandemic, eliminating the reserve requirements for all depository institutions. The amount of those required reserve balances was approximately $ 11 million at December 31, 2019 and was included in FFS and interest bearing due from banks in the consolidated balance sheet for that period.

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( 3 ) Acquisitions

King Southern Bancorp Inc. / King Southern Bank

On May 1, 2019, Bancorp completed its acquisition of KSB, for $ 28 million in cash. The acquisition expanded Bancorp’s market area into nearby Nelson County, Kentucky, while growing its customer base in Louisville, Kentucky. Effective March 31, 2020, management finalized the fair values of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities in advance of 12 months post acquisition date, as allowed by GAAP.

The following table provides a summary of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as recorded by KSB, the preliminary fair value adjustments necessary to adjust those acquired assets and assumed liabilities to fair value, final recast adjustments to those preliminary fair values, and the final fair values of those assets and liabilities as recorded by Bancorp.

		May 1, 2019
		As Recorded				Fair Value					Recast					As Recorded
(in thousands)		by KSB				Adjustments (1)					Adjustments					by Bancorp
Assets acquired:
Cash and due from banks		$	3,316			$	—				$	—				$	3,316
Interest bearing due from banks			1,761				—					—					1,761
Available for sale debt securities			12,404				23		a			—					12,427
Federal Home Loan Bank stock, at cost			1,517				—					—					1,517
Federal Reserve Bank stock, at cost			490				—					—					490
Loans			165,744				( 1,597	)	b			( 118	)	b			164,029
Allowance for credit losses			( 1,812	)			1,812		b			—					—
Net loans			163,932				215					( 118	)				164,029
Premises and equipment, net			4,358				( 1,328	)	c			431		c			3,461
Bank owned life insurance			3,431				—					—					3,431
Core deposit intangible			—				1,519		d			—					1,519
Other real estate owned			325				( 325	)	e			—					—
Other assets and accrued interest receivable			867				( 36	)	f			—					831
Total assets acquired		$	192,401			$	68				$	313				$	192,782
Liabilities assumed:
Deposits:
Non-interest bearing		$	24,939			$	—				$	—				$	24,939
Interest bearing			100,839				( 252	)	g			—					100,587
Total deposits			125,778				( 252	)				—					125,526
Federal funds purchased			1,566				—					—					1,566
Federal Home Loan Bank advances			43,718				( 419	)	h			—					43,299
Subordinated note			3,609				—					—					3,609
Holding Company line of credit			2,300				—					—					2,300
Other liabilities and accrued interest payable			313				—					—					313
Total liabilities assumed			177,284				( 671	)				—					176,613
Net assets acquired		$	15,117			$	739				$	313				$	16,169
Cash consideration paid																	( 28,000	)
Goodwill																$	11,831

( 1 )

– See the following page for explanations of individual fair value adjustments.

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Explanation of the preceding pre-ASC 326 fair value adjustments :

a.

Reflects the fair value adjustment based on Bancorp ’ s evaluation of the acquired investment portfolio.

b.

Reflects the fair value adjustment based on Bancorp ’ s evaluation of the acquired loan portfolio and to eliminate the acquiree ’ s recorded ACL.

c.

Reflects the fair value adjustment based on Bancorp ’ s evaluation of the premises and equipment acquired.

d.

Reflects the fair value adjustment for the CDI asset recorded as a result of the acquisition.

e.

Reflects the fair value adjustment based upon Bancorp ’ s evaluation of the foreclosed real estate acquired.

f.

Reflects the write-off of a miscellaneous other asset.

g.

Reflects the fair value adjustment based on Bancorp ’ s evaluation of the assumed time deposits.

h.

Reflects the fair value adjustment based upon Bancorp ’ s evaluation of the assumed FHLB advances.

Goodwill of approximately $ 12 million, which is the excess of the acquisition consideration over the fair value of net assets acquired, was recorded and is the result of expected operational synergies and other factors. This goodwill was entirely attributable to Bancorp’s Commercial Banking segment and deductible for tax purposes.

Based upon the proximity to existing branch locations, Bancorp closed and ultimately sold three acquired full service branch locations in 2019, while retaining the associated customer relationships. Goodwill was recast in 2019 based on these sales.

Pro forma financial information as of the acquisition was not considered material based on the size of the transaction.

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( 4 ) Available for Sale Debt Securities

All of Bancorp’s securities are classified as AFS. Amortized cost, unrealized gains and losses, and fair value of these securities follow:

(in thousands)						Unrealized
December 31, 2020		Amortized cost				Gains				Losses				Fair value
Government sponsored enterprise obligations		$	133,436			$	5,003			$	( 361	)		$	138,078
Mortgage backed securities - government agencies			430,198				7,555				( 168	)			437,585
Obligations of states and political subdivisions			11,088				227				—				11,315
Total available for sale debt securities		$	574,722			$	12,785			$	( 529	)		$	586,978
December 31, 2019
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government obligations		$	49,887			$	10			$	—			$	49,897
Government sponsored enterprise obligations			208,933				1,189				( 178	)			209,944
Mortgage backed securities - government agencies			193,574				1,243				( 956	)			193,861
Obligations of states and political subdivisions			16,919				117				—				17,036
Total available for sale debt securities		$	469,313			$	2,559			$	( 1,134	)		$	470,738

At December 31, 2020 and 2019, there were no holdings of debt securities of any one issuer, other than the U.S. government and its agencies, in an amount greater than 10% of stockholders’ equity.

There were no gains or losses on sales or calls of securities for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. For the year ended December 31, 2019, securities acquired from KSB, totaling $ 12 million, were sold immediately following the acquisition with no gain or loss realized in the income statement.

A summary of AFS debt securities by contractual maturity follows:

(in thousands)		Amortized cost				Fair value
Due within 1 year		$	26,839			$	27,167
Due after 1 year but within 5 years			8,166				8,404
Due after 5 years but within 10 years			1,449				1,526
Due after 10 years			108,070				112,296
Mortgage backed securities - government agencies			430,198				437,585
Total available for sale debt securities		$	574,722			$	586,978

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because some issuers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties. The investment portfolio includes MBSs, which are guaranteed by agencies such as FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA. These securities differ from traditional debt securities primarily in that they may have uncertain principal payment dates and are priced based on estimated prepayment rates on the underlying collateral.

Securities with a carrying value of $ 505 million and $ 403 million were pledged at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, to secure accounts of commercial depositors in cash management accounts, public deposits and uninsured cash balances for WM&T accounts.

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Securities with unrealized losses at December 31, 2020 and 2019, aggregated by investment category and length of time securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position follows:

		Less than 12 months								12 months or more								Total
(in thousands)		Fair				Unrealized				Fair				Unrealized				Fair				Unrealized
December 31, 2020		value				losses				value				losses				value				losses
Government sponsored enterprise obligations		$	10,404			$	( 112	)		$	24,398			$	( 249	)		$	34,802			$	( 361	)
Mortgage-backed securities - government agencies			68,033				( 167	)			921				( 1	)			68,954				( 168	)
Total temporarily impaired securities		$	78,437			$	( 279	)		$	25,319			$	( 250	)		$	103,756			$	( 529	)
December 31, 2019
Government sponsored enterprise obligations		$	16,503			$	( 107	)		$	11,492			$	( 71	)		$	27,995			$	( 178	)
Mortgage-backed securities - government agencies			81,664				( 496	)			32,453				( 460	)			114,117				( 956	)
Total temporarily impaired securities		$	98,167			$	( 603	)		$	43,945			$	( 531	)		$	142,112			$	( 1,134	)

Applicable dates for determining when securities are in an unrealized loss position are December 31, 2020 and 2019. As such, it is possible that a security had a market value lower than its amortized cost on other days during the past twelve months, but is not in the “Less than 12 months” category above.

For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, Bancorp evaluates the securities to determine whether the decline in the fair value below the amortized cost basis (impairment) is due to credit-related factors or non-credit related factors. Any impairment that is not credit-related is recognized in AOCI, net of tax. Credit-related impairment is recognized as an a ACL on AFS debt securities on the balance sheet, limited to the amount by which the amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value, with a corresponding adjustment to earnings. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. Both the ACL and the adjustment to net income may be reversed if conditions change. However, if Bancorp intends to sell an impaired AFS debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell such a security before recovering its amortized cost basis, the entire impairment amount would be recognized in earnings with a corresponding adjustment to the security’s amortized cost basis. Because the security’s amortized cost basis is adjusted to fair value, there is no ACL in this situation.

In evaluating AFS debt securities in unrealized loss positions for impairment and the criteria regarding its intent or requirement to sell such securities, Bancorp considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, whether the securities are issued by the federal government or its agencies, whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred, and the results of reviews of the issuers’ financial condition, among other factors. Unrealized losses on Bancorp’s investment securities portfolio have not been recognized as an expense because the securities are of high credit quality, and the decline in fair values is attributable to changes in the prevailing interest rate environment since the purchase date. Fair value is expected to recover as securities reach maturity and/or the interest rate environment returns to conditions similar to when these securities were purchased. These investments consisted of 14 and 54 separate investment positions as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. There were no credit related factors underlying unrealized losses on AFS debt securities at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

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( 5 ) Loans

Composition of loans by class as reported under ASC 326 follows:

December 31, (in thousands)		2020				2019
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		$	833,470			$	746,283
Commercial real estate - owner occupied			508,672				474,329
Total commercial real estate			1,342,142				1,220,612
Commercial and industrial - term			525,776				457,298
Commercial and industrial - term - PPP			550,186				-
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit			276,646				381,502
Total commercial and industrial			1,352,608				838,800
Residential real estate - owner occupied			239,191				217,606
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied			140,930				134,995
Total residential real estate			380,121				352,601
Construction and land development			291,764				255,816
Home equity lines of credit			95,366				103,854
Consumer			44,606				47,467
Leases			14,786				16,003
Credit cards - commercial			10,203				9,863
Total loans (1)		$	3,531,596			$	2,845,016

( 1 ) Total loans are presented inclusive of premiums, discounts and net loan origination fees and costs.

For historical comparative purposes, the composition of loans by class pre-ASC 326 adoption follows:

(in thousands)		December 31, 2019
Commercial and industrial		$	870,511
Construction and development			213,822
Undeveloped land			46,360
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial investment			736,618
Owner occupied commercial			473,783
1-4 family residential			334,358
Home equity - first lien			48,620
Home equity - junior lien			73,477
Total: real estate mortgage			1,666,856
Consumer			47,467
Total loans (1)		$	2,845,016

( 1 ) Total loans are presented inclusive of premiums, discounts and net of loan origination fees and costs.

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Fees and costs of originating loans are deferred at origination and amortized over the life of the loan. Loan balances reported herein include deferred loan origination fees, net of deferred loan costs. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, net deferred loan origination costs exceeded deferred loan origination fees, resulting in net negative balances of $ 12 million and $ 564,000 . The large increase over prior year is the result of fees received from the SBA related to the origination of PPP loans in 2020 that were unearned at December 31, 2020.

Bancorp’s credit exposure is diversified with secured and unsecured loans to individuals and businesses. No specific industry concentration exceeds 10% of loans outstanding. While Bancorp has a diversified loan portfolio, a customer’s ability to honor contracts is somewhat dependent upon the economic stability and/or industry in which that customer does business. Loans outstanding and related unfunded commitments are primarily concentrated within Bancorp’s current market areas, which encompass the Louisville, Indianapolis and Cincinnati MSAs.

Bancorp occasionally enters into loan participation agreements with other banks in the ordinary course of business to diversify credit risk. For certain sold participation loans, Bancorp has retained effective control of the loans, typically by restricting the participating institutions from pledging or selling their share of the loan without permission from Bancorp. GAAP requires the participated portion of these loans to be recorded as secured borrowings. The participated portions of these loans are included in the C&I totals above with a corresponding liability reflected in other liabilities. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the total participated portions of loans of this nature were $ 10 million and $ 8 million respectively.

Accrued interest on loans, which is excluded from the amortized cost of loans, totaled $ 12 million and $ 7 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and was included in the consolidated balance sheets.

Loans with carrying amounts of $ 2 billion and $ 1.6 billion at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, were pledged to secure FHLB borrowing capacity, the increase stemming from pledging a portion of the PPP portfolio this year.

Loans to directors and their related interests, including loans to companies for which directors are principal owners and executive officers are presented in the following table.

Years ended December 31, (in thousands)		2020				2019
Balance as of January 1		$	43,224			$	52,687
Effect of change in composition of directors and executive officers			—				—
Repayment of term loans			( 737	)			( 184	)
Changes in balances of revolving lines of credit			604				( 9,279	)
Balance as of December 31		$	43,091			$	43,224

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The following table summarizes loans acquired in Bancorp’s acquisition of KSB, as recasted:

		May 1, 2019
		Contractual				Non-accretable				Accretable				Acquisition-day
(in thousands)		Receivable				Yield				Yield				Fair Value
Commercial and industrial		$	8,249			$	—			$	( 23	)		$	8,226
Construction and land development			18,738				—				86				18,824
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial real estate			84,219				—				( 456	)			83,763
Residential real estate			50,556				—				322				50,878
Home equity lines of credit			875				—				8				883
Subtotal: Real estate mortgage			135,650				—				( 126	)			135,524
Consumer			1,528				—				( 73	)			1,455
Total loans acquired under ASC 310-20			164,165				—				( 136	)			164,029
Commercial and industrial			—				—				—				—
Construction and land development			—				—				—				—
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial real estate			1,351				( 1,351	)			—				—
Residential real estate			228				( 228	)			—				—
Home equity lines of credit			—				—				—				—
Subtotal: Real estate mortgage			1,579				( 1,579	)			—				—
Consumer			—				—				—				—
Total purchased credit impaired loans acquired under ASC 310-30			1,579				( 1,579	)			—				—
Total loans		$	165,744			$	( 1,579	)		$	( 136	)		$	164,029

Effective March 31, 2020, management finalized the fair values of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities in advance of 12 months post acquisition date, as allowed by GAAP.

The Bank acquired PCI loans related to its 2019 and 2013 acquisitions. At acquisition date, these loans were accounted for under ASC 310 - 30. On January 1, 2020, Bancorp adopted ASC 326 using the prospective transition approach for loans purchased with credit deterioration that were previously classified as PCI and accounted for under ASC 310 - 30. In accordance with the standard, management did not reassess whether PCI loans met the criteria of PCD loans as of the adoption date. On January 1, 2020, non-accretable yield marks of $ 1.6 million related to formerly classified PCI loans were reclassed between the amortized cost basis of loans and corresponding ACL. The majority of these marks were subsequently charged off in the third quarter of 2020.

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Bancorp’s estimate of the ACL on loans reflects losses expected over the remaining contractual life of the assets. The contractual term does not consider extensions, renewals or modifications. The table below reflects activity in the ACL related to loans for the year ended December 31, 2020, presented in accordance with ASC 326:

Year Ended December 31, 2020 (in thousands)		Beginning Balance				Impact of Adopting ASC 326				Initial ACL on Loans Purchased with Credit Deterioration				Provision for Credit Losses				Charge-offs				Recoveries				Ending Balance
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		$	5,235			$	2,946			$	152			$	11,194			$	( 143	)		$	12			$	19,396
Commercial real estate - owner occupied			3,327				1,542				1,350				2,115				( 1,351	)			-				6,983
Total commercial real estate			8,562				4,488				1,502				13,309				( 1,494	)			12				26,379
Commercial and industrial - term			6,782				365				-				1,832				( 18	)			9				8,970
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit			5,657				( 1,528	)			-				( 515	)			-				-				3,614
Total commercial and industrial			12,439				( 1,163	)			-				1,317				( 18	)			9				12,584
Residential real estate - owner occupied			1,527				1,087				99				737				( 79	)			18				3,389
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied			947				429				-				442				( 2	)			2				1,818
Total residential real estate			2,474				1,516				99				1,179				( 81	)			20				5,207
Construction and land development			2,105				3,056				-				902				-				56				6,119
Home equity lines of credit			728				114				-				53				-				-				895
Consumer			100				264				34				91				( 508	)			359				340
Leases			237				( 4	)			-				28				-				-				261
Credit cards - commercial			146				( 50	)			-				39				-				-				135
Total net loan (charge-offs) recoveries		$	26,791			$	8,221			$	1,635			$	16,918			$	( 2,101	)		$	456			$	51,920

The tables below reflect activity in the ACL related to loans for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, presented in accordance with ASC 310 prior to the adoption of ASC 326:

Year Ended December 31, 2019 (in thousands)		Beginning Balance				Provision for Credit Losses				Charge-offs				Recoveries				Ending Balance
Real estate mortgage		$	10,681			$	1,021			$	( 38	)		$	100			$	11,764
Commercial and industrial			11,965				684				( 94	)			267				12,822
Construction and development			1,760				( 644	)			-				203				1,319
Undeveloped land			752				34				-				-				786
Consumer			376				( 95	)			( 552	)			371				100
		$	25,534			$	1,000			$	( 684	)		$	941			$	26,791

Year Ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands)		Beginning Balance				Provision for Credit Losses				Charge-offs				Recoveries				Ending Balance
Real estate mortgage		$	11,012			$	( 261	)		$	( 132	)		$	62			$	10,681
Commercial and industrial			11,276				2,539				( 2,404	)			554				11,965
Construction and development			1,724				36				-				-				1,760
Undeveloped land			521				231				-				-				752
Consumer			352				160				( 476	)			340				376
		$	24,885			$	2,705			$	( 3,012	)		$	956			$	25,534

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Upon adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2020, Bancorp recorded an increase of $ 8.2 million to the ACL on loans and a corresponding decrease to retained earnings, net of the DTA impact. In addition, non-accretable yield marks of $1.6 million related to formerly classified PCI loans were reclassed between the amortized cost basis of loans and corresponding ACL. The majority of these marks were subsequently charged off in the third quarter of 2020. The adjustment upon adoption of ASC 326 raised the ACL on loans balance to $ 37 million on January 1, 2020. In addition to CECL adoption, Bancorp’s national unemployment forecast adjustments within the CECL model have had a significant impact on the ACL in 2020, along with changes in the loan mix and the addition of a large specific reserve during the second quarter of 2020.

Subsequent to January 1, 2020, based on the economic crisis caused by COVID- 19 and measures taken to protect public health such as stay-at-home orders and mandatory businesses closures, economic activity halted significantly and job losses surged. As such, national unemployment rose to a high of 14.7% in April and declined to 6.70% at December 31, 2020.

		Dec 20				Sep 20				Jun 20				Mar 20				Dec 19
Seasonally Adjusted National Civilian Unemployment Rate			6.70	%			7.90	%			11.10	%			4.40	%			3.50	%

During the fourth quarter, the FRB released its forecasted Seasonally Adjusted National Civilian Unemployment Rate for the 12 months ended December 31, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023 as follows:

		2020				2021				2022				2023
Upper end of range			6.9	%			6.8	%			5.8	%			4.4	%
Median			6.7	%			5.0	%			4.2	%			3.7	%
Lower end of range			6.6	%			4.0	%			3.5	%			3.5	%

As of December 31, 2020, Bancorp elected to forecast for one quarter of national unemployment utilizing the FRB’s 2021 median unemployment forecast released in December then stepping down to the FRB’s 2021 median unemployment forecast over the next four quarters before reverting back to Bancorp’s long-term average.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of non-performing loans and the amortized cost basis of loans on non-accrual status for which there was no related ACL losses of December 31, 2020:

		Non-accrual Loans												Past Due 90-Days-
December 31, 2020		With No				Total				Troubled Debt				or-More and Still
(in thousands)		Recorded ACL				Non-accrual				Restructurings				Accruing Interest
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		$	186			$	10,278			$	—			$	—
Commercial real estate - owner occupied			1,048				1,403				—				156
Total commercial real estate			1,234				11,681				—				156
Commercial and industrial - term			6				6				16				—
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit			88				88				—				—
Total commercial and industrial			94				94				16				—
Residential real estate - owner occupied			413				413				—				178
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied			101				101				—				301
Total residential real estate			514				514				—				479
Construction and land development			—				—				—				—
Home equity lines of credit			221				221				—				14
Consumer			4				4				—				—
Leases			—				—				—				—
Credit cards - commercial			—				—				—				—
Total		$	2,067			$	12,514			$	16			$	649

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For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the amount of accrued interest income previously recorded as revenue and subsequently reversed due to the change in accrual status was immaterial.

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, no interest income was recognized on loans on non-accrual status.

The following table presents the recorded investment in non-performing loans by portfolio class as of December 31, 2019:

December 31, 2019 (in thousands)		Non-accrual				Troubled Debt Restructurings				Past Due 90-Days-or-More and Still Accruing Interest
Commercial and industrial		$	8,202			$	21			$	—
Construction and devlopment			—				—				—
Undeveloped land			—				—				—
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial investment			740				—				396
Owner occupied commercial			2,278				—				—
1-4 family residential			123				13				104
Home equity - first lien			—				—				—
Home equity - junior lien			151				—				35
Total: Real estate mortgage			3,292				13				535
Consumer			—				—				—
Total		$	11,494			$	34			$	535

The following table presents the amortized cost basis and ACL allocated for collateral dependent loans in accordance with ASC 326, which are individually evaluated to determine expected credit losses:

December 31, 2020 (in thousands)		Real Estate				Accounts Receivable / Equipment				Other				Total				ACL Allocation
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		$	10,278			$	-			$	-			$	10,278			$	3,037
Commercial real estate - owner occupied			1,403				-				-				1,403				13
Total commercial real estate			11,681				-				-				11,681				3,050
Commercial and industrial - term			16				7				-				23				16
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit			-				88				-				88				-
Total commercial and industrial			16				95				-				111				16
Residential real estate - owner occupied			413				-				-				413				-
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied			101				-				-				101				-
Total residential real estate			514				-				-				514				-
Construction and land development			-				-				-				-				-
Home equity lines of credit			221				-				-				221				-
Consumer			-				-				4				4				-
Leases			-				-				-				-				-
Credit cards - commercial			-				-				-				-				-
Total collateral dependent loans		$	12,432			$	95			$	4			$	12,531			$	3,066

There have been no significant changes to the types of collateral securing Bancorp’s collateral dependent loans.

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The following table presents loans individually and collectively evaluated for impairment and the respective ACL allocation as of December 31, 2019, as determined in accordance with ASC 310 prior to the adoption of ASC 326:

		Loans																ACL
December 31, 2019 (in thousands)		Loans individually evaluated for impairment				Loans collectively evaluated for impairment				Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality				Total loans				Loans individually evaluated for impairment				Loans collectively evaluated for impairment				Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality				Total ACL
Commercial and industrial		$	8,223			$	862,288			$	—			$	870,511			$	1,150			$	11,672			$	—			$	12,822
Construction and development			—				213,822				—				213,822				—				1,319				—				1,319
Undeveloped land			—				46,360				—				46,360				—				786				—				786
Real estate mortgage			3,307				1,663,549				—				1,666,856				13				11,751				—				11,764
Consumer			—				47,467				—				47,467				—				100				—				100
Total		$	11,530			$	2,833,486			$	—			$	2,845,016			$	1,163			$	25,628			$	—			$	26,791

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The following table presents information pertaining to impaired loans as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, as determined in accordance with ASC 310:

		As of												Twelve months ended
		December 31, 2019												December 31, 2019
						Unpaid								Average				Interest
		Recorded				principal				Related				recorded				income
(in thousands)		investment				balance				ACL				investment				recognized
Impaired loans with no related ACL
Commercial and industrial		$	174			$	174			$	—			$	166			$	—
Construction and development			—				—				—				64				—
Undeveloped land			—				—				—				95				—
Real estate mortgage
Commercial investment			741				741				—				448				—
Owner occupied commercial			2,276				2,736				—				1,437				—
1-4 family residential			124				124				—				516				—
Home equity - junior lien			151				151				—				293				—
Total: real estate mortgage			3,292				3,752				—				2,694				—
Subtotal		$	3,466			$	3,926			$	—			$	3,019			$	—
Impaired loans with an ACL
Commercial and industrial		$	8,049			$	8,049			$	1,150			$	1,631			$	—
Real estate mortgage
1-4 family residential			13				13				13				13				—
Total: real estate mortgage			13				13				13				13				—
Subtotal		$	8,062			$	8,062			$	1,163			$	1,644			$	—
Total impaired loans:
Commercial and industrial		$	8,223			$	8,223			$	1,150			$	1,797			$	—
Construction and development			—				—				—				64				—
Undeveloped land			—				—				—				95				—
Real estate mortgage
Commercial investment			741				741				—				448				—
Owner occupied commercial			2,276				2,736				—				1,437				—
1-4 family residential			137				137				13				529				—
Home equity - junior lien			151				151				—				293				—
Total: real estate mortgage			3,305				3,765				13				2,707				—
Total		$	11,528			$	11,988			$	1,163			$	4,663			$	—

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		As of												Twelve Months Ended
		December 31, 2018												December 31, 2018
						Unpaid								Average				Interest
		Recorded				principal				Related				recorded				income
(in thousands)		investment				balance				allowance				investment				recognized
Impaired loans with no related allowance:
Commercial and industrial		$	192			$	707			$	—			$	161			$	—
Construction and development			318				489				—				437				—
Undeveloped land			474				506				—				474				—
Real estate mortgage
Commercial investment			138				138				—				35				—
Owner occupied commercial			586				1,023				—				1,503				—
1-4 family residential			760				760				—				1,242				—
Home equity - junior lien			143				143				—				73				—
Total: real estate mortgage			1,627				2,064				—				2,853				—
Consumer			—				—				—				23				—
Subtotal		$	2,611			$	3,766			$	—			$	3,948			$	—
Impaired loans with an allowance:
Commercial and industrial		$	28			$	28			$	28			$	1,851			$	2
Construction and development			—				—				—				—				—
Undeveloped land			—				—				—				24				—
Real estate mortgage
Commercial investment			—				—				—				—				—
Owner occupied commercial			—				—				—				897				—
1-4 family residential			14				14				14				14				1
Home equity - junior lien			—				—				—				—				—
Total: real estate mortgage			14				14				14				911				1
Consumer			—				—				—				—				—
Subtotal		$	42			$	42			$	42			$	2,786			$	3
Total:
Commercial and industrial		$	220			$	735			$	28			$	2,012			$	2
Construction and development			318				489				—				437				—
Undeveloped land			474				506				—				498				—
Real estate mortgage
Commercial investment			138				138				—				35				—
Owner occupied commercial			586				1,023				—				2,400				—
1-4 family residential			774				774				14				1,256				1
Home equity - first lien			—				—				—				—				—
Home equity - junior lien			143				143				—				73				—
Total: real estate mortgage			1,641				2,078				14				3,764				1
Consumer			—				—				—				23				—
Total impaired loans		$	2,653			$	3,808			$	42			$	6,734			$	3

Differences between recorded investment amounts and unpaid principal balance amounts less related ACL are due to partial charge-offs which have occurred over the lives of certain loans.

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The following tables present the aging of contractually past due loans by portfolio class ( 2020 is presented in accordance with ASC 326 and 2019 in accordance with ASC 310 ):

						30-59 days				60-89 days				90 or more				Total				Total
December 31, 2020 (in thousands)*		Current				Past Due				Past Due				Days Past Due				Past Due				Loans
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		$	822,199			$	—			$	10,600			$	671			$	11,271			$	833,470
Commercial real estate - owner occupied			507,265				278				—				1,129				1,407				508,672
Total commercial real estate			1,329,464				278				10,600				1,800				12,678				1,342,142
Commercial and industrial - term			523,936				1,404				430				6				1,840				525,776
Commercial and industrial - term - PPP			550,186				—				—				—				—				550,186
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit			276,472				86				—				88				174				276,646
Total commercial and industrial			1,350,594				1,490				430				94				2,014				1,352,608
Residential real estate - owner occupied			237,902				585				247				457				1,289				239,191
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied			140,234				294				—				402				696				140,930
Total residential real estate			378,136				879				247				859				1,985				380,121
Construction and land development			291,764				—				—				—				—				291,764
Home equity lines of credit			95,206				7				139				14				160				95,366
Consumer			44,510				90				4				2				96				44,606
Leases			14,786				—				—				—				—				14,786
Credit cards - commercial			10,197				5				—				1				6				10,203
Total		$	3,514,657			$	2,749			$	11,420			$	2,770			$	16,939			$	3,531,596

*Pursuant to the CARES Act, loan deferrals granted to borrowers experiencing business interruptions related to the pandemic were not classified as TDRs and not included in past due and/or non-performing loan statistics. As of December 31, 2020, outstanding deferrals totaling $ 37 million are reflected as current.

														90 or more
														Days Past Due
						30-59 days				60-89 days				(includes all				Total				Total
December 31, 2019 (in thousands)		Current				Past Due				Past Due				non-accrual)				Past Due				Loans
Commercial and industrial		$	861,860			$	253			$	194			$	8,204			$	8,651			$	870,511
Construction and development			213,766				6				50				—				56				213,822
Undeveloped land			46,360				—				—				—				—				46,360
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial investment			735,387				94				—				1,137				1,231				736,618
Owner occupied commercial			470,951				467				86				2,279				2,832				473,783
1-4 family residential			332,718				1,368				33				239				1,640				334,358
Home equity - first lien			48,441				179				—				—				179				48,620
Home equity - junior lien			72,995				196				100				186				482				73,477
Total: real estate mortgage			1,660,492				2,304				219				3,841				6,364				1,666,856
Consumer			47,379				84				4				—				88				47,467
Total		$	2,829,857			$	2,647			$	467			$	12,045			$	15,159			$	2,845,016

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Loan Risk Ratings

Consistent with regulatory guidance, Bancorp categorizes loans into credit risk rating categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information and current economic trends. Pass-rated loans include all risk-rated loans other than those classified as OAEM, substandard, and doubtful, which are defined below:

OAEM – Loans classified as OAEM have potential weaknesses requiring management's heightened attention. These potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of repayment prospects for the loan or of Bancorp's credit position at some future date.

Substandard – Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the paying capacity of the obligor or of collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have well-defined weaknesses that jeopardize ultimate repayment of the debt. Default is a distinct possibility if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Substandard non-performing – Loans classified as substandard non-performing have all the characteristics of substandard loans and have been placed on non-accrual status or have been accounted for as TDRs. Loans are placed on non-accrual status when prospects for recovering both principal and accrued interest are considered doubtful or when a default of principal or interest has existed for 90 days or more.

Doubtful – Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or repayment in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable.

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Management considers the guidance in ASC 310 - 20 when determining whether a modification, extension, or renewal of loan constitutes a current period origination. Current period renewals of credit are re-underwritten at the point of renewal and considered current period originations for purposes of the table below. As of December 31, 2020, the risk rating of loans based on year of origination is as follows:

																										Revolving				Revolving
																										loans				loans
(in thousands)		Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year																								amortized				converted
December 31, 2020		2020				2019				2018				2017				2016				Prior				cost basis				to term				Total
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied:
Risk rating
Pass		$	303,246			$	114,731			$	102,147			$	105,981			$	77,925			$	57,221			$	12,439			$	11,717			$	785,407
OAEM			3,867				16,587				-				-				7,707				615				-				-				28,776
Substandard			4,174				1,901				-				-				1,513				991				430				-				9,009
Substandard non-performing			9,644				-				-				609				-				-				-				25				10,278
Doubtful			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Total Commercial real estate non-owner occupied		$	320,931			$	133,219			$	102,147			$	106,590			$	87,145			$	58,827			$	12,869			$	11,742			$	833,470
Commercial real estate - owner occupied:
Risk rating
Pass		$	183,666			$	94,462			$	83,592			$	47,506			$	39,638			$	30,533			$	7,693			$	2,418			$	489,508
OAEM			74				6,534				1,575				796				115				-				200				-				9,294
Substandard			1,408				5,360				1,335				247				117				-				-				-				8,467
Substandard non-performing			91				-				15				500				-				471				-				326				1,403
Doubtful			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Total Commercial real estate owner occupied		$	185,239			$	106,356			$	86,517			$	49,049			$	39,870			$	31,004			$	7,893			$	2,744			$	508,672
Commercial and industrial - term:
Risk rating
Pass		$	215,629			$	94,563			$	104,871			$	42,929			$	36,016			$	8,412			$	-			$	7,690			$	510,110
OAEM			60				2,969				7,878				-				283				8				-				-				11,198
Substandard			1,229				2,521				-				91				163				74				-				384				4,462
Substandard non-performing			-				-				-				-				-				6				-				-				6
Doubtful			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Total Commercial and industrial - term		$	216,918			$	100,053			$	112,749			$	43,020			$	36,462			$	8,500			$	-			$	8,074			$	525,776
Commercial and industrial - PPP
Risk rating
Pass		$	550,186			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	550,186
OAEM			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Substandard			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Substandard non-performing			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Doubtful			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Total Commercial and industrial - PPP		$	550,186			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	550,186

(continued)

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(continued)

																										Revolving				Revolving
																										loans				loans
(in thousands)		Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year																								amortized				converted
December 31, 2020		2020				2019				2018				2017				2016				Prior				cost basis				to term				Total
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit
Risk rating
Pass		$	26,351			$	14,405			$	2,229			$	1,990			$	290			$	85			$	223,172			$	-			$	268,522
OAEM			-				2,222				-				-				-				-				1,596				-				3,818
Substandard			-				-				-				-				-				-				4,218				-				4,218
Substandard non-performing			-				-				-				-				-				-				88				-				88
Doubtful			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Total Commercial and industrial - lines of credit		$	26,351			$	16,627			$	2,229			$	1,990			$	290			$	85			$	229,074			$	-			$	276,646
Residential real estate - owner occupied
Risk rating
Pass		$	94,023			$	34,631			$	23,748			$	19,567			$	27,791			$	37,362			$	-			$	1,528			$	238,650
OAEM			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Substandard			13				-				-				115				-				-				-				-				128
Substandard non-performing			49				58				-				100				38				73				-				95				413
Doubtful			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Total Residential real estate - owner occupied		$	94,085			$	34,689			$	23,748			$	19,782			$	27,829			$	37,435			$	-			$	1,623			$	239,191
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied
Risk rating
Pass		$	63,537			$	22,422			$	25,466			$	10,587			$	9,609			$	6,451			$	-			$	788			$	138,860
OAEM			137				1,600				140				-				-				92				-				-				1,969
Substandard			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Substandard non-performing			-				-				29				-				-				72				-				-				101
Doubtful			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Total Residential real estate - non-owner occupied		$	63,674			$	24,022			$	25,635			$	10,587			$	9,609			$	6,615			$	-			$	788			$	140,930
Construction and land development
Risk rating
Pass		$	139,611			$	94,066			$	32,539			$	15,384			$	1,175			$	553			$	6,304			$	1,883			$	291,515
OAEM			-				-				-				-				-				-				249				-				249
Substandard			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Substandard non-performing			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Doubtful			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Total Construction and land development		$	139,611			$	94,066			$	32,539			$	15,384			$	1,175			$	553			$	6,553			$	1,883			$	291,764
Home equity lines of credit
Risk rating
Pass		$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	95,145			$	-			$	95,145
OAEM			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Substandard			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Substandard non-performing			-				-				-				-				-				-				221				-				221
Doubtful			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Total Home equity lines of credit		$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	95,366			$	-			$	95,366

(continued)

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(continued)

																										Revolving				Revolving
																										loans				loans
(in thousands)		Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year																								amortized				converted
December 31, 2020		2020				2019				2018				2017				2016				Prior				cost basis				to term				Total
Consumer
Risk rating
Pass*		$	10,334			$	2,897			$	1,687			$	243			$	420			$	466			$	28,363			$	192			$	44,602
OAEM			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Substandard			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Substandard non-performing			-				-				-				-				2				-				2				-				4
Doubtful			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Total Consumer		$	10,334			$	2,897			$	1,687			$	243			$	422			$	466			$	28,365			$	192			$	44,606
Leases
Risk rating
Pass		$	4,674			$	1,875			$	2,144			$	1,300			$	2,550			$	2,168			$	-			$	-			$	14,711
OAEM			-				-				-				-				69				-				-				-				69
Substandard			-				-				6				-				-				-				-				-				6
Substandard non-performing			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Doubtful			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Total Leases		$	4,674			$	1,875			$	2,150			$	1,300			$	2,619			$	2,168			$	-			$	-			$	14,786
Credit cards - commercial
Risk rating
Pass		$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	10,203			$	-			$	10,203
OAEM			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Substandard			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Substandard non-performing			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Doubtful			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Total Credit cards		$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	-			$	10,203			$	-			$	10,203
Total loans
Risk rating
Pass		$	1,591,257			$	474,052			$	378,423			$	245,487			$	195,414			$	143,251			$	383,319			$	26,216			$	3,437,419
OAEM			4,138				29,912				9,593				796				8,174				715				2,045				-				55,373
Substandard			6,824				9,782				1,341				453				1,793				1,065				4,648				384				26,290
Substandard non-performing			9,784				58				44				1,209				40				622				311				446				12,514
Doubtful			-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-				-
Total Loans		$	1,612,003			$	513,804			$	389,401			$	247,945			$	205,421			$	145,653			$	390,323			$	27,046			$	3,531,596

* - Revolving loans include $ 506,000 in overdrawn demand deposit balances.

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Bancorp considers the performance of the loan portfolio and its impact on the ACL. For certain loan classes, such as credit cards, credit quality is evaluated based on the aging status of the loan, which was previously presented, and by payment activity. The following table presents the recorded investment in commercial credit cards based on payment activity:

		December 31,
(in thousands)		2020
Credit cards - commercial
Performing		$	10,203
Non-performing			—
Total credit cards - commercial		$	10,203

In accordance with Section 4013 of the CARES Act and in response to requests from borrowers who experienced business interruptions related to the pandemic, Bancorp extended payment deferrals for those affected borrowers. Depending on the demonstrated need of the customer, Bancorp deferred either the full loan payment or the principal-only portion of respective loan payments for 90 or 180 days for some borrowers directly impacted by the pandemic. Pursuant to the CARES Act, these loan deferrals were not classified as TDRs and not included in past due and/or non-performing loan statistics. As of December 31, 2020, outstanding loan deferrals totaled $37 million, representing 1.24 % of the loan portfolio (excluding PPP loans).

Internally assigned risk ratings of loans by loan portfolio class classification category as of December 31, 2019 follows:

														Substandard								Total
December 31, 2019 (in thousands)		Pass				OAEM				Substandard				Non-performing				Doubtful				Loans
Commercial and industrial		$	840,105			$	704			$	21,500			$	8,202			$	—			$	870,511
Construction and development			213,822				—				—				—				—				213,822
Undeveloped land			46,360				—				—				—				—				46,360
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial investment			722,747				6,459				6,275				1,137				—				736,618
Owner occupied commercial			460,981				1,375				9,050				2,377				—				473,783
1-4 family residential			332,294				1,701				122				241				—				334,358
Home equity - first lien			48,620				—				—				—				—				48,620
Home equity - junior lien			73,273				—				17				187				—				73,477
Total: real estate mortgage			1,637,915				9,535				15,464				3,942				—				1,666,856
Consumer			47,429				—				38				—				—				47,467
Total		$	2,785,631			$	10,239			$	37,002			$	12,144			$	—			$	2,845,016

Troubled Debt Restructurings

Detail of outstanding TDRs included in total non-performing loans follows:

		December 31, 2020												December 31, 2019
						Specific				Additional								Specific				Additional
						reserve				commitment								reserve				commitment
(in thousands)		Balance				allocation				to lend				Balance				allocation				to lend
Commercial and industrial - term		$	16			$	16			$	—			$	21			$	21			$	—
Residential real estate			—				—				—				13				13				—
Total TDRs		$	16			$	16			$	—			$	34			$	34			$	—

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During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, there were no loans modified as TDRs and there were no payment defaults of existing TDRs within 12 months following the modification. Default is determined at 90 or more days past due, charge-off, or foreclosure.

At December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, Bancorp had $ 147,000 and $ 239,000 , respectively, in residential real estate loans for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process.

Purchased Credit Impaired Loans (Prior to the Adoption of ASC 326 )

Management utilized the following criteria in determining which loans were classified as PCI loans for its 2019 acquisition:

●

Loans classified by management as substandard, doubtful or loss

●

Loans classified as non-accrual when acquired

●

Loans past due 90 days or more when acquired

●

Loans for which management assigned a non-accretable mark

The Bank acquired $ 1.6 million in PCI loans in connection with its 2019 acquisition. Under ASC 310 - 30, the non-accretable amount attributed to these loans equaled the contractually required principal at acquisition date and as of December 31, 2020.

The following table presents loans acquired during 2019 for which it was probable at acquisition date that all contractually required payments would not be collected:

December 31, (in thousands)		2019
Contractually-required principal		$	1,579
Non-accretable amount			( 1,579	)
Accretable amount			-
Carrying value of loans		$	-

The following table presents a roll forward of the accretable amount of PCI loans acquired in its 2013 acquisition:

Years ended December 31 , (in thousands)		2020				2019				2018
Balance, beginning of period		$	-			$	( 69	)		$	( 106	)
Transfers between non-accretable and accretable			-				-				-
Net accretion into interest income on loans, including loan fees			-				69				37
Balance, end of period		$	-			$	-			$	( 69	)

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( 6 ) Premises and Equipment

A summary of premises and equipment follows:

December 31, (in thousands)		2020				2019
Land		$	10,620			$	10,241
Buildings and improvements			51,843				50,809
Furniture and equipment			21,415				22,032
Construction in progress			668				623
Right-of-use operating lease asset			12,100				12,737
			96,646				96,442
Accumulated depreciation and amortization			( 38,631	)			( 37,824	)
Total premises and equipment		$	58,015			$	58,618

Depreciation expense related to premises and equipment was $ 4.4 million in 2020, $ 4.2 million in 2019 and $ 3.7 million in 2018, respectively.

Bancorp acquired five banking centers as part of the KSB acquisition. Based upon the proximity to existing branch locations, Bancorp closed and ultimately sold three of these locations in 2019, while retaining the associated customer relationships. Goodwill was recast based upon these sales.

The right-of-use lease asset and operating lease liability were recorded in premises and equipment and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet upon the adoption of ASU 2016 - 02, Leases in the first quarter of 2019.

Bancorp has operating leases for various branch locations with terms remaining from eight months to 13 years, some of which include options to extend the leases in five year increments. Options reasonably expected to be exercised are included in determination of the right of use asset. Bancorp elected the practical expedient to expense short-term lease expense associated with leases with original terms 12 months or less. Bancorp elected not to separate non-lease components from lease components for its operating leases.

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Balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow detail regarding operating leases follows:

December 31, (dollars in thousands)		2020				2019
Balance Sheet
Operating lease right-of-use asset		$	12,100			$	12,737
Operating lease liability			13,476				14,369
Weighted average remaining lease term (years)			8.6				9.4
Weighted average discount rate			3.37	%			2.46	%
Maturities of lease liabilities:
One year or less		$	2,087			$	1,964
Year 2			2,107				1,915
Year 3			2,141				1,930
Year 4			1,899				1,972
Year 5			1,469				1,781
Greater than 5 years			5,882				6,619
Total lease payments		$	15,585			$	16,181
Less imputed interest			2,109				1,812
Total		$	13,476			$	14,369

Years ended December 31, (in thousands)		2020				2019
Income Statement
Components of lease expense:
Operating lease cost		$	1,896			$	1,870
Variable lease cost			180				152
Less sublease income			54				54
Total lease cost		$	2,022			$	1,968

Years ended December 31, (in thousands)		2020				2019
Cash flow Statement
Supplemental cash flow information:
Operating cash flows from operating leases		$	2,218			$	2,170

As of December 31, 2020 Bancorp had not entered into any lease agreements that had yet to commence.

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( 7 ) Goodwill and Core Deposit Intangibles

Goodwill represents $ 11.8 million related to the KSB acquisition and $ 682,000 related to the 1996 purchase of a bank in southern Indiana. See the footnote titled “ Acquisitions ” for further details. Effective March 31, 2020, management finalized the fair values of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities related to the 2019 KSB acquisition ahead of the 12 months as allowed by GAAP.

GAAP requires that goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives not be amortized, but instead be tested for impairment at least annually. Impairment exists when a reporting unit’s carrying value of goodwill exceeds its fair value. Bancorp’s annual goodwill impairment test is conducted as of September 30 of each year or more often as situations dictate.

At December 31, 2020, Bancorp elected to perform a qualitative assessment to determine if it was more-likely-than- not that the fair value of the Commercial Banking reporting unit exceeded its carrying value, including goodwill. The qualitative assessment indicated that it was not more-likely-than- not that the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeded its fair value.

Changes in the carrying value of goodwill follows:

December 31, (in thousands)		2020				2019
Balance at beginning of period		$	12,513			$	682
Goodwill acquired			—				12,144
Recast adjustments			—				( 313	)
Impairment			—				—
Balance at end of period		$	12,513			$	12,513

Bancorp recorded CDI assets of $ 1.5 million and $ 2.5 million in association with its 2019 KSB and 2013 TBOC acquisitions, respectively. See the Footnote titled “ Acquisitions ” for additional detail.

Changes in the net carrying amount of CDI assets follow:

Years ended December 31, (in thousands)		2020				2019				2018
Balance, beginning of period		$	2,285			$	1,057			$	1,225
Additions			—				1,519				—
Amortized to expense			( 323	)			( 291	)			( 168	)
Balance, end of period		$	1,962			$	2,285			$	1,057

Future CDI amortization expense is estimated as follows:

(in thousands)
2021		$	302
2022			295
2023			259
2024			243
2025			242
2026			241
2027			240
2028			140
Total future expense		$	1,962

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( 8 ) Other Assets

A summary of major components of other assets follows:

December 31, (in thousands)		2020				2019
Cash surrender value of life insurance other than BOLI		$	18,426			$	16,145
Net deferred tax asset			22,320				14,466
Investments in tax credit related ventures			9,552				6,248
Swap assets			8,374				2,696
Prepaid assets			2,935				2,812
Trust fee receivable			2,192				2,171
Mortgage servicing rights			2,710				1,372
Other real estate owned			281				493
Other			4,575				4,568
Total other assets		$	71,365			$	50,971

Bancorp maintains life insurance policies other than BOLI in conjunction with its non-qualified defined benefit retirement and non-qualified compensation plans.

Bancorp enters into interest rate swap transactions with borrowers who desire to hedge exposure to rising interest rates, while at the same time entering into an offsetting interest rate swap, with substantially matching terms, with another approved independent counterparty. These are undesignated derivative instruments and are recognized on the balance sheet at fair value. For additional information, see the footnote titled “ Derivative Financial Instruments. ”

MSRs, a component of other assets, are initially recognized at fair value when mortgage loans are sold with servicing retained. The MSRs are amortized in proportion to and over the period of estimated net servicing income, considering appropriate prepayment assumptions. MSRs are evaluated quarterly for impairment by comparing carrying value to fair value. Fair value is based on a valuation model that calculates the PV of estimated net servicing income. The model incorporates assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income.

The estimated fair value of MSRs at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were $ 3.1 million and $ 2.9 million, respectively.

Changes in the net carrying amount of MSRs follows:

Years ended December 31, (in thousands)		2020				2019				2018
Balance at beginning of period		$	1,372			$	1,022			$	875
Additions for mortgage loans sold			1,785				506				302
Amortization			( 447	)			( 156	)			( 155	)
Impairment			—				—				—
Balance at end of period		$	2,710			$	1,372			$	1,022

Total outstanding principal balances of loans serviced by Bancorp were $ 428 million and $ 327 million at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

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( 9 ) Income Taxes

Components of income tax expense (benefit) from operations were as follows:

Years Ended December 31, (in thousands)		2020				2019				2018
Current income tax expense:
Federal		$	15,474			$	14,673			$	11,567
State			908				772				732
Total current income tax expense			16,382				15,445				12,299
Deferred income tax expense (benefit):
Federal			( 5,398	)			( 746	)			( 52	)
State			( 2,082	)			( 2,872	)			( 289	)
Total deferred income tax expense (benefit)			( 7,480	)			( 3,618	)			( 341	)
Change in valuation allowance			( 28	)			( 2,234	)			73
Total income tax expense		$	8,874			$	9,593			$	12,031

Components of income tax (benefit) expense recorded directly to stockholders’ equity were as follows:

Years Ended December 31, (in thousands)		2020				2019				2018
Unrealized (loss) gain on securities available for sale		$	2,607			$	1,757			$	( 812	)
Unrealized gain on derivatives			( 27	)			( 120	)			46
Minimum pension liability adjustment			( 25	)			( 58	)			46
Total income tax (benefit) expense recorded directly to stockholders' equity		$	2,555			$	1,579			$	( 720	)

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An analysis of the difference between statutory and ETRs from operations follows:

Years Ended December 31,		2020				2019				2018
U.S. federal statutory income tax rate			21.0	%			21.0	%			21.0	%
Tax credits			( 5.5	)			( 1.9	)			( 1.8	)
Kentucky state income tax enactments			( 2.2	)			( 5.2	)			—
Change in cash surrender value of life insurance			( 0.8	)			( 0.9	)			( 0.4	)
State income taxes, net of federal benefit			0.8				0.7				0.8
Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation arrangements			( 0.7	)			( 1.0	)			( 0.8	)
Tax exempt interest income			( 0.3	)			( 0.3	)			( 0.4	)
Amortization/impairment of investments in tax credit partnerships			1.0				0.3				0.4
Other, net			( 0.2	)			-				( 1.0	)
Effective tax rate			13.1	%			12.7	%			17.8	%

Current state income tax expense represents tax owed to the state of Indiana. Kentucky and Ohio state bank taxes are currently based on capital levels and are recorded as other non-interest expense.

In March 2019, the Kentucky Legislature passed HB354 requiring financial institutions to transition from a capital based franchise tax to the Kentucky corporate income tax beginning in 2021. Historically, the franchise tax, a component of non-interest expenses, was assessed at 1.1 % of net capital and averaged $ 2.5 million annually over the prior two year-end periods. The Kentucky corporate income tax will be assessed at 5 % of Kentucky taxable income and will be included as a component of current and deferred state income tax expense. Associated with this change, predominantly during the first quarter of 2019, Bancorp established a Kentucky state DTA related to existing temporary differences estimated to reverse after the effective date of the law change. Bancorp recorded a corresponding state tax benefit, net of federal tax impact of $ 1.2 million, or approximately $ 0.06 per diluted share for 2019. While this is positive in the short-term, Bancorp anticipates an unfavorable impact of approximately $ 200,000 per year beginning in 2021.

In April 2019, the Kentucky Legislature passed HB458 allowing entities filing a combined Kentucky income return to share certain tax attributes, including net operating loss carryforwards. The combined filing beginning in 2021 will allow Bancorp’s net operating loss carryforwards to offset against net revenue generated by the Bank up to 50 % of the Bank’s Kentucky taxable income and reduce Bancorp’s tax liability. Bancorp recorded a state tax benefit, net of federal tax impact of $ 2.7 million, predominantly in the second quarter of 2019, or approximately $ 0.12 per diluted share for 2019. The losses are expected to be utilized when Bancorp begins filing a combined Kentucky income tax return. A valuation allowance was maintained in 2019 for the loss that expired in 2020.

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The effects of temporary differences that gave rise to significant portions of DTAs and DTLs follows:

December 31, (in thousands)		2020				2019
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for credit losses		$	12,854			$	6,633
Deferred compensation			5,903				5,758
Operating lease liability			3,214				3,427
State net operating loss			2,838				2,550
Deferred PPP loan fees			2,592				—
Accrued expenses			3,074				1,486
Investments in tax credit partnerships			935				655
Loans			562				501
Other assets			91				228
Write-downs and costs associated with other real estate owned			26				22
Total deferred tax assets			32,089				21,260
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property and equipment			1,116				1,054
Right-of-use operating lease asset			2,996				3,154
Securities			3,258				748
Loan costs			951				767
Mortgage servicing rights			637				299
Leases			224				266
Core deposit intangible			151				202
Other liabilities			343				183
Total deferred tax liabilities			9,676				6,673
Valuation allowance			( 93	)			( 121	)
Net deferred tax asset		$	22,320			$	14,466

A valuation allowance is recognized for a DTA if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion of the entire DTA will not be realized. Ultimate realization of DTAs is dependent upon generation of future taxable income during periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers scheduled reversal of DTLs, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Based upon the level of historical taxable income and projection for future taxable income over periods which the temporary differences resulting in remaining DTAs are deductible, management believes it is more likely than not that Bancorp will realize the benefits of these deductible differences, net of the valuation allowance, at December 31, 2020.

Realization of DTAs associated with investment in tax credit partnerships is dependent upon generating sufficient taxable capital gain income prior to their expiration. A valuation allowance of $ 93,000 and $ 121,000 reflects management’s estimate of the temporary deductible differences that may expire prior to their utilization and has been recorded as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. In addition, realization of DTAs are evaluated for net operating losses that will not be utilized prior to their expiration. The Kentucky losses are expected to be utilized when Bancorp begins filing a combined Kentucky income tax return with the Bank. A valuation allowance was previously maintained for the loss that expired in 2020. The loss carryforward is $ 72 million and expires over varying periods through 2040.

GAAP provides guidance on financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken, or expected to be taken, in tax returns. If recognized, tax benefits would reduce tax expense and accordingly, increase net income. The amount of unrecognized tax benefits may increase or decrease in the future for various reasons including adding amounts for current year tax positions, expiration of open income tax returns due to statutes of limitation, changes in management’s judgment about the level of uncertainty, status of examination, litigation and legislative activity and addition or elimination of uncertain tax positions. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the gross amount of unrecognized tax benefits was immaterial to Bancorp’s consolidated financial statements. Federal and state income tax returns are subject to examination for the years after 2016.

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( 10 ) Deposits

The composition of the Bank’s deposits follows:

December 31, (in thousands)		2020				2019
Non-interest bearing demand deposits		$	1,187,057			$	810,475
Interest bearing deposits:
Interest bearing demand			1,355,985				979,595
Savings			208,774				169,622
Money market			844,414				742,029
Time deposits of $250,000 or more			73,065				81,412
Other time deposits			319,339				350,805
Total time deposits(1)			392,404				432,217
Total interest bearing deposits			2,801,577				2,323,463
Total deposits		$	3,988,634			$	3,133,938

( 1 )

Includes $ 25 million and $ 30 million in brokered deposits as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Deposits totaling $ 126 million were acquired on May 1, 2019, associated with the KSB acquisition.

Interest expense related to certificates of deposit and other time deposits in denominations of $250,000 or more was $ 888,000 , $ 1.3 million and $ 431,000 , for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

At December 31, 2020, the scheduled maturities of all time deposits were as follows:

(in thousands)
2021		$	289,702
2022			75,398
2023			13,269
2024			10,032
2025			3,979
2026			24
Total time deposits		$	392,404

Deposits of directors and their associates, including deposits of companies for which directors are principal owners, and executive officers were $ 98 million and $ 81 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

At December 31, 2020 and 2019, Bancorp had $ 393,000 and $ 692,000 of deposits accounts in overdraft status and thus have been reclassified to loans on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

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( 11 ) Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

SSUAR represent a funding source of Bancorp and are primarily used by commercial customers in conjunction with collateralized corporate cash management accounts. Such repurchase agreements are considered financing agreements and mature within one business day from the transaction date. At December 31, 2020, all of these financing arrangements had overnight maturities and were secured by government sponsored enterprise obligations and government agency mortgage-backed securities which were owned and controlled by Bancorp.

Information regarding SSUAR follows:

December 31, (dollars in thousands)		2020				2019
Outstanding balance at end of period		$	47,979			$	31,895
Weighted average interest rate at end of period			0.05	%			0.22	%

Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands)		2020				2019				2018
Average outstanding balance during the period		$	40,363			$	38,555			$	62,580
Average interest rate during the period			0.09	%			0.26	%			0.25	%
Maximum outstanding at any month end during the period		$	47,979			$	52,599			$	74,725

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( 12 ) FHLB Advances

Bancorp had 37 separate advances totaling $ 32 million outstanding as of December, 2020, as compared with 57 separate advances totaling $ 80 million as of December 31, 2019. As a result of the 2019 KSB acquisition, Bancorp assumed 46 advances totaling $ 43 million, with maturities extending to 2028. These advances were discounted to fair value as of the acquisition date. See the footnote titled “ Acquisitions ” for further details. As of December 31, 2020, for 2 advances totaling $ 12 million, all of which are non-callable, interest payments are due monthly, with principal due at maturity. For the remaining advances, principal and interest payments are due monthly based on an amortization schedule.

The following is a summary of the contractual maturities and average effective rates of outstanding advances:

(dollars in thousands)		December 31, 2020
Maturity						Weighted average
Year		Advance				Fixed Rate
2021			12,148				0.68
2022			—				—
2023			268				1.00
2024			1,389				2.36
2025			2,827				2.43
2026			5,401				1.96
2027			5,323				1.73
2028			4,283				2.27
Total		$	31,639				1.52	%

Principal payments based on amortization schedules follows:

(in thousands)
Year
2021		$	16,322
2022			2,976
2023			2,433
2024			2,673
2025			1,943
2026			4,250
2027			1,014
2028			28
Total		$	31,639

FHLB advances are collateralized by certain CRE and residential real estate mortgage loans under blanket mortgage collateral pledge agreements, as well as a portion Bancorp’s PPP loan portfolio and FHLB stock. Bancorp views these advances as an effective lower-costing alternative to brokered deposits to fund loan growth. At December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the amount of available credit from the FHLB totaled $ 804 million and $ 599 million, respectively.

Bancorp also had $ 80 million and $ 105 million in FFP lines available from correspondent banks at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, with the decrease resulting from the closing of an inactive correspondent relationship during the second quarter.

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( 13 ) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following table illustrates activity within the balances in AOCI by component:

(in thousands)		Net unrealized gains (losses) on available for sale debt securities				Net unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges				Minimum pension liability adjustment				Total
Balance, January 1, 2018		$	( 1,781	)		$	193			$	( 342	)		$	( 1,930	)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)			( 3,053	)			174				173				( 2,706	)
Reclassification adjustment for adoption of ASU 2018-02			( 496	)			41				( 51	)			( 506	)
Balance, December 31, 2018		$	( 5,330	)		$	408			$	( 220	)		$	( 5,142	)
Balance, January 1, 2019		$	( 5,330	)		$	408			$	( 220	)		$	( 5,142	)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)			6,415				( 447	)			( 149	)			5,819
Balance, December 31, 2019		$	1,085			$	( 39	)		$	( 369	)		$	677
Balance, January 1, 2020		$	1,085			$	( 39	)		$	( 369	)		$	677
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)			8,224				( 82	)			( 78	)			8,064
Balance, December 31, 2020		$	9,309			$	( 121	)		$	( 447	)		$	8,741

The above table includes $ 506,000 reclassification from AOCI to retained earnings related to the adoption of ASU 2018 - 02 in the first quarter of 2018. ASU 2018 - 02 provided for the reclassification of tax effects stranded in OCI as a result of the 2017 TCJA into retained earnings. The TCJA reduced the US Federal statutory corporate income tax rate from 35 % to 21 % effective January 1, 2018. As a result, Bancorp was required to re-measure its net DTAs at the lower rate and recognize the adjustment through income tax expense in 2017. The adjustment through income tax expense left items presented in AOCI, for which the related income tax effects were originally recognized in OCI, unadjusted for the new tax rate.

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( 14 ) Preferred Stock and Common Stock

Bancorp has one class of preferred stock ( no par value; 1,000,000 shares authorized); the relative rights, preferences and other terms of the class or any series within the class will be determined by the Board of Directors prior to any issuance. None of this stock has been issued to date.

( 15 ) Net Income per Share

The following table reflects net income (numerator) and average shares outstanding (denominator) for basic and diluted net income per share computations:

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Years Ended December 31 ,		2020				2019				2018
Net income		$	58,869			$	66,067			$	55,517
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic			22,563				22,598				22,619
Dilutive securities			205				267				325
Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted			22,768				22,865				22,944
Net income per share - basic		$	2.61			$	2.92			$	2.45
Net income per share - diluted		$	2.59			$	2.89			$	2.42

Certain SARs that were excluded from the EPS calculation because their impact was antidilutive follows:

Years Ended December 31, (shares in thousands)		2020				2019				2018
Antidilutive SARs			202				199				146

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( 16 ) Employee Benefit Plans

Bancorp has a combined employee stock ownership and defined contribution plan. The plan is available to all employees meeting certain eligibility requirements. In general, for employees who work more than 1,000 hours per year, Bancorp matches employee contributions up to 6 % of the employee’s salary, and contributes an amount of Bancorp stock equal to 2 % of the employee’s salary. Employer matching expenses related to contributions to the plan for 2020, 2019, and 2018 were $ 2.9 million, $ 2.6 million and $ 2.2 million and are recorded on the consolidated statements of income within employee benefits. Employee and employer contributions are made in accordance with the terms of the plan. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the KSOP held 493,000 and 508,000 shares of Bancorp stock, respectively.

In addition, Bancorp has non-qualified plans into which directors and certain senior officers may defer director fees or salary/incentives. Bancorp matched certain executives’ deferrals into the senior officers’ plan amounting to approximately $ 214,000 , $ 241,000 and $ 250,000 in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the amounts included in other liabilities in the consolidated financial statements for this plan were $ 10.6 million and $ 10.1 million, respectively. The total was comprised primarily of participants’ contributions, and represented the fair value of mutual fund investments directed by plan participants.

Bancorp sponsors an unfunded, non-qualified, defined benefit retirement plan for two key officers ( one current and one retired), and has no plans to increase the number of or the benefits to participants. All participants are fully vested and based on 25 years of service. Bancorp uses a December 31 measurement date for this plan. The accumulated benefit obligation for the plan included in other liabilities in the consolidated financial statements was $ 1.9 million and $ 2.0 million as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Actuarially determined pension costs are expensed and accrued over the service period and benefits are paid from Bancorp’s assets. Bancorp maintains life insurance policies, for which it is the beneficiary, for defined benefit plan participants and certain former executives. Income from these policies serves to offset costs of benefits. The liability for Bancorp’s plan met the benefit obligation as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. Net periodic benefit cost was immaterial for all periods.

Benefits expected to be paid in future periods follows:

(in thousands)
2021		$	—
2022			—
2023			—
2024			137
2025			137
2026 and thereafter			3,004
Total future payments		$	3,278

Expected benefits to be paid are based on the same assumptions used to measure Bancorp’s benefit obligation at December 31, 2020. There are no obligations for other post-retirement or post-employment benefits.

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( 17 ) Stock-Based Compensation

The fair value of all stock-based awards granted, net of estimated forfeitures, is recognized as compensation expense over the respective service period.

At Bancorp's 2015 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, shareholders approved the 2015 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan and authorized the shares available from the expiring 2005 plan for future awards under the 2015 plan. In 2018 shareholders approved an additional 500,000 shares for issuance under the plan. As of December 31, 2020, there were 432,000 shares available for future awards. The 2005 Stock Incentive Plan expired in April 2015 and SARs granted under this plan expire as late as 2025. The 2015 Stock Incentive Plan has no defined expiration date.

SAR Grants – SARs granted have a vesting schedule of 20 % per year and expire ten years after the grant date unless forfeited due to employment termination.

Fair values of SARs are estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, a leading formula for calculating such value. The model requires the input of assumptions, changes to which can materially affect the fair value estimate. The following assumptions were used in SAR valuations at the grant date in each year:

		2020				2019				2018
Dividend yield			2.51	%			2.54	%			2.56	%
Expected volatility			20.87	%			20.39	%			20.17	%
Risk free interest rate			1.25	%			2.52	%			2.96	%
Expected life of SARs (years)			7.1				7.2				7.0

Dividend yield and expected volatility are based on historical information for Bancorp corresponding to the expected life of SARs granted. Expected volatility is the volatility of underlying shares for the expected term calculated on a monthly basis. The risk free interest rate is the implied yield currently available on U.S. Treasury issues with a remaining term equal to the expected life of the awards. The expected life of SARs is based on actual experience of past like-term SARs. Bancorp evaluates historical exercise and post-vesting termination behavior when determining the expected life.

RSA Grants – RSAs granted to officers vest over five years. For all grants prior to 2015, grantees are entitled to dividend payments during the vesting period. Fair value of RSAs is equal to the market value of the shares on the date of grant.

PSU Grants – PSUs vest based upon service and a three -year performance period, which begins January 1 of the first year of the performance period. Because grantees are not entitled to dividend payments during the performance period, the fair value of these PSUs is estimated based upon the market value of the underlying shares on the date of grant, adjusted for non-payment of dividends. Grants require a one year post-vesting holding period and the fair value of such grants incorporates a liquidity discount related to the holding period of 4.4 %, 4.1 % and 4.3 % for 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.

RSU Grants – RSUs are only granted to non-employee directors, are time-based and vest 12 months after grant date. Because grantees are entitled to deferred dividend payments at the end of the vesting period, fair value of the RSUs equals market value of underlying shares on the date of grant.

In the first quarters of 2020 and 2019, Bancorp awarded 6,570 and 9,834 RSUs to non-employee directors of Bancorp with a grant date fair value of $ 270,000 and $ 330,000 , respectively.

Bancorp utilized cash of $ 224,000 and $ 272,000 during 2020 and 2019, respectively, for the purchase of shares upon the vesting of RSUs.

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Bancorp has recognized stock-based compensation expense for SARs, RSAs, and PSUs within compensation expense, and RSUs for directors within other non-interest expense, as follows:

		Year Ended December 31, 2020
(in thousands)		Stock Appreciation Rights				Restricted Stock Awards				Restricted Stock Units				Performance Stock Units				Total
Expense		$	352			$	1,346			$	270			$	1,294			$	3,262
Deferred tax benefit			( 74	)			( 283	)			( 57	)			( 272	)			( 686	)
Total net expense		$	278			$	1,063			$	213			$	1,022			$	2,576

		Year Ended December 31, 2019
(in thousands)		Stock Appreciation Rights				Restricted Stock Awards				Restricted Stock Units				Performance Stock Units				Total
Expense		$	345			$	1,185			$	329			$	1,719			$	3,578
Deferred tax benefit			( 72	)			( 249	)			( 69	)			( 361	)			( 751	)
Total net expense		$	273			$	936			$	260			$	1,358			$	2,827

		Year Ended December 31, 2018
(in thousands)		Stock Appreciation Rights				Restricted Stock Awards				Restricted Stock Units				Performance Stock Units				Total
Expense		$	379			$	1,100			$	248			$	2,300			$	4,027
Deferred tax benefit			( 80	)			( 231	)			( 52	)			( 483	)			( 846	)
Total net expense		$	299			$	869			$	196			$	1,817			$	3,181

Detail of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense follows:

(in thousands) Year Ended		Stock Appreciation Rights				Restricted Stock Awards				Restricted Stock Units				Performance Stock Units				Total
2021		$	304			$	994			$	1			$	760			$	2,059
2022			249				762				—				490				1,501
2023			174				546				—				—				720
2024			68				292				—				—				360
2025			9				28				—				—				37
Total estimated expense		$	804			$	2,622			$	1			$	1,250			$	4,677

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The following table summarizes SARs activity and related information:

(dollars in thousands, except per share and years)		SARs				Exercise price					Weighted average exercise price				Aggregate intrinsic value (1)				Weighted average fair value				Weighted average remaining contractual life (in years)
Outstanding, January 1, 2018			704			$ 14.02	-	40.00			$	19.51			$	12,923			$	3.47				5.1
Granted			100			35.90	-	39.32				37.75				—				6.07
Exercised			( 73	)		14.02	-	19.37				15.32				1,654				3.43
Forfeited			—				—					—				—				—
Outstanding, December 31, 2018			731			$ 14.02	-	40.00			$	22.42			$	8,422			$	3.83				5.2
Outstanding, January 1, 2019			731			$ 14.02	-	40.00			$	22.42			$	8,422			$	3.83				5.2
Granted			53			36.65	-	38.18				37.01				213				6.24
Exercised			( 143	)		14.02	-	22.96				15.99				3,025				3.47
Forfeited			—				—					—				—				—
Outstanding, December 31, 2019			641			$ 14.02	-	40.00			$	25.06			$	10,250			$	4.10				5.3
Outstanding, January 1, 2020			641			$ 14.02	-	40.00			$	25.06			$	10,250			$	4.10				5.3
Granted			48			37.30	-	37.30				37.30				154				5.80
Exercised			( 96	)		14.02	-	25.76				16.33				2,401				2.88
Forfeited			—				—					—				—				—
Outstanding, December 31, 2020			593			$ 15.24	-	40.00			$	27.47			$	7,706			$	4.44				5.1
Vested and exercisable			412			$ 15.24	-	40.00			$	23.44			$	7,008			$	3.83				4.0
Unvested			181			25.76	-	40.00				36.63				698				5.83				7.8
Outstanding, December 31, 2020			593			$ 15.24	-	40.00			$	27.47			$	7,706			$	4.44				5.1
Vested in the current year			68			$ 22.96	-	40.00			$	32.11			$	572			$	5.10

( 1 ) - Intrinsic value for SARs is defined as the amount by which the current market price of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise or grant price.

SARs outstanding by expiration year follows:

(in thousands, except per share data)
Expiration		SARs Outstanding				SARs Exercisable				Weighted Average Exercise Price
2021			8				8				15.84
2022			42				42				15.26
2023			80				80				15.26
2024			73				73				19.37
2025			63				63				23.00
2026			79				63				25.84
2027			46				29				40.00
2028			100				42				37.75
2029			53				12				37.01
2030			49				—				37.30
			593				412			$	27.47

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The following table summarizes activity for RSAs granted to officers:

						Weighted
						average cost
(in thousands, except per share data)		RSAs				at grant date
Unvested at January 1, 2018			119			$	27.62
Shares awarded			40				35.89
Restrictions lapsed and shares vested			( 44	)			23.62
Shares forfeited			( 5	)			31.35
Unvested at December 31, 2018			110			$	32.09
Unvested at January 1, 2019			110			$	32.09
Shares awarded			40				34.88
Restrictions lapsed and shares vested			( 40	)			28.74
Shares forfeited			( 2	)			35.36
Unvested at December 31, 2019			108			$	34.31
Unvested at January 1, 2020			108			$	34.31
Shares awarded			36				39.30
Restrictions lapsed and shares vested			( 41	)			32.38
Shares forfeited			( 4	)			36.63
Unvested at December 31, 2020			99			$	36.85

Shares expected to be awarded for PSUs granted to executive officers of Bancorp, the three -year performance period, which began January 1 of the award year, are as follows:

Grant Year		Vesting Period in Years			Fair Value				Expected Shares to be Awarded
2018		3				31.54				50,352
2019		3				32.03				36,127
2020		3				32.27				45,577

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All Bancorp equity compensation plans have been approved by shareholders. The following table provides detail of the number of shares to be issued upon exercise of outstanding stock-based awards and remaining shares available for future issuance under Bancorp’s equity compensation plan as of December 31, 2020.

Number of

Shares

shares to be

Weighted

available for

issued upon

average

future

Plan category (in thousands)

exercising/vesting

exercise price

issuance (a)

Equity compensation plans approved by security holders:

Stock Appreciation Rights

(b)

(b)

432

Restricted Stock Awards

99

N/A

(a)

Restricted Stock Units

7

N/A

(a)

Performance Stock Units

(c)

N/A

(a)

Total shares

106

432

(a)	Under the 2015 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan, shares of stock are authorized for issuance as incentive and non-qualified stock options, SARs, RSAs, and RSUs.

(b)	At December 31, 2020, approximately 593,000 SARs were outstanding at a weighted average grant price of $ 27.47 . The number of shares to be issued upon exercise will be determined based on the difference between the grant price and the market price at the date of exercise.

(c)	The number of shares to be issued is dependent upon Bancorp achieving certain predefined performance targets and ranges from zero shares to approximately 199,000 shares. As of December 31, 2020, shares expected to be awarded total approximately 132,000 .

( 18 ) Dividends

Bancorp’s principal source of cash revenue is dividends paid to it as the sole shareholder of the Bank. At any balance sheet date, the Bank’s regulatory dividend restriction represents the Bank’s net income of the current year plus the prior two years less any dividends paid for the same time period. At December 31, 2020, the Bank may pay an amount equal to $ 74 million in dividends to Bancorp without regulatory approval subject to ongoing capital requirements of the Bank.

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( 19 ) Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, Bancorp had various commitments outstanding that arose in the normal course of business which are properly not reflected in the consolidated financial statements. Total off-balance sheet commitments to extend credit follows:

December 31, (in thousands)		2020				2019
Commercial and industrial		$	555,077			$	416,195
Construction and development			266,550				240,503
Home equity lines of credit			175,132				155,920
Credit cards			32,321				26,439
Overdrafts			33,564				32,715
Letters of credit			24,425				24,193
Other			54,385				40,083
Future loan commitments			249,318				236,885
Total off balance sheet commitments to extend credit		$	1,390,772			$	1,172,933

Commitments to extend credit are an agreement to lend to a customer either unsecured or secured, as long as collateral is available as agreed upon and there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses. Since some of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not represent future cash requirements. Bancorp uses the same credit and collateral policies in making commitments and conditional guarantees as for on-balance sheet instruments. Bancorp evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer. Collateral held varies but may include accounts receivable, inventory, securities, equipment and real estate. However, should the commitments be drawn upon and should our customers default on their resulting obligation to us, our maximum exposure to credit loss, without consideration of collateral, is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments.

At December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, Bancorp had accrued $ 5.4 million and $ 350,000 , respectively, in other liabilities for its estimate of inherent risks related to unfunded credit commitments. In accordance with the adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2020, Bancorp’s ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures was increased from $ 350,000 at December 31, 2019 to $ 3.9 million ($ 2.6 million net of the DTA) with the offset recorded to retained earnings on a tax-effected basis, with no impact on earnings. During the year ended December 31, 2020, increases in both off-balance sheet credit exposures (primarily the increase in C&I availability) and the quantitative rates under ASC 32, which were impacted by changes in the economic forecast related to national unemployment, resulted in Bancorp’s ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures increasing to $5.4 million.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by Bancorp to guarantee the performance of a customer to a first party beneficiary. Those guarantees are primarily issued to support commercial transactions. Standby letters of credit generally have maturities of one to two years.

Certain commercial customers require confirmation of Bancorp’s letters of credit by other banks since Bancorp does not have a rating by a national rating agency. Terms of the agreements range from one month to a year with certain agreements requiring between one and six months’ notice to cancel. If an event of default on all contracts had occurred at December 31, 2020, Bancorp would have been required to make payments of approximately $ 2.3 million, or the maximum amount payable under those contracts. No payments have ever been required because of default on these contracts. These agreements are normally secured by collateral acceptable to Bancorp, which limits credit risk associated with the agreements.

As of December 31, 2020, in the normal course of business, there were pending legal actions and proceedings in which claims for damages are asserted. Management, after discussion with legal counsel, believes the ultimate result of these legal actions and proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position or results of operations of Bancorp.

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( 20 ) Assets and Liabilities Measured and Reported at Fair Value

Fair value represents the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:

Level 1 – Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2 – Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 – Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

Authoritative guidance requires maximization of use of observable inputs and minimization of use of unobservable inputs in fair value measurements. Where there exists limited or no observable market data, Bancorp derives its own estimates by generally considering characteristics of the asset/liability, the current economic and competitive environment and other factors. For this reason, results cannot be determined with precision and may not be realized on an actual sale or immediate settlement of the asset or liability.

Bancorp’s AFS debt securities portfolio and interest rate swaps are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.

All AFS debt securities are priced using standard industry models or matrices with various assumptions such as yield curves, volatility, prepayment speeds, default rates, time value, credit rating and market prices for similar instruments. These assumptions are observable in the market place and can be derived from or supported by observable data. These measurements are classified as Level 2.

Fair value measurements for interest rate swaps are based on benchmark forward yield curves and other relevant observable market data. For purposes of potential valuation adjustments to derivative positions, Bancorp evaluates the credit risk of its counterparties as well as its own credit risk. To date, Bancorp has not realized any losses due to counterparty’s inability to perform and the change in value of derivative assets and liabilities attributable to credit risk was not significant during the reporting period. Interest rate swaps are valued using primarily Level 2 inputs.

MSRs, impaired loans and OREO are recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis, generally in the application of lower of cost or market adjustments or write-downs of specific assets.

Carrying values of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis follows:

		Fair Value Measurements Using												Total
December 31, 2020 (in thousands)		Level 1				Level 2				Level 3				Fair Value
Assets:
Available for sale debt securities:
Government sponsored enterprise obligations		$	—			$	138,078			$	—			$	138,078
Mortgage backed securities - government agencies			—				437,585				—				437,585
Obligations of states and political subdivisions			—				11,315				—				11,315
Total available for sale debt securities			—				586,978				—				586,978
Interest rate swaps			—				8,374				—				8,374
Total assets		$	—			$	595,352			$	—			$	595,352
Liabilities:
Interest rate swaps		$	—			$	8,391			$	—			$	8,391

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		Fair Value Measurements Using												Total
December 31, 2019 (in thousands)		Level 1				Level 2				Level 3				Fair Value
Assets:
Available for sale debt securities:
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government obligations		$	49,897			$	—			$	—			$	49,897
Government sponsored enterprise obligations			—				209,944				—				209,944
Mortgage backed securities - government agencies			—				193,861				—				193,861
Obligations of states and political subdivisions			—				17,036				—				17,036
Total available for sale debt securities			49,897				420,841				—				470,738
Interest rate swaps			—				2,696				—				2,696
Total assets		$	49,897			$	423,537			$	—			$	473,434
Liabilities:
Interest rate swaps		$	—			$	2,767			$	—			$	2,767

There were no transfers into or out of Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy during 2020 or 2019.

For the securities portfolio, Bancorp monitors the valuation technique used by pricing agencies to ascertain when transfers between levels have occurred. The nature of other assets and liabilities measured at fair value is such that transfers in and out of any level are expected to be rare. For the year ended December 31, 2020, there were no transfers between Levels 1, 2, or 3.

Bancorp had no financial instruments classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2020 or 2019.

Discussion of assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis follows:

MSRs – On at least a quarterly basis, MSRs are evaluated for impairment based upon the fair value of the MSRs as compared to carrying amount. Fair value is based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated net servicing income. The model incorporates assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income. These measurements are classified as Level 3. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, there was no valuation allowance for MSRs, as the fair value exceeded the cost. Accordingly, the MSRs are not included in the following tabular disclosure for December 31, 2020 or 2019.

Collateral dependent loans – For collateral-dependent loans where Bancorp has determined that foreclosure of the collateral is probable, or where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the Company expects repayment of the loan to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, the ACL is measured based on the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost basis of the loan as of the measurement date. For real estate loans, fair value of the loan’s collateral is determined by third party or internal appraisals, which are then adjusted for the estimated selling and closing costs related to liquidation of the collateral. For this asset class, the actual valuation methods (income, comparable sales, or cost) vary based on the status of the project or property. For example, land is generally based on the comparable sales method while construction and improved real estate is based on the income and/or comparable sales methods. The unobservable inputs may vary depending on the individual assets with no one of the three methods being the predominant approach. Bancorp reviews the third party appraisal for appropriateness and adjusts the value downward to consider selling and closing costs, which typically range from 8 % to 10 % of the appraised value. For non-real estate loans, fair value of the loan’s collateral may be determined using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements, or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation and management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business.

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OREO – OREO is primarily comprised of real estate acquired in partial or full satisfaction of loans. OREO is recorded at its estimated fair value less estimated selling and closing costs at the date of transfer, with any excess of the related loan balance over the fair value less expected selling costs charged to the ACL. Subsequent changes in fair value are reported as adjustments to the carrying amount and are recorded against earnings. Bancorp obtains the valuation of OREO with material balances from third party or internal appraisers. For this asset class, the actual valuation methods (income, sales comparable, or cost) vary based on the status of the project or property. For example, land is generally based on the sales comparable method while construction and improved real estate is based on the income and/or sales comparable methods. The unobservable inputs may vary depending on the individual assets with no one of the three methods being the predominant approach. Bancorp reviews the third party appraisal for appropriateness and adjusts the value downward to consider selling and closing costs, which typically range from 8 % to 10 % of the appraised value.

Below are carrying values of assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis:

(in thousands)		Fair Value Measurements Using												Total				Losses recorded for the year ended
December 31, 2020		Level 1				Level 2				Level 3				Fair Value				December 31, 2020
Collateral dependent loans		$	—			$	—			$	7,546			$	7,546			$	—
Other real estate owned			—				—				281				281				52

(in thousands)		Fair Value Measurements Using												Total				Losses recorded for the year ended
December 31, 2019		Level 1				Level 2				Level 3				Fair Value				December 31, 2019
Collateral dependent loans		$	—			$	—			$	7,253			$	7,253			$	20
Other real estate owned			—				—				493				493				70

There were no liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

For Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements are presented below.

		December 31, 2020
(dollars in thousands)		Fair Value			Valuation Technique		Unobservable Inputs		Weighted Average
Collateral dependent loans		$	7,546		Appraisal		Appraisal discounts			10.7	%
Other real estate owned			281		Appraisal		Appraisal discounts			36.0

		December 31, 2019
(dollars in thousands)		Fair Value			Valuation Technique		Unobservable Inputs		Weighted Average
Impaired loans - collateral dependent		$	7,253		Appraisal		Appraisal discounts			60.3	%
Other real estate owned			493		Appraisal		Appraisal discounts			17.1

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( 21 ) Disclosure of Financial Instruments Not Reported at Fair Value

GAAP requires disclosure of the fair value of financial assets and liabilities, including those financial assets and financial liabilities that are not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring basis or nonrecurring basis. The estimated fair values of Bancorp’s financial instruments not measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis follows:

		Carrying								Fair Value Measurements Using
December 31, 2020 (in thousands)		amount				Fair value				Level 1				Level 2				Level 3
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents		$	317,945			$	317,945			$	317,945			$	—			$	—
Mortgage loans held for sale			22,547				23,389				—				23,389				—
Federal Home Loan Bank stock			11,284				11,284				—				11,284				—
Loans, net			3,479,676				3,513,916				—				—				3,513,916
Accrued interest receivable			13,094				13,094				13,094				—				—
Liabilities
Non-interest bearing deposits		$	1,187,057			$	1,187,057			$	1,187,057			$	—			$	—
Transaction deposits			2,409,173				2,409,173				—				2,409,173				—
Time deposits			392,404				395,734				—				395,734				—
Securities sold under agreement to repurchase			47,979				47,979				—				47,979				—
Federal funds purchased			11,464				11,464				—				11,464				—
Federal Home Loan Bank advances			31,639				33,180				—				33,180				—
Accrued interest payable			391				391				391				—				—

		Carrying								Fair Value Measurements Using
December 31, 2019 (in thousands)		amount				Fair value				Level 1				Level 2				Level 3
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents		$	249,724			$	249,724			$	249,724			$	—			$	—
Mortgage loans held for sale			8,748				8,923				—				8,923				—
Federal Home Loan Bank stock			11,284				11,284				—				11,284				—
Loans, net			2,818,225				2,841,767				—				—				2,841,767
Accrued interest receivable			8,534				8,534				8,534				—				—
Liabilities
Non-interest bearing deposits		$	810,475			$	810,475			$	810,475			$	—			$	—
Transaction deposits			1,891,246				1,891,246				—				1,891,246				—
Time deposits			432,217				434,927				—				434,927				—
Securities sold under agreement to repurchase			31,895				31,895				—				31,895				—
Federal funds purchased			10,887				10,887				—				10,887				—
Federal Home Loan Bank advances			79,953				80,906				—				80,906				—
Accrued interest payable			640				640				640				—				—

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time based on relevant market information and information about financial instruments. Because no market exists for a significant portion of Bancorp’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Therefore, calculated fair value estimates in many instances cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, may not be realizable in a current sale of the instrument. Changes in assumptions could significantly impact estimates.

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( 22 ) Derivative Financial Instruments

Periodically, Bancorp enters into interest rate swap transactions with borrowers who desire to hedge exposure to rising interest rates, while at the same time entering into an offsetting interest rate swap, with substantially matching terms, with another approved independent counterparty. These are undesignated derivative instruments and are recognized on the balance sheet at fair value. Because of matching terms of offsetting contracts and collateral provisions mitigating any non-performance risk, changes in fair value subsequent to initial recognition have an insignificant effect on earnings. Exchanges of cash flows related to undesignated interest rate swap agreements were offsetting and therefore had no effect on Bancorp’s earnings or cash flows.

Interest rate swap agreements derive their value from underlying interest rates. These transactions involve both credit and market risk. Notional amounts are amounts on which calculations, payments and the value of the derivative are based. Notional amounts do not represent direct credit exposures. Direct credit exposure is limited to the net difference between the calculated amounts to be received and paid, if any. Bancorp is exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to these agreements. Bancorp mitigates the credit risk of its financial contracts through credit approvals, collateral and monitoring procedures, and does not expect any counterparties to fail their obligations.

Bancorp had outstanding undesignated interest rate swap contracts as follows:

		Receiving								Paying
		December 31,				December 31,				December 31,				December 31,
(dollars in thousands)		2020				2019				2020				2019
Notional amount		$	119,940			$	99,000			$	119,940			$	99,000
Weighted average maturity (years)			7.8				8.2				7.8				8.2
Fair value		$	8,374			$	2,696			$	8,391			$	2,767

In 2015, Bancorp entered into an interest rate swap to hedge cash flows of a $ 20 million rolling fixed-rate three -month FHLB borrowing. The swap began December 9, 2015 and matured December 6, 2020. It was not renewed upon maturity. In 2016, Bancorp entered into an interest rate swap to hedge cash flows of a $ 10 million rolling fixed-rate three -month FHLB borrowing. The swap began December 6, 2016 and matures December 6, 2021. For purposes of hedging, rolling fixed rate advances are considered to be floating rate liabilities. Interest rate swaps involve exchange of Bancorp’s floating rate interest payments for fixed rate swap payments on underlying principal amounts. These swaps were designated and qualified, for cash-flow hedge accounting. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedging instruments, the effective portion of gains or losses is reported as a component of OCI, and is subsequently reclassified into earnings as an adjustment to interest expense in periods for which the hedged forecasted transaction impacts earnings.

The following table details Bancorp’s derivative position designated as a cash flow hedge, and the related fair value:

											Fair value
(dollars in thousands)							Pay fixed				December 31,
Notional Amount			Maturity Date		Receive (variable) index		swap rate				2020				2019
$	10,000		12/6/2021		US 3 Month LIBOR			1.89	%		$	( 160	)		$	( 45	)
	20,000		12/6/2020		US 3 Month LIBOR			1.79	%			-				( 6	)
$	30,000							1.82	%		$	( 160	)		$	( 51	)

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( 23 ) Regulatory Matters

Bancorp and the Bank are subject to capital regulations in accordance with Basel III, as administered by banking regulators. Regulatory agencies measure capital adequacy within a framework that makes capital requirements, in part, dependent on the individual risk profiles of financial institutions. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on Bancorp’s financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Holding Company and the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of Bancorp’s assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items, as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators regarding components, risk weightings and other factors.

Banking regulators have categorized the Bank as well-capitalized. To meet the definition of well-capitalized for prompt corrective action requirements, a bank must have a minimum 6.5 % Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, 8.0 % Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, 10.0 % Total Risk-Based Capital ratio and 5.0 % Tier 1 Leverage ratio.

Additionally, in order to avoid limitations on capital distributions, including dividend payments and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers, Bancorp and the Bank must hold a 2.5 % capital conservation buffer composed of Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital above the minimum risk-based capital requirements for the Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio and Total Risk-Based Capital ratio necessary to be considered adequately-capitalized. At December 31, 2020, the adequately-capitalized minimums, including the capital conservation buffer, were a 6.0 % Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, 8.5 % Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio and 10.5 % Total Risk-Based Capital ratio. The capital conservation buffer was phased in starting in 2016 at 0.625 % and was fully implemented at 2.5 % effective January 1, 2019.

Bancorp continues to exceed the regulatory requirements for all calculations. Bancorp and the Bank intend to maintain a capital position that meets or exceeds the “well-capitalized” requirements as defined by the FRB and the FDIC, in addition to the capital conservation buffer.

The following table sets forth Bancorp’s and the Bank’s risk based capital amounts and ratios:

(dollars in thousands)		Actual								Minimum for adequately capitalized								Minimum for well capitalized
December 31, 2020		Amount				Ratio				Amount				Ratio				Amount				Ratio
Total risk-based capital (1)
Consolidated		$	470,648				13.36	%		$	281,887				8.00	%		NA				NA
Bank			456,302				12.99				281,106				8.00			$	351,383				10.00	%
Common equity tier 1 risk-based capital (1)
Consolidated			430,886				12.23				158,556				4.50			NA				NA
Bank			416,540				11.85				158,122				4.50				228,399				6.50
Tier 1 risk-based capital (1)
Consolidated			430,886				12.23				211,407				6.00			NA				NA
Bank			416,540				11.85				210,830				6.00				281,106				8.00
Leverage (2)
Consolidated			430,886				9.57				180,123				4.00			NA				NA
Bank			416,540				9.26				179,845				4.00				224,807				5.00

(dollars in thousands)		Actual								Minimum for adequately capitalized								Minimum for well capitalized
December 31, 2019		Amount				Ratio				Amount				Ratio				Amount				Ratio
Total risk-based capital (1)
Consolidated		$	418,460				12.85	%		$	260,448				8.00	%		NA				NA
Bank			396,299				12.20				259,823				8.00			$	324,778				10.00	%
Common equity tier 1 risk-based capital (1)
Consolidated			391,319				12.02				146,502				4.50			NA				NA
Bank			369,158				11.37				146,150				4.50				211,106				6.50
Tier 1 risk-based capital (1)
Consolidated			391,319				12.02				195,336				6.00			NA				NA
Bank			369,158				11.37				194,867				6.00				259,823				8.00
Leverage (2)
Consolidated			391,319				10.60				147,733				4.00			NA				NA
Bank			369,158				10.67				138,392				4.00				172,990				5.00

( 1 ) Ratio is computed in relation to risk-weighted assets.

( 2 ) Ratio is computed in relation to average assets.

NA – Regulatory framework does not define “ well-capitalized ” for holding companies.

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( 24 ) Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc. (parent company only)

Condensed Balance Sheets
		December 31,
(in thousands)		2020				2019
Assets
Cash on deposit with subsidiary bank		$	5,106			$	14,714
Investment in and receivable from subsidiaries			426,356				384,136
Other assets			9,629				7,821
Total assets		$	441,091			$	406,671
Liabilities and stockholders' equity
Other liabilities		$	390			$	374
Total stockholders’ equity			440,701				406,297
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity		$	441,091			$	406,671

Condensed Statements of Income
		Years ended December 31,
(in thousands)		2020				2019				2018
Income - dividends and interest from subsidiaries		$	18,050			$	72,119			$	21,403
Other income			1				2				12
Less expenses			3,909				4,935				4,818
Income before income taxes and equity in undistributed net income of subsidiary			14,142				67,186				16,597
Income tax benefit			( 1,749	)			( 4,683	)			( 1,713	)
Income before equity in undistributed net income of subsidiary			15,891				71,869				18,310
Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiary			42,978				( 5,802	)			37,207
Net income		$	58,869			$	66,067			$	55,517
Comprehensive income		$	66,933			$	71,886			$	52,811

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Condensed Statements of Cash Flows
		Years ended December 31
(in thousands)		2020				2019				2018
Operating activities
Net income		$	58,869			$	66,067			$	55,517
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries			( 42,978	)			5,802				( 37,207	)
Gain on sale of fixed assets			—				—				( 10	)
Stock compensation expense			3,262				3,578				4,027
Excess tax benefits from stock- based compensation arrangements			( 452	)			( 812	)			( 549	)
Change in other assets			( 1,356	)			( 3,863	)			( 1,080	)
Change in other liabilities			17				( 82	)			220
Net cash provided by operating activities			17,362				70,690				20,918
Investing activities
Proceeds from sale of fixed assets			—				—				13
Cash for acquisition			—				( 28,000	)			—
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities			—				( 28,000	)			13
Financing activities
Repurchase of common stock			( 2,265	)			( 11,817	)			( 2,004	)
Share repurchases related to compensation plans			( 224	)			( 272	)			( 154	)
Cash dividends paid			( 24,481	)			( 23,542	)			( 21,766	)
Net cash used in financing activities			( 26,970	)			( 35,631	)			( 23,924	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash			( 9,608	)			7,059				( 2,993	)
Cash at beginning of year			14,714				7,655				10,648
Cash at end of year		$	5,106			$	14,714			$	7,655

( 25 ) Segments

Bancorp’s principal activities include commercial banking and WM&T. Commercial banking provides a full range of loan and deposit products to individual consumers and businesses. Commercial banking also includes Bancorp’s mortgage banking and investment products sales activity. WM&T provides investment management, company retirement plan management, retirement planning, trust, estate and financial planning services in all markets in which Bancorp operates. The magnitude of WM&T revenue distinguishes Bancorp from other community banks of similar asset size.

Financial information for each business segment reflects that which is specifically identifiable or allocated based on an internal allocation method. Income taxes are allocated based on the effective federal income tax rate adjusted for any tax-exempt activity. All tax-exempt activity and provision have been allocated fully to the commercial banking segment. Measurement of performance of business segments is based on the management structure of Bancorp and is not necessarily comparable with similar information for any other financial institution. Information presented is also not necessarily indicative of the segments’ operations if they were independent entities.

Principally, all of the net assets of Bancorp are involved in the commercial banking segment. Goodwill of $ 12.5 million, of which $ 682,000 relates to a bank acquisition in 1996 and $ 11.8 million relates to the 2019 KSB acquisition, has been assigned to the commercial banking segment. Assets assigned to WM&T primarily consist of net premises and equipment and a receivable related to fees earned that have not been collected.

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Selected financial information by business segment follows:

		Commercial
As of and for the Year ended December 31, 2020 (in thousands)		Banking				WM&T				Total
Net interest income		$	135,587			$	334			$	135,921
Provision for loan and leases			16,918				—				16,918
Wealth management and trust services			—				23,406				23,406
All other non-interest income			28,493				—				28,493
Non-interest expenses			90,320				12,839				103,159
Income before income tax expense			56,842				10,901				67,743
Income tax expense			6,508				2,366				8,874
Net income		$	50,334			$	8,535			$	58,869
Total assets		$	4,604,998			$	3,631			$	4,608,629

		Commercial
As of and for the Year ended December 31, 2019 (in thousands)		Banking				WM&T				Total
Net interest income		$	125,029			$	319			$	125,348
Provision for loan and leases			1,000				—				1,000
Wealth management and trust services			—				22,643				22,643
All other non-interest income			26,785				—				26,785
Non-interest expenses			85,407				12,709				98,116
Income before income tax expense			65,407				10,253				75,660
Income tax expense			7,368				2,225				9,593
Net income		$	58,039			$	8,028			$	66,067
Total assets		$	3,720,502			$	3,695			$	3,724,197

		Commercial
As of and for the Year ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands)		Banking				WM&T				Total
Net interest income		$	114,320			$	255			$	114,575
Provision for loan and leases			2,705				—				2,705
Wealth management and trust services			—				21,536				21,536
All other non-interest income			23,530				—				23,530
Non-interest expenses			76,842				12,546				89,388
Income before income tax expense			58,303				9,245				67,548
Income tax expense			10,025				2,006				12,031
Net income		$	48,278			$	7,239			$	55,517
Total assets		$	3,299,169			$	3,755			$	3,302,924

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( 26 ) Quarterly Operating Results (unaudited)

A summary of quarterly operating results follows:

		2020
(dollars in thousands except per share data)		4th quarter				3rd quarter				2nd quarter				1st quarter
Interest income		$	38,339			$	36,144			$	36,506			$	36,882
Interest expense			2,087				2,449				2,978				4,436
Net interest income			36,252				33,695				33,528				32,446
Provision for loan and lease losses			1,400				4,418				5,550				5,550
Net interest income after provision			34,852				29,277				27,978				26,896
Non-interest income			13,698				13,043				12,622				12,536
Non-interest expenses			28,129				26,196				24,884				23,950
Income before income taxes			20,421				16,124				15,716				15,482
Income tax expense			2,685				1,591				2,348				2,250
Net income		$	17,736			$	14,533			$	13,368			$	13,232
Basic earnings per share		$	0.79			$	0.64			$	0.59			$	0.59
Diluted earnings per share		$	0.78			$	0.64			$	0.59			$	0.58

		2019
(dollars in thousands except per share data)		4th quarter				3rd quarter				2nd quarter				1st quarter
Interest income		$	37,831			$	38,009			$	36,996			$	35,056
Interest expense			5,075				5,903				6,194				5,372
Net interest income			32,756				32,106				30,802				29,684
Provision for loan and lease losses			—				400				—				600
Net interest income after provision			32,756				31,706				30,802				29,084
Non-interest income			12,987				13,209				12,224				11,008
Non-interest expenses			26,153				23,898				25,453				22,612
Income before income taxes			19,590				21,017				17,573				17,480
Income tax expense			2,941				3,783				1,030				1,839
Net income		$	16,649			$	17,234			$	16,543			$	15,641
Basic earnings per share		$	0.74			$	0.76			$	0.73			$	0.69
Diluted earnings per share		$	0.73			$	0.76			$	0.72			$	0.68

		2018
(dollars in thousands except per share data)		4th quarter				3rd quarter				2nd quarter				1st quarter
Interest income		$	35,039			$	33,063			$	32,043			$	29,787
Interest expense			5,092				4,500				3,330				2,435
Net interest income			29,947				28,563				28,713				27,352
Provision for loan and lease losses			—				735				1,235				735
Net interest income after provision			29,947				27,828				27,478				26,617
Non-interest income			11,472				11,328				11,340				10,926
Non-interest expenses			24,496				21,725				22,080				21,087
Income before income taxes			16,923				17,431				16,738				16,456
Income tax expense			2,265				3,555				3,159				3,052
Net income		$	14,658			$	13,876			$	13,579			$	13,404
Basic earnings per share		$	0.65			$	0.61			$	0.60			$	0.59
Diluted earnings per share		$	0.64			$	0.60			$	0.59			$	0.58

Note: The sum of EPS of each of the quarter may not add to the year-to-date amount reported in Bancorp ’ s consolidated financial statements due to rounding.

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( 27 ) Revenue from contracts with customers

All of Bancorp’s revenue from contracts with customers in the scope of ASC 606 is recognized within non-interest income. The table below presents Bancorp’s sources of non-interest income with items outside the scope of ASC 606 noted as such:

		Year Ended December 31, 2020
(in thousands)		Commercial				WM&T				Total
Wealth management and trust services		$	—			$	23,406			$	23,406
Deposit service charges			4,161				—				4,161
Debit and credit card income			8,480				—				8,480
Treasury management fees			5,407				—				5,407
Mortgage banking income(1)			6,155				—				6,155
Net investment product sales commissions and fees			1,775				—				1,775
Bank owned life insurance(1)			693				—				693
Other(2)			1,822				—				1,822
Total non-interest income		$	28,493			$	23,406			$	51,899

		Year Ended December 31, 2019
(in thousands)		Commercial				WM&T				Total
Wealth management and trust services		$	—			$	22,643			$	22,643
Deposit service charges			5,193				—				5,193
Debit and credit card income			8,123				—				8,123
Treasury management fees			4,992				—				4,992
Mortgage banking income(1)			2,934				—				2,934
Net investment product sales commissions and fees			1,498				—				1,498
Bank owned life insurance(1)			1,031				—				1,031
Other(2)			3,014				—				3,014
Total non-interest income		$	26,785			$	22,643			$	49,428

		Year Ended December 31, 2018
(in thousands)		Commercial				WM&T				Total
Wealth management and trust services		$	—			$	21,536			$	21,536
Deposit service charges			5,431				—				5,431
Debit and credit card income			6,769				—				6,769
Treasury management fees			4,571				—				4,571
Mortgage banking income(1)			2,413				—				2,413
Net investment product sales commissions and fees			1,677				—				1,677
Bank owned life insurance(1)			1,129				—				1,129
Other(2)			1,540				—				1,540
Total non-interest income		$	23,530			$	21,536			$	45,066

( 1 ) Outside of the scope of ASC 606.

( 2 ) Outside of the scope of ASC 606, with the exception of safe deposit fees which were nominal for all periods.

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Bancorp’s revenue on the consolidated statement of income is categorized by product type, which effectively depicts how the nature, timing and extent of cash flows are affected by economic factors. Revenue sources within the scope of ASC 606 are discussed below:

Bancorp earns fees from its deposit customers for transaction-based, account management and overdraft services. Transaction-based fees, which include services such as ATM use fees, stop payments fees and ACH fees, are recognized at the time the transaction is executed, as that is when the company fulfills the performance obligation. Account management fees are earned over the course of a month and charged in the month in which the services are provided.

Treasury management transaction fees are recognized at the time the transaction is executed, as that is when the company fulfills the performance obligation. Account analysis fees are earned over the course of a month and charged in the month in which the services are provided. Treasury management fees are withdrawn from customers’ account balances.

WM&T provides customers fiduciary and investment management services as agreed upon in asset management contracts. The contracts require WM&T to provide a series of distinct services for which fees are earned over time. The contracts are cancellable upon demand with fees typically based upon the asset value of investments. Revenue is accrued and recognized monthly based upon month-end asset values and collected from the customer predominately in the following month except for a small percentage of fees collected quarterly. Incentive compensation related to WM&T activities is considered a cost of obtaining the contract. Contracts between WM&T and customers do not permit performance-based fees and accordingly, none of the fee income earned by WM&T is performance-based. Trust fees receivable were $ 2.2 million and $ 2.1 million at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

Investment products sales commissions and fees represent the Bank’s share of transaction fees and wrap fees resulting from investment services and programs provided through an agent relationship with a third party broker-dealer. Transaction fees are assessed at the time of the transaction. Those fees are collected and recognized on a monthly basis. Trailing fees are based upon market values and are assessed, collected and recognized on a quarterly basis. Because the Bank acts as an agent in arranging the relationship between the customer and third party provider, and does not control the services rendered, investment product sales commissions and fees are reported net of related costs, including nominal incentive compensation, and trading activity charges of $ 579,000 and $ 516,000 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.

Debit and credit card revenue primarily consists of debit and credit card interchange income. Interchange income represents fees assessed within the payment card system for acceptance of card-based transactions. Interchange fees are assessed as the performance obligation is satisfied, which is at the point in time the card transaction is authorized. Revenue is collected and recognized daily through the payment network settlement process.

Bancorp did not establish any contract assets or liabilities as a result of adopting ASC 606, nor were any recognized during the year ended December 31, 2020.

( 28 ) Subsequent Event

Effective January 27, 2021, Bancorp executed a definitive Share Purchase Agreement (“agreement”), pursuant to which Bancorp will acquire all of the outstanding common stock of publicly traded Kentucky Bancshares, Inc. Kentucky Bancshares, Inc., headquartered in Paris, Kentucky, is the holding company for Kentucky Bank, which operates 19 branches throughout the following central Kentucky cities: Paris (Bourbon County), Cynthiana (Harrison County), Georgetown (Scott County), Lexington (Fayette County), Morehead (Rowan County), Nicholasville (Jessamine County), Richmond (Madison County), Sandy Hook (Elliott County), Versailles (Woodford County), Wilmore (Jessamine County) and Winchester (Clark County).

Under the terms of the Agreement, the Company will acquire all outstanding common stock in a combined stock and cash transaction, resulting in a total consideration to Kentucky Bancshares existing shareholders of approximately $ 190 million. Bancorp will fund the cash payment portion of the acquisition through existing resources on-hand.

The acquisition is expected to close during second quarter of 2021, subject to customary regulatory approval and completion of customary closing conditions. As of December 31, 2020, Kentucky Bancshares, Inc. had approximately $ 1.2 billion in assets, $ 767 million in loans, $ 979 million in deposits and $ 114 million in tangible common equity. Kentucky Bancshares also maintains a Wealth Management and Trust Department with total assets under management of $ 258 million at December 31, 2020. The combined franchise will serve customers through 63 branches with total assets of approximately $ 5.8 billion, $ 4.3 billion in gross loans, $ 5.0 billion in deposits and over $ 4.1 billion in trust assets under management.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Audit Committee, Board of Directors and Stockholders

Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc.

Louisville, Kentucky

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”).  In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework) and our report dated February 26, 2021, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Change in Accounting Principle

As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for credit losses effective January 1, 2020 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Topic 326:  Financial Instruments - Credit Losses.  The adoption of new credit loss standard and its subsequent application is also communicated as a critical audit matter.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management.  Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits.

We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB.  Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.  Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks.  Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements.  Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements.  We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that:  (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments.  The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The Company’s loan portfolio totaled $3.5 billion as of December 31, 2020 and the associated allowance for credit losses on loans was $51.9 million.  The Company’s unfunded loan commitments totaled $1.4 billion, with an associated allowance for credit loss of $5.4 million.  Together these amounts represent the allowances for credit losses (“ACL”).  As discussed in Notes 1 and 5 to the consolidated financial statements, the allowance for credit losses related to loans is a contra-asset valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans to present the net amount expected to be collected.  As discussed in Notes 1 and 19 to the consolidated financial statements, the allowance for credit losses related to unfunded commitments is a liability account and is included in other liabilities.  The amount of each allowance account represented management’s best estimate of current expected credit losses on these financial instruments considering all relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relevant to assessing exposure to credit loss over the contractual term of the instrument.

In calculating the allowance for credit losses, loans were segmented into pools based upon similar risk characteristics.  For each loan pool, management measured expected credit losses over the life of each loan utilizing either a static pool model or a discounted cash flow (DCF) model.  The static pool model primarily utilized historical loss rates applied to the estimated remaining life of each pool.  The DCF model primarily measures probability of default (“PD”) and loss given default (“LGD”) with PD and LGD estimated by analyzing internally sourced data related to historical performance of each loan pool over a complete economic cycle.  The models were adjusted to reflect the current impact of certain macroeconomic variables as well as their expected changes over a reasonable and supportable forecast period.  After the reasonable and supportable forecast period, the forecasted macroeconomic variables were reverted to their historical mean utilizing a rational, systematic basis.

In some cases, management determined that an individual loan exhibited unique risk characteristics which differentiated the loan from other loans with the identified loan pools.  In such cases, the loans were evaluated for expected credit losses on an individual basis and excluded from the collective evaluation.

Management qualitatively adjusted model results for risk factors that were not considered within the modeling processes but were deemed relevant in assessing the expected credit losses within the loan pools, including considering the impact of COVID-19.  These qualitative factor adjustments modified management’s estimate of expected credit losses by a calculated percentage or amount based upon the estimated level of risk.

Auditing management’s estimate of the ACL involved a high degree of subjectivity due to the nature of the qualitative factor adjustments included in the allowances for credit losses and complexity due to the implementation of the static pool and DCF models.  Management’s identification and measurement of the qualitative factor adjustments is highly judgmental and could have a significant effect on the ACL.

How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit

The primary procedures we performed related to this CAM included:

●

Obtained an understanding of the Company’s process for establishing the ACL, including the implementation of models and the qualitative factor adjustments of the ACL

●

Evaluated and tested the design and operating effectiveness of related controls over the reliability and accuracy of data used to calculate and estimate the various components of the ACL including:

o

Loan data completeness and accuracy

o

Grouping of loans by segment

o

Model inputs utilized including PD, LGD, remaining life and prepayment speed

o

Approval of model assumptions selected

o

Establishment of qualitative factors

o

Loan risk ratings

●

Tested the mathematical accuracy of the calculation of the ACL

●

Performed reviews of individual credit files to evaluate the reasonableness of loan credit risk ratings

●

Tested internally prepared loan reviews to evaluate the reasonableness of loan credit risk ratings

●

Tested the completeness and accuracy, including the evaluation of the relevance and reliability, of inputs utilized in the calculation of the ACL

●

Evaluated the qualitative adjustments to the ACL including assessing the basis for adjustments and the reasonableness of the significant assumptions including consideration of the impact of COVID-19

●

Tested the reasonableness of specific reserves on individually reviewed loans

●

Evaluated credit quality trends in delinquencies, non-accruals, charge-offs and loan risk ratings

●

Evaluated the overall reasonableness of the ACL and evaluated trends identified within peer groups

●

Tested estimated utilization rate of unfunded loan commitments

/s/ BKD, LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018.

Indianapolis, Indiana

February 26, 2021

Name of Engagement Executive: Michael S. Moore

Federal Employer Identification Number: 44-0160260

Management ’ s Report on Consolidated Financial Statements

The accompanying consolidated financial statements and other financial data were prepared by the management of Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc. (Bancorp), which has the responsibility for the integrity of the information presented. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with GAAP and, as such, include amounts that are the best estimates and judgments of management with consideration given to materiality.

Management is further responsible for maintaining a system of internal controls designed to provide reasonable assurance that the books and records reflect the transactions of Bancorp and that its established policies and procedures are carefully followed. Management believes that Bancorp’s system, taken as a whole, provides reasonable assurance that transactions are executed in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization; transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP and to maintain accountability for assets; access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization, and the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences.

Management also seeks to assure the objectivity and integrity of Bancorp’s financial data by the careful selection and training of qualified personnel, an internal audit function and organizational arrangements that provide an appropriate division of responsibility.

BKD LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements of Bancorp included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has issued a report on Bancorp’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020. The report expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020.

The Board of Directors provides its oversight role for the consolidated financial statements through the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee meets periodically with management, the internal auditors, and the independent auditors, each on a private basis, to review matters relating to financial reporting, the internal control systems, and the scope and results of audit efforts. The internal and independent auditors have unrestricted access to the Audit Committee, with and without the presence of management, to discuss accounting, auditing, and financial reporting matters. The Audit Committee also recommends the appointment of the independent auditors to the Board of Directors, and ultimately has sole authority to appoint or replace the independent auditors.

/s/ James A. Hillebrand
James A. Hillebrand
Chairman and CEO
/s/ T. Clay Stinnett
T. Clay Stinnett
EVP and CFO

Item 9.

Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item	9A. Controls and Procedures.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Bancorp maintains disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that it is able to collect the information it is required to disclose in the reports it files with the SEC, and to record, process, summarize and disclose this information within the time periods specified in the rules of the SEC. Based on their evaluation of Bancorp’s disclosure controls and procedures which took place as of December 31, 2020, the Chairman/CEO and CFO believe that these controls and procedures are effective to ensure that Bancorp is able to collect, process and disclose the information it is required to disclose in the reports it files with the SEC within the required time periods.

Based on the evaluation of Bancorp’s disclosure controls and procedures by the Chairman/CEO and CFO; no changes occurred during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2020 in Bancorp’s internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, Bancorp’s internal control over financial reporting.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

The management of Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiary (Bancorp) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Bancorp’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of Bancorp’s Chairman/CEO and CFO, and effected by Bancorp’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance GAAP. This process includes those policies and procedures that:

●

Pertain to the maintenance of records, that in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of Bancorp;

●

Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of Bancorp are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of Bancorp; and

●

Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of Bancorp’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management has assessed the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on the control criteria established in a report entitled Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) , issued by the COSO. Based on such assessment, management has concluded that Bancorp’s internal control over financial reporting is effective as of December 31, 2020.

BKD LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements of Bancorp included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has also audited Bancorp’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020. Their report expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of Bancorp’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020.

/s/ James A. Hillebrand
James A. Hillebrand
Chairman and CEO
/s/ T. Clay Stinnett
T. Clay Stinnett
EVP and CFO

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Audit Committee, Board of Directors and Stockholders

Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc.

Louisville, Kentucky

Opinion on the Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc.’s (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020, and our report dated February 26, 2021, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.  Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB.  Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk.  Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances.  We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definitions and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ BKD, LLP

Indianapolis, Indiana

February 26, 2021

Item 9B.

Other Information.

None

PART III

Item 10.

Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

Information regarding the directors and executive officers of Bancorp is incorporated herein by reference to the discussion under the headings, “ ITEM 1. ELECTION OF TEN DIRECTORS ,” and “ DELINQUENT SECTION 16(a) REPORTS ” in Bancorp’s Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC for the 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (“Proxy Statement”)

Information regarding the Audit Committee is incorporated herein by reference to the discussion under the heading, “ BOARD OF DIRECTORS ’ MEETINGS AND COMMITTEES ” in Bancorp’s Proxy Statement.

Information regarding principal occupation of Bancorp directors as of December 31, 2020 follows:

Paul J. Bickel III – President, U.S. Specialties

J. McCauley Brown – Retired Vice President, Brown-Forman Corporation

David P. Heintzman – Chairman of the Board and Retired CEO, Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc. and Stock Yards Bank & Trust Company

Donna Heitzman – Retired Portfolio Manager, KKR Prisma Capital

Carl G. Herde – Vice President/Finance, Kentucky Hospital Association

James A. Hillebrand – CEO, Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc. and Stock Yards Bank & Trust Company

Richard A. Lechleiter – President, Catholic Education Foundation of Louisville

Stephen M. Priebe – President, Hall Contracting of Kentucky

John L. Schutte – CEO, GeriMed, Inc.

Norman Tasman – President, Tasman Industries Inc. and Tasman Hide Processing Inc.

Kathy C. Thompson – Senior EVP, Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc. and Stock Yards Bank & Trust Company and Manager of the Bank’s WM&T Division

The Board of Directors of Bancorp has adopted a code of ethics for its CEO and financial executives included under Exhibit 14.

The following table lists the names and ages as of December 31, 2020 of all current executive officers of Bancorp and the Bank. Each executive officer is appointed by Bancorp’s Board of Directors to serve at the discretion of the Board.

There is no arrangement or understanding between any executive officer or Bancorp or the Bank and any other person(s) pursuant to which he/she was or is to be selected as an officer.

Name and Age		Position and Offices with
of Executive Officer		Bancorp and/or the Bank
James A. Hillebrand		CEO of Bancorp and SYB
Age 52
Philip S. Poindexter		President of Bancorp and SYB
Age 54
Kathy C. Thompson		Senior EVP and Director of Bancorp and SYB
Age 59
T. Clay Stinnett		EVP, Treasurer and CFO of Bancorp and SYB
Age 47
William M. Dishman III		EVP and Chief Risk Officer of SYB
Age 57
Michael J. Croce		EVP and Director of Retail Banking of SYB
Age 51
Michael V. Rehm		EVP and Chief Lending Officer of SYB
Age 56

Mr. Hillebrand was elected Chairman of the Board effective January 2021. Prior thereto, he was appointed CEO of Bancorp and SYB in October 2018. Prior thereto, he served as President of Bancorp and SYB since 2008. Prior thereto, he served as EVP and Director of Private Banking of SYB since 2005. From 2000 to 2004, he served as SVP of Private Banking. Mr. Hillebrand joined the Bank in 1996.

Mr. Poindexter was appointed President of Bancorp and SYB in October 2018. Prior thereto, he served as Chief Lending Officer of SYB since 2008. Prior thereto, he served as EVP of SYB and Director of Commercial Banking. Mr. Poindexter joined the Bank in 2004.

Ms. Thompson was appointed Senior EVP of Bancorp and SYB in 2006. Prior thereto, she served as EVP of Bancorp and SYB. She joined SYB in 1992 as Manager of the WM&T Department.

Mr. Stinnett was appointed EVP, Treasurer and CFO of Bancorp and SYB in April 2019. Prior thereto, he served as EVP and Chief Strategic Officer of Bancorp and SYB since 2011. Prior thereto, he served as SVP and Chief Strategic Officer of SYB since 2005. Mr. Stinnett joined the Bank in 2000.

Mr. Dishman joined SYB as EVP and Chief Risk Officer in 2009.

Mr. Croce was appointed EVP of SYB and Director of Retail Banking in 2014. Prior thereto, he served as SVP of SYB and Division Manager of Business Banking. Mr. Croce joined SYB in 2004.

Mr. Rehm was appointed EVP and Chief Lending Officer of SYB in October 2018. Prior thereto, he served as SVP of SYB and Division Manager of Commercial Lending. Mr. Rehm joined SYB in 2006.

Item 11.

Executive Compensation.

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the discussion under the heading, “ EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION AND OTHER INFORMATION – REPORT ON EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION ” in Bancorp’s Proxy Statement.

Information regarding the Compensation Committee is incorporated herein by reference to the discussion under the heading, “ TRANSACTIONS WITH MANAGEMENT AND OTHERS ” in Bancorp’s Proxy Statement. The report of the Compensation Committee shall not be deemed filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, nor shall it be deemed soliciting material or subject to Regulation 14A of the Exchange Act or incorporated by reference in any filing under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act of 1933, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing.

Item 12.

Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the discussion under the headings, “ ITEM 1. ELECTION OF TEN DIRECTORS ” and “ DELINQUENT SECTION 16(a) REPORTS, ” in Bancorp’s Proxy Statement.

The information required by this item concerning equity compensation plan information is included in the Footnote titled “ Stock Based Compensation ” of the Footnotes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 13.

Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the discussion under the headings, “ ITEM 1. ELECTION OF TEN DIRECTORS ” and “ TRANSACTIONS WITH MANAGEMENT AND OTHERS, ” in Bancorp’s Proxy Statement.

Item 14.

Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the discussion under the sub heading “ Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm ” under the heading, “ REPORT OF THE AUDIT COMMITTEE ” in Bancorp’s Proxy Statement.

PART IV

Item 15.

Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

(a) (1)

Financial Statements:

Consolidated Balance Sheets – December 31, 2020 and 2019

Consolidated Statements of Income - years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity - years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018

Footnotes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms

(a) (2)

Financial Statement Schedules:

Financial statement schedules are omitted because the information is NA.

(a) ( 3 )

Exhibits :

3.1			Second Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of S.Y. Bancorp, Inc., filed with the Secretary of State of Kentucky on April 25, 2013. Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K filed April 25, 2013, is incorporated by reference herein.
3.2			Articles of Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation to change the name of the company to Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc., filed with the Secretary of State of Kentucky on April 23, 2014. Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K filed April 25, 2014, is incorporated by reference herein.
3.3			Articles of Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of common stock and adopt majority voting in uncontested director elections, filed with the Secretary of State of Kentucky on April 23, 2015. Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K filed April 27, 2015, is incorporated by reference herein.

3.4					Bylaws of Bancorp as currently in effect. Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K/A filed October 1, 2018, is incorporated by reference herein.
4.1					Description of Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc. Securities
10.1*					Stock Yards Bank & Trust Company Executive Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan (as Amended and Restated in 2009), as filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Form 8-K filed on December 19, 2008, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.2*					Stock Yards Bank & Trust Company Director Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan (as Amended and Restated in 2009), as filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Form 8-K filed on December 19, 2008, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.3*					Form of Stock Yards Bank & Trust Company Executive Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan Employer Contribution Agreement, as filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Form 8-K filed on October 23, 2006, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.4*					Stock Yards Bank & Trust Company 2009 Restated Senior Officers Security Plan Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed December 19, 2008, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.5*					Form of Change in Control Severance Agreement (Dishman, Stinnett and Croce), as filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Form 8-K filed January 28, 2010, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.6*					S.Y. Bancorp, Inc. 2005 Stock Incentive Plan, as filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed May 2, 2005, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.7*					Amendment No. 1 to S. Y. Bancorp, Inc. 2005 Stock Incentive Plan, as filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on April 22, 2010, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.8*					Form of Employer Contribution Agreement, Nancy Davis, Participant, as filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Form 8-K filed on October 23, 2006, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.9*					Terms of Restricted Stock Program, as filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on February 26, 2007, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.10*					Form of Restricted Stock Agreement (3 year vesting), as filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K filed on February 26, 2007, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.11*					Form of Stock Option Grant and Agreement (6 months vesting), as filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on January 19, 2006, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.12*					Form of Stock Option Grant and Agreement (5 year vesting), as filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K filed on January 19, 2006, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.13*					Form of Stock Appreciation Right Grant Agreement (6 month vesting), as filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on February 22, 2008, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.14*					Form of Stock Appreciation Right Grant Agreement (5 year vesting), as filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K filed on February 22, 2008, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.15*					Form of Indemnification Agreement between Stock Yards Bank & Trust Company, S.Y. Bancorp, Inc. and each member of the Board of Directors. Exhibit 10.3 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2001, of Bancorp is incorporated by reference herein.
10.16*					Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement (5 year vesting) between S.Y. Bancorp, Inc. and each recipient of restricted stock. Exhibit 10.21 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010, of Bancorp is incorporated by reference herein.
10.17*					Form of Director Restricted Stock Award Agreement (1 year vesting) between S.Y. Bancorp, Inc. and each member of the Board of Directors. Exhibit 10.22 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010, of Bancorp is incorporated by reference herein.
10.18*					Amendment No. 2 to the S. Y. Bancorp, Inc. 2005 Stock Incentive Plan, as filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on April 22, 2011, is incorporated by reference herein.

10.19*					Form of S.Y. Bancorp, Inc. Restricted Stock Unit Grant Agreement for grants prior to 2014, as filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K filed on April 22, 2011, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.20*					Form of Stock Appreciation Right Grant Agreement (5 year vesting) between S.Y. Bancorp, Inc. and each recipient of stock appreciation rights. Exhibit 10.25 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012, of Bancorp is incorporated by reference herein.
10.21*					Form of S.Y. Bancorp, Inc. Restricted Stock Unit Grant Agreement 2012 and Amendment thereto, as filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on March 20, 2013, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.22*					Form of Annual Cash Incentive Plan, as filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on April 26, 2013, is incorporated by reference herein.

10.23*

Amendment No. 3 to the S. Y. Bancorp, Inc. 2005 Stock Incentive Plan, as filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on November 22, 2013, is incorporated by reference herein.

10.24*					Amendment No. 1 to the Director Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan, as filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K filed on November 22, 2013, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.25*					Form of Director Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, as filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Form 8-K filed on November 22, 2013, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.26*					Form of Amended and Restated Change in Control Severance Agreement (for David Heintzman, Ja Hillebrand, Kathy Thompson and Nancy Davis), as filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on December 17, 2013, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.27*					Form of Annual Cash Bonus Plan (as amended December 16, 2013), as filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K filed on December 17, 2013, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.28*					Form of Restricted Stock Unit Grant Agreement for grants awarded 2014 and later, as filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Form 8-K filed on December 17, 2013, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.29*					Form of Amendment No. 1 Stock Yards Bank & Trust Company Executive Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan, as filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on December 18, 2014, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.30*					Form of Amendment No. 2 Stock Yards Bank & Trust Company Director Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan, as filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K filed on December 18, 2014, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.31*					Form of Restricted Stock Unit Grant Agreement as filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on March 19, 2015, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.32*					Amendment to Form of Restricted Stock Unit Grant Agreement as filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K/A filed on March 19, 2015, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.33*					Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc. 2015 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan, as filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8K, on April 27, 2015 is incorporated by reference herein.
10.34*					Form of Performance-Vested Stock Units Agreement, as filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on March 17, 2016, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.35*					Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Agreement, as filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K filed on March 17, 2016, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.36*					Form of Performance-Vested Stock Unit Grant Agreement, as filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on March 27, 2017, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.37B*					Amendment No. 1 to the Stock Yards Bancorp 2015 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan, as filed as Exhibit 10.37 to Form 10-K filed on March 13, 2018, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.38*					Amendment No. 2 to the Stock Yards Bancorp 2015 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan, as filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on May 1, 2018, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.39*					Executive Transition Agreement by and among David P. Heintzman, Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc., and Stock Yards Bank & Trust Company, as filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on May 29, 2018, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.40*					Amended and Restated Change in Control Severance Agreement between Stock Yards Bank & Trust Company and Phillip S. Poindexter, as filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K filed on May 29, 2018, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.41*					Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Grant Agreement, as filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on October 5, 2018, is incorporated by reference herein.
10.42*					Executive Transition Agreement by and among Nancy B. Davis, Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc., and Stock Yards Bank & Trust Company, as filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on November 23, 2018 is incorporated by reference herein.
14					Code of Ethics for the CEO and Financial Executives
21					Subsidiary of the Registrant

23.1					Consent of BKD LLP
31.1					Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act by James A Hillebrand
31.2					Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act by T. Clay Stinnett
32.1**					Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 by James A. Hillebrand
32.2**					Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 by T. Clay Stinnett

101				The following financial statements from the Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc. December 31, 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on February 26, 2021, formatted in inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (1)  Consolidated Balance Sheets (2)  Consolidated Statements of Income (3)  Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (4)  Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (5)  Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (6)  Footnotes to Consolidated Financial Statements
104				The cover page from Stock Yards Bancorp Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, formatted in inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101.
	* Indicates matters related to executive compensation or other management contracts .
	** This certification shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

( b )

Exhibits :

The exhibits listed in response to Item 15(a) 3 are filed or furnished as part of this report.

( c )

Financial Statement Schedules :

None.

Item 16.

Form 10-K Summary

NA

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Date: February 26, 2021	STOCK YARDS BANCORP, INC. (Registrant)
	By:	/s/ James A. Hillebrand
		James A. Hillebrand
		Chairman and CEO

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

/s/ James A. Hillebrand		Chairman and CEO	February 26, 2021
James A. Hillebrand		(principal executive officer)
/s/ T. Clay Stinnett		EVP and CFO	February 26, 2021
T. Clay Stinnett		(principal financial officer)
/s/ Michael B. Newton		SVP and Principal Accounting Officer	February 26, 2021
Michael B. Newton
/s/ David P. Heintzman		Director	February 26, 2021
David P. Heintzman
/s/ Paul J. Bickel III		Director	February 26, 2021
Paul J. Bickel III
/s/ J. McCauley Brown		Director	February 26, 2021
J. McCauley Brown
/s/ Donna L. Heitzman		Director	February 26, 2021
Donna L. Heitzman
/s/ Carl G. Herde		Director	February 26, 2021
Carl G. Herde

/s/ Richard A. Lechleiter		Director	February 26, 2021
Richard A. Lechleiter
/s/ Stephen M. Priebe		Director	February 26, 2021
Stephen M. Priebe
/s/ John L. Schutte		Director	February 26, 2021
John L. Schutte
/s/ Norman Tasman		Director	February 26, 2021
Norman Tasman
/s/ Kathy C. Thompson		Senior EVP and Director	February 26, 2021
Kathy C. Thompson