WRB 10-Q Quarterly Report Sept. 30, 2025

BERKLEY W R CORP

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wrb-20250930

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

(Mark one)


☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2025


☐			Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

For the Transition Period from to .


Commission File Number			1-15202

W. R. BERKLEY CORP ORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

22-1867895

(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

475 Steamboat Road

Greenwich

Connecticut

06830

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)


(203)			629-3000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)


			None
Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report .

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title	Trading Symbol	Name

Common Stock, par value $.20 per share	WRB	New York Stock Exchange


5.700% Subordinated Debentures due 2058	WRB-PE	New York Stock Exchange
5.100% Subordinated Debentures due 2059	WRB-PF	New York Stock Exchange
4.250% Subordinated Debentures due 2060	WRB-PG	New York Stock Exchange
4.125% Subordinated Debentures due 2061	WRB-PH	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☒

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Number of shares of common stock, $.20 par value, outstanding as of October 28, 2025: 380,021,174

TABLE OF CONTENTS


Part I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
			Item 1. Financial Statements
			Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
			Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk
			Item 4. Controls and Procedures
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
			Item 1. Legal Proceedings
			Item 1A. Risk Factors
			Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
			Item 5. Other Information
			Item 6. Exhibits
SIGNATURES

EX-31.1
EX-31.2
EX-32.1
EX-101 INSTANCE DOCUMENT
EX-101 SCHEMA DOCUMENT
EX-101 CALCULATION LINKBASE DOCUMENT
EX-101 LABELS LINKBASE DOCUMENT
EX-101 PRESENTATION LINKBASE DOCUMENT
EX-101 DEFINITION LINKBASE DOCUMENT

Part I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1 . Financial Statements

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share data)


	September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
	(Unaudited)		(Audited)
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturity securities (amortized cost of $ 25,136,312 and $ 23,010,899 ; allowance for expected credit losses of $ 283 and $ 671 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively)	$	24,947,949	$	22,397,865
Investment funds	1,430,991		1,468,246
Real estate	1,305,299		1,291,455
Equity securities	1,382,432		1,203,788
Arbitrage trading account	1,070,304		1,122,599
Loans receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $ 258 and $ 1,114 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively)	326,855		405,453

Total investments	30,463,830		27,889,406
Cash and cash equivalents	2,404,019		1,974,747
Premiums and fees receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $ 39,925 and $ 39,884 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively)	3,535,372		3,266,845
Due from reinsurers (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $ 6,599 and $ 8,350 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively)	3,472,067		3,557,695
Deferred policy acquisition costs	1,030,935		951,728
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	884,637		823,207
Trading account receivables from brokers and clearing organizations	113,330		60,327
Property, furniture and equipment	492,800		478,511
Goodwill	184,332		184,332
Accrued investment income	248,860		243,772
Current and deferred federal and foreign income taxes	—		140,966

Other assets	885,035		877,099
Total assets	$	43,715,217	$	40,448,635

Liabilities and Equity
Liabilities:
Reserves for losses and loss expenses	$	21,757,035	$	20,368,030
Unearned premiums	6,910,056		6,375,112
Due to reinsurers	626,193		668,652
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	34,509		73,358


Current and deferred federal and foreign income taxes	23,485		—
Other liabilities	1,719,078		1,715,078
Subordinated debentures	1,010,347		1,009,808
Senior notes and other debt	1,829,511		1,831,158

Total liabilities	33,910,214		32,041,196
Equity:
Preferred stock, par value $ .10 per share:
Authorized 5,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding - none	—		—
Common stock, par value $ .20 per share:
Authorized 1,875,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding, net of treasury shares, 379,877,184 and 380,066,070 shares, respectively	158,705		158,705
Additional paid-in capital	981,817		984,825
Retained earnings	13,306,597		12,265,070
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	( 506,156 )		( 934,269 )
Treasury stock, at cost, 413,644,625 and 413,455,739 shares, respectively	( 4,142,071 )		( 4,079,220 )
Total stockholders’ equity	9,798,892		8,395,111
Noncontrolling interests	6,111		12,328
Total equity	9,805,003		8,407,439
Total liabilities and equity	$	43,715,217	$	40,448,635

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)

(In thousands, except per share data)


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,

	2025		2024		2025		2024
REVENUES:
Net premiums written	$	3,226,930	$	3,057,276	$	9,711,672	$	9,035,346
Change in net unearned premiums	( 70,548 )		( 130,453 )		( 444,724 )		( 497,761 )
Net premiums earned	3,156,382		2,926,823		9,266,948		8,537,585
Net investment income	351,238		323,756		1,090,833		1,015,723
Net investment gains (losses):
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments	78,800		( 23,362 )		125,044		( 72,165 )

Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments	160		15,276		1,244		31,347
Net investment gains (losses)	78,960		( 8,086 )		126,288		( 40,818 )
Revenues from non-insurance businesses	150,335		128,610		408,083		375,307
Insurance service fees	30,924		28,666		92,610		81,583
Other income	397		610		1,681		1,804
Total revenues	3,768,236		3,400,379		10,986,443		9,971,184


OPERATING COSTS AND EXPENSES:
Losses and loss expenses	1,968,857		1,825,960		5,825,073		5,270,334
Other operating costs and expenses	975,333		943,365		2,964,550		2,704,890
Expenses from non-insurance businesses	144,176		124,885		392,976		364,612
Interest expense	31,760		31,720		95,265		95,156
Total operating costs and expenses	3,120,126		2,925,930		9,277,864		8,434,992
Income before income taxes	648,110		474,449		1,708,579		1,536,192
Income tax expense	( 136,141 )		( 109,135 )		( 378,551 )		( 356,958 )
Net income before noncontrolling interests	511,969		365,314		1,330,028		1,179,234
Noncontrolling interests	( 937 )		320		( 136 )		780
Net income to common stockholders	$	511,032	$	365,634	$	1,329,892	$	1,180,014

NET INCOME PER SHARE:
Basic	$	1.29	$	0.92	$	3.35	$	2.95
Diluted	$	1.28	$	0.91	$	3.32	$	2.92

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)

(In thousands)


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,

	2025		2024		2025		2024
Net income before noncontrolling interests	$	511,969	$	365,314	$	1,330,028	$	1,179,234
Other comprehensive income:
Change in unrealized currency translation adjustments	( 5,685 )		49,503		87,663		25,160
Change in unrealized investment gains, net of taxes	71,913		380,993		340,451		297,533

Other comprehensive income	66,228		430,496		428,114		322,693
Comprehensive income	578,197		795,810		1,758,142		1,501,927
Noncontrolling interests	( 937 )		320		( 135 )		779
Comprehensive income to common stockholders	$	577,260	$	796,130	$	1,758,007	$	1,502,706

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

(In thousands, except per share data)


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,

	2025		2024		2025		2024
COMMON STOCK:
Beginning and end of period	$	158,705	$	158,705	$	158,705	$	158,705
ADDITIONAL PAID-IN CAPITAL:
Beginning of period	$	1,005,428	$	986,892	$	984,825	$	964,789
Restricted stock units issued	( 36,745 )		( 26,930 )		( 41,630 )		( 30,075 )
Restricted stock units expensed	13,134		13,070		38,622		38,318

End of period	$	981,817	$	973,032	$	981,817	$	973,032
RETAINED EARNINGS:
Beginning of period	$	12,829,755	$	11,669,567	$	12,265,070	$	11,040,908

Net income to common stockholders	511,032		365,634		1,329,892		1,180,014
Dividends ($ 0.09 , $ 0.33 , $ 0.76 and $ 0.81 per share, respectively)	( 34,190 )		( 125,793 )		( 288,365 )		( 311,514 )
End of period	$	13,306,597	$	11,909,408	$	13,306,597	$	11,909,408
ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS:
Unrealized investment losses:
Beginning of period	$	( 248,633 )	$	( 669,813 )	$	( 517,170 )	$	( 586,354 )

Change in unrealized gains on securities without an allowance for expected credit losses	95,534		369,827		364,144		293,064
Change in unrealized (losses) gains on securities with an allowance for expected credit losses	( 23,621 )		11,166		( 23,694 )		4,470
End of period	( 176,720 )		( 288,820 )		( 176,720 )		( 288,820 )
Currency translation adjustments:
Beginning of period	( 323,751 )		( 363,827 )		( 417,099 )		( 339,484 )
Net change in period	( 5,685 )		49,503		87,663		25,160
End of period	( 329,436 )		( 314,324 )		( 329,436 )		( 314,324 )




Total accumulated other comprehensive loss	$	( 506,156 )	$	( 603,144 )	$	( 506,156 )	$	( 603,144 )
TREASURY STOCK:
Beginning of period	$	( 4,126,967 )	$	( 4,007,742 )	$	( 4,079,220 )	$	( 3,783,133 )
Stock exercised/vested	9,176		8,164		11,012		9,488
Stock repurchased	( 24,627 )		( 12,480 )		( 73,829 )		( 236,243 )
Other	347		321		( 34 )		( 1,849 )
End of period	$	( 4,142,071 )	$	( 4,011,737 )	$	( 4,142,071 )	$	( 4,011,737 )
NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS:
Beginning of period	$	10,271	$	13,269	$	12,328	$	13,806
(Distributions) contributions	( 5,097 )		189		( 6,352 )		111
Net income (loss)	937		( 320 )		136		( 780 )
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax	—		—		( 1 )		1
End of period	$	6,111	$	13,138	$	6,111	$	13,138

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

(In thousands)


	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,

	2025		2024
CASH FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income to common stockholders	$	1,329,892	$	1,180,014
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:
Net investment (gains) losses	( 126,288 )		40,818
Depreciation and (accretion) amortization	( 32,824 )		( 156,993 )
Noncontrolling interests	136		( 780 )
Investment funds	( 59,713 )		( 868 )
Stock incentive plans	40,622		40,319
Change in:
Arbitrage trading account	( 39,557 )		36,714
Premiums and fees receivable	( 247,505 )		( 311,827 )
Reinsurance accounts	( 37,028 )		85,226
Deferred policy acquisition costs	( 78,896 )		( 94,393 )
Income taxes	71,971		16,825

Reserves for losses and loss expenses	1,321,812		1,402,623
Unearned premiums	510,644		569,416
Other	( 65,782 )		61,241
Net cash from operating activities	2,587,484		2,868,335
CASH USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from sale of fixed maturity securities	875,126		1,688,623
Proceeds from sale of equity securities	303,275		288,366
Distributions from investment funds	101,904		15,533
Proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed maturity securities	4,020,129		3,483,326
Purchase of fixed maturity securities	( 6,844,620 )		( 7,177,379 )
Purchase of equity securities	( 338,528 )		( 186,382 )
Real estate purchased	( 12,315 )		( 66,813 )

Change in loans receivable	102,641		( 173,548 )
Net purchases of property, furniture and equipment	( 53,737 )		( 91,670 )
Change in balances due to security brokers	59,870		122,519



Net cash used in investing activities	( 1,786,255 )		( 2,097,425 )
CASH USED IN FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Repayment of senior notes and other debt	( 1,724 )		( 240 )


Cash dividends to common stockholders	( 288,365 )		( 311,514 )
Purchase of common treasury shares	( 73,829 )		( 236,243 )
Other, net	( 44,468 )		( 13,944 )
Net cash used in financing activities	( 408,386 )		( 561,941 )
Net impact on cash due to change in foreign exchange rates	36,429		1,074
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	429,272		210,043
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	1,974,747		1,363,195
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	2,404,019	$	1,573,238

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

W. R. Berkley Corporation and Subsidiaries

NOTES TO INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED )

(1) General

The unaudited consolidated financial statements, which include the accounts of W. R. Berkley Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company”), have been prepared on the basis of U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and notes required by GAAP for annual financial statements. The unaudited consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring items, which are necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position and results of operations on a basis consistent with the prior audited consolidated financial statements. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the revenues and expenses reflected during the reporting period. For further information related to areas of judgment and estimates and other information necessary to understand the Company’s financial position and results of operations, refer to the audited consolidated financial statements and notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

For interim periods, the income tax provision is based upon the Company’s estimated annual effective tax rate. This rate is greater than the federal income tax rate of 21%, primarily due to the geographical mix of earnings and amounts being subject to tax at a rate greater than the U.S. statutory rate and state taxes, which are partially offset by tax benefits related to tax-exempt investment income. Tax benefits related to equity-based compensation are recorded discretely in the period in which it occurs.

(2) Per Share Data

The Company presents both basic and diluted net income per share (“EPS”) amounts. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period (including 17,659,297 and 17,495,175 common shares held in a grantor trust as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively). The common shares held in the grantor trust are designated for delivery upon the settlement of restricted stock units ("RSUs") that are vested but mandatorily deferred. Accordingly, such shares deliverable under vested RSUs do not affect diluted shares outstanding since the shares are already included in basic shares outstanding (which includes the shares in the grantor trust referenced above). Diluted EPS is based upon the weighted average number of basic and common equivalent shares outstanding during the period and is calculated using the treasury stock method for stock incentive plans. Common equivalent shares are excluded from the computation in periods in which they have an anti-dilutive effect.

The weighted average number of common shares used in the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share was as follows:


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,		For the Nine Months Ended September 30,

(In thousands)	2025	2024	2025	2024
Basic	397,220	398,338	397,056	400,302
Diluted	400,204	401,817	400,306	404,053

(3) Recent Accounting Pronouncements and Accounting Policies

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements:

All accounting and reporting standards that became effective in 2025 were either not applicable to the Company or their adoption did not have a material impact on the Company.

Accounting and reporting standards that are not yet effective:

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740), to enhance the transparency and usefulness of income tax disclosures. The guidance requires additional disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company will provide these additional disclosures in its financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025.

All other recently issued but not yet effective accounting and reporting standards are either not applicable to the Company or are not expected to have a material impact on the Company.

(4) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following table presents the components of the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI"):


(In thousands)	Unrealized Investment (Losses) Gains			Currency Translation Adjustments		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
As of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2025
Changes in AOCI
Beginning of period	$	( 517,170 )		$	( 417,099 )	$	( 934,269 )


Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	311,566			87,663		399,229
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	28,885			—		28,885
Other comprehensive income	340,451			87,663		428,114
Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest	( 1 )			—		( 1 )
End of period	$	( 176,720 )		$	( 329,436 )	$	( 506,156 )
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
Pre-tax	$	36,563	(1)	$	—	$	36,563
Tax effect	( 7,678 )		(2)	—		( 7,678 )
After-tax amounts reclassified	$	28,885		$	—	$	28,885
Other comprehensive income
Pre-tax	$	431,462		$	87,663	$	519,125
Tax effect	( 91,011 )			—		( 91,011 )
Other comprehensive income	$	340,451		$	87,663	$	428,114

As of and for the three months ended September 30, 2025
Changes in AOCI
Beginning of period	$	( 248,633 )		$	( 323,751 )	$	( 572,384 )


Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	68,946			( 5,685 )		63,261
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	2,967			—		2,967
Other comprehensive income (loss)	71,913			( 5,685 )		66,228
Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest	—			—		—
End of period	$	( 176,720 )		$	( 329,436 )	$	( 506,156 )
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
Pre-tax	$	3,755	(1)	$	—	$	3,755
Tax effect	( 788 )		(2)	—		( 788 )
After-tax amounts reclassified	$	2,967		$	—	$	2,967
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Pre-tax	$	87,749		$	( 5,685 )	$	82,064
Tax effect	( 15,836 )			—		( 15,836 )
Other comprehensive income (loss)	$	71,913		$	( 5,685 )	$	66,228


(In thousands)	Unrealized Investment (Losses) Gains			Currency Translation Adjustments		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
As of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2024
Changes in AOCI
Beginning of period	$	( 586,354 )		$	( 339,484 )	$	( 925,838 )


Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	218,087			25,160		243,247
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	79,446			—		79,446
Other comprehensive income	297,533			25,160		322,693
Unrealized investment gain related to noncontrolling interest	1			—		1
End of period	$	( 288,820 )		$	( 314,324 )	$	( 603,144 )
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
Pre-tax	$	100,565	(1)	$	—	$	100,565
Tax effect	( 21,119 )		(2)	—		( 21,119 )
After-tax amounts reclassified	$	79,446		$	—	$	79,446
Other comprehensive income
Pre-tax	$	370,831		$	25,160	$	395,991
Tax effect	( 73,298 )			—		( 73,298 )
Other comprehensive income	$	297,533		$	25,160	$	322,693

As of and for the three months ended September 30, 2024
Changes in AOCI
Beginning of period	$	( 669,813 )		$	( 363,827 )	$	( 1,033,640 )


Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	374,110			49,503		423,613
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	6,883			—		6,883
Other comprehensive income	380,993			49,503		430,496
Unrealized investment gain related to noncontrolling interest	—			—		—
End of period	$	( 288,820 )		$	( 314,324 )	$	( 603,144 )
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
Pre-tax	$	8,713	(1)	$	—	$	8,713
Tax effect	( 1,830 )		(2)	—		( 1,830 )
After-tax amounts reclassified	$	6,883		$	—	$	6,883
Other comprehensive income
Pre-tax	$	480,768		$	49,503	$	530,271
Tax effect	( 99,775 )			—		( 99,775 )
Other comprehensive income	$	380,993		$	49,503	$	430,496

____________

(1) Net investment gains in the consolidated statements of income.

(2) Income tax expense in the consolidated statements of income.

(5) Statements of Cash Flows

Interest payments were $ 104,361,000 and $ 116,462,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Income tax payments were $ 247,260,000 and $ 271,739,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(6) Investments in Fixed Maturity Securities

At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, investments in fixed maturity securities were as follows:


(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses (1)		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value		Carrying Value
					Gains		Losses
September 30, 2025
Held to maturity:
State and municipal	$	28,378	$	( 11 )	$	1,068	$	—	$	29,435	$	28,367
Residential mortgage-backed	1,953		—		77		—		2,030		1,953
Total held to maturity	30,331		( 11 )		1,145		—		31,465		30,320
Available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency	3,453,203		—		44,713		( 19,679 )		3,478,237		3,478,237
State and municipal:
Special revenue	1,284,059		—		6,182		( 31,536 )		1,258,705		1,258,705
State general obligation	234,610		—		3,580		( 4,760 )		233,430		233,430
Pre-refunded	74,625		—		807		( 113 )		75,319		75,319
Corporate backed	183,872		—		1,945		( 4,325 )		181,492		181,492
Local general obligation	227,061		—		1,489		( 3,360 )		225,190		225,190
Total state and municipal	2,004,227		—		14,003		( 44,094 )		1,974,136		1,974,136
Mortgage-backed:
Residential	4,723,950		—		54,056		( 140,189 )		4,637,817		4,637,817
Commercial	327,655		—		4,123		( 149 )		331,629		331,629
Total mortgage-backed	5,051,605		—		58,179		( 140,338 )		4,969,446		4,969,446
Asset-backed	3,829,765		—		21,637		( 20,228 )		3,831,174		3,831,174
Corporate:
Industrial	3,692,392		—		56,493		( 42,887 )		3,705,998		3,705,998
Financial	3,497,735		—		64,506		( 17,838 )		3,544,403		3,544,403
Utilities	1,239,824		—		21,902		( 8,995 )		1,252,731		1,252,731
Other	236,635		—		2,562		( 1,557 )		237,640		237,640
Total corporate	8,666,586		—		145,463		( 71,277 )		8,740,772		8,740,772
Foreign government	2,100,595		( 272 )		28,603		( 205,062 )		1,923,864		1,923,864
Total available for sale	25,105,981		( 272 )		312,598		( 500,678 )		24,917,629		24,917,629
Total investments in fixed maturity securities	$	25,136,312	$	( 283 )	$	313,743	$	( 500,678 )	$	24,949,094	$	24,947,949

____________

(1) Represents the amount of impairment that has resulted from credit-related factors. The change in the allowance for expected credit losses is recognized in the consolidated statements of income. Amount excludes unrealized losses relating to non-credit factors.


(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses (1)		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value		Carrying Value
					Gains		Losses
December 31, 2024
Held to maturity:
State and municipal	$	42,145	$	( 25 )	$	1,492	$	—	$	43,612	$	42,120
Residential mortgage-backed	2,292		—		69		—		2,361		2,292

Total held to maturity	44,437		( 25 )		1,561		—		45,973		44,412
Available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency	2,268,596		—		9,608		( 42,863 )		2,235,341		2,235,341
State and municipal:
Special revenue	1,581,778		—		3,521		( 67,591 )		1,517,708		1,517,708
State general obligation	272,936		—		1,439		( 8,981 )		265,394		265,394
Pre-refunded	85,340		—		599		( 347 )		85,592		85,592
Corporate backed	158,322		—		1,079		( 5,827 )		153,574		153,574
Local general obligation	278,165		—		922		( 6,711 )		272,376		272,376
Total state and municipal	2,376,541		—		7,560		( 89,457 )		2,294,644		2,294,644
Mortgage-backed:
Residential	3,411,796		( 5 )		11,047		( 189,630 )		3,233,208		3,233,208
Commercial	534,936		( 425 )		1,201		( 3,430 )		532,282		532,282
Total mortgage-backed	3,946,732		( 430 )		12,248		( 193,060 )		3,765,490		3,765,490
Asset-backed	3,910,363		—		16,161		( 41,512 )		3,885,012		3,885,012
Corporate:
Industrial	3,746,501		—		14,518		( 93,820 )		3,667,199		3,667,199
Financial	3,339,718		—		18,871		( 38,076 )		3,320,513		3,320,513
Utilities	795,839		—		2,970		( 20,115 )		778,694		778,694
Other	653,194		—		2,493		( 4,452 )		651,235		651,235
Total corporate	8,535,252		—		38,852		( 156,463 )		8,417,641		8,417,641
Foreign government	1,928,978		( 216 )		11,936		( 185,373 )		1,755,325		1,755,325
Total available for sale	22,966,462		( 646 )		96,365		( 708,728 )		22,353,453		22,353,453
Total investments in fixed maturity securities	$	23,010,899	$	( 671 )	$	97,926	$	( 708,728 )	$	22,399,426	$	22,397,865

____________

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for held to maturity securities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:


(In thousands)	2025		2024
Balance, beginning of period	$	25	$	43

Provision for expected credit losses	( 14 )		( 13 )
Balance, end of period	$	11	$	30

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for held to maturity securities for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:


(In thousands)	2025		2024
Balance, beginning of period	$	14	$	34

Provision for expected credit losses	( 3 )		( 4 )
Balance, end of period	$	11	$	30

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for available for sale securities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:


	2025				2024
(In thousands)	Foreign Government		Mortgage-backed		State and Municipal		Total		Foreign Government		Corporate		Mortgage-backed		Asset-backed		State and Municipal		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	216	$	430	$	—	$	646	$	29,603	$	5,026	$	158	$	1,164	$	757	$	36,708

Change on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	3		—		10		13		347		—		1,701		—		—		2,048
Change on securities for which credit losses were previously recorded	53		( 430 )		( 10 )		( 387 )		( 23,216 )		( 5,026 )		( 1,246 )		( 618 )		( 757 )		( 30,863 )
Reduction due to disposals	—		—		—		—		( 379 )		—		( 561 )		—		—		( 940 )
Balance, end of period	$	272	$	—	$	—	$	272	$	6,355	$	—	$	52	$	546	$	—	$	6,953

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company decreased the allowance for expected credit losses for available for sale securities primarily due to improved pricing related to mortgage-backed securities. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company decreased the allowance for expected credit losses for available for sale securities primarily due to improved pricing associated with foreign government securities and corporate securities.

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for available for sale securities for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:


	2025						2024
(In thousands)	Foreign Government		Mortgage-backed		State and Municipal		Total		Foreign Government		Mortgage-backed		Asset-backed		State and Municipal		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	318	$	—	$	—	$	318	$	19,469	$	1,140	$	889	$	339	$	21,837

Change on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	3		—		—		3		47		—		—		—		47
Change on securities for which credit losses were previously recorded	( 49 )		—		—		( 49 )		( 12,782 )		( 1,088 )		( 343 )		( 339 )		( 14,552 )
Reduction due to disposals	—		—		—		—		( 379 )		—		—		—		( 379 )
Balance, end of period	$	272	$	—	$	—	$	272	$	6,355	$	52	$	546	$	—	$	6,953

The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity securities at September 30, 2025, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.



(In thousands)	Amortized Cost (1)		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	1,725,973	$	1,709,614
Due after one year through five years	8,643,436		8,513,861
Due after five years through ten years	3,941,977		3,971,308
Due after ten years	5,771,357		5,782,835
Mortgage-backed securities	5,053,558		4,971,476
Total	$	25,136,301	$	24,949,094

________________

(1) Amortized cost is reduced by the allowance for expected credit losses of $ 11 thousand related to held to maturity securities.

At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no investments that exceeded 10% of common stockholders' equity, other than investments in United States government and government agency securities.

(7) Investments in Equity Securities

At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, investments in equity securities were as follows:


(In thousands)	Cost		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value		Carrying Value
			Gains		Losses
September 30, 2025
Common stocks	$	571,667	$	159,201	$	( 8,918 )	$	721,950	$	721,950
Preferred stocks	455,784		209,432		( 4,734 )		660,482		660,482
Total	$	1,027,451	$	368,633	$	( 13,652 )	$	1,382,432	$	1,382,432

December 31, 2024
Common stocks	$	612,479	$	223,981	$	( 76,293 )	$	760,167	$	760,167
Preferred stocks	329,495		122,716		( 8,590 )		443,621		443,621
Total	$	941,974	$	346,697	$	( 84,883 )	$	1,203,788	$	1,203,788

(8) Arbitrage Trading Account

At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair and carrying values of the arbitrage trading account were $ 1,070 million and $ 1,123 million, respectively. The primary focus of the trading account is merger arbitrage. Merger arbitrage is the business of investing in the securities of publicly held companies which are the targets in announced tender offers and mergers. Arbitrage investing differs from other types of investing in its focus on transactions and events believed likely to bring about a change in value over a relatively short time period (usually four months or less).

The Company uses put options and call options in order to mitigate the impact of potential changes in market conditions on the merger arbitrage trading account. These options are reported at fair value. As of September 30, 2025, the fair value of long option contracts outstanding was $ 6 million (notional amount of $ 156 million) and the fair value of short option contracts was $ 34 million (notional amount of $ 163 million). Other than with respect to the use of these trading account securities, the Company does not make use of derivatives.

(9) Net Investment Income

Net investment income consisted of the following:


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,

(In thousands)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Investment income (loss) earned on:
Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable	$	324,319	$	295,272	$	960,625	$	954,655

Arbitrage trading account (1)	16,309		17,869		56,309		52,562
Equity securities	11,497		12,203		34,623		35,924
Investment funds	5,421		4,741		59,713		868
Real estate	( 3,373 )		( 3,711 )		( 11,482 )		( 20,579 )

Gross investment income	354,173		326,374		1,099,788		1,023,430
Investment expense	( 2,935 )		( 2,618 )		( 8,955 )		( 7,707 )
Net investment income	$	351,238	$	323,756	$	1,090,833	$	1,015,723

(1) Net investment income includes earnings from trading account receivables from brokers and clearing organizations.

(10) Investment Funds

The Company evaluates whether it is an investor in a variable interest entity ("VIE"). Such entities do not have sufficient equity at risk to finance their activities without additional subordinated financial support, or the equity investors, as a group, do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest (primary beneficiary). The Company determines whether it is the primary beneficiary of an entity subject to consolidation based on a qualitative assessment of the VIE's capital structure, contractual terms, nature of the VIE's operations and purpose, and the Company's relative exposure to the related risks of the VIE on the date it becomes initially involved in the VIE and on an ongoing basis. The Company is not the primary beneficiary in any of its investment funds, and accordingly, carries its interests in investment funds under the equity method of accounting.

The Company’s maximum exposure to loss with respect to these investments is limited to the carrying amount reported on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and its unfunded commitments, which were $ 252 million as of September 30, 2025.

Investment funds consisted of the following:


	Carrying Value as of				Income (Loss) from Investment Funds
	September 30,		December 31,		For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Financial services	$	374,134	$	430,163	$	9,917	$	( 16,908 )
Transportation	272,874		286,426		29,325		962
Real Estate	177,082		178,685		2,054		11,471
Infrastructure	164,911		151,560		10,279		12,730
Energy	42,429		42,776		667		9,473
Other funds	399,561		378,636		7,471		( 16,860 )
Total	$	1,430,991	$	1,468,246	$	59,713	$	868

The Company's share of the earnings or losses from investment funds is generally reported on a one-quarter lag in order to facilitate the timely completion of the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Financial services investment funds include the minority investment in Lifson Re Ltd. ("Lifson Re"), a Bermuda reinsurance company. Lifson Re participated on a fully collateralized basis in a majority of the Company’s reinsurance placements for a 30.0 % share of placed amounts in 2024, which percentage was increased to 32.5 % effective January 1, 2025. This pertains to all traditional reinsurance/retrocessional placements for both property and casualty business where there is more than one open market reinsurer participating. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company ceded approximately $ 482 million and $ 315 million, respectively, of written premiums to Lifson Re.

Other funds include deferred compensation trust assets of $ 42 million and $ 38 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. These assets support other liabilities reflected in the balance sheet of an equal amount for employees who have elected to defer a portion of their compensation. The change in the net asset value of the trust is recorded in other funds within net investment income with an offsetting equal amount within corporate expenses.

(11) Real Estate

Investment in real estate represents directly owned property held for investment, as follows:


	Carrying Value
	September 30,		December 31,
(In thousands)	2025		2024
Properties in operation	$	1,077,045	$	1,063,687
Properties under development	228,254		227,768
Total	$	1,305,299	$	1,291,455

As of September 30, 2025, properties in operation included a long-term ground lease in Washington, D.C., an office complex in New York City and the completed portion of a mixed-use project in Washington D.C. Properties in operation are net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of $ 40,063,000 and $ 38,671,000 as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Related depreciation expense was $ 6,997,000 and $ 6,401,000 for the nine months ended September 30,

2025 and 2024, respectively. Future minimum rental income expected on operating leases relating to properties in operation is $ 9,091,129 in 2025, $ 37,664,526 in 2026, $ 40,023,613 in 2027, $ 41,331,567 in 2028, $ 36,367,986 in 2029, $ 30,658,209 in 2030 and $ 430,404,988 thereafter.

A mixed-use project in Washington, D.C. had been under development in 2025 and 2024. The completed portion of the project is reported in properties in operation.

(12) Loans Receivable

At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, loans receivable were as follows:


(In thousands)	September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Amortized cost (net of allowance for expected credit losses):
Real estate loans	$	326,779	$	402,382
Commercial loans	76		3,071
Total	$	326,855	$	405,453

Fair value:
Real estate loans	$	327,026	$	402,177
Commercial loans	76		3,071
Total	$	327,102	$	405,248

The real estate loans are secured by commercial and residential real estate primarily located in the U.K. and New York. These loans generally earn interest at fixed or stepped interest rates and have maturities through 2028. The commercial loan is with one small business owner who has secured the related financing with the assets of the business. The commercial loan earns interest on a fixed basis and matures in 2026.

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for loans receivable for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:


	2025						2024
(In thousands)	Real Estate Loans		Commercial Loans		Total		Real Estate Loans		Commercial Loans		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	1,088	$	26	$	1,114	$	2,983	$	21	$	3,004

Change in expected credit losses	( 841 )		( 15 )		( 856 )		( 1,581 )		2		( 1,579 )
Balance, end of period	$	247	$	11	$	258	$	1,402	$	23	$	1,425

During nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company decreased the allowance for expected credit losses due to the redemption of one loan and a decrease in the weighted average life of the remaining loan portfolio. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company decreased the allowance for expected credit losses due to a decrease in the weighted average life of the loan portfolio.

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for loans receivable for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:


	2025						2024
(In thousands)	Real Estate Loans		Commercial Loans		Total		Real Estate Loans		Commercial Loans		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	334	$	35	$	369	$	1,793	$	20	$	1,813

Change in expected credit losses	( 87 )		( 24 )		( 111 )		( 391 )		3		( 388 )
Balance, end of period	$	247	$	11	$	258	$	1,402	$	23	$	1,425

The Company monitors the performance of its loans receivable and assesses the ability of the borrower to pay principal and interest based upon loan structure, underlying property values, cash flow and related financial and operating performance of the property and market conditions.

In evaluating the real estate loans, the Company considers their credit quality indicators, including loan to value ratios, which compare the outstanding loan amount to the estimated value of the property, the borrower’s financial condition and

performance with respect to loan terms, the position in the capital structure, the overall leverage in the capital structure and other market conditions.

(13) Net Investment Gains (Losses)

Net investment gains (losses) were as follows:


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Net investment gains (losses):
Fixed maturity securities:
Gains	$	6,930	$	4,799	$	13,771	$	11,448
Losses	( 6,088 )		( 3,884 )		( 14,454 )		( 11,569 )
Equity securities (1):
Net realized gains on investment sales	53,920		407		50,225		102,205
Change in unrealized gains (losses)	9,590		( 1,537 )		93,167		( 42,442 )
Investment funds	( 1,348 )		( 101 )		( 526 )		1,109
Real estate	20,443		1,470		19,130		( 2,704 )

Other (2)	( 4,647 )		( 24,516 )		( 36,269 )		( 130,212 )
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments in earnings before allowance for expected credit losses	78,800		( 23,362 )		125,044		( 72,165 )
Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments:
Fixed maturity securities	49		14,888		388		29,768
Loans receivable	111		388		856		1,579
Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments	160		15,276		1,244		31,347
Net investment gains (losses)	78,960		( 8,086 )		126,288		( 40,818 )
Income tax (expense) benefit	( 16,973 )		43		( 27,186 )		5,810
After-tax net investment gains (losses)	$	61,987	$	( 8,043 )	$	99,102	$	( 35,008 )


Change in unrealized investment gains (losses) on available for sale securities:
Fixed maturity securities without allowance for expected credit losses	$	111,755	$	463,418	$	447,977	$	363,430
Fixed maturity securities with allowance for expected credit losses	( 23,621 )		11,166		( 23,694 )		4,470

Investment funds	( 266 )		6,152		7,340		3,112
Other	( 119 )		32		( 161 )		( 181 )
Total change in unrealized investment gains	87,749		480,768		431,462		370,831
Income tax expense	( 15,836 )		( 99,775 )		( 91,011 )		( 73,298 )
Noncontrolling interests	—		—		( 1 )		1
After-tax change in unrealized investment gains of available for sale securities	$	71,913	$	380,993	$	340,450	$	297,534

______________________

(1) The net realized gains or losses on investment sales represent the total gains or losses from the purchase dates of the equity securities. The change in unrealized gains (losses) consists of two components: (i) the reversal of the gain or loss recognized in previous periods on equity securities sold and (ii) the change in unrealized gain or loss resulting from mark-to-market adjustments on equity securities still held.

(2) Primarily relates to realized foreign currency losses upon the disposition of fixed maturity securities.

(14) Fixed Maturity Securities in an Unrealized Loss Position

The following tables summarize all fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 by the length of time those securities have been continuously in an unrealized loss position:


	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or Greater				Total
(In thousands)	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
September 30, 2025
U.S. government and government agency	$	797,397	$	9,950	$	261,701	$	9,729	$	1,059,098	$	19,679
State and municipal	124,377		1,781		1,129,946		42,313		1,254,323		44,094
Mortgage-backed	639,327		5,456		948,076		134,882		1,587,403		140,338
Asset-backed	428,088		1,515		550,779		18,713		978,867		20,228
Corporate	434,595		3,389		1,841,143		67,888		2,275,738		71,277
Foreign government	228,800		21,204		332,975		183,858		561,775		205,062
Fixed maturity securities	$	2,652,584	$	43,295	$	5,064,620	$	457,383	$	7,717,204	$	500,678





December 31, 2024
U.S. government and government agency	$	767,515	$	9,637	$	560,260	$	33,226	$	1,327,775	$	42,863
State and municipal	348,116		8,027		1,411,761		81,430		1,759,877		89,457
Mortgage-backed	1,541,464		21,326		1,060,823		171,734		2,602,287		193,060
Asset-backed	411,763		4,613		626,237		36,899		1,038,000		41,512
Corporate	1,791,970		21,346		2,951,377		135,117		4,743,347		156,463
Foreign government	600,103		17,933		476,479		167,440		1,076,582		185,373
Fixed maturity securities	$	5,460,931	$	82,882	$	7,086,937	$	625,846	$	12,547,868	$	708,728

Substantially all of the securities in an unrealized loss position are rated investment grade, except for the securities in the foreign government classification. A significant amount of the unrealized loss on foreign government securities is the result of changes in currency exchange rates.

A summary of the Company’s non-investment grade fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position at September 30, 2025 is presented in the table below:


($ in thousands)	Number of Securities	Aggregate Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Loss
Foreign government	75	$	189,418	$	194,357

Corporate	28	51,508		1,533
State and municipal	6	28,795		1,256
Mortgage-backed	15	2,404		191
Asset-backed	1	2		1
Total	125	$	272,127	$	197,338

For fixed maturity securities that management does not intend to sell or to be required to sell, the portion of the decline in value that is considered to be due to credit factors is recognized in earnings, and the portion of the decline in value that is considered to be due to non-credit factors is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss).

The Company has evaluated its fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position and believes the unrealized losses are due primarily to temporary market and sector-related factors rather than to issuer-specific factors. None of these securities are delinquent or in default under financial covenants. Based on its assessment of these issuers, the Company expects them to continue to meet their contractual payment obligations as they become due.

(15) Fair Value Measurements

The Company’s fixed maturity available for sale securities, equity securities and its arbitrage trading account securities are carried at fair value. Fair value is defined as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” The Company utilizes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels, as follows:

Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar assets or valuations based on inputs that are observable.

Level 3 - Estimates of fair value based on internal pricing methodologies using unobservable inputs. Unobservable inputs are only used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available.

Substantially all of the Company’s fixed maturity securities were priced by independent pricing services. The prices provided by the independent pricing services are estimated based on observable market data in active markets utilizing pricing models and processes, which may include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, sector groupings, matrix pricing and reference data. The pricing services may prioritize inputs differently on any given day for any security based on market conditions, and not all inputs are available for each security evaluation on any given day. The pricing services used by the Company have indicated that they will only produce an estimate of fair value if objectively verifiable information is available. The determination of whether markets are active or inactive is based upon the volume and level of activity for a particular asset class. The Company reviews the prices provided by pricing services for reasonableness and periodically performs independent price tests of a sample of securities to ensure proper valuation.

If prices from independent pricing services are not available for fixed maturity securities, the Company estimates the fair value. For Level 2 securities, the Company utilizes pricing models and processes which may include benchmark yields, sector groupings, matrix pricing, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, bids, offers and reference data. Where broker quotes are used, the Company generally requests two or more quotes and sets a price within the range of quotes received based on its assessment of the credibility of the quote and its own evaluation of the security. The Company generally does not adjust quotes received from brokers. For securities traded only in private negotiations, the Company determines fair value based primarily on the cost of such securities, which is adjusted to reflect prices of recent placements of securities of the same issuer, financial projections, credit quality and business developments of the issuer and other relevant information.

For Level 3 securities, the Company generally uses a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of fixed maturity securities. The cash flow models are based upon assumptions as to prevailing credit spreads, interest rate and interest rate volatility, time to maturity and subordination levels. Projected cash flows are discounted at rates that are adjusted to reflect illiquidity, where appropriate.

The following tables present the assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 by level:


(In thousands)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
September 30, 2025
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency	$	3,478,237	$	—	$	3,478,237	$	—
State and municipal	1,974,136		—		1,974,136		—
Mortgage-backed	4,969,446		—		4,969,446		—
Asset-backed	3,831,174		—		3,831,174		—
Corporate	8,740,772		—		8,720,753		20,019
Foreign government	1,923,864		—		1,923,864		—
Total fixed maturity securities available for sale	24,917,629		—		24,897,610		20,019
Equity securities:
Common stocks	721,950		718,999		842		2,109
Preferred stocks	660,482		—		651,808		8,674
Total equity securities	1,382,432		718,999		652,650		10,783
Arbitrage trading account	1,070,304		881,153		189,038		113
Total	$	27,370,365	$	1,600,152	$	25,739,298	$	30,915
Liabilities:
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	$	34,509	$	34,509	$	—	$	—


December 31, 2024
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency	$	2,235,341	$	—	$	2,235,341	$	—
State and municipal	2,294,644		—		2,294,644		—
Mortgage-backed	3,765,490		—		3,765,490		—
Asset-backed	3,885,012		—		3,885,012		—
Corporate	8,417,641		—		8,397,974		19,667
Foreign government	1,755,325		—		1,755,325		—
Total fixed maturity securities available for sale	22,353,453		—		22,333,786		19,667
Equity securities:
Common stocks	760,167		757,115		1,011		2,041
Preferred stocks	443,621		—		439,947		3,674
Total equity securities	1,203,788		757,115		440,958		5,715
Arbitrage trading account	1,122,599		1,062,459		56,630		3,510
Total	$	24,679,840	$	1,819,574	$	22,831,374	$	28,892
Liabilities:
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	$	73,358	$	73,358	$	—	$	—

The following tables summarize changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and for the year ended December 31, 2024:


Gains (Losses) Included In:
(In thousands)	Beginning Balance		(Losses) Earnings		Other Comprehensive Income (Losses)		Impairments		Purchases		Sales		Paydowns / Maturities		Transfers In / (Out)		Ending Balance

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
Assets:
Fixed maturities securities available for sale:

Corporate	$	19,667	$	—	$	352	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	20,019
Total	19,667		—		352		—		—		—		—		—		20,019
Equity securities:
Common stocks	2,041		194		—		—		—		( 126 )		—		—		2,109
Preferred stocks	3,674		—		—		—		6,160		( 1,160 )		—		—		8,674
Total	5,715		194		—		—		6,160		( 1,286 )		—		—		10,783
Arbitrage trading account	3,510		( 3,398 )		—		—		—		—		—		1		113
Total	$	28,892	$	( 3,204 )	$	352	$	—	$	6,160	$	( 1,286 )	$	—	$	1	$	30,915



Year Ended December 31, 2024
Assets:
Fixed maturities securities available for sale:

Corporate	$	—	$	—	$	( 333 )	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	20,000	$	19,667
Total	—		—		( 333 )		—		—		—		—		20,000		19,667
Equity securities:
Common stocks	1,558		611		—		—		—		( 128 )		—		—		2,041
Preferred stocks	3,695		36		—		—		—		( 57 )		—		—		3,674
Total	5,253		647		—		—		—		( 185 )		—		—		5,715
Arbitrage trading account	3,772		( 261 )		—		—		—		( 38 )		—		37		3,510
Total	$	9,025	$	386	$	( 333 )	$	—	$	—	$	( 223 )	$	—	$	20,037	$	28,892

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and the year ended December 31, 2024, one security was transferred into Level 3 from Level 2 given there were no available quoted prices or observable inputs.

(16) Reserves for Loss and Loss Expenses

The Company's reserves for losses and loss expenses are comprised of case reserves and incurred but not reported liabilities ("IBNR"). When a claim is reported, a case reserve is established for the estimated ultimate payment based upon known information about the claim. As more information about the claim becomes available over time, case reserves are adjusted up or down as appropriate. Reserves are also established on an aggregate basis to provide for IBNR liabilities and expected loss reserve development on reported claims.

Loss reserves included in the Company’s financial statements represent management’s best estimates based upon an actuarially derived point estimate and other considerations. The Company uses a variety of actuarial techniques and methods to derive an actuarial point estimate for each operating unit. These methods include paid loss development, incurred loss development, paid and incurred Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods and frequency and severity methods. In circumstances where one actuarial method is considered more credible than the others, that method is used to set the point estimate. The actuarial point estimate may also be based on a judgmental weighting of estimates produced from each of the methods considered. Industry loss experience is used to supplement the Company’s own data in selecting “tail factors” in areas where the Company’s own data is limited. The actuarial data is analyzed by line of business, coverage and accident or policy year, as appropriate, for each operating unit.

The key assumptions used to arrive at the best estimate of loss reserves are the expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation, and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Expected loss ratios represent management’s expectation of losses at the time the business is priced and written, before any actual claims experience has emerged. This expectation is a significant determinant of the estimate of loss reserves for recently written business where there is little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Expected loss ratios are generally derived from historical loss ratios adjusted for the impact of rate changes, loss cost trends and known changes in the type of risks underwritten. Expected loss ratios are estimated for each key line of business within each operating unit. Expected loss cost inflation is particularly important for the long-tail lines, such as excess casualty, and claims with a high medical component, such as workers’ compensation. Reported and paid loss emergence patterns are used to project current reported or paid loss amounts to their ultimate settlement value. Loss development factors are based on the historical emergence patterns of paid and incurred losses, and are derived from the Company’s own experience and industry data. The paid loss emergence pattern is also significant to excess and assumed workers’ compensation reserves because those reserves are discounted to their estimated present value based upon such estimated payout patterns.

Loss frequency and severity are measures of loss activity that are considered in determining the key assumptions described in our discussion of loss and loss expense reserves, including expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors affecting loss frequency include the effectiveness of loss controls and safety programs and changes in economic activity or weather patterns. Factors affecting loss severity include changes in policy limits, retentions, rate of inflation and judicial interpretations.

Another factor affecting estimates of loss frequency and severity is the loss reporting lag, which is the period of time between the occurrence of a loss and the date the loss is reported to the Company. The length of the loss reporting lag affects our ability to accurately predict loss frequency (loss frequencies are more predictable for lines with short reporting lags) as well as the amount of reserves needed for incurred but not reported losses (less IBNR is required for lines with short reporting lags). As a result, loss reserves for lines with short reporting lags are likely to have less variation from initial loss estimates. For lines with short reporting lags, which include commercial automobile, primary workers’ compensation, other liability (claims-made) and property business, the key assumption is the loss emergence pattern used to project ultimate loss estimates from known losses paid or reported to date. For lines of business with long reporting lags, which include other liability (occurrence), products liability, excess workers’ compensation and liability reinsurance, the key assumption is the expected loss ratio since there is often little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Historically, the Company has experienced less variation from its initial loss estimates for lines of business with short reporting lags than for lines of business with long reporting lags.

The table below provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending reserve balances:


	September 30,
(In thousands)	2025		2024
Net reserves at beginning of period	$	17,166,641	$	15,661,820


Net provision for losses and loss expenses:
Claims occurring during the current year (1)	5,776,795		5,229,468
Increase in estimates for claims occurring in prior years (2) (3)	23,129		15,279
Loss reserve discount accretion	25,149		25,587
Total	5,825,073		5,270,334
Net payments for claims:
Current year	857,360		795,792
Prior years	3,684,444		3,164,720
Total	4,541,804		3,960,512
Foreign currency translation	151,822		19,659
Net reserves at end of period	18,601,732		16,991,301
Ceded reserves at end of period	3,155,303		3,164,009
Gross reserves at end of period	$	21,757,035	$	20,155,310

_______________________________________

(1) Claims occurring during the current year are net of loss reserve discounts of $ 42 million and $ 37 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(2) The change in estimates for claims occurring in prior years is net of loss reserve discount. On an undiscounted basis, the estimates for claims occurring in prior years increased by $ 19 million and $ 12 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(3) For certain retrospectively rated insurance policies and reinsurance agreements, reserve development is offset by additional or return premiums. Favorable development, net of additional and return premiums, was $ 2 million and $ 3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) of $ 2 million included $ 34 million of favorable prior year development for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment largely offset by $ 32 million of adverse prior year development for the Insurance segment.

For the Insurance segment, the adverse development during the first nine months of 2025 was driven by other liability and auto liability, and was partially offset by favorable development for short tail lines of business, including commercial property and commercial auto physical damage. The adverse other liability development was driven mainly by umbrella and excess liability claims, and to a lesser degree, adverse development from primary surplus lines casualty business. The umbrella and excess liability development included a significant component stemming from underlying auto exposures. The other liability development was concentrated in accident years 2017 through 2022. The adverse auto liability development was concentrated in accident years 2021 and 2022. The Company believes that auto-related claims are being particularly impacted by social inflation, which is contributing to an increase in the frequency of large losses beyond expectations. Social inflation can include higher settlement demands from plaintiffs, use of tactics such as litigation funding by the plaintiffs’ bar, negative public sentiment towards large businesses and corporations, and erosion of tort reforms, among other factors.

The favorable development for short tail property lines of business during the first nine months of 2025 related to the 2024 accident year, and resulted from favorable settlements of both catastrophe and non-catastrophe claims below our expectations.

For the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment, the favorable development during the first nine months of 2025 was driven mainly by favorable development in property reinsurance. Similar to the Insurance segment, the favorable property reinsurance development was driven by favorable claim settlements, below our expectations, related mainly to the 2024 accident year.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) of $ 3 million included $ 5 million of favorable prior year development for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment partially offset by $ 2 million of adverse prior year development for the Insurance segment.

accident years 2020 through 2023. The other liability development was mainly driven by umbrella and excess liability claims, and was focused in accident years 2017 through 2021. A significant portion of the umbrella and excess liability development related to underlying commercial auto exposures. The Company believes that commercial auto-related claims were particularly impacted by social inflation, which contributed to an increase in the frequency of large losses beyond expectations. Social inflation can include higher settlement demands from plaintiffs, use of aggressive actions by the plaintiffs’ bar such as litigation funding, negative public sentiment towards large businesses and corporations, and erosion of tort reforms, among other factors.

The favorable workers’ compensation development for the Insurance segment was mainly related to accident years 2017 through 2023, while the favorable professional liability development was mainly in accident years 2020 through 2022. For workers' compensation, favorable reported claim frequency, below expectations, continued to be the main driver of the favorable reserve development. For professional liability, reported loss experience for accident years 2020 through 2022 was better than expected, which drove the favorable reserve development. These accident years also feature business written at peak pricing levels, which the Company believes will result in higher profitability than initially anticipated.

For the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment, the favorable development during the first nine months of 2024 was driven mainly by favorable development in excess workers’ compensation, partially offset by adverse development in the non-proportional reinsurance assumed liability line of business. The favorable excess workers’ compensation development was driven by continued lower claim frequency and reported losses relative to expectations and to favorable claim settlements spread across many prior accident years. The unfavorable development for non-proportional reinsurance was concentrated mainly in accident years 2015 through 2019 and was associated primarily with our U.S. and U.K. excess general liability reinsurance businesses, including coverage for cedants insuring construction projects.

(17) Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments:


	September 30, 2025				December 31, 2024
(In thousands)	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities	$	24,947,949	$	24,949,094	$	22,397,865	$	22,399,426
Equity securities	1,382,432		1,382,432		1,203,788		1,203,788
Arbitrage trading account	1,070,304		1,070,304		1,122,599		1,122,599
Loans receivable	326,855		327,102		405,453		405,248
Cash and cash equivalents	2,404,019		2,404,019		1,974,747		1,974,747
Trading account receivables from brokers and clearing organizations	113,330		113,330		60,327		60,327

Liabilities:
Due to broker	130,723		130,723		70,483		70,483

Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	34,509		34,509		73,358		73,358
Senior notes and other debt	1,829,511		1,482,612		1,831,158		1,425,852
Subordinated debentures	1,010,347		834,836		1,009,808		805,864

The estimated fair values of the Company’s fixed maturity securities, equity securities and arbitrage trading account securities are based on various valuation techniques that rely on fair value measurements as described in Note 15. The fair value of loans receivable are estimated by using current institutional purchaser yield requirements for loans with similar credit characteristics, which is considered a Level 2 input. The fair value of the senior notes and other debt and the subordinated debentures is based on spreads for similar securities, which is considered a Level 2 input.

(18) Premiums and Reinsurance Related Information

The following is a summary of insurance and reinsurance financial information:


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,

(In thousands)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Written premiums:
Direct	$	3,483,768	$	3,303,682	$	10,405,445	$	9,723,219
Assumed	352,488		329,596		1,092,519		990,587
Ceded	( 609,326 )		( 576,002 )		( 1,786,292 )		( 1,678,460 )
Total net premiums written	$	3,226,930	$	3,057,276	$	9,711,672	$	9,035,346

Earned premiums:
Direct	$	3,401,897	$	3,141,883	$	9,970,992	$	9,127,399
Assumed	352,745		346,780		1,028,862		1,012,804
Ceded	( 598,260 )		( 561,840 )		( 1,732,906 )		( 1,602,618 )
Total net premiums earned	$	3,156,382	$	2,926,823	$	9,266,948	$	8,537,585

Ceded losses and loss expenses incurred	$	286,799	$	319,472	$	955,974	$	952,666
Ceded commissions earned	$	138,091	$	129,916	$	413,614	$	374,618

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for premiums and fees receivable for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:


(In thousands)	2025		2024
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	39,884	$	35,110

Change in expected credit losses	41		2,961
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	39,925	$	38,071

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for premiums and fees receivable for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:


(In thousands)	2025		2024
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	38,960	$	37,279

Change in expected credit losses	965		792
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	39,925	$	38,071

The Company reinsures a portion of its insurance exposures in order to reduce its net liability on individual risks and catastrophe losses. The Company also cedes premiums to state assigned risk plans and captive insurance companies. Estimated amounts due from reinsurers are reported net of an allowance for expected credit losses.

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses associated with due from reinsurers for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:


(In thousands)	2025		2024
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	8,350	$	8,404

Change in expected credit losses	( 1,751 )		( 72 )
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	6,599	$	8,332

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses associated with due from reinsurers for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:


(In thousands)	2025		2024
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	6,954	$	10,255

Change in expected credit losses	( 355 )		( 1,923 )
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	6,599	$	8,332

(19) Restricted Stock Units

Pursuant to its stock incentive plan, the Company may issue restricted stock units ("RSUs") to employees of the Company and its subsidiaries. The RSUs generally vest three to five years from the award date and are subject to other vesting and forfeiture provisions contained in the award agreement. RSUs are expensed pro-ratably over the vesting period. RSU expenses were $ 39 million and $ 38 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. A summary of RSUs issued in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 follows:


($ in thousands)	Units	Fair Value

2025	1,037,315	$	73,633
2024	1,215,623	$	70,195

(20) Litigation and Contingent Liabilities

In the ordinary course of business, the Company is subject to disputes, litigation and arbitration arising from its insurance and reinsurance businesses. These matters are generally related to insurance and reinsurance claims and are considered in the establishment of loss and loss expense reserves. In addition, the Company may also become involved in legal actions which seek extra-contractual damages, punitive damages or penalties, including claims alleging bad faith in handling of insurance claims. The Company expects its ultimate liability with respect to such matters will not be material to its financial condition. However, adverse outcomes on such matters are possible, from time to time, and could be material to the Company’s results of operations in any particular financial reporting period.

On December 22, 2023, one of the Company’s subsidiaries filed a lawsuit against certain reinsurers to recover in excess of $ 90 million in respect of certain losses paid to its policyholders under certain event cancellation and related insurance policies. The Company believes its claims against the reinsurers are meritorious and expects a positive resolution to its lawsuit. While an adverse outcome is possible, the Company believes that the outcome, in any case, will not be material to the Company’s financial condition.

(21) Leases

Lessees are required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for leases with terms of more than 12 months on the balance sheet. All leases disclosed within this footnote are classified as operating leases. Recognized right-of-use asset and lease liability are reported within other assets and other liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheet. Lease expense is reported in other operating costs and expenses in the consolidated statement of income and accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

To determine the discount rate used to calculate present value of future minimum lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate during the lease commencement period in line with the respective lease duration. In certain cases, the Company has the option to renew the lease. Lease renewal future payments are included in the present value of the future minimum lease payments when the Company determines it is reasonably certain to renew.

The main leases entered into by the Company are for office space used by the Company’s operating units across the world. Additionally, the Company, to a lesser extent, has equipment leases mainly for office equipment. Further information relating to operating lease expense and other operating lease information are as follows:


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,

(In thousands)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Leases:
Lease cost	$	13,828	$	11,230	$	40,275	$	33,633
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities reported in operating cash flows	11,935		12,222		37,249		36,818
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities	5,764		3,458		50,198		37,007


	As of September 30,
($ in thousands)	2025			2024
Right-of-use assets	$	208,334		$	184,166
Lease liabilities	$	246,835		$	224,776
Weighted-average remaining lease term	7.2 years			7.4 years
Weighted-average discount rate	5.85		%	5.53		%

Contractual maturities of the Company’s future minimum lease payments are as follows:


(In thousands)	September 30, 2025
Contractual Maturities:
2025	$	12,536
2026	50,230
2027	41,778
2028	40,454
2029	36,538
Thereafter	119,474
Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments	301,010
Less: Discount impact	54,175
Total lease liability	$	246,835

(22) Business Segments

The Company’s reportable segments include the following two business segments, plus a corporate segment:

• Insurance - predominantly commercial insurance business, including excess and surplus lines, admitted lines and specialty personal lines throughout the United States, as well as insurance business in Asia, Australia, Canada, Continental Europe, Mexico, Scandinavia, South America and the United Kingdom.

• Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - reinsurance business on a facultative and treaty basis, primarily in the United States, the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, Australia, the Asia-Pacific Region and South Africa, as well as operations that solely retain risk on an excess basis and certain program management business.

The Company's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") is the President and Chief Executive Officer. The CODM assesses performance, makes decisions and allocates resources for each of the three reportable segments based on their contribution towards the Company's profitability and balance sheet strength. Certain key metrics such as combined ratio and return on allocated capital for the Insurance and Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segments, as well as Corporate segment expenditures, are examples of key components of the assessment, decision-making and resource-allocation process.

The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. Income tax expense and benefits are calculated based upon the Company's overall effective tax rate.

Summary financial information about the Company's reporting segments is presented in the following tables. Income (loss) before income taxes by segment includes allocated investment income. Identifiable assets by segment are those assets used in or allocated to the operation of each segment.


	Revenues								Expenses
(In thousands)	Earned Premiums (1)		Investment Income		Other		Total (2)		Losses and Loss Expenses		Policy Acquisition and Insurance Operating Expenses		Other		Total		Pre-Tax Income (Loss)		Net Income (Loss) to Common Stockholders
Three months ended September 30, 2025
Insurance	$	2,773,009	$	260,547	$	10,037	$	3,043,593	$	1,772,377	$	785,805	$	10,873	$	2,569,055	$	474,538	$	375,577
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	383,373		71,622		—		454,995		196,480		114,507		—		310,987		144,008		113,061
Corporate, other and eliminations (3)	—		19,069		171,619		190,688		—		—		240,084		240,084		( 49,396 )		( 39,593 )
Net investment gains	—		—		78,960		78,960		—		—		—		—		78,960		61,987
Total	$	3,156,382	$	351,238	$	260,616	$	3,768,236	$	1,968,857	$	900,312	$	250,957	$	3,120,126	$	648,110	$	511,032
Three months ended September 30, 2024
Insurance	$	2,564,490	$	253,234	$	9,189	$	2,826,913	$	1,619,281	$	727,910	$	10,301	$	2,357,492	$	469,421	$	363,026
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	362,333		57,037		—		419,370		206,679		107,466		—		314,145		105,225		82,659
Corporate, other and eliminations (3)	—		13,485		148,697		162,182		—		—		254,293		254,293		( 92,111 )		( 72,008 )
Net investment losses	—		—		( 8,086 )		( 8,086 )		—		—		—		—		( 8,086 )		( 8,043 )
Total	$	2,926,823	$	323,756	$	149,800	$	3,400,379	$	1,825,960	$	835,376	$	264,594	$	2,925,930	$	474,449	$	365,634
Nine months ended September 30, 2025
Insurance	$	8,144,300	$	851,271	$	30,144	$	9,025,715	$	5,202,065	$	2,293,794	$	33,141	$	7,529,000	$	1,496,715	$	1,162,148
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	1,122,648		218,910		—		1,341,558		623,008		326,863		—		949,871		391,687		308,944
Corporate, other and eliminations (3)	—		20,652		472,230		492,882		—		—		798,993		798,993		( 306,111 )		( 240,302 )
Net investment gains	—		—		126,288		126,288		—		—		—		—		126,288		99,102
Total	$	9,266,948	$	1,090,833	$	628,662	$	10,986,443	$	5,825,073	$	2,620,657	$	832,134	$	9,277,864	$	1,708,579	$	1,329,892
Nine months ended September 30, 2024
Insurance	$	7,447,828	$	801,573	$	28,202	$	8,277,603	$	4,690,402	$	2,117,658	$	31,920	$	6,839,980	$	1,437,623	$	1,102,363
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	1,089,757		168,721		—		1,258,478		579,932		321,247		—		901,179		357,299		282,423
Corporate, other and eliminations (3)	—		45,429		430,492		475,921		—		—		693,833		693,833		( 217,912 )		( 169,764 )
Net investment losses	—		—		( 40,818 )		( 40,818 )		—		—		—		—		( 40,818 )		( 35,008 )
Total	$	8,537,585	$	1,015,723	$	417,876	$	9,971,184	$	5,270,334	$	2,438,905	$	725,753	$	8,434,992	$	1,536,192	$	1,180,014

Identifiable Assets


(In thousands)	September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Insurance	$	35,721,098	$	32,911,507
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	6,015,394		5,669,729
Corporate, other and eliminations (3)	1,978,725		1,867,399
Consolidated	$	43,715,217	$	40,448,635

_________________

(1) Certain amounts included in earned premiums of each segment are related to inter-segment transactions.

(2) Revenues for Insurance from foreign operations for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were $ 357 million and $ 350 million, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were $ 1,051 million and $ 1,112 million, respectively. Revenues for Reinsurance & Monoline Excess from foreign operations for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were $ 136 million and $ 125 million, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were $ 382 million and $ 353 million, respectively.

(3) Corporate, other and eliminations represent corporate revenues and expenses and certain other items that are not allocated to business segments .

Net premiums earned by major line of business are as follows:


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,

(In thousands)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Insurance:
Other liability	$	1,122,591	$	1,031,087	$	3,299,651	$	3,000,335
Short-tail lines (1)	636,751		563,736		1,852,847		1,613,342
Auto	408,213		376,762		1,203,794		1,092,354
Workers' compensation	318,284		313,154		948,194		925,214
Professional liability	287,170		279,751		839,814		816,583
Total Insurance	2,773,009		2,564,490		8,144,300		7,447,828

Reinsurance & Monoline Excess:
Casualty (2)	189,767		188,284		556,437		585,208
Property (2)	119,267		108,386		353,246		308,024
Monoline excess (3)	74,339		65,663		212,965		196,525

Total Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	383,373		362,333		1,122,648		1,089,757

Total	$	3,156,382	$	2,926,823	$	9,266,948	$	8,537,585

______________

(1) Short-tail lines include commercial multi-peril (non-liability), inland marine, accident and health, fidelity and surety, boiler and machinery, high net worth homeowners and other lines.

(2) Includes reinsurance casualty and property and certain program management business.

(3) Monoline excess includes operations that solely retain risk on an excess basis.

SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT

This is a “Safe Harbor” Statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Any forward-looking statements contained herein, including statements related to our outlook for the industry and for our performance for the year 2025 and beyond, are based upon the Company’s historical performance and on current plans, estimates and expectations. Forward-looking statements are generally, although not always, identified by words such as "may," "should," "expects," "provides," "anticipates," "assumes," "can," "will," "meets," "could," "likely," "intends," "might," "predicts," "seeks," "would," "believes," "estimates," "plans," "continues," or similar expressions. The inclusion of this forward-looking information should not be regarded as a representation by us or any other person that the future plans, estimates or expectations contemplated by us will be achieved. They are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to: the cyclical nature of the property casualty industry; the impact of significant competition, including new entrants to the industry; the long-tail and potentially volatile nature of the insurance and reinsurance business; product demand and pricing; claims development and the process of estimating reserves; investment risks, including those of our portfolio of fixed maturity securities and investments in equity securities, including investments in financial institutions, foreign governmental bonds, municipal bonds, mortgage-backed securities, loans receivable, investment funds, including real estate, merger arbitrage, energy-related and private equity investments; the effects of emerging claim and coverage issues; the uncertain nature of damage theories and loss amounts, including claims for cybersecurity-related risks; natural and man-made catastrophic losses, including as a result of terrorist activities; the impact of climate change, which may alter the frequency and increase the severity of catastrophe events; general economic and market activities, including inflation, the risk of recession, changing interest rates, the impact of tariffs and volatility in the credit and capital markets; the impact of a prolonged U.S. government shutdown on macroeconomic conditions; the impact of the conditions in the financial markets and the global economy, and the potential effect of legislative, regulatory, accounting or other initiatives taken in response, on our results and financial condition; cyber security breaches of our information technology systems and the information technology systems of our vendors and other third parties; the use of artificial intelligence technologies by us or third-parties on which we rely could expose us to technological, security, legal, and other risks; the risk of future pandemics, as well as continuing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic; foreign currency and political risks relating to our international operations; our ability to attract and retain key personnel and qualified employees; continued availability of capital and financing; the success of our new ventures or acquisitions and the availability of other opportunities; the availability of reinsurance; our retention under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2019; the ability or willingness of our reinsurers to pay reinsurance recoverables owed to us; other legislative and regulatory developments, including those related to business practices in the insurance industry; credit risk related to our policyholders, independent agents and brokers; changes in the ratings assigned to us or our insurance company subsidiaries by rating agencies; the availability of dividends from our insurance company subsidiaries; the effectiveness of our controls to ensure compliance with guidelines, policies and legal and regulatory standards; and other risks detailed from time to time in the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

These risks and uncertainties could cause our actual results for the year 2025 and beyond to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statement we make. Any projections of growth in our revenues would not necessarily result in commensurate levels of earnings. Our future financial performance is dependent upon factors discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, elsewhere in this Form 10-Q and our other SEC filings. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. Except to the extent required by applicable laws, the Company does not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

Item 2 . Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

W. R. Berkley Corporation is an insurance holding company that is among the largest commercial lines writers in the United States and operates worldwide in two segments of the property and casualty business: Insurance and Reinsurance & Monoline Excess. Our decentralized structure provides us with the flexibility to respond quickly and efficiently to local or specific market conditions and to pursue specialty business niches. It also allows us to be closer to our customers in order to better understand their individual needs and risk characteristics. While providing our businesses with certain operating autonomy, our structure allows us to capitalize on the benefits of economies of scale through centralized capital, investment, reinsurance, enterprise risk management, and actuarial, financial and corporate legal staff support. The Company’s primary sources of revenues and earnings are its insurance operations and its investments.

An important part of our strategy is to form new businesses to capitalize on various market opportunities. Over the years, the Company has formed numerous businesses that are focused on important parts of the economy in the U.S., including healthcare, cyber security, energy and agriculture, and on growing international markets, including the Asia-Pacific region, South America and Mexico.

The profitability of the Company’s insurance business is affected primarily by the adequacy of premium rates. The ultimate adequacy of premium rates is not known with certainty at the time an insurance policy is issued because premiums are determined before claims are reported. The ultimate adequacy of premium rates is affected mainly by the severity and frequency of claims, which are influenced by many factors, including natural and other disasters, regulatory measures and court decisions that define and change the extent of coverage and the effects of economic inflation on the amount of compensation for injuries or losses. General insurance prices are also influenced by available insurance capacity, i.e., the level of capital employed in the industry, and the industry’s willingness to deploy that capital.

The Company’s profitability is also affected by its investment income and investment gains. The Company’s invested assets are invested principally in fixed maturity securities. The return on fixed maturity securities is affected primarily by general interest rates, as well as the credit quality and duration of the securities.

The Company also invests in equity securities, merger arbitrage securities, investment funds, private equity, loans and real estate-related assets. The Company's investments in investment funds and its other alternative investments have experienced, and the Company expects to continue to experience, greater fluctuations in investment income. The Company's share of the earnings or losses from investment funds is generally reported on a one-quarter lag in order to facilitate the timely completion of the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The following presents a discussion of accounting policies and estimates relating to reserves for losses and loss expenses, assumed premiums and allowance for expected credit losses on investments. Management believes these policies and estimates are the most critical to its operations and require the most difficult, subjective and complex judgments.

Reserves for Losses and Loss Expenses . To recognize liabilities for unpaid losses, either known or unknown, insurers establish reserves, which is a balance sheet account representing estimates of future amounts needed to pay claims and related expenses with respect to insured events which have occurred. Estimates and assumptions relating to reserves for losses and loss expenses are based on complex and subjective judgments, often including the interplay of specific uncertainties with related accounting and actuarial measurements. Such estimates are also susceptible to change as significant periods of time may elapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the report of the loss to the insurer, the ultimate determination of the cost of the loss and the insurer’s payment of that loss.

In general, when a claim is reported, claims personnel establish a “case reserve” for the estimated amount of the ultimate payment based upon known information about the claim at that time. The estimate represents an informed judgment based on general reserving practices and reflects the experience and knowledge of the claims personnel regarding the nature and value of the specific type of claim. Reserves are also established on an aggregate basis to provide for losses incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) to the insurer, potential inadequacy of case reserves and the estimated expenses of settling claims, including legal and other fees and general expenses of administrating the claims adjustment process. Reserves are established based upon the then current legal interpretation of coverage provided.

In examining reserve adequacy, several factors are considered in estimating the ultimate economic value of losses. These factors include, among other things, historical data, legal developments, changes in social attitudes and economic conditions, including the effects of inflation. The actuarial process relies on the basic assumption that past experience, adjusted judgmentally for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends, is an appropriate basis for predicting future outcomes. Reserve amounts are based on management’s informed estimates and judgments using currently available data. As additional experience and other data become available and are reviewed, these estimates and judgments may be revised. This may result in reserve increases or decreases that would be reflected in our results in periods in which such estimates and assumptions are changed.

Reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability. Rather, reserves represent an estimate of what management expects the ultimate settlement and claim administration will cost. While the methods for establishing reserves are well tested over time, some of the major assumptions about anticipated loss emergence patterns are subject to uncertainty. These estimates, which generally involve actuarial projections, are based on management’s assessment of facts and circumstances then known, as well as estimates of trends in claims severity and frequency, judicial theories of liability and other factors, including the actions of third parties which are beyond the Company’s control. These variables are affected by external and internal events, such as inflation and economic volatility, judicial and litigation trends, reinsurance coverage, legislative changes and claim handling and reserving practices, which make it more difficult to accurately predict claim costs. The inherent uncertainties of estimating reserves are greater for certain types of liabilities where long periods of time elapse before a definitive determination of liability is made. Because setting reserves is inherently uncertain, the Company cannot provide assurance that its current reserves will prove adequate in light of subsequent events.

Loss reserves included in the Company’s financial statements represent management’s best estimates based upon an actuarially derived point estimate and other considerations. The Company uses a variety of actuarial techniques and methods to derive an actuarial point estimate for each operating unit. These methods include paid loss development, incurred loss development, paid and incurred Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods and frequency and severity methods. In circumstances where one actuarial method is considered more credible than the others, that method is used to set the point estimate. For example, the paid loss and incurred loss development methods rely on historical paid and incurred loss data. For new lines of business, where there is insufficient history of paid and incurred claims data, or in circumstances where there have been significant changes in claim practices, the paid and incurred loss development methods would be less credible than other actuarial methods. The actuarial point estimate may also be based on a judgmental weighting of estimates produced from each of the methods considered. Industry loss experience is used to supplement the Company’s own data in selecting “tail factors” and in areas where the Company’s own data is limited. The actuarial data is analyzed by line of business, coverage and accident or policy year, as appropriate, for each operating unit.

The establishment of the actuarially derived loss reserve point estimate also includes consideration of qualitative factors that may affect the ultimate losses. These qualitative considerations include, among others, the impact of re-underwriting initiatives, changes in the mix of business, changes in distribution sources and changes in policy terms and conditions. Examples of changes in terms and conditions that can have a significant impact on reserve levels are the use of aggregate policy limits, the expansion of coverage exclusions, whether or not defense costs are within policy limits, and changes in deductibles and attachment points.

The key assumptions used to arrive at the best estimate of loss reserves are the expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation, and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Expected loss ratios represent management’s expectation of losses at the time the business is written, before any actual claims experience has emerged. This expectation is a significant determinant of the estimate of loss reserves for recently written business where there is little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Expected loss ratios are generally derived from historical loss ratios adjusted for the impact of rate changes, loss cost trends and known changes in the type of risks underwritten. Expected loss ratios are estimated for each key line of business within each operating unit. Expected loss cost inflation is particularly important for the long-tail lines, such as excess casualty, and claims with a high medical component, such as workers’ compensation. Reported and paid loss emergence patterns are used to project current reported or paid loss amounts to their ultimate settlement value. Loss development factors are based on the historical emergence patterns of paid and incurred losses, and are derived from the Company’s own experience and industry data. The paid loss emergence pattern is also significant to excess and assumed workers’ compensation reserves because those reserves are discounted to their estimated present value based upon such estimated payout patterns. Management believes the estimates and assumptions it makes in the reserving process provide the best estimate of the ultimate cost of settling claims and related expenses with respect to insured events which have occurred; however, different assumptions and variables could lead to significantly different reserve estimates.

The key assumptions used in calculating the most recent estimate of the loss reserves are reviewed each quarter and adjusted, to the extent necessary, to reflect the latest reported loss data, current trends and other factors observed. If the actual level of loss frequency and severity are higher or lower than expected, the ultimate losses will be different than management’s estimate. The following table reflects the impact of changes (which could be favorable or unfavorable) in frequency and severity, relative to our assumptions, on our loss estimate for claims occurring in 2024:


(In thousands)	Frequency (+/-)
Severity (+/-)	1%		5%		10%
1%	$	142,388	$	428,582	$	786,324
5%	428,582		726,110		1,098,020
10%	786,324		1,098,020		1,487,640

Our net reserves for losses and loss expenses of approximately $18.6 billion as of September 30, 2025 relate to multiple accident years. Therefore, the impact of changes in frequency or severity for more than one accident year could be higher or lower than the amounts reflected above. The impact of such changes would likely be manifested gradually over the course of many years, as the magnitude of the changes became evident.

Approximately $3.4 billion, or 18.4%, of the Company’s net loss reserves as of September 30, 2025 relate to the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. There is a higher degree of uncertainty and greater variability regarding estimates of excess workers' compensation and assumed reinsurance loss reserves, which predominantly comprise these reserves. In the case of excess workers’ compensation, our policies generally attach at $1 million or higher. The claims which reach our layer therefore tend to involve the most serious injuries and many remain open for the lifetime of the claimant, which extends the claim settlement tail. These claims also occur less frequently but tend to be larger than primary claims, which increases claim variability. In the case of assumed reinsurance our loss reserve estimates are based, in part, upon information received from ceding companies. If information received from ceding companies is not timely or correct, the Company’s estimate of ultimate losses may not be accurate. Furthermore, due to delayed reporting of claim information by ceding companies, the claim settlement tail for assumed reinsurance is also extended. Management considers the impact of delayed reporting and the extended tail in its selection of loss development factors for these lines of business.

Information received from ceding companies is used to set initial expected loss ratios, to establish case reserves and to estimate reserves for incurred but not reported losses on assumed reinsurance business. This information, which is generally provided through reinsurance intermediaries, is gathered through the underwriting process and from periodic claim reports and other correspondence with ceding companies. The Company performs underwriting and claim audits of selected ceding companies to determine the accuracy and completeness of information provided to the Company. The information received from the ceding companies is supplemented by the Company’s own loss development experience with similar lines of business as well as industry loss trends and loss development benchmarks.

Following is a summary of the Company’s reserves for losses and loss expenses by business segment:


(In thousands)	September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Insurance	$	15,184,450	$	13,881,574
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	3,417,282		3,285,067
Net reserves for losses and loss expenses	18,601,732		17,166,641
Ceded reserves for losses and loss expenses	3,155,303		3,201,389
Gross reserves for losses and loss expenses	$	21,757,035	$	20,368,030

Following is a summary of the Company’s net reserves for losses and loss expenses by major line of business:


(In thousands)	Reported Case Reserves		Incurred But Not Reported		Total
September 30, 2025
Other liability	$	2,289,894	$	5,542,391	$	7,832,285
Professional liability	657,688		1,745,596		2,403,284
Workers’ compensation (1)	1,107,966		982,111		2,090,077
Auto	797,501		971,302		1,768,803
Short-tail lines (2)	420,866		669,135		1,090,001
Total Insurance	5,273,915		9,910,535		15,184,450
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess (1) (3)	1,664,310		1,752,972		3,417,282
Total	$	6,938,225	$	11,663,507	$	18,601,732

December 31, 2024
Other liability	$	2,104,721	$	5,164,994	$	7,269,715
Professional liability	613,230		1,503,908		2,117,138
Workers’ compensation (1)	1,054,427		771,367		1,825,794
Auto	729,462		936,319		1,665,781
Short-tail lines (2)	410,138		593,008		1,003,146
Total Insurance	4,911,978		8,969,596		13,881,574
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess (1) (3)	1,622,399		1,662,668		3,285,067
Total	$	6,534,377	$	10,632,264	$	17,166,641

___________

(1) Reserves for workers’ compensation and Reinsurance & Monoline Excess are net of an aggregate net discount of $417 million and $405 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

(2) Short-tail lines include commercial multi-peril (non-liability), inland marine, accident and health, fidelity and surety, boiler and machinery, high net worth homeowners and other lines.

(3) Reinsurance & Monoline Excess includes property and casualty reinsurance, as well as operations that solely retain risk on an excess basis and certain program management business.

The Company evaluates reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses on a quarterly basis. Changes in estimates of prior year losses are reported when such changes are made. The changes in prior year loss reserve estimates are generally the result of ongoing analysis of recent loss development trends. Original estimates are increased or decreased as additional information becomes known regarding individual claims and aggregate claim trends.

Certain of the Company's insurance and reinsurance contracts are retrospectively rated, whereby the Company collects more or less premiums based on the level of loss activity. For those contracts, changes in loss and loss adjustment expenses for prior years may be fully or partially offset by additional or return premiums.

Net prior year development (i.e., the sum of prior year reserve changes and prior year earned premiums changes) for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 are as follows:


(In thousands)	2025		2024
Increase in prior year loss reserves	$	(23,129)	$	(15,279)
Increase in prior year earned premiums	25,483		18,126
Net favorable prior year development	$	2,354	$	2,847

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) of $2 million included $34 million of favorable prior year development for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment largely offset by $32 million of adverse prior year development for the Insurance segment.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) of $3 million included $5 million of favorable prior year development for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment partially offset by $2 million of adverse prior year development for the Insurance segment.

For the Insurance segment, the adverse development during the first nine months of 2024 was driven by commercial auto liability and other liability (mainly umbrella and excess liability), which was largely offset by favorable development for workers’ compensation and professional liability. The adverse commercial auto liability development was concentrated in accident years 2020 through 2023. The other liability development was mainly driven by umbrella and excess liability claims, and was focused in accident years 2017 through 2021. A significant portion of the umbrella and excess liability development related to underlying commercial auto exposures. The Company believes that commercial auto-related claims were particularly impacted by social inflation, which contributed to an increase in the frequency of large losses beyond expectations. Social inflation can include higher settlement demands from plaintiffs, use of aggressive actions by the plaintiffs’ bar such as litigation funding, negative public sentiment towards large businesses and corporations, and erosion of tort reforms, among other factors.

Reserve Discount . The Company discounts its liabilities for certain workers’ compensation reserves. The amount of workers’ compensation reserves that were discounted was $1,394 million and $1,358 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The aggregate net discount for those reserves, after reflecting the effects of ceded

reinsurance, was $417 million and $405 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. At September 30, 2025, discount rates by year ranged from 0.7% to 6.5%, with a weighted average discount rate of 3.6%.

Substantially all of the workers’ compensation discount (97% of total discounted reserves at September 30, 2025) relates to excess workers’ compensation reserves. In order to properly match loss expenses with income earned on investment securities supporting the liabilities, reserves for excess workers’ compensation business are discounted using risk-free discount rates determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve. These rates are determined annually based on the weighted average rate for the period. Once established, no adjustments are made to the discount rate for that period, and any increases or decreases in loss reserves in subsequent years are discounted at the same rate, without regard to when any such adjustments are recognized. The expected loss and loss expense payout patterns subject to discounting are derived from the Company’s loss payout experience.

The Company also discounts reserves for certain other long-duration workers’ compensation reserves (representing approximately 3% of total discounted reserves at September 30, 2025), including reserves for quota share reinsurance and reserves related to losses regarding occupational lung disease. These reserves are discounted at statutory rates permitted by the Department of Insurance of the State of Delaware.

Assumed Reinsurance Premiums . The Company estimates the amount of assumed reinsurance premiums that it will receive under treaty reinsurance agreements at the inception of the contracts. These premium estimates are revised as the actual amount of assumed premiums is reported to the Company by the ceding companies. As estimates of assumed premiums are made or revised, the related amount of earned premiums, commissions and incurred losses associated with those premiums are recorded. Estimated assumed premiums receivable were approximately $58 million at September 30, 2025 and $51 million at December 31, 2024. The assumed premium estimates are based upon terms set forth in reinsurance agreements, information received from ceding companies during the underwriting and negotiation of agreements, reports received from ceding companies and discussions and correspondence with reinsurance intermediaries. The Company also considers its own view of market conditions, economic trends and experience with similar lines of business. These premium estimates represent management’s best estimate of the ultimate amount of premiums to be received under its assumed reinsurance agreements.

Allowance for Expected Credit Losses on Investments .

Fixed Maturity Securities – For fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position where the Company intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery in value, the amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through net investment gains (losses). For fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position where the Company does not intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell the security before recovery in value, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or all other factors (non-credit factors). In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, an allowance for expected credit losses is recorded for the credit loss through net investment gains (losses), limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. The allowance is adjusted for any change in expected credit losses and subsequent recoveries through net investment gains (losses). The impairment related to non-credit factors is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss).

The Company’s credit assessment of allowance for expected credit losses uses a third party model for available for sale and held to maturity securities, as well as loans receivable. The allowance for expected credit losses is generally based on the performance of the underlying collateral under various economic and default scenarios that involve subjective judgments and estimates by management. Modeling these securities involves various factors, such as projected default rates, the nature and realizable value of the collateral, if any, the ability of the issuer to make scheduled payments, historical performance and other relevant economic and performance factors. A discounted cash flow analysis is used to ascertain the amount of the allowance for expected credit losses, if any. In general, the model reverts to the rating-level long-term average marginal default rates based on 10 years of historical data, beyond the forecast period. For other inputs, the model in most cases reverts to the baseline long-term assumptions linearly over 5 years beyond the forecast period. The long-term assumptions are based on the historical averages.

The Company classifies its fixed maturity securities by credit rating, primarily based on ratings assigned by credit rating agencies. For purposes of classifying securities with different ratings, the Company uses the average of the credit ratings assigned, unless in limited situations the Company’s own analysis indicates an internal rating is more appropriate. Securities that are not rated by a rating agency are evaluated and classified by the Company on a case-by-case basis.

A summary of the Company’s non-investment grade fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position at September 30, 2025 is presented in the table below:


($ in thousands)	Number of Securities	Aggregate Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Loss
Foreign government	75	$	189,418	$	194,357

Corporate	28	51,508		1,533
State and municipal	6	28,795		1,256
Mortgage-backed	15	2,404		191
Asset-backed	1	2		1
Total	125	$	272,127	$	197,338

As of September 30, 2025, the Company recorded an allowance for expected credit losses on fixed maturity securities of $0.3 million. The Company has evaluated the remaining fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position and believes the unrealized losses are due primarily to temporary market and sector-related factors rather than to issuer-specific factors. None of these securities are delinquent or in default under financial covenants. Based on its assessment of these issuers, the Company expects them to continue to meet their contractual payment obligations as they become due.

Loans Receivable – For loans receivable, the Company estimates an allowance for expected credit losses based on relevant information about past events, including historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts that affect the expected collectability of the amortized cost of the financial asset. The allowance for expected credit losses is presented as a reduction to amortized cost of the financial asset in the consolidated balance sheet and changes to the estimate for expected credit losses are recognized through net investment gains (losses). Loans receivable are reported net of an allowance for expected credit losses of $0.3 million and $1 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Fair Value Measurements . The Company’s fixed maturity available for sale securities, equity securities, and its arbitrage trading account securities are carried at fair value. Fair value is defined as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” The Company utilizes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for similar assets in active markets. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs may only be used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available. The fair value of the vast majority of the Company’s portfolio is based on observable data (other than quoted prices) and, accordingly, is classified as Level 2.

In classifying particular financial securities in the fair value hierarchy, the Company uses its judgment to determine whether the market for a security is active and whether significant pricing inputs are observable. The Company determines the existence of an active market by assessing whether transactions occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide reliable pricing information. The Company determines whether inputs are observable based on the use of such information by pricing services and external investment managers, the uninterrupted availability of such inputs, the need to make significant adjustments to such inputs and the volatility of such inputs over time. If the market for a security is determined to be inactive or if significant inputs used to price a security are determined to be unobservable, the security is categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Because many fixed maturity securities do not trade on a daily basis, the Company utilizes pricing models and processes which may include benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings and matrix pricing. Market inputs used to evaluate securities include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data. Quoted prices are often unavailable for recently issued securities that are infrequently traded or securities that are only traded in private transactions. For publicly traded securities for which quoted prices are unavailable, the Company determines fair value based on independent broker quotations and other observable market data. For securities traded only in private negotiations, the Company determines fair value based primarily on the cost of such securities, which is adjusted to reflect prices of recent placements of securities of the same issuer, financial data, projections and business developments of the issuer and other relevant information.

The following is a summary of pricing sources for the Company's fixed maturity securities available for sale as of September 30, 2025:


($ in thousands)	Carrying Value		Percent of Total
Pricing source:
Independent pricing services	$	24,173,879	97.0	%
Syndicate manager	133,033		0.5
Directly by the Company based on:
Observable data	590,698		2.4
Cash flow model	20,019		0.1
Total	$	24,917,629	100.0	%

Independent pricing services – Substantially all of the Company’s fixed maturity securities available for sale were priced by independent pricing services (generally one U.S. pricing service plus additional pricing services with respect to a limited number of foreign securities held by the Company). The prices provided by the independent pricing services are generally based on observable market data in active markets (e.g., broker quotes and prices observed for comparable securities). The determination of whether markets are active or inactive is based upon the volume and level of activity for a particular asset class. The Company reviews the prices provided by pricing services for reasonableness based upon current trading levels for similar securities. If the prices appear unusual to the Company, they are re-examined and the value is either confirmed or revised. In addition, the Company periodically performs independent price tests of a sample of securities to ensure proper valuation and to verify our understanding of how securities are priced. Based upon the Company’s review of the methodologies used by the independent pricing services, these securities were classified as Level 2.

Syndicate manager – The Company has a 15% participation in a Lloyd’s syndicate, and the Company’s share of the securities owned by the syndicate is priced by the syndicate’s manager. The majority of the securities are liquid, short duration fixed maturity securities. The Company reviews the syndicate manager’s pricing methodology and audited financial statements and holds discussions with the syndicate manager as necessary to confirm its understanding and agreement with security prices. Based upon the Company’s review of the methodologies used by the syndicate manager, these securities were classified as Level 2.

Observable data – If independent pricing is not available, the Company prices the securities directly. Prices are based on observable market data where available, including current trading levels for similar securities and non-binding quotations from brokers. The Company generally requests two or more quotes. If more than one quote is received, the Company sets a price within the range of quotes received based on its assessment of the credibility of the quote and its own evaluation of the security. The Company generally does not adjust quotes obtained from brokers. Since these securities were priced based on observable data, they were classified as Level 2.

Cash flow model – If the above methodologies are not available, the Company prices securities using a discounted cash flow model based upon assumptions as to prevailing credit spreads, interest rates and interest rate volatility, time to maturity and subordination levels. Discount rates are adjusted to reflect illiquidity where appropriate. These securities were classified as Level 3.

Results of Operations for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

Business Segment Results

Following is a summary of gross and net premiums written, net premiums earned, loss ratios (losses and loss expenses incurred expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned), expense ratios (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned) and GAAP combined ratios (sum of loss ratio and expense ratio) for each of our business segments for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The GAAP combined ratio represents a measure of underwriting profitability, excluding investment income. A GAAP combined ratio in excess of 100 indicates an underwriting loss; a number below 100 indicates an underwriting profit.


($ in thousands)	2025			2024
Insurance:
Gross premiums written	$	10,216,863		$	9,501,027
Net premiums written	8,517,901			7,929,439
Net premiums earned	8,144,300			7,447,828
Loss ratio	63.9		%	63.0		%
Expense ratio	28.1		%	28.4		%
GAAP combined ratio	92.0		%	91.4		%
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess:
Gross premiums written	$	1,281,101		$	1,212,779
Net premiums written	1,193,771			1,105,907
Net premiums earned	1,122,648			1,089,757
Loss ratio	55.5		%	53.2		%
Expense ratio	29.1		%	29.5		%
GAAP combined ratio	84.6		%	82.7		%
Consolidated:
Gross premiums written	$	11,497,964		$	10,713,806
Net premiums written	9,711,672			9,035,346
Net premiums earned	9,266,948			8,537,585
Loss ratio	62.9		%	61.7		%
Expense ratio	28.2		%	28.6		%
GAAP combined ratio	91.1		%	90.3		%

Net Income to Common Stockholders . The following table presents the Company’s net income to common stockholders and net income per diluted share for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:


(In thousands, except per share data)	2025		2024
Net income to common stockholders	$	1,329,892	$	1,180,014
Weighted average diluted shares	400,306		404,053
Net income per diluted share	$	3.32	$	2.92

The Company reported net income to common stockholders of $1,330 million in 2025 compared to $1,180 million in 2024. The $150 million increase in net income was primarily due to an after-tax increase in net investment gains of $130 million mainly due to change in unrealized gains on equity securities, an after-tax increase of $59 million in net investment income primarily due to income from transportation and financial services funds, a $17 million reduction in tax expense due to a change in the effective tax rate, an after-tax increase of $6 million in profit from insurance service businesses and an after-tax increase in profits from non-insurance businesses of $3 million, partially offset by an after-tax increase in foreign currency losses of $48 million due to the weakening U.S. dollar against other major currencies in 2025, an after-tax increase in corporate expenses of $10 million, an after-tax decrease in underwriting income of $6 million and an after-tax decrease in income of $1 million related to minority interest. The number of weighted average diluted shares decreased 3.7 million for 2025 compared to 2024, mainly reflecting shares repurchased in 2025 and 2024.

Premiums . Gross premiums written were $11,498 million in 2025, an increase of 7% from $10,714 million in 2024. The increase was due to a $716 million increase in the Insurance segment and a $68 million increase in the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. Approximately 80.3% of premiums expiring in 2025 were renewed, and 80.9% of premiums expiring in 2024 were renewed.

Average renewal premium rates (per unit of exposure) for insurance and facultative reinsurance increased 6.8% in 2025 and increased 7.8% excluding workers' compensation.

A summary of gross premiums written in 2025 compared with 2024 by line of business within each business segment follows:

• Insurance - gross premiums increased 8% to $10,217 million in 2025 from $9,501 million in 2024. Gross premiums increased $303 million (12%) for short-tail lines, $233 million (6%) for other liability, $95 million (8%) for auto, $74 million (8%) for workers' compensation, and $11 million (1%) for professional liability.

• Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - gross premiums increased 6% to $1,281 million in 2025 from $1,213 million in 2024. Gross premiums increased $53 million (15%) for property and $23 million (9%) for monoline excess, partially offset by a decrease of $8 million (1%) for casualty.

Net premiums written were $9,712 million in 2025, an increase of 7% from $9,035 million in 2024. Ceded reinsurance premiums as a percentage of gross written premiums was 15.5% and 15.7% in 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Premiums earned increased 9% to $9,267 million in 2025 from $8,538 million in 2024. Insurance premiums (including the impact of rate changes) are generally earned evenly over the policy term, and accordingly, recent rate increases will be earned over the upcoming quarters. Premiums earned in 2025 are related to business written during both 2025 and 2024. Audit premiums were $248 million in 2025 compared with $270 million in 2024.

Net Investment Income . Following is a summary of net investment income for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:


	Amount				Average Annualized Yield
($ in thousands)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable	$	960,625	$	954,655	4.8	%	5.4	%
Investment funds	59,713		868		5.4		0.1
Arbitrage trading account	56,309		52,562		6.6		5.8
Equity securities	34,623		35,924		5.0		4.9
Real estate	(11,482)		(20,579)		(1.2)		(2.2)
Gross investment income	1,099,788		1,023,430		4.7		4.8
Investment expenses	(8,955)		(7,707)		—		—
Total	$	1,090,833	$	1,015,723	4.7	%	4.7	%

Net investment income increased 7% to $1,091 million in 2025 from $1,016 million in 2024 due primarily to a $59 million increase in income from investment funds primarily due to transportation funds and financial services funds, a $9 million improvement in real estate, a $6 million increase in income from fixed maturity securities, and a $3 million increase in arbitrage trading account, partially offset by a $1 million decrease in equity securities and a $1 million increase in investment expenses. Investment funds are reported on a one quarter lag. The average annualized yield for fixed maturity securities was 4.8% in 2025 and 5.4% in 2024. The average annualized yield for fixed maturity securities excluding Argentine inflation-linked securities was 4.7% in 2025 and 4.4% in 2024. The effective duration of the fixed maturity portfolio was 2.9 years at September 30, 2025 up from 2.6 years at December 31, 2024. Average invested assets, at cost (including cash and cash equivalents), were $31.3 billion in 2025, up 9% from $28.6 billion in 2024.

Insurance Service Fees . The Company earns fees from an insurance distribution business, a third-party administrator and as a servicing carrier of workers' compensation assigned risk plans for certain states. Insurance service fees increased to $93 million in 2025 from $82 million in 2024, mainly due to organic growth within the business.

Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments . The Company buys and sells securities and other investment assets on a regular basis in order to maximize its total return on investments. Decisions to sell securities and other investment assets are based on management’s view of the underlying fundamentals of specific investments as well as management’s expectations regarding interest rates, credit spreads, currency values and general economic conditions. Net realized and unrealized gains on investments were $125 million in 2025 compared with losses of $72 million in 2024. The gains of $125 million in 2025 reflected an increase in unrealized gains on equity securities of $93 million and net realized gains on investments of $32 million. The losses of $72 million in 2024 reflected an increase in unrealized losses on equity securities of $42 million and net realized losses on investments of $30 million.

Change in Allowance for Expected Credit Losses on Investments . Based on credit factors, the allowance for expected credit losses is increased or decreased depending on the percentage of unrealized loss relative to amortized cost by security, changes in rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. The pre-tax change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments, which are reflected in net investment gains (losses), decreased by $1 million ($1 million after-tax) in 2025 reflecting improved pricing related to fixed maturity securities and the redemption of one loan in the loan receivable portfolio, and $31 million ($24 million after-tax) in 2024 due to improved pricing associated with foreign government securities and corporate securities.

Revenues from Non-Insurance Businesses . Revenues from non-insurance businesses were derived from businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions and aviation-related businesses that provide services to aviation markets, including (i) the distribution, manufacturing, repair and overhaul of aircraft parts and components, (ii) the sale of new and used aircraft, and (iii) avionics, fuel, maintenance, storage and charter services. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were $408 million in 2025 and $375 million in 2024. The increase mainly relates to aviation-related business, partially offset by the reduction in promotional merchandise business.

Losses and Loss Expenses . Losses and loss expenses increased to $5,825 million in 2025 from $5,270 million in 2024. The consolidated loss ratio was 62.9% in 2025 and 61.7% in 2024. Catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance recoveries, were $289 million in 2025 with the largest contributors being California wildfire losses and frequency of severe storms, up from $218 million in 2024. Favorable prior year reserve development (net of premium offsets) was $2 million in 2025 and $3 million 2024. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development increased 0.6 points to 59.8% in 2025 from 59.2% in 2024, largely due to a change in business mix.

A summary of loss ratios in 2025 compared with 2024 by business segment follows:

• Insurance - The loss ratio was 63.9% in 2025 and 63.0% in 2024. Catastrophe losses were $218 million in 2025 compared with $191 million in 2024. Adverse prior year reserve development was $32 million in 2025 and $2 million in 2024. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development increased 0.4 points to 60.8% in 2025 from 60.4% in 2024.

• Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - The loss ratio was 55.5% in 2025 and 53.2% in 2024. Catastrophe losses were $71 million in 2025 and $27 million in 2024. Favorable prior year reserve development was $34 million in 2025 and $5 million in 2024. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development increased 1.0 points to 52.2% in 2025 from 51.2% in 2024.

Other Operating Costs and Expenses . Following is a summary of other operating costs and expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:


($ in thousands)	2025		2024
Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses	$	2,620,657	$	2,438,905
Insurance service expenses	70,245		66,309
Net foreign currency losses	62,765		1,324

Other costs and expenses	210,883		198,352
Total	$	2,964,550	$	2,704,890

Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses are comprised of commissions paid to agents and brokers, premium taxes and other assessments and internal underwriting costs. Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses increased 7% and net premiums earned increased 9% from 2024. The expense ratio (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned) decreased 0.4 points to 28.2% in 2025 from 28.6% in 2024, mainly due to growth in net premiums earned and a non-recurring benefit associated with compensation costs.

Insurance service expenses, which represent the costs associated with the fee-based businesses, were $70 million in 2025 and $66 million in 2024.

Net foreign currency losses (gains) result from transactions denominated in a currency other than a company's operating functional currency. Net foreign currency losses were $63 million in 2025 compared to losses of $1 million in 2024, primarily due to other major currencies strengthening against the U.S. dollar in 2025.

Other costs and expenses represent general and administrative expenses of the parent company and other expenses not allocated to business segments, including the cost of certain long-term incentive plans and new business ventures. Other costs

and expenses increased to $211 million in 2025 from $198 million in 2024, primarily due to the increase in compensation-related costs and higher new start-up operating unit expenses in 2025.

Expenses from Non-Insurance Businesses . Expenses from non-insurance businesses represent costs associated with businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions and aviation-related businesses that include (i) cost of goods sold related to aircraft and products sold and services provided, and (ii) general and administrative expenses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses were $393 million in 2025 compared to $365 million in 2024. The increase mainly relates to aviation-related business, partially offset by the reduction in promotional merchandise.

Interest Expense . Interest expense was $95 million in both 2025 and 2024.

Income Taxes. The effective income tax rate was 22.2% and 23.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The lower effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the earlier period, was primarily due to an improved geographical mix of earnings and larger benefits attributable to equity-based compensation.

The Company has not provided U.S. deferred income taxes on the undistributed earnings of approximately $555 million of its non-U.S. subsidiaries, since these earnings are intended to be permanently reinvested in the non-U.S. subsidiaries. In the future, if such earnings were distributed, the Company projects that the incremental tax, if any, will not be material.

As part of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, a 1% excise tax is imposed on common share repurchases, net of common share issuances, and included in the cost of treasury stock acquired. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company repurchased 1,200,000 shares of its common stock.

In the United States, on July 4, 2025, the budget reconciliation package known as the “One Big Beautiful Bill” was signed into law. Changes resulting from the tax provisions thereunder are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s results from operations.

Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

Business Segment Results

Following is a summary of gross and net premiums written, net premiums earned, loss ratios (losses and loss expenses incurred expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned), expense ratios (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned) and GAAP combined ratios (sum of loss ratio and expense ratio) for each of our business segments for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The GAAP combined ratio represents a measure of underwriting profitability, excluding investment income. A GAAP combined ratio in excess of 100 indicates an underwriting loss; a number below 100 indicates an underwriting profit.


($ in thousands)	2025			2024
Insurance:
Gross premiums written	$	3,393,023		$	3,219,128
Net premiums written	2,809,743			2,673,275
Net premiums earned	2,773,009			2,564,490
Loss ratio	63.9		%	63.1		%
Expense ratio	28.4		%	28.4		%
GAAP combined ratio	92.3		%	91.5		%
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess:
Gross premiums written	$	443,233		$	414,150
Net premiums written	417,187			384,001
Net premiums earned	383,373			362,333
Loss ratio	51.3		%	57.0		%
Expense ratio	29.8		%	29.7		%
GAAP combined ratio	81.1		%	86.7		%
Consolidated:
Gross premiums written	$	3,836,256		$	3,633,278
Net premiums written	3,226,930			3,057,276
Net premiums earned	3,156,382			2,926,823
Loss ratio	62.4		%	62.4		%
Expense ratio	28.5		%	28.5		%
GAAP combined ratio	90.9		%	90.9		%

Net Income to Common Stockholders . The following table presents the Company’s net income to common stockholders and net income per diluted share for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:


(In thousands, except per share data)	2025		2024
Net income to common stockholders	$	511,032	$	365,634
Weighted average diluted shares	400,204		401,817
Net income per diluted share	$	1.28	$	0.91

The Company reported net income to common stockholders of $511 million in 2025, an increase of 40% from $366 million in 2024. The $145 million increase in net income was primarily due to an after-tax increase in net investment gains of $69 million, mainly due to the realized gains from sale of equity securities, an after-tax decrease in foreign currency losses of $29 million, due to the weakening U.S. dollar against other major currencies in 2024, an after-tax increase of $22 million in net investment income due to fixed maturity securities driven by elevated interest rates and a larger portfolio, an after-tax increase in underwriting income of $17 million, a $9 million reduction in tax expense due to a change in the effective tax rate, and an after-tax increase in profits from non-insurance businesses of $2 million, partially offset by an after-tax increase in corporate expenses of $2 million and an after-tax decrease in minority interest of $1 million. The number of weighted average diluted shares decreased 1.6 million for 2025 compared to 2024, mainly reflecting shares repurchased in 2025 and 2024.

Premiums . Gross premiums written were $3,836 million in 2025, an increase of 6% from $3,633 million in 2024. The increase was due to a $174 million increase in the Insurance segment and a $29 million increase in the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. Approximately 79.6% of premiums expiring in 2025 and 81.1% of premiums expiring in 2024 were renewed.

Average renewal premium rates (per unit of exposure) for insurance and facultative reinsurance increased 6.6% in 2025 and increased 7.6% excluding workers' compensation.

A summary of gross premiums written in 2025 compared with 2024 by line of business within each business segment follows:

• Insurance - gross premiums increased 5% to $3,393 million in 2025 from $3,219 million in 2024. Gross premiums increased $103 million (12%) for short-tail lines, $39 million (3%) for other liability, $27 million (9%) for workers' compensation and $7 million (2%) for auto, partially offset by decrease of $2 million (less than 1%) for professional liability.

• Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - gross premiums increased 7% to $443 million in 2025 from $414 million in 2024. Gross premiums increased $16 million (16%) for monoline excess, $10 million (8%) for property, and $3 million (2%) for casualty.

Net premiums written were $3,227 million in 2025, an increase of 6% from $3,057 million in 2024. Ceded reinsurance premiums as a percentage of gross written premiums was 15.9% in both 2025 and 2024.

Premiums earned increased 8% to $3,156 million in 2025 from $2,927 million in 2024. Insurance premiums (including the impact of rate changes) are generally earned evenly over the policy term, and accordingly, recent rate increases will be earned over the upcoming quarters. Premiums earned in 2025 are related to business written during both 2025 and 2024. Audit premiums were $80 million in 2025 compared with $86 million in 2024.

Net Investment Income . Following is a summary of net investment income for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:


	Amount				Average Annualized Yield
($ in thousands)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable	$	324,319	$	295,272	4.8	%	4.9	%
Arbitrage trading account	16,309		17,869		5.7		6.0
Equity securities	11,497		12,203		4.7		5.1
Investment funds	5,421		4,741		1.5		1.2
Real estate	(3,373)		(3,711)		(1.0)		(1.2)
Gross investment income	354,173		326,374		4.4		4.4
Investment expenses	(2,935)		(2,618)		—		—
Total	$	351,238	$	323,756	4.4	%	4.4	%

Net investment income increased to $351 million in 2025 from $324 million in 2024 due primarily to a $29 million increase in income from fixed maturity securities, mainly driven by elevated interest rates and a larger fixed maturity securities portfolio, and a $1 million increase in income from investment funds, partially offset by a $2 million decrease in the arbitrage trading account and a $1 million decrease in equity securities. Investment funds are reported on a one quarter lag. The average annualized yield for fixed maturity securities was 4.8% in 2025 and 4.9% in 2024. The average annualized yield for fixed maturity securities excluding Argentine inflation-linked securities was 4.6% in 2025 and 4.5% in 2024. The effective duration of the fixed maturity portfolio was 2.9 years at September 30, 2025 up from 2.6 years at December 31, 2024. Average invested assets, at cost (including cash and cash equivalents), were $32.1 billion in 2025, up 9% from $29.3 billion in 2024.

Insurance Service Fees . The Company earns fees from an insurance distribution business, a third-party administrator and as a servicing carrier of workers' compensation assigned risk plans for certain states. Insurance service fees increased to $31 million in 2025 from $29 million in 2024 mainly due to organic growth within the business.

Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments . The Company buys and sells securities and other investment assets on a regular basis in order to maximize its total return on investments. Decisions to sell securities and other investment assets are based on management’s view of the underlying fundamentals of specific investments as well as management’s expectations regarding interest rates, credit spreads, currency values and general economic conditions. Net realized and unrealized gains on investments were $79 million in 2025 compared with losses of $23 million in 2024. The gains of $79 million in 2025 reflected net realized gains on investments of $69 million and an increase in unrealized gains on equity securities of $10 million. The losses of $23 million in 2024 reflected net realized losses on investments of $22 million and an increase in unrealized losses on equity securities of $1 million.

Change in Allowance for Expected Credit Losses on Investments . Based on credit factors, the allowance for expected credit losses is increased or decreased depending on the percentage of unrealized loss relative to amortized cost by security, changes in rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. The pre-tax change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments, which are reflected in net investment gains (losses), decreased by $0.2 million ($0.1 million after-tax) in 2025 and $15 million ($12 million after-tax) in 2024 due to improved pricing associated with foreign government securities.

Revenues from Non-Insurance Businesses . Revenues from non-insurance businesses were derived from businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions and aviation-related businesses that provide services to aviation markets, including (i) the distribution, manufacturing, repair and overhaul of aircraft parts and components, (ii) the sale of new and used aircraft, and (iii) avionics, fuel, maintenance, storage and charter services. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were $150 million in 2025 and $129 million in 2024. The increase mainly relates to aviation-related business, partially offset by the reduction in promotional merchandise and textile businesses.

Losses and Loss Expenses . Losses and loss expenses increased to $1,969 million in 2025 from $1,826 million in 2024. The consolidated loss ratio was 62.4% in both 2025 and 2024. Catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance recoveries, were $79 million in 2025 and $98 million in 2024. Favorable prior year reserve development (net of premium offsets) was $1 million in both 2025 and 2024. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development increased 0.8 points to 59.9% in 2025 from 59.1% in 2024, largely due to a change in business mix.

A summary of loss ratios in 2025 compared with 2024 by business segment follows:

• Insurance - The loss ratio was 63.9% in 2025 and 63.1% in 2024. Catastrophe losses were $70 million in 2025 compared with $77 million in 2024. Adverse prior year reserve development was $13 million in 2025, and favorable prior year development was $3 million in 2024. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development increased 0.7 points to 60.9% in 2025 from 60.2% in 2024.

• Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - The loss ratio was 51.3% in 2025 and 57.0% in 2024. Catastrophe losses were $9 million in 2025 and $21 million in 2024. Favorable prior year reserve development was $14 million in 2025, and adverse prior year reserve development was $2 million in 2024. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development increased 1.9 points to 52.6% in 2025 from 50.7% in 2024.

Other Operating Costs and Expenses . Following is a summary of other operating costs and expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:


($ in thousands)	2025		2024
Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses	$	900,312	$	835,376
Insurance service expenses	22,711		21,786
Net foreign currency (gains) losses	(12,009)		24,619

Other costs and expenses	64,319		61,584
Total	$	975,333	$	943,365

Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses are comprised of commissions paid to agents and brokers, premium taxes and other assessments and internal underwriting costs. Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses and net premiums earned both increased 8% from 2024. The expense ratio (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned) was 28.5% in both 2025 and 2024.

Insurance service expenses, which represent the costs associated with the fee-based businesses, were $23 million in 2025 and $22 million in 2024.

Net foreign currency (gains) losses result from transactions denominated in a currency other than a company's operating functional currency. Net foreign currency gains were $12 million in 2025 compared to losses of $25 million in 2024, primarily due to other major currencies strengthening against the U.S. dollar in 2024.

that include (i) cost of goods sold related to aircraft and products sold and services provided, and (ii) general and administrative expenses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses were $144 million in 2025 and $125 million in 2024. The increase mainly relates to aviation-related business, partially offset by the reduction in promotional merchandise and textile businesses.

Interest Expense . Interest expense was $32 million in both 2025 and 2024.

Income Taxes. The effective income tax rate was 21.0% and 23.0% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The lower effective income tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the earlier period, was primarily due to an improved geographical mix of earnings and larger benefits attributable to equity-based compensation.

The Company has not provided U.S. deferred income taxes on the undistributed earnings of approximately $555 million of its non-U.S. subsidiaries since these earnings are intended to be permanently reinvested in the non-U.S. subsidiaries. In the future, if such earnings were distributed, the Company projects that the incremental tax, if any, will not be material.

As part of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, a 1% excise tax is imposed on common share repurchases, net of common share issuances, and included in the cost of treasury stock acquired. During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company repurchased 350,000 shares of its common stock.

Investments

As part of its investment strategy, the Company establishes a level of cash and highly liquid short-term and intermediate-term securities that, combined with expected cash flow, it believes is adequate to meet its payment obligations. In addition to fixed maturity securities, the Company invests in equity securities, merger arbitrage securities, investment funds, private equity, loans and real estate related assets. The Company's investments in investment funds and its other alternative investments have experienced, and the Company expects to continue to experience, greater fluctuations in investment income.

The Company also attempts to maintain an appropriate relationship between the average duration of the investment portfolio and the approximate duration of its liabilities (i.e., policy claims and debt obligations). The average duration of the fixed maturity portfolio, including cash and cash equivalents, was 2.9 years at September 30, 2025 up from 2.6 years at December 31, 2024. The Company’s fixed maturity investment portfolio and investment-related assets as of September 30, 2025 were as follows:


($ in thousands)	Carrying Value		Percent of Total
Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. government and government agencies	$	3,478,237	10.6	%
State and municipal:
Special revenue	1,258,705		3.8
State general obligation	261,797		0.8
Local general obligation	225,190		0.7
Corporate backed	181,492		0.6
Pre-refunded (1)	75,319		0.2
Total state and municipal	2,002,503		6.1
Mortgage-backed:
Agency	4,450,198		13.6
Commercial	331,629		0.9
Residential-Prime	188,034		0.6
Residential-Alt A	1,538		—
Total mortgage-backed	4,971,399		15.1
Asset-backed securities	3,831,174		11.7
Corporate:
Industrial	3,705,998		11.3
Financial	3,544,403		10.8
Utilities	1,252,731		3.8
Other	237,640		0.7
Total corporate	8,740,772		26.6
Foreign government and foreign government agencies	1,923,864		5.9
Total fixed maturity securities	24,947,949		76.0
Equity securities:
Common stocks	721,950		2.2
Preferred stocks	660,482		2.0
Total equity securities	1,382,432		4.2

Cash and cash equivalents (2)	2,352,117		7.1
Investment funds	1,430,991		4.4
Real estate	1,305,299		4.0
Arbitrage trading account	1,070,304		3.3
Loans receivable	326,855		1.0
Total investments	$	32,815,947	100.0	%

____________________

(1) Pre-refunded securities are securities for which an escrow account has been established to fund the remaining payments of principal and interest through maturity. Such escrow accounts are funded almost exclusively with U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities.

(2) Cash and cash equivalents includes trading accounts receivable from brokers and clearing organizations, trading account securities sold but not yet purchased and unsettled purchases.

Fixed Maturity Securities . The Company’s investment policy with respect to fixed maturity securities is generally to purchase instruments with the expectation of holding them to their maturity. However, management of the available for sale portfolio is considered necessary to maintain an approximate matching of assets and liabilities as well as to adjust the portfolio as a result of changes in financial market conditions and tax considerations.

The Company’s philosophy related to holding or selling fixed maturity securities is based on its objective of maximizing total return. The key factors that management considers in its investment decisions as to whether to hold or sell fixed maturity securities are its view of the underlying fundamentals of specific securities as well as its expectations regarding interest rates, credit spreads and currency values. In a period in which management expects interest rates to rise, the Company may sell longer duration securities in order to mitigate the impact of an interest rate rise on the fair value of the portfolio. Similarly, in a period in which management expects credit spreads to widen, the Company may sell lower quality securities, and in a period in which management expects certain foreign currencies to decline in value, the Company may sell securities denominated in those foreign currencies. The sale of fixed maturity securities in order to achieve the objective of maximizing total return may result in realized gains or losses; however, there is no reason to expect these gains or losses to continue in future periods.

Equity Securities . Equity securities primarily represent investments in common and preferred stocks in companies with potential growth opportunities in different sectors, mainly in the financial institutions, energy and technology sectors.

Investment Funds . At September 30, 2025, the carrying value of investment funds was $1.4 billion, including investments in other funds of $400 million (which includes a deferred compensation trust asset of $42 million), financial services funds of $374 million, transportation funds of $273 million, real estate funds of $177 million, infrastructure funds of $165 million, and energy funds of $42 million. Investment funds are generally reported on a one-quarter lag.

Real Estate . Real estate is directly owned property held for investment. At September 30, 2025, real estate properties in operation included a long-term ground lease in Washington D.C., an office complex in New York City and the completed portion of a mixed-use project in Washington D.C. In addition, part of the previously mentioned mixed-use project in Washington D.C. is under development. The Company expects to fund further development costs for the project with a combination of its own funds and external financing.

Arbitrage Trading Account . The arbitrage trading account is comprised of direct investments in arbitrage securities. Merger arbitrage is the business of investing in the securities of publicly held companies that are the targets in announced tender offers and mergers.

Loans Receivable . Loans receivable, which are carried at amortized cost (net of allowance for expected credit losses), had an amortized cost of $327 million and an aggregate fair value of $327 million at September 30, 2025. The amortized cost of loans receivable is net of an allowance for expected credit losses of $0.3 million as of September 30, 2025. Loans receivable include real estate loans of $327 million that are secured by commercial and residential real estate located primarily in the U.K. and New York. Real estate loans generally earn interest at fixed or stepped interest rates and have maturities through 2028. Loans receivable includes a commercial loan of $76 thousand with one small business owner that is secured by business assets, has a fixed interest rate and matures in 2026.

Market Risk . The fair value of the Company’s investments is subject to risks of fluctuations in credit quality and interest rates. The Company uses various models and stress test scenarios to monitor and manage interest rate risk. The Company attempts to manage its interest rate risk by maintaining an appropriate relationship between the effective duration of the investment portfolio and the approximate duration of its liabilities (i.e., policy claims and debt obligations). The effective duration for the fixed maturity portfolio (including cash and cash equivalents) was 2.9 years at September 30, 2025 up from 2.6 years at December 31, 2024.

In addition, the fair value of the Company’s international investments is subject to currency risk. The Company attempts to manage its currency risk by matching its foreign currency assets and liabilities where considered appropriate.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flow . Cash flow provided from operating activities decreased to $2,587 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 from $2,868 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to increased loss and loss expense payments partially offset by increased premium receipts.

The Company's insurance subsidiaries' principal sources of cash are premiums, investment income, service fees and proceeds from sales and maturities of portfolio investments. The principal uses of cash are payments for claims, taxes, operating expenses and dividends. The Company expects its insurance subsidiaries to fund the payment of losses with cash received from premiums, investment income and fees. The Company generally targets an average duration for its investment portfolio that is within 1.5 years of the average duration of its liabilities so that portions of its investment portfolio mature throughout the claim cycle and are available for the payment of claims if necessary. In the event operating cash flow and proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed income securities are not sufficient to fund claim payments and other cash requirements, the remainder of the Company's cash and investments is available to pay claims and other obligations as they become due. The Company's investment portfolio is highly liquid, with approximately 83.2% invested in cash, cash equivalents and marketable fixed maturity securities as of September 30, 2025. If the sale of fixed maturity securities were to become necessary, a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the cost and sales price of securities sold would be recognized.

Debt . At September 30, 2025, the Company had senior notes, subordinated debentures and other debt outstanding with a carrying value of $2,840 million and a face amount of $2,860 million. The maturities of the outstanding debt are $5 million in 2026, $250 million in 2037, $350 million in 2044, $470 million in 2050, $400 million in 2052, $185 million in 2058, $300 million in 2059, $250 million in 2060, and $650 million in 2061.

On April 1, 2022, the Company entered into a senior unsecured revolving credit facility that provides for revolving, unsecured borrowings up to an aggregate of $300 million with a $50 million sublimit for letters of credit. The Company may increase the amount available under the facility to a maximum of $500 million subject to obtaining lender commitments for the increase and other customary conditions. Borrowings under the facility may be used for working capital and other general corporate purposes. All borrowings under the facility must be repaid by April 1, 2027, except that letters of credit outstanding on that date may remain outstanding until April 1, 2028 (or such later date approved by all lenders). Our ability to utilize the facility is conditioned on the satisfaction of representations, warranties and covenants that are customary for facilities of this type. As of September 30, 2025, there were no borrowings outstanding under the facility.

Equity . At September 30, 2025, total common stockholders’ equity was $9.8 billion, common shares outstanding were 379,877,184 and stockholders’ equity per outstanding share was $25.79. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company repurchased 1,200,000 shares of its common stock for $74 million. In the third quarter of 2025, the board of directors of the Company declared an ordinary quarterly cash dividend of $0.09 per share. In the second quarter of 2025, the board of directors of the Company declared an ordinary quarterly cash dividend of $0.09 per share and a special quarterly cash dividend of $0.50 per share. In the first quarter of 2025, the board of directors of the Company declared an ordinary quarterly cash dividend of $0.08 per share. The number of common shares outstanding excludes shares held in a grantor trust established by the Company for delivery upon settlement of vested but mandatorily deferred RSUs.

Total Capital . Total capitalization (equity, debt and subordinated debentures) was $12.6 billion at September 30, 2025. The percentage of the Company’s capital attributable to senior notes, subordinated debentures and other debt was 22% at September 30, 2025 down from 25% at December 31, 2024.

Item 3 . Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk

Reference is made to the information under “Investments - Market Risk” under the caption “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Form 10-Q.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rule 13a-14 as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company has in place effective controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules thereunder, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. During the quarter ended September 30, 2025, there were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Please see Note 20 to the notes to the interim consolidated financial statements.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Set forth below is a summary of the shares repurchased by the Company during the three months ended September 30, 2025, and the number of shares remaining authorized for purchase by the Company:


	Total number of shares purchased	Average price paid per share		Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs	Maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs



July 1-31, 2025	350,000	$	70.36	350,000	12,958,928
August 1-31, 2025	—	$	—	—	12,958,928
September 1-30, 2025	—	$	—	—	12,958,928
Total	350,000	$	70.36	350,000

Item 5. Other Information

None of the Company's directors or officers adopted , modified or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement during the quarter ended September 30, 2025, as such terms are defined under Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 6. Exhibits


Number










( 31.1 )						Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/ 15d-14(a).

( 31.2 )						Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/ 15d-14(a).

( 32.1 )						Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.1						The following information from W. R. Berkley Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2025, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024; (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024; (vi) Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements; and (vii) the cover page.

104.1						Cover Page Interactive Data File (the cover page XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101.1).

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


		W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION
Date:	November 3, 2025	/s/ W. Robert Berkley, Jr.
		W. Robert Berkley, Jr.
		President and Chief Executive Officer

Date:	November 3, 2025	/s/ Richard M. Baio
		Richard M. Baio
		Executive Vice President - Chief Financial Officer

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part I Financial Information Item 1. Financial Statements Item 2. Management S Discussion and Analysis Of Financial Condition and Results Of Operations Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk Item 4. Controls and Procedures Part II Other Information Item 1. Legal Proceedings Item 1A. Risk Factors Item 2. Unregistered Sales Of Equity Securities and Use Of Proceeds Item 5. Other Information Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibits

(31.1) Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule13a-14(a)/ 15d-14(a). (31.2) Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule13a-14(a)/ 15d-14(a). (32.1) Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section1350, as adopted pursuant to Section906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

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WRB 10-Q Quarter ended Sept. 30, 2025

Exhibits