GCBC 10-Q Quarterly Report Sept. 30, 2025

GREENE COUNTY BANCORP INC

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OF 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2025

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OF 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT

Commission File Number: 0-25165

GREENE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)


United States		14-1809721
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)


302 Main Street , Catskill , New York		12414
(Address of principal executive office)		(Zip code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: ( 518 ) 943-2600

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of class	Trading symbol	Name of exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.10 par value	GCBC	The Nasdaq Stock Market

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☒	Emerging Growth Company ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐	Smaller reporting company ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).YES ☐ NO ☒

As of November 6, 2025, the registrant had 17,026,828 shares of common stock outstanding at $0.10 par value per share.


	GREENE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

	INDEX

PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
		Page
Item 1.	Financial Statements (unaudited)
	* Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition	3
	* Consolidated Statements of Income	4
	* Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	5
	* Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity	6
	* Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	7
	* Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	8-27

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	28-45

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	45

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	45

PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	47

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	47

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	47

Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	47

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	47

Item 5.	Other Information	47

Item 6.	Exhibits	47

	Signatures	48

Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition

At September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025

(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)


ASSETS		September 30, 2025			June 30, 2025
Cash and due from banks	$	27,373		$	12,788
Interest-bearing deposits		127,194			170,290
Total cash and cash equivalents		154,567			183,078

Long-term certificates of deposit		1,425			1,425
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value		350,073			356,062
Securities held-to-maturity, at amortized cost, net of allowance for credit losses of $ 599 and $ 548 at September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025		787,132			776,147
Equity securities, at fair value		391			402
Federal Home Loan Bank stock, at cost		2,311			5,504

Loans receivable		1,670,847			1,627,406
Allowance for credit losses on loans		( 21,292	)		( 20,146	)
Net loans receivable		1,649,555			1,607,260

Premises and equipment, net		15,355			15,232
Bank-owned life insurance		60,447			59,795
Accrued interest receivable		17,321			16,381
Prepaid expenses and other assets		19,968			19,323
Total assets	$	3,058,545		$	3,040,609

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$	122,871		$	110,163
Interest-bearing deposits		2,600,316			2,529,672
Total deposits		2,723,187			2,639,835

Borrowings, short-term		-			74,000
Borrowings, long-term		4,189			4,189
Subordinated notes payable, net		49,904			49,867
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		33,089			33,881
Total liabilities		2,810,369			2,801,772

SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Preferred stock, Authorized - 1,000,000 shares; Issued - None		-			-
Common stock, par value $ 0.10 per share; Authorized - 36,000,000 shares; Issued – 17,222,680 shares at September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025; Outstanding – 17,026,828 shares at September 30, 2025, and June 30, 2025		1,722			1,722
Additional paid-in capital		10,156			10,156
Retained earnings		249,492			241,403
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		( 12,286	)		( 13,536	)
Treasury stock, at cost 195,852 shares at September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025		( 908	)		( 908	)
Total shareholders’ equity		248,176			238,837
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	3,058,545		$	3,040,609

See notes to consolidated financial statements

Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Income

For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)


		2025		2024
Interest income:
Loans	$	21,973	$	19,243
Investment securities - tax exempt		5,266		4,468
Investment securities - taxable		3,910		3,369
Interest-bearing deposits and federal funds sold		474		689
Total interest income		31,623		27,769

Interest expense:
Interest on deposits		13,363		13,806
Interest on borrowings		740		827
Total interest expense		14,103		14,633

Net interest income		17,520		13,136
Provision for credit losses		1,257		634
Net interest income after provision for credit losses		16,263		12,502

Noninterest income:
Service charges on deposit accounts		1,298		1,226
Debit card fees		1,100		1,101
Investment services		277		248
E-commerce fees		27		37
Bank-owned life insurance		652		648
Other operating income		632		477
Total noninterest income		3,986		3,737

Noninterest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits		6,156		5,878
Occupancy expense		653		636
Equipment and furniture expense		205		150
Service and data processing fees		787		767
Computer software, supplies and support		440		355
Advertising and promotion		100		77
FDIC insurance premiums		367		322
Legal and professional fees		406		364
Other		947		1,001
Total noninterest expense		10,061		9,550

Income before provision for income taxes		10,188		6,689
Provision for income taxes		1,318		428
Net income	$	8,870	$	6,261

Basic and diluted earnings per share	$	0.52	$	0.37
Basic and diluted average shares outstanding		17,026,828		17,026,828

See notes to consolidated financial statements

Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

(Unaudited)

(In thousands)


		2025		2024
Net income	$	8,870	$	6,261
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized holding gains on securities available-for-sale, gross		1,707		7,602
Tax effect		457		2,032
Unrealized holding gains on securities available-for-sale, net		1,250		5,570

Total other comprehensive income, net of taxes		1,250		5,570

Comprehensive income	$	10,120	$	11,831

See notes to consolidated financial statements

Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

(Unaudited)

(In thousands)


		Common stock		Additional paid-in capital		Retained earnings			Accumulated other comprehensive loss			Treasury stock			Total shareholders' equity

Balance at June 30, 2025	$	1,722	$	10,156	$	241,403		$	( 13,536	)	$	( 908	)	$	238,837
Dividends declared						( 781	)								( 781	)
Net income						8,870									8,870
Other comprehensive income, net of taxes									1,250						1,250
Balance at September 30, 2025	$	1,722	$	10,156	$	249,492		$	( 12,286	)	$	( 908	)	$	248,176

		Common stock		Additional paid-in capital		Retained earnings			Accumulated other comprehensive loss			Treasury stock			Total shareholders' equity

Balance at June 30, 2024	$	1,722	$	10,156	$	214,740		$	( 19,710	)	$	( 908	)	$	206,000
Dividends declared						( 1,533	)								( 1,533	)
Net income						6,261									6,261
Other comprehensive income, net of taxes									5,570						5,570
Balance at September 30, 2024	$	1,722	$	10,156	$	219,468		$	( 14,140	)	$	( 908	)	$	216,298

See notes to consolidated financial statements

Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

(Unaudited)

(In thousands)


		2025			2024
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	8,870		$	6,261
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation		279			261
Deferred income tax benefit		( 252	)		( 543	)
Net accretion of investment premiums and discounts		( 126	)		( 287	)
Net amortization of deferred loan costs and fees		108			83
Amortization of subordinated debt issuance costs		37			46
Provision for credit losses		1,257			634
Bank-owned life insurance income		( 652	)		( 648	)
Net loss (gain) on equity securities		11			( 11	)
Net increase in accrued income taxes		1,201			647
Net increase in accrued interest receivable		( 940	)		( 640	)
Net increase in prepaid expenses and other assets		( 1,559	)		( 2,165	)
Net decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities		( 1,284	)		( 1,488	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		6,950			2,150

Cash flows from investing activities:
Securities available-for-sale:
Proceeds from maturities		66,523			55,515
Purchases of securities		( 60,145	)		( 89,688	)
Proceeds from principal payments on securities		1,331			27,634
Securities held-to-maturity:
Proceeds from maturities		13,688			11,268
Purchases of securities		( 33,156	)		( 25,500	)
Proceeds from principal payments on securities		8,545			2,589
Net redemption of Federal Home Loan Bank Stock		3,193			2,501
Maturity of long-term certificates of deposit		-			250
Net increase in loans receivable		( 43,609	)		( 1,936	)
Purchases of premises and equipment		( 402	)		( 153	)
Net cash used in investing activities		( 44,032	)		( 17,520	)

Cash flows from financing activities:
Net repayment in short-term advances		( 74,000	)		( 52,300	)
Repayment of long-term advances		-			( 4,375	)
Payment of cash dividends		( 781	)		( 1,533	)
Net increase in deposits		83,352			96,652
Net cash provided by financing activities		8,571			38,444

Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		( 28,511	)		23,074
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		183,078			190,395
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	154,567		$	213,469

Cash paid during period for:
Interest	$	14,696		$	14,752
Income taxes	$	271		$	324

See notes to consolidated financial statements

Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

At and for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

(1)

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

Within the accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements and related notes to the consolidated financial statements, the June 30, 2025 data was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements and notes of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”) and its wholly owned subsidiaries, the Bank of Greene County (the “Bank”) and the Bank’s wholly owned subsidiaries, Greene County Commercial Bank (the “Commercial Bank”) and Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. The interim consolidated financial statements at and for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 are unaudited.

The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements include the accounts of certain Variable Interest Entities (“VIE(s)”). In accordance with the applicable accounting guidance for consolidations, the Company consolidates a VIE if it has (i) a variable interest in the entity; (ii) the power to direct activities of the VIE that most significantly affect the entity’s economic performance; and (iii) the obligation to absorb losses of the entity or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE ( i.e., we are considered to be the primary beneficiary).

The Company uses the equity method to account for unconsolidated investments in VIEs if it has significant influence over the entity’s operating and financing decision. Unconsolidated investments in VIEs in which the Company does not have significant influence, are carried at a cost measurement alternative. See Note 14, Variable Interest Entities for information on our involvement with VIEs.

The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. To the extent that information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements are contained in or are consistent with the audited financial statements incorporated by reference to Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2025, such information and notes have not been duplicated herein. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of only normal recurring items) necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position and results of operations and cash flows at and for the periods presented have been included. Certain previous years’ amounts in the unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto, have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation. All material inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidation. The results of operations and other data for the three months ended September 30, 2025, are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the entire fiscal year ending June 30, 2026. These consolidated financial statements consider events that occurred through the date the consolidated financial statements were issued and should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Nature of Operations

The Company’s primary business is the ownership and operation of its subsidiaries. At September 30, 2025, the Company operated 18 full-service banking offices, lending centers, an operations center, customer call center, administration center, and wealth management center, located in its market area consisting of the Hudson Valley and Capital District Regions of New York State. The Bank is primarily engaged in the business of attracting deposits from the general public in the Bank’s market area, and investing such deposits, together with other sources of funds, in loans and investment securities. The Commercial Bank’s primary business is to attract deposits from and provide banking services to local municipalities. Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. was formed as a New York corporation that has elected under the Internal Revenue Code to be a real estate investment trust. Currently, certain mortgages and loan notes held by the Bank are transferred and beneficially owned by Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. The Bank continues to service these loans.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) on loans and on unfunded commitments.

(2)

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Standards Issued Not Yet Adopted

In October 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements , which amends the disclosure or presentation requirements related to various subtopics in the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. The ASU was issued in response to the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”)’s August 2018 final rule that updated and simplified disclosure requirements that the SEC believed were redundant, duplicative, overlapping, outdated, or superseded. The new guidance is intended to align GAAP requirements with those of the SEC. The ASU will become effective on the earlier of the date on which the SEC removes its disclosure requirements for the related disclosure or June 30, 2027. Early adoption is not permitted. The Company’s adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) , Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which will require public entities to disclose annually a tabular rate reconciliation, including specific items such as state and local income tax, tax credits, nontaxable or nondeductible items, among others, and a separate disclosure requiring disaggregation of reconciling items as described above which equal or exceed 5% of the product of multiplying income from continuing operations by the applicable statutory income tax rate. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company’s adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosure (Subtopic 220-40), which will require enhanced disaggregation of certain expense categories in the notes to the financial statements. The disclosure will require certain income statement expenses including employee compensation, depreciation and intangible asset amortization. The ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and early adoption is permitted. The Company’s adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

(3)

Securities

The following tables summarize the amortized cost and fair value of securities available-for-sale by major type:


	At September 30, 2025
(In thousands)		Amortized cost ⁽¹⁾		Unrealized gains		Unrealized losses		Fair value
U.S. Treasury securities	$	10,811	$	-	$	272	$	10,539
U.S. government sponsored enterprises		13,026		-		1,274		11,752
State and political subdivisions		202,072		1,369		-		203,441
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		33,155		286		2,741		30,700
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		88,776		-		13,240		75,536
Corporate debt securities		18,430		84		409		18,105
Total securities available-for-sale	$	366,270	$	1,739	$	17,936	$	350,073


	At June 30, 2025
(In thousands)		Amortized cost (1)		Unrealized gains		Unrealized losses		Fair value
U.S. Treasury securities	$	10,815	$	-	$	362	$	10,453
U.S. government sponsored enterprises		13,029		-		1,385		11,644
State and political subdivisions		208,450		1,394		-		209,844
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		34,382		212		3,007		31,587
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		88,874		-		14,277		74,597
Corporate debt securities		18,416		81		560		17,937
Total securities available-for-sale	$	373,966	$	1,687	$	19,591	$	356,062

(1)

Amortized cost excludes accrued interest receivable of $ 4.3 million and $ 4.5 million at September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, respectively, which is included in accrued interest receivable in the consolidated statements of financial condition.

There was no allowance for credit losses on securities available-for-sale as of quarter ended September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, as each of the securities in the portfolio are investment grade, current as to principal and interest, and their price changes are consistent with interest and credit spreads when adjusting for convexity, rating, and industry differences.

The following tables summarize the amortized cost, fair value, and allowance for credit loss on securities held-to-maturity by major type:


	At September 30, 2025
(In thousands)		Amortized cost (1)		Unrealized gains		Unrealized losses		Fair value		Allowance		Net carrying value
U.S. Treasury securities	$	15,864	$	-	$	754	$	15,110	$	-	$	15,864
State and political subdivisions		470,827		12,547		25,577		457,797		52		470,775
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		141,161		2,172		2,124		141,209		-		141,161
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		126,651		-		10,803		115,848		-		126,651
Corporate debt securities		33,200		140		1,429		31,911		546		32,654
Other securities		28		-		-		28		1		27
Total securities held-to-maturity	$	787,731	$	14,859	$	40,687	$	761,903	$	599	$	787,132


	At June 30, 2025
(In thousands)		Amortized cost (1)		Unrealized gains		Unrealized losses		Fair value		Allowance		Net carrying value
U.S. Treasury securities	$	15,850	$	-	$	868	$	14,982	$	-	$	15,850
State and political subdivisions		460,959		8,938		32,028		437,869		40		460,919
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		138,468		1,388		2,327		137,529		-		138,468
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		130,119		-		11,963		118,156		-		130,119
Corporate debt securities		31,270		55		1,756		29,569		507		30,763
Other securities		29		-		-		29		1		28
Total securities held-to-maturity	$	776,695	$	10,381	$	48,942	$	738,134	$	548	$	776,147

(1)

Amortized cost excludes accrued interest receivable of $ 5.8 million and $ 4.9 million at September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, respectively, which is included in accrued interest receivable in the consolidated statements of financial condition.

U.S. Treasury and mortgage-backed securities are issued by U.S. government entities and agencies. These securities are either explicitly and/or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government as to timely repayment of principal and interest, are highly rated by major rating agencies, and have a long history of zero credit losses. Therefore, the Company determined a zero credit loss assumption and did not calculate or record an allowance for credit loss for these securities. An allowance for credit losses on investment securities held-to-maturity has been recorded for certain municipal securities issued by state and political subdivisions and corporate debt securities, to account for expected lifetime credit loss using the Current Expected Credited Losses (“CECL”) methodology.

The Company’s current policies generally limit securities investments to U.S. government and securities of government sponsored enterprises, federal funds sold, municipal bonds, corporate debt obligations, subordinated debt of banks and certain mutual funds. In addition, the Company’s policies permit investments in mortgage-backed securities, including securities issued and guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and GNMA, and collateralized mortgage obligations issued by these entities. As of September 30, 2025, all mortgage-backed securities including collateralized mortgage obligations were securities of government sponsored enterprises, no private-label mortgage-backed securities or collateralized mortgage obligations were held in the securities portfolio. The Company’s investments in state and political subdivisions securities generally are municipal obligations that are general obligations supported by the general taxing authority of the issuer, and in some cases are insured. The obligations issued by school districts are supported by state aid. Primarily, these investments are issued by municipalities within New York State.

The Company’s current securities investment strategy utilizes a risk management approach of diversified investing among three categories: short-, intermediate- and long-term. The emphasis of this approach is to increase overall investment securities yields while managing interest rate risk. The Company will only invest in high quality securities, as determined by management’s analysis at the time of purchase. The Company generally does not engage in any balance sheet derivative or hedging investment transactions, such as balance sheet interest rate swaps or caps.

The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for credit losses on securities held-to-maturity:


	For the three months ended September 30,
(In thousands)		2025		2024
Balance at beginning of period	$	548	$	483
Provision (benefit) for credit losses		51		( 17	)
Balance at end of period	$	599	$	466

The following table shows fair value and gross unrealized losses, aggregated by security category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at September 30, 2025.







	Less than 12 Months						More than 12 Months					Total
(In thousands, except number of securities)		Fair value		Unrealized losses	Number of securities		Fair value		Unrealized losses	Number of securities		Fair value		Unrealized losses	Number of securities
Securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	-	$	-	-	$	10,296	$	272	5	$	10,296	$	272	5
U.S. government sponsored enterprises		-		-	-		11,752		1,274	5		11,752		1,274	5
State and political subdivisions		-		-	-		43		-	1		43		-	1
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		-		-	-		20,460		2,741	18		20,460		2,741	18
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		-		-	-		75,536		13,240	30		75,536		13,240	30
Corporate debt securities		456		44	1		15,623		365	10		16,079		409	11
Total securities available-for-sale		456		44	1		133,710		17,892	69		134,166		17,936	70
Securities held-to-maturity:
U.S. Treasury securities		-		-	-		15,110		754	5		15,110		754	5
State and political subdivisions		10,189		271	55		225,504		25,306	1,404		235,693		25,577	1,459
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		1,854		7	2		35,064		2,117	29		36,918		2,124	31
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		-		-	-		115,849		10,803	44		115,849		10,803	44
Corporate debt securities		457		43	1		20,064		1,386	15		20,521		1,429	16
Total securities held-to-maturity		12,500		321	58		411,591		40,366	1,497		424,091		40,687	1,555
Total securities	$	12,956	$	365	59	$	545,301	$	58,258	1,566	$	558,257	$	58,623	1,625







	Less than 12 months					More than 12 months						Total
(In thousands, except number of securities)		Fair value		Unrealized losses	Number of securities			Fair value		Unrealized losses	Number of securities			Fair value		Unrealized losses	Number of securities
Securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	241	$	1	1		$	10,212	$	361	5		$	10,453	$	362	6
U.S. government sponsored enterprises		-		-	-			11,644		1,385	5			11,644		1,385	5
State and political subdivisions		-		-	-			43		-	1			43		-	1
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		-		-	-			20,872		3,007	21			20,872		3,007	21
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		-		-	-			74,597		14,277	30			74,597		14,277	30
Corporate debt securities		-		-	-			15,919		560	11			15,919		560	11
Total securities available-for-sale		241		1	1			133,287		19,590	73			133,528		19,591	74
Securities held-to-maturity:
U.S. Treasury securities		-		-	-			14,982		868	5			14,982		868	5
State and political subdivisions		23,577		339	154			231,645		31,689	1,511			255,222		32,028	1,665
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		9,470		151	4			26,541		2,176	26			36,011		2,327	30
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		-		-	-			118,156		11,963	45			118,156		11,963	45
Corporate debt securities		3,705		45	3			22,209		1,711	17			25,914		1,756	20
Total securities held-to-maturity		36,752		535	161			413,533		48,407	1,604			450,285		48,942	1,765
Total securities	$	36,993	$	536	162		$	546,820	$	67,997	1,677		$	583,813	$	68,533	1,839

There were no transfers of securities available-for-sale to held-to-maturity during the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. During the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, there were no sales of securities and no gains or losses were recognized.

The estimated fair values of debt securities at September 30, 2025, by contractual maturity are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities, because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

(In thousands)


Securities available-for-sale		Amortized cost		Fair value
Within one year	$	207,808	$	209,038
After one year through five years		28,031		27,310
After five years through ten years		8,500		7,489
After ten years		-		-
Total securities available-for-sale		244,339		243,837
Mortgage-backed securities		121,931		106,236
Total securities available-for-sale		366,270		350,073

Securities held-to-maturity
Within one year		57,765		58,088
After one year through five years		168,811		170,690
After five years through ten years		211,205		198,680
After ten years		82,138		77,388
Total securities held-to-maturity		519,919		504,846
Mortgage-backed securities		267,812		257,057
Total securities held-to-maturity		787,731		761,903
Total securities	$	1,154,001	$	1,111,976

At September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, securities with an aggregate fair value of $ 991.7 million and $ 1.0 billion, respectively, were pledged as collateral for deposits in excess of FDIC insurance limits for various municipalities placing deposits with the Commercial Bank. At September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, securities with an aggregate fair value of $ 18.4 million and $ 18.2 million, respectively, were pledged as collateral for potential borrowings at the Federal Reserve Bank discount window. The Company did not participate in any securities lending programs during the three months ended September 30, 2025 or 2024.

Federal Home Loan Bank Stock

Federal law requires a member institution of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) system to hold stock of its district FHLB according to a predetermined formula. This stock is restricted in that it can only be sold to the FHLB or to another member institution, and all sales of FHLB stock must be at par. As a result of these restrictions, FHLB stock is carried at cost. FHLB stock is held as a long-term investment and its value is determined based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. Estimated credit loss of this investment is evaluated quarterly and is a matter of judgment that reflects management’s view of the FHLB’s long-term performance, which includes factors such as the following: its operating performance; the severity and duration of declines in the fair value of its net assets related to its capital stock amount; its commitment to make payments required by law or regulation and the level of such payments in relation to its operating performance; the impact of legislative and regulatory changes on the FHLB, and accordingly, on the members of the FHLB; and its liquidity and funding position. After evaluating these considerations, the Company concluded that the par value of its investment in FHLB stock will be recovered and, therefore, no credit loss was recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2025 or 2024.

(4)

Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

Loan segments are summarized below as of the dates indicated:


(In thousands)		September 30, 2025			June 30, 2025
Residential real estate	$	416,463		$	417,719
Commercial real estate		1,086,848			1,054,504
Home equity		37,221			34,103
Consumer		4,336			4,311
Commercial		125,979			116,769
Total gross loans (1)(2)		1,670,847			1,627,406
Allowance for credit losses on loans		( 21,292	)		( 20,146	)
Loans receivable, net	$	1,649,555		$	1,607,260

(1)

Loan balances include net deferred fees/(costs) of ($ 583,000 ) and ($ 567,000 ) at September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, respectively.

(2)

Loan balances exclude accrued interest receivable of $ 7.2 million and $ 7.0 million at September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, respectively, which is included in accrued interest receivable in the consolidated statement of financial condition.

Non-accrual Loans

Management places loans on non-accrual status once the loans have become 90 days or more delinquent. A non-accrual loan is defined as a loan in which collectability is questionable and therefore interest on the loan will no longer be recognized on an accrual basis. A loan is not placed back on accrual status until the borrower has demonstrated the ability and willingness to make timely payments on the loan. A loan does not have to be 90 days delinquent in order to be classified as non-accrual. Loans on non-accrual status totaled $ 3.6 million at September 30, 2025, of which there were six residential real estate loans totaling $ 1.1 million and one commercial real estate loan totaling $ 142,000 in the process of foreclosure. Included in non-accrual loans were $ 1.8 million of loans which were less than 90 days past due at September 30, 2025, but have a recent history of delinquency greater than 90 days past due. These loans will be returned to accrual status once they have demonstrated a history of timely payments. Loans on non-accrual status totaled $ 3.1 million at June 30, 2025, of which there were one commercial real estate loan totaling $ 142,000 and three residential real estate loans totaling $ 841,000 in the process of foreclosure. Included in non-accrual loans were $ 1.2 million of loans which were less than 90 days past due at June 30, 2025, but have a recent history of delinquency greater than 90 days past due. The activity in non-performing loans during the period included $ 134,000 in loan repayments, $ 1,600 in charge-offs or transfers to foreclosure, and $ 637,000 of loans placed into nonperforming status.

The following table sets forth information regarding delinquent and/or non-accrual loans as of September 30, 2025:




(In thousands)		30-59 days past due		60-89 days past due		90 days or more past due		Total past due		Current		Total loans		Loans on non- accrual
Residential real estate	$	-	$	821	$	1,300	$	2,121	$	414,342	$	416,463	$	2,630
Commercial real estate		-		32		347		379		1,086,469		1,086,848		600
Home equity		10		-		29		39		37,182		37,221		221
Consumer		42		2		-		44		4,292		4,336		-
Commercial		-		48		110		158		125,821		125,979		110
Total gross loans	$	52	$	903	$	1,786	$	2,741	$	1,668,106	$	1,670,847	$	3,561

The following table sets forth information regarding delinquent and/or non-accrual loans as of June 30, 2025:



(In thousands)		30-59 days past due		60-89 days past due		90 days or more past due		Total past due		Current		Total loans		Loans on non- accrual
Residential real estate	$	-	$	775	$	1,362	$	2,137	$	415,582	$	417,719	$	2,265
Commercial real estate		-		209		367		576		1,053,928		1,054,504		628
Home equity		85		13		30		128		33,975		34,103		30
Consumer		20		3		2		25		4,286		4,311		2
Commercial		-		-		106		106		116,663		116,769		135
Total gross loans	$	105	$	1,000	$	1,867	$	2,972	$	1,624,434	$	1,627,406	$	3,060

The Company had no accruing loans delinquent 90 days or more at September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

The allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) for the loan portfolio is established through a provision for credit losses based on the results of life of loan quantitative models, reserves associated with collateral-dependent loans individually evaluated and adjustments for the impact of current economic conditions not accounted for in the quantitative models. The discounted cash flow methodology is used to calculate the ACL on loans for the residential real estate, commercial real estate, home equity and commercial loan segments. The Company uses a four-quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period based on the one year percent change in national GDP and the national unemployment rate, as economic variables. The forecast will revert to long-term economic conditions over a four-quarter reversion period on a straight-line basis. The remaining life method will be utilized to determine the ACL for the consumer loan segment. A qualitative factor framework has been developed to adjust the quantitative loss rates for asset-specific risk characteristics or current conditions at the reporting date. The Company elected to use the practical expedient to evaluate loans individually, if they are collateral dependent loans that are on non-accrual status with a balance of $ 250,000 or greater, which is consistent with regulatory requirements. The fair value of the collateral dependent loan less selling expenses will be compared to the loan balance to determine if an ACL on loans is required. While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, additions or reductions to the allowance may fluctuate from one reporting period to another. These fluctuations are reflective of changes in the reasonable and supportable forecast, analysis of loans individually evaluated, and/or changes in management’s assessment of the qualitative factors.

In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Company’s allowance for credit losses. Such agencies may require the Company to recognize additions to the allowance based on their judgment about information available to them at the time of their examination. The Company charges loans off against the allowance for credit losses when it becomes evident that a loan cannot be collected within a reasonable amount of time, or that it will cost the Company more than it will receive and all possible avenues of repayment have been analyzed, including the potential of future cash flow, the value of the underlying collateral, and strength of any guarantors or co-borrowers. Generally, consumer loans and smaller business loans (not secured by real estate) in excess of 90 days are charged-off against the allowance for credit losses, unless equitable arrangements are made. Included within consumer loan charge-offs and recoveries are deposit accounts that have been overdrawn in excess of 60 days. For loans secured by real estate, a charge-off is recorded when it is determined that the collection of all or a portion of a loan may not be collected and the amount of that loss can be reasonably estimated. The allowance for credit losses is increased by a provision for credit losses (which results in a charge to expense) and recoveries of loans previously charged off, and is reduced by charge-offs.

The following tables set forth the activity and allocation of the allowance for credit losses on loans by segment:


		Activity for the three months ended September 30, 2025
(In thousands)		Residential real estate		Commercial real estate		Home equity		Consumer			Commercial		Total
Balance at June 30, 2025	$	4,613	$	12,614	$	260	$	381		$	2,278	$	20,146
Charge-offs		-		-		-		( 94	)		-		( 94	)
Recoveries		-		1		-		33			-		34
Provision		87		855		51		39			174		1,206
Balance at September 30, 2025	$	4,700	$	13,470	$	311	$	359		$	2,452	$	21,292


		Activity for the three months ended September 30, 2024
(In thousands)		Residential real estate			Commercial real estate			Home equity			Consumer			Commercial			Total
Balance at June 30, 2024	$	4,237		$	12,218		$	212		$	500		$	2,077		$	19,244
Charge-offs		( 44	)		( 5	)		( 13	)		( 77	)		( 6	)		( 145	)
Recoveries		2			1			-			19			9			31
Provision		280			434			33			12			( 108	)		651
Balance at September 30, 2024	$	4,475		$	12,648		$	232		$	454		$	1,972		$	19,781

Credit monitoring process

Management closely monitors the quality of the loan portfolio and has established a loan review process designed to help monitor any change in borrower risk during the life cycle of their loan. The Company utilizes a credit quality grading system that is used at loan inception and updated as appropriate based on an annual review process. The credit quality grade helps management make a consistent assessment of each loan relationship’s credit risk and identify any portfolio trends that could impact profitability. Consistent with regulatory guidelines, the Company provides for the classification of loans, such as “Pass,” “Special Mention,” “Substandard,” “Doubtful” and “Loss” classifications.

Commercial grading system

Loss

Loss ratings are loans that are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as active assets of the Company is not warranted. Loss rating does not necessarily mean that the loan has no recovery or salvage value, however, it is not practical or desirable to defer charging off the loan.

Doubtful

Doubtful ratings are loans that have all the weakness inherent in loans classified as substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, highly questionable and improbable. Doubtful ratings generally are non-performing and considered to have a high risk of default.

Substandard

Substandard ratings are loans that possess well-defined weaknesses that jeopardize the orderly liquidation of debt, and are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss, if the deficiencies are not corrected. Substandard ratings are inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the borrower or the collateral pledged, if any.

Special mention

Special mention ratings are loans that have potential weaknesses or emerging problems, which require close attention. These weaknesses, if left uncorrected, could lead to deterioration in the repayment prospects for the loan or the Company’s collateral position in the future. Special mention loans are less risky than substandard assets as no loss of principal or interest is anticipated unless, the potential problems continue for a prolonged basis.

Pass

Pass ratings are loans that do not encompass loans graded as Loss, Doubtful, Substandard, or Special mention. Pass loans range from Pass/Watch, Acceptable, Average, Satisfactory, Good and Excellent. Pass loans demonstrate sufficient cash flow to ensure full repayment of the loan with Pass ratings being determined by the quality of the collateral and equity position, stability of operations or management, and the guarantors.

Residential and consumer grading system

Residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans are graded as either non-performing or performing.

Non-performing

Non-performing loans are loans in which the borrower has not made the scheduled payments of principal or interest, and are generally loans over 90 days past due and still accruing interest, and loans on non-accrual status.

Performing

Performing loans are those loans in which the borrower is making timely payments of both principal and interest as upon the agreed loan terms.

The following tables present the amortized cost basis of the Company’s loans by class and vintage and includes gross charge-offs by loan class and vintage as of the three months ended September 30, 2025:





	At September 30, 2025
	Term loans amortized cost basis by origination year													Revolving loans amortized cost basis		Revolving loans converted to term		Total
(In thousands)		2026		2025		2024		2023		2022		Prior		Revolving loans amortized cost basis		Revolving loans converted to term		Total
Residential real estate
By payment activity status:
Performing	$	8,357	$	44,125	$	54,851	$	55,652	$	82,911	$	167,937	$	-	$	-	$	413,833
Non-performing		-		-		-		-		55		2,575		-		-		2,630
Total residential real estate		8,357		44,125		54,851		55,652		82,966		170,512		-		-		416,463
Current period gross charge-offs		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-

Commercial real estate
By internally assigned grade:
Pass		33,836		205,167		125,380		173,171		226,434		289,038		3,366		254		1,056,646
Special mention		-		-		479		1,327		651		3,540		-		-		5,997
Substandard		-		-		-		9,009		160		14,962		-		74		24,205
Total commercial real estate		33,836		205,167		125,859		183,507		227,245		307,540		3,366		328		1,086,848
Current period gross charge-offs		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-

Home equity
By payment activity status:
Performing		607		2,687		4,435		2,254		217		1,120		25,557		123		37,000
Non-performing		-		-		-		-		-		12		209		-		221
Total home equity		607		2,687		4,435		2,254		217		1,132		25,766		123		37,221
Current period gross charge-offs		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-

Consumer
By payment activity status:
Performing		881		1,149		1,185		605		273		172		71		-		4,336
Non-performing		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total Consumer		881		1,149		1,185		605		273		172		71		-		4,336
Current period gross charge-offs		86		8		-		-		-		-		-		-		94

Commercial
By internally assigned grade:
Pass		11,546		11,110		10,175		7,749		4,355		26,110		47,620		-		118,665
Special mention		-		-		-		-		40		293		148		-		481
Substandard		-		-		-		11		6,247		547		4		24		6,833
Total Commercial	$	11,546	$	11,110	$	10,175	$	7,760	$	10,642	$	26,950	$	47,772	$	24	$	125,979
Current period gross charge-offs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-

The following tables present the amortized cost basis of the Company’s loans by class and vintage and includes gross charge-offs by loan class and vintage as of the twelve months ended June 30, 2025:




	At June 30, 2025
(In thousands)	Term loans amortized cost basis by origination year													Revolving loans amortized cost basis		Revolving loans converted to term		Total
(In thousands)		2025		2024		2023		2022		2021		Prior		Revolving loans amortized cost basis		Revolving loans converted to term		Total
Residential real estate
By payment activity status:
Performing	$	42,672	$	55,665	$	58,277	$	85,153	$	71,560	$	102,127	$	-	$	-	$	415,454
Non-performing		-		-		-		56		-		2,209		-		-		2,265
Total residential real estate		42,672		55,665		58,277		85,209		71,560		104,336		-		-		417,719
Current period gross charge-offs		-		-		-		-		44		-		-		-		44

Commercial real estate
By internally assigned grade:
Pass		192,619		120,883		177,469		228,960		116,680		177,025		3,913		5,032		1,022,581
Special mention		-		479		1,339		656		263		4,747		-		-		7,484
Substandard		-		-		9,078		-		209		14,942		-		210		24,439
Total commercial real estate		192,619		121,362		187,886		229,616		117,152		196,714		3,913		5,242		1,054,504
Current period gross charge-offs		-		-		-		-		-		5		-		-		5

Home equity
By payment activity status:
Performing		2,753		4,761		2,437		229		315		791		22,637		150		34,073
Non-performing		-		-		-		-		-		-		30		-		30
Total home equity		2,753		4,761		2,437		229		315		791		22,667		150		34,103
Current period gross charge-offs		-		-		-		-		-		-		13		-		13

Consumer
By payment activity status:
Performing		1,631		1,371		689		346		149		51		72		-		4,309
Non-performing		2		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		2
Total Consumer		1,633		1,371		689		346		149		51		72		-		4,311
Current period gross charge-offs		335		40		-		10		1		-		-		-		386

Commercial
By internally assigned grade:
Pass		11,917		11,031		8,157		4,584		12,482		15,106		45,905		68		109,250
Special mention		-		-		-		50		-		93		238		183		564
Substandard		-		-		-		6,279		30		568		78		-		6,955
Total Commercial	$	11,917	$	11,031	$	8,157	$	10,913	$	12,512	$	15,767	$	46,221	$	251	$	116,769
Current period gross charge-offs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	38	$	28	$	-	$	66

The Company had no loans classified doubtful or loss at September 30, 2025 or June 30, 2025. Management continues to monitor classified loan relationships closely.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Unfunded Commitments

The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company has exposure to a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments exposure is recognized in other liabilities and is adjusted through a provision expense in other noninterest expense. At September 30, 2025, the allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments totaled $ 1.5 million as compared to $ 1.8 million at June 30, 2025.

Individually Evaluated Loans

Loans individually evaluated had an amortized cost basis of $ 1.2 million and $ 751,000 , with an allowance for credit losses on loans of $ 555,000 and $ 549,000 at September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, respectively. At September 30, 2025, the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans was $ 1.0 million for residential real estate loans and $ 179,000 for home equity loans. At June 30, 2025, the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans was $ 751,000 for residential real estate loans. The allowance for credit loss for collateral dependent loans is individually assessed based on the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell at the reporting date.

Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulties

When the Company modifies a loan for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, such modifications generally include one or a combination of the following: an extension of the maturity date; a stated rate of interest not at the market rate for new debt with similar risk; a change in the scheduled payment amount; or principal forgiveness. The Company works with loan customers experiencing financial difficulty and may enter into loan modifications to achieve the best mutual outcome given the financial circumstances of the borrower.

The following tables present the amortized cost basis of the loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by type of concession granted:


	For the three months ended September 30, 2025
		Term extension
(Dollars in thousands)		Amortized cost	Percentage of total class
Commercial real estate	$	74	0.01	%
Total	$	74

The following table presents the financial effect of the modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty:


		For the three months ended September 30, 2025
Loan type		Term extension
Commercial real estate		39 -month term extension

There were no loans during the three months ended September 30, 2024 that were modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.

The Company closely monitors the performance of loans that have been modified. The loans that were modified during the prior twelve months ended September 30, 2025, were all performing within their modified terms with no payment defaults.

The following table depicts the performance of loans that have been modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified in the prior twelve months at amortized cost basis:


	At September 30, 2025
(In thousands)		Current		30-59 days past due		60-89 days past due		90 days or more past due		Total
Commercial real estate	$	2,872	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	2,872
Total	$	2,872	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	2,872


		At September 30, 2024
(In thousands)		Current		30-59 days past due		60-89 days past due		90 days or more past due		Total
Commercial real estate	$	4,077	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	4,077
Consumer		18		-		-		-		18
Total	$	4,095	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	4,095

Foreclosed real estate

Foreclosed real estate (“FRE”) consists of properties acquired through mortgage loan foreclosure proceedings, deed in lieu of foreclosure or in full or partial satisfaction of loans. At September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, the Company had no foreclosed real estate.

(5)

Fair Value Measurements and Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Management uses its best judgment in estimating the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments; however, there are inherent weaknesses in any estimation technique. Therefore, for substantially all financial instruments, the fair value estimates herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could have realized in a sale transaction on the dates indicated. The estimated fair value amounts have been measured as of September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025 and have not been re-evaluated or updated for purposes of these consolidated financial statements subsequent to those respective dates. As such, the estimated fair values of these financial instruments subsequent to the respective reporting dates may be different from the amounts reported at each period-end.

The following information should not be interpreted as an estimate of the fair value of the entire Company since a fair value calculation is only provided for a limited portion of the Company’s assets and liabilities. Due to a wide range of valuation techniques and the degree of subjectivity used in making the estimates, comparisons between the Company’s disclosures and those of other companies may not be meaningful.

The FASB ASC Topic 820 on “ Fair Value Measurement” established a fair value hierarchy that prioritized the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Fair value measurements are not adjusted for transaction costs. A fair value hierarchy exists within GAAP that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3: Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e., supported with little or no market activity).

An asset’s or liability’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

For assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis, the fair value measurements by level within the fair value hierarchy used are as follows:


				Fair Value Measurements Using
				Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets		Significant other observable inputs		Significant unobservable inputs
(In thousands)		September 30, 2025		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	10,539	$	-	$	10,539	$	-
U.S. government sponsored enterprises		11,752		-		11,752		-
State and political subdivisions		203,441		-		203,441		-
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		30,700		-		30,700		-
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		75,536		-		75,536		-
Corporate debt securities		18,105		-		18,105		-
Securities available-for-sale		350,073		-		350,073		-
Equity securities		391		391		-		-
Interest rate swaps		5,655		-		5,655		-
Total	$	356,119	$	391	$	355,728	$	-

Liabilities:
Interest rate swaps	$	5,655	$	-	$	5,655	$	-
Total	$	5,655	$	-	$	5,655	$	-


				Fair Value Measurements Using
				Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets		Significant other observable inputs		Significant unobservable inputs
(In thousands)		June 30, 2025		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	10,453	$	-	$	10,453	$	-
U.S. government sponsored enterprises		11,644		-		11,644		-
State and political subdivisions		209,844		-		209,844		-
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		31,587		-		31,587		-
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		74,597		-		74,597		-
Corporate debt securities		17,937		-		17,937		-
Securities available-for-sale		356,062		-		356,062		-
Equity securities		402		402		-		-
Interest rate swaps		4,733		-		4,733		-
Total	$	361,197	$	402	$	360,795	$	-

Liabilities:
Interest rate swaps	$	4,733	$	-	$	4,733	$	-
Total	$	4,733	$	-	$	4,733	$	-

Certain investments that are actively traded and have quoted market prices have been classified as Level 1 valuations. Other investment securities available-for-sale have been valued by reference to prices for similar securities or through model-based techniques in which all significant inputs are observable and, therefore, such valuations have been classified as Level 2.

In addition to disclosures of the fair value of assets on a recurring basis, FASB ASC Topic 820 on “ Fair Value Measurement” requires disclosures for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, such as loans individually evaluated for expected credit losses in the period in which a re-measurement at fair value is performed. The Company uses the fair value of underlying collateral, less costs to sell, to estimate the allowance for credit losses for individually evaluated loans. Management may modify the appraised values, for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses ranging from 21.0 % to 76.0 %. Such modifications to the appraised values could result in lower valuations of such collateral. Based on the valuation techniques used, the fair value measurements for loans evaluated individually are classified as Level 3.

Fair values for foreclosed real estate are initially recorded at the estimated fair value of the property less estimated costs to dispose at the time of acquisition to establish a new carrying value. Values are derived from appraisals, similar to loans individually evaluated for expected credit loss, of underlying collateral. Any write-downs from the carrying value of the loan to estimated fair value, which are required at the time of foreclosure, are charged to the allowance for credit losses. Subsequent adjustments to the carrying value of such properties resulting from declines in fair value result in the establishment of a valuation allowance and are charged to operations in the period in which the declines occur. In the determination of fair value subsequent to foreclosure, management may modify the appraised values, for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses. Such modifications to the appraised values could result in lower valuations of such collateral. Based on the valuation techniques used, the fair value measurements for foreclosed real estate are classified as Level 3.

			September 30, 2025			June 30, 2025
(In thousands)	Fair value hierarchy		Carrying amount	Estimated fair value		Carrying amount		Estimated fair value

Loans evaluated individually	3	$	1,185	630	$	751	$	202

No other financial assets or liabilities were re-measured during the three month period on a nonrecurring basis.

The carrying amounts reported in the statements of financial condition for total cash and cash equivalents, long-term certificates of deposit, accrued interest receivable and accrued interest payable approximate their fair values. Fair values of securities are based on quoted market prices (Level 1), where available, or matrix pricing (Level 2), which is a mathematical technique, used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted market prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted prices. The carrying amount of Federal Home Loan Bank stock approximates fair value due to its restricted nature. The fair values for loans are measured using the "exit price" notion, which is a reasonable estimate of what another party might pay in an orderly transaction. Fair values for variable rate loans that reprice frequently, with no significant credit risk, are based on carrying value. Fair values for fixed rate loans are estimated using discounted cash flows and interest rates currently being offered for loans with similar terms to borrowers of similar credit quality. Fair values disclosed for demand and savings deposits are equal to carrying amounts at the reporting date. The carrying amounts for variable rate money market deposits approximate fair values at the reporting date. Fair values for long- term certificates of deposit are estimated using discounted cash flows and interest rates currently being offered in the market on similar certificates. Fair value for Federal Home Loan Bank long-term borrowings are estimated using discounted cash flows and interest rates currently being offered on similar borrowings. The carrying value of short-term Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings approximates its fair value. Fair value for subordinated notes payable is estimated based on a discounted cash flow methodology or observations of recent highly-similar transactions. Fair value for interest rate swaps include any accrued interest and are valued using the present value of cash flows discounted using observable forward rate assumptions. The Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

The carrying amounts and estimated fair value of financial instruments are as follows:


	September 30, 2025				Fair value measurements using
(In thousands)		Carrying amount		Fair value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)

Cash and cash equivalents	$	154,567	$	154,567	$	154,567	$	-	$	-
Long-term certificate of deposit		1,425		1,428		-		1,428		-
Securities available-for-sale		350,073		350,073		-		350,073		-
Securities held-to-maturity		787,132		761,903		-		761,903		-
Equity securities		391		391		391		-		-
Federal Home Loan Bank stock		2,311		2,311		-		2,311		-
Net loans receivable		1,649,555		1,582,569		-		-		1,582,569
Accrued interest receivable		17,321		17,321		-		17,321		-
Interest rate swap asset		5,655		5,655		-		5,655		-

Deposits		2,723,187		2,722,868		-		2,722,868		-
Borrowings		4,189		4,214		-		4,214		-
Subordinated notes payable, net		49,904		49,098		-		49,098		-
Accrued interest payable		678		678		-		678		-
Interest rate swap liability		5,655		5,655		-		5,655		-


	June 30, 2025				Fair value measurements using
(In thousands)		Carrying amount		Fair value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)

Cash and cash equivalents	$	183,078	$	183,078	$	183,078	$	-	$	-
Long-term certificate of deposit		1,425		1,421		-		1,421		-
Securities available-for-sale		356,062		356,062		-		356,062		-
Securities held-to-maturity		776,147		738,134		-		738,134		-
Equity securities		402		402		402		-		-
Federal Home Loan Bank stock		5,504		5,504		-		5,504		-
Net loans receivable		1,607,260		1,536,150		-		-		1,536,150
Accrued interest receivable		16,381		16,381		-		16,381		-
Interest rate swap asset		4,733		4,733		-		4,733		-

Deposits		2,639,835		2,639,246		-		2,639,246		-
Borrowings		78,189		78,346		-		78,346		-
Subordinated notes payable, net		49,867		48,485		-		48,485		-
Accrued interest payable		1,271		1,271		-		1,271		-
Interest rate swap liability		4,733		4,733		-		4,733		-

(6)

Derivative Instruments

The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, primarily by managing the amount, sources and duration of its assets and liabilities. The Company has interest rate derivatives that result from a service provided to certain qualifying customers and, therefore, are not used to manage interest rate risk in the Company’s assets or liabilities. The Company manages a matched book with respect to its derivative instruments in order to minimize its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions.

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments

The Company enters into interest rate swap agreements with its commercial customers to provide them with a long-term fixed rate, while simultaneously entering into offsetting interest rate swap agreements with a counterparty to swap the fixed rate to a variable rate to manage interest rate exposure. These interest rate swap agreements are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. As the interest rate swap agreements have substantially equivalent and offsetting terms, they do not present any material exposure to the Company’s consolidated statements of income. The Company records its interest rate swap agreements at fair value and are presented within other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial condition. Changes in the fair value of assets and liabilities arising from these derivatives are included, net, in other operating income in the consolidated statements of income. Under terms of the agreements with the third-party counterparties, the Company provides cash collateral to the counterparty, when required, for the initial trade. Subsequent to the trade, the margin is exchanged in either direction, based upon the estimated fair value of the underlying contracts. Cash collateral represents the amount that is exchanged under master netting agreements that allows the Company to offset the derivative position with the related collateral. The notional amount of the interest rate swaps does not represent amounts exchanged by the parties. The amount exchanged is determined by reference to the notional amount and the other terms of the individual interest rate swap agreements.

The following tables present the notional amount and fair values of interest rate derivative positions:


	At September 30, 2025
	Asset derivatives						Liability derivatives
(In thousands)		Statement of financial condition location		Notional amount		Fair value		Statement of financial condition location		Notional amount		Fair value
Interest rate derivatives		Other Assets	$	170,813	$	5,655		Other Liabilities	$	170,813	$	5,655
Less cash collateral						-		Other Liabilities				( 5,560	)
Total after netting					$	5,655					$	95




	At June 30, 2025
	Asset derivatives						Liability derivatives
(In thousands)		Statement of financial condition location		Notional amount		Fair value		Statement of financial condition location		Notional amount		Fair value
Interest rate derivatives		Other Assets	$	140,777	$	4,733		Other Liabilities	$	140,777	$	4,733
Less cash collateral						-		Other Liabilities				( 4,280	)
Total after netting					$	4,733					$	453

Risk Participation Agreements

Risk participation agreements (“RPAs”) are guarantees issued by the Company to other parties for a fee, whereby the Company agrees to participate in the credit risk of a derivative customer of the other party. Under the terms of these agreements, the “participating bank” receives a fee from the “lead bank” in exchange for the guarantee of reimbursement if the customer defaults on an interest rate swap. The interest rate swap is transacted such that any and all exchanges of interest payments (favorable and unfavorable) are made between the lead bank and the customer. In the event that an early termination of the swap occurs and the customer is unable to make a required close out payment, the participating bank assumes that obligation and is required to make this payment.

RPAs in which the Company acts as the lead bank are referred to as “participations-out,” in reference to the credit risk associated with the customer derivatives being transferred out of the Company. Participations-out generally occur concurrently with the sale of new customer derivatives. The RPAs participations-out are spread out over three financial institution counterparties and terms range between three to nine years . The Company’s credit exposure transferred out was $ 538,000 and $ 506,000 as of September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, respectively. The Company transferred out RPAs with a notional amount of $ 22.6 million and $ 18.9 million as of September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, respectively.

RPAs where the Company acts as the participating bank are referred to as “participations-in,” in reference to the credit risk associated with the counterparty’s derivatives being assumed by the Company. The Company’s maximum credit exposure is based on its proportionate share of the settlement amount of the referenced interest rate swap. Settlement amounts are generally calculated based on the fair value of the swap plus outstanding accrued interest receivables from the customer. The RPAs participations-ins are spread out over five financial institution counterparties and terms range between two to eleven years . The credit exposure associated with risk participations-ins was $ 982,000 and $ 1.0 million as of September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, respectively. The Company held RPAs with a notional amount of $ 136.6 million and $ 130.9 million as of September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, respectively.

(7)

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is computed in a manner similar to that of basic EPS except that the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding is increased to include the number of incremental common shares that would have been outstanding under the treasury stock method if all potentially dilutive common shares (such as stock options) issued became vested during the period. Unallocated common shares held by the ESOP are not included in the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for either the basic or diluted EPS calculations. There were no dilutive or anti-dilutive securities or contracts outstanding during the three ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.


	For the three months ended September 30,
		2025		2024

Net Income	$	8,870,000	$	6,261,000
Weighted average shares - basic		17,026,828		17,026,828
Weighted average shares - diluted		17,026,828		17,026,828

Earnings per share - basic	$	0.52	$	0.37
Earnings per share - diluted	$	0.52	$	0.37

(8)

Dividends

On July 16, 2025 , the Company announced that its Board of Directors has approved a quarterly cash dividend of $ 0.10 per share on the Company’s common stock. The dividend reflects an annual cash dividend rate of $ 0.40 per share, which represents an 11.1 % increase from the previous annual cash dividend of $ 0.36 per share. The dividend was payable to stockholders of record as of August 15, 2025 , and was paid on August 29, 2025 . Greene County Bancorp, MHC waived its right to receive this dividend.

(9)

Employee Benefit Plans

Defined Benefit Plan

The Bank maintains a single-employer defined benefit pension plan (the “Pension Plan”). Effective January 1, 2006, the Board of Directors of the Bank resolved to exclude from membership in the Pension Plan employees hired on or after January 1, 2006 and elected to cease additional benefit accruals to existing Pension Plan participants effective July 1, 2006. Substantially all Bank employees who were hired before January 1, 2006 and attained the age of 21 are covered by the Pension Plan. Under the Pension Plan, retirement benefits are primarily a function of both years of service and level of compensation, at July 1, 2006. The Pension Plan is frozen, however, the Bank continues to credit participants’ existing account balances for interest until they receive their plan benefits.

During the fiscal year ended 2025, the Bank evaluated the strategic options related to the Pension Plan. This included financial modeling to assess the feasibility and timing of a plan termination. On September 16, 2025, the Board of Directors approved the termination of the Pension Plan effective as of September 30, 2025.

The components of net periodic pension cost related to the defined benefit pension plan were as follows:


	Three months ended September 30,
(In thousands)		2025			2024
Interest cost	$	53		$	53
Expected return on plan assets		( 58	)		( 57	)
Amortization of net loss		3			8
Net periodic pension expense	$	( 2	)	$	4

The interest cost, expected return on plan assets and amortization of net loss components are included in other noninterest expense on the consolidated statements of income. On an annual basis, upon the completion of the third-party actuarial valuation related to the defined benefit pension plan, the Company records adjustments to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). The Company does not anticipate that it will make any additional contributions to the defined benefit pension plan during fiscal 2026.

SERP

The Board of Directors of The Bank of Greene County adopted The Bank of Greene County Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (the “SERP”), effective as of July 1, 2010. The SERP benefits certain key senior executives of the Bank who have been selected by the Board to participate. The SERP is intended to provide a benefit from the Bank upon vested retirement, death or disability or voluntary or involuntary termination of service (other than “for cause”). The SERP is more fully described in Note 9, Employee Benefits Plans of the consolidated financial statements presented in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025.

The net periodic pension costs related to the SERP for the three months ended September 30, 2025 was $ 549,000 , consisting primarily of service and interest costs, included within salaries and benefits expense on the consolidated statements of income. The total liability for the SERP was $ 18.4 million at September 30, 2025, and $ 17.6 million at June 30, 2025, and is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial condition. The total liability for the SERP includes both accumulated net periodic pension costs and participant contributions.

(10)

Stock-Based Compensation

Phantom Stock Option Plan and Long-term Incentive Plan

The Greene County Bancorp, Inc. 2011 Phantom Stock Option and Long-term Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) was adopted effective July 1, 2011, to promote the long-term financial success of the Company and its subsidiaries by providing a means to attract, retain and reward individuals who contribute to such success and to further align their interests with those of the Company’s shareholders. The Plan is intended to provide benefits to employees and directors of the Company or any subsidiary as designated by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company. A phantom stock option represents the right to receive a cash payment on the date the award vests. The Plan is more fully described in Note 10, Stock-Based Compensation of the consolidated financial statements presented in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025.

A summary of the Company’s phantom stock option activity and related information for the Plan for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:


	2025		2024
Number of options outstanding, beginning of period	1,871,590		2,253,535
Options granted	634,405		651,595
Options paid in cash upon vesting	( 24,000	)	( 248,500	)
Number of options outstanding, end of period	2,481,995		2,656,630


(In thousands)		2025		2024
Cash paid out on options vested	$	76	$	937
Compensation expense recognized	$	608	$	611

The total liability for the long-term incentive plan was $ 4.9 million and $ 4.4 million at September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, respectively, and is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial condition.

(11)

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss are presented as follows:

Activity for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024


(In thousands)		Unrealized losses on securities available-for-sale			Pension benefits			Total
Balance – June 30, 2025	$	( 13,119	)	$	( 417	)	$	( 13,536	)
Other comprehensive income before reclassification		1,250			-			1,250
Other comprehensive income for the three months ended September 30, 2025		1,250			-			1,250
Balance – September 30, 2025	$	( 11,869	)	$	( 417	)	$	( 12,286	)

Balance – June 30, 2024	$	( 19,182	)	$	( 528	)	$	( 19,710	)
Other comprehensive income before reclassification		5,570			-			5,570
Other comprehensive income for the three months ended September 30, 2024		5,570			-			5,570
Balance – September 30, 2024	$	( 13,612	)	$	( 528	)	$	( 14,140	)

(12)

Operating leases

The Company leases certain branch properties under long-term operating lease agreements. The Company’s operating lease agreements contain non-lease components, which are generally accounted for separately. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any residual value guarantee.

The following includes quantitative data related to the Company’s operating leases at September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, and for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:


(In thousands)
Operating lease amounts:		September 30, 2025		June 30, 2025
Right-of-use assets	$	2,163	$	2,284
Lease liabilities	$	2,258	$	2,366


	For the three months ended September 30,
(In thousands)		2025		2024
Other information:
Operating outgoing cash flows from operating leases	$	128	$	125
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities		-		117

Lease costs:
Operating lease cost	$	140	$	113
Variable lease cost	$	11	$	11

The following is a schedule by year of the undiscounted cash flows of the operating lease liabilities, excluding common area maintenance charges and real estate taxes as of September 30, 2025:


(In thousands, except weighted-average information)
Within the twelve months ended September 30,
2026	$	429
2027		533
2028		463
2029		319
2030		298
Thereafter		487
Total undiscounted cash flow		2,529
Less net present value adjustment		( 271	)
Lease liability	$	2,258

Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)		5.66
Weighted-average discount rate		3.62	%

Right-of-use assets are included in prepaid expenses and other assets , and lease liabilities are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities within the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition.

(13)

Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

Credit-Related Financial Instruments

In the normal course of business, the Company offers financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk to meet the financing needs of its customers. These transactions include commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit, and lines of credit, which involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk, which are not reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

The Company’s unfunded loan commitments and unused lines of credit are as follows at September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025:


(In thousands)		September 30, 2025		June 30, 2025
Unfunded loan commitments	$	149,000	$	164,348
Unused lines of credit		116,284		110,943
Standby letters of credit		793		793
Total credit-related financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk	$	266,077	$	276,084

The Company enters into contractual commitments to extend credit to its customers in the form of loan commitments and lines of credit, generally with fixed expiration dates and other termination clauses, and may require payment of a fee. Substantially all of the Company's commitments to extend credit are contingent upon its customers maintaining specific credit standards at the time of loan funding, and are often secured by real estate collateral. Since the majority of the Company's commitments typically expire without being funded, the total contractual amount does not necessarily represent the Company's future payment requirements.

The Company evaluates each customer’s credit worthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral, if any, required upon an extension of credit is based on management’s evaluation of customer credit. Commitments to extend mortgage credit are primarily collateralized by first liens on real estate. Collateral on extensions of commercial lines of credit vary but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, and income producing commercial property.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Unfunded Commitments

(14)

Variable Interest Entities

Solar Tax Credit Investments

The Company makes non-marketable equity investments in entities that sponsor solar development projects that qualify for the Solar Tax Credit Program. The purpose of these investments is to assist the Company in meeting its responsibilities under the Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”), and to provide a return, primarily through the realization of tax benefits. The Company does not have controlling interest and is not the primary beneficiary for the solar tax credit investments, therefore the entity is not consolidated. The Company has determined that it is not the primary beneficiary due to its inability to direct activities that most significantly impact economic performance. The Company applies the proportional amortization method to subsequently measure its investment in solar tax credit projects.

The following table summarizes the Company’s solar tax credit investments and related unfunded commitments:


(In thousands)		September 30, 2025			June 30, 2025
Gross investment in solar tax credit investments	$	3,562		$	2,586
Accumulated amortization		( 2,685	)		( 2,586	)
Net investment in solar tax credit investments	$	877		$	-

Unfunded commitments for solar tax credit investments	$	5,419		$	6,381

The aggregate carrying value of the Company’s solar tax credit investments is included in accrued interest receivable, and prepaid expenses and other assets within the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition, and represents the Company’s maximum exposure to loss.

(15)

Subsequent events

On October 22, 2025 , the Board of Directors announced a cash dividend for the quarter ended September 30, 2025, of $ 0.10 per share on the Company’s common stock. The dividend reflects an annual cash dividend rate of $ 0.40 per share, which was the same rate as the dividend declared during the previous quarter. The dividend will be payable to stockholders of record as of November 14, 2025 , and is expected to be paid on November 28, 2025 . Greene County Bancorp, MHC intends to waive its receipt of this dividend.

As previously disclosed in the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 1, 2025, the Company redeemed the entire outstanding principal amount of the $ 20.0 million 4.75 % Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes on October 1, 2025. The Subordinated Notes were due September 17, 2030 , and the redemption price for the Subordinated Notes was equal to 100 % of the aggregate principal amount, plus accrued interest. The redemption was funded by cash on hand.

Management has reviewed events from the date of the unaudited consolidated financial statements, and accompanying notes thereto, through the date of issuance, and determined that no subsequent events occurred requiring adjustment to or disclosure in these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Item 2.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation

Overview of the Company’s Activities and Risks

The Company’s results of operations depend primarily on its net interest income, which is the difference between the income earned on the Company’s loan and securities portfolios and its cost of funds, consisting of the interest paid on deposits and borrowings. Results of operations are also affected by the Company’s provision for credit losses, noninterest income and noninterest expense. Noninterest income consists primarily of fees and service charges. The Company’s noninterest expense consists principally of compensation and employee benefits, occupancy, equipment and data processing, and other operating expenses. Results of operations are also significantly affected by general economic and competitive conditions, changes in interest rates, as well as government policies and actions of regulatory authorities. Additionally, future changes in applicable law, regulations or government policies may materially affect the Company.

To operate successfully, the Company must manage various types of risk, including but not limited to, market or interest rate risk, credit risk, transaction risk, liquidity risk, security risk, strategic risk, reputation risk and compliance risk.

Market risk is the risk of loss from adverse changes in market prices and/or interest rates. Net interest income (the difference between interest earned on loans and investments and interest paid on deposits and borrowings) is the Company’s primary source of revenue, and is affected by changes in interest rates as well as fluctuations in the level and duration of the Company’s assets and liabilities.

Interest rate risk is the most significant market risk affecting the Company since the majority of the Company’s assets and liabilities are sensitive to changes in interest rates. The Company’s primary sources of funds are deposits and proceeds from principal and interest payments on loans, mortgage-backed securities and debt securities. While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans and securities are predictable sources of funds, deposit outflows, mortgage prepayments, and lending activities are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition.

Credit risk is the risk to the Company’s earnings and shareholders’ equity that results from customers, to whom loans have been made and to the issuers of debt securities in which the Company has invested, failing to repay their obligations. The magnitude of risk depends on the capacity and willingness of borrowers and debt issuers to repay and the sufficiency of the value of collateral obtained to secure the loans made or investments purchased.

Liquidity risk is the risk the Company may not be able to satisfy current or future financial commitments or may become unduly reliant on alternate funding sources. The Company’s objective is to fund balance sheet growth while meeting the cash flow requirements of depositors. Management is responsible for liquidity monitoring and has available different sources of liquidity as requirements and demands change. These demands include loan growth and repayments, security purchases and maturities, deposit inflows and outflows, and payments on borrowings. Management continually monitors trends to identify patterns that might improve the predictability and timing of the Company’s liquidity position.

Operational risk is the risk to current or anticipated earnings or capital arising from inadequate or failed internal processes or systems, the misconduct or errors of people, and adverse external events. Operational losses result from internal fraud; external fraud including cybersecurity risks; employment practices and workplace safety, clients, products, and business practices; damage to physical assets; business disruption and system failures; and execution, delivery, and process management.

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This quarterly report contains forward-looking statements. Greene County Bancorp, Inc. desires to take advantage of the “safe harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and is including this statement for the express purpose of availing itself of the protections of the safe harbor with respect to all such forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements, which are included in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis and elsewhere in this quarterly report, describe future plans or strategies and include Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s expectations of future financial results. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “intend,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “project,” and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements. Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s ability to predict results or the effect of future plans or strategies or qualitative or quantitative changes based on market risk exposure is inherently uncertain. Factors that could affect actual results include but are not limited to:

(a)

changes in general market interest rates,

(b)

changes in general economic conditions,

(c)

credit risk,

(d)

continued period of high inflation could adversely impact customers,

(e)

cybersecurity risks,

(f)

bank failures,

(g)

changes in general business and economic trends,

(h)

legislative and regulatory changes,

(i)

monetary and fiscal policies of the U.S. Treasury and the Federal Reserve,

(j)

changes in the quality or composition of Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s loan and investment portfolios,

(k)

deposit flows,

(l)

competition, and

(m)

demand for financial services in Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s market area.

These factors should be considered in evaluating the forward-looking statements, and undue reliance should not be placed on such statements, since results in future periods may differ materially from those currently expected because of various risks and uncertainties.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Regulation G, a rule adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), applies to certain SEC filings, including earnings releases, made by registered companies that contain “non-GAAP financial measures.” “GAAP” is generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. Under Regulation G, companies making public disclosures containing non-GAAP financial measures must also disclose, along with each non-GAAP financial measure, certain additional information, including a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure to the closest comparable GAAP financial measure (if a comparable GAAP measure exists) and a statement of the Company’s reasons for utilizing the non-GAAP financial measure as part of its financial disclosures. The SEC has exempted from the definition of “non-GAAP financial measures” certain commonly used financial measures that are not based on GAAP. When these exempted measures are included in public disclosures, supplemental information is not required. Financial institutions like the Company and its subsidiary banks are subject to an array of bank regulatory capital measures that are financial in nature but are not based on GAAP and are not easily reconcilable to the closest comparable GAAP financial measures, even in those cases where a comparable measure exists. The Company follows industry practice in disclosing its financial condition under these various regulatory capital measures, including period-end regulatory capital ratios for itself and its subsidiary banks, in its periodic reports filed with the SEC, and it does so without compliance with Regulation G, on the widely-shared assumption that the SEC regards such non-GAAP measures to be exempt from Regulation G. The Company uses in this Report additional non-GAAP financial measures that are commonly utilized by financial institutions and have not been specifically exempted by the SEC from Regulation G. The Company provides, as supplemental information, such non-GAAP measures included in this Report as described immediately below.

Fully Tax-Equivalent Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin: Net interest income, as a component of the tabular presentation by financial institutions of Selected Financial Information regarding their recently completed operations, as well as disclosures based on that tabular presentation, is commonly presented on a tax-equivalent basis. That is, to the extent that some component of the institution's net interest income, which is presented on a before-tax basis, is exempt from taxation (e.g., is received by the institution as a result of its holdings of state or municipal obligations), an amount equal to the tax benefit derived from that component is added to the actual before-tax net interest income total. This adjustment is considered helpful in comparing one financial institution's net interest income to that of another institution or in analyzing any institution’s net interest income trend line over time, to correct any analytical distortion that might otherwise arise from the fact that financial institutions vary widely in the proportions of their portfolios that are invested in tax-exempt securities, and that even a single institution may significantly alter over time the proportion of its own portfolio that is invested in tax-exempt obligations. Moreover, net interest income is itself a component of a second financial measure commonly used by financial institutions, net interest margin, which is the ratio of net interest income to average interest-earning assets. For purposes of this measure as well, tax-equivalent net interest income is generally used by financial institutions, again to provide a better basis of comparison from institution to institution and to better demonstrate a single institution’s performance over time. While we present net interest income and net interest margin utilizing GAAP measures (no tax-equivalent adjustments) as a component of the tabular presentation within our disclosures, we do provide as supplemental information net interest income and net interest margin on a tax-equivalent basis.

Critical Accounting Policies

Critical accounting estimates as those estimates made in accordance with GAAP that involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on the financial condition or results of operations. The more significant of these policies are summarized in Note 1, Summary of significant accounting policies to the consolidated financial statements presented in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025. Not all significant accounting policies require management to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments. The allowance for credit losses on loans and unfunded commitments policies noted below are deemed the Company’s critical accounting estimate.

The allowance for credit losses consists of the allowance for credit losses for loans and unfunded commitments. The measurement of Current Expected Credit Losses (“CECL”) on financial instruments requires an estimate of the credit losses expected over the life of an exposure (or pool of exposures). The estimate of expected credit losses under the CECL approach is based on relevant information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amounts. Historical loss experience is generally the starting point for estimating expected credit losses. The Company then considers whether the historical loss experience should be adjusted for asset-specific risk characteristics or current conditions at the reporting date that did not exist over the period from which historical experience was used. Finally, the Company considers forecasts about future economic conditions that are reasonable and supportable. The allowance for credit losses for loans, as reported in our consolidated statements of financial condition, is adjusted by a provision (expense) for credit losses, which is recognized in earnings, and reduced by the charge-off of loans, net of recoveries. The allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments represents the expected credit losses on off-balance sheet commitments such as unfunded commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. However, a liability is not recognized for commitments unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments is determined by estimating future draws and applying the expected loss rates on those draws and is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition.

Management of the Company considers the accounting policy relating to the allowance for credit losses on loans to be a critical accounting estimate given the uncertainty in evaluating the level of the allowance required to cover management’s estimate of all expected credit losses over the expected contractual life of our loan portfolios. Determining the appropriateness of the allowance is complex and requires judgment by management about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Subsequent evaluations of the then-existing loan portfolios, in light of the factors then prevailing, may result in significant changes in the allowance for credit losses in those future periods. While management’s current evaluation of the allowance for credit losses on loans indicates that the allowance is appropriate, the allowance may need to be increased under adversely different conditions or assumptions. The impact of utilizing the CECL models to calculate the allowance for credit losses are significantly influenced by the composition, characteristics and quality of our loan portfolios, as well as the prevailing economic conditions and forecasts utilized. Changes in the national unemployment rate and national GDP could have a material impact on the model’s estimation of the allowance. Material changes to these and other relevant factors may result in greater volatility to the allowance for credit losses, and therefore, greater volatility to our reported earnings. This critical accounting policy and its application are periodically reviewed with the Audit Committee and the Board of Directors.

The Company’s policies on the CECL method for allowance for credit losses are disclosed in Note 1, Summary of significant accounting policies with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes presented in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025.

Comparison of Financial Condition at September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025

ASSETS

Total assets of the Company were $3.1 billion at September 30, 2025 and $3.0 billion at June 30, 2025, an increase of $17.9 million, or 0.6%. Securities available-for-sale and held-to-maturity increased $5.0 million, or 0.4%, to $1.137 billion at September 30, 2025 as compared to $1.132 billion at June 30, 2025. Net loans receivable increased $42.3 million, or 2.6%, to $1.65 billion at September 30, 2025 as compared to $1.61 billion at June 30, 2025.

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

Total cash and cash equivalents for the Company were $154.6 million at September 30, 2025 and $183.1 million at June 30, 2025, a decrease of $28.5 million, or 15.6%. The level of cash and cash equivalents is a function of the daily account clearing needs and deposit levels as well as activities associated with securities transactions and loan funding. All of these items can cause cash levels to fluctuate significantly on a daily basis. The Company has continued to maintain strong capital and liquidity positions as of September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025.

SECURITIES

Securities available-for-sale and held-to-maturity increased $5.0 million, or 0.4%, to $1.1 billion at September 30, 2025 as compared to $1.1 billion at June 30, 2025. Securities purchases totaled $93.3 million during the three months ended September 30, 2025, consisting primarily of $82.2 million of state and political subdivision securities, $5.7 million of mortgage-backed securities, $3.5 million of corporate debt securities, and $1.9 million of collateralized mortgage obligations. Principal pay-downs and maturities during the three months ended September 30, 2025, amounted to $90.1 million, primarily consisting of $78.6 million of state and political subdivision securities, $8.9 million of mortgage-backed securities, $1.6 million of corporate debt securities, and $1.0 million of collateralized mortgage obligations. At September 30, 2025, 59.3% of our securities portfolio consisted of state and political subdivision securities to take advantage of tax savings and to promote the Company’s participation in the communities in which it operates. Mortgage-backed securities, which represent 32.8% of our securities portfolio at September 30, 2025, do not contain sub-prime loans and are not exposed to the credit risk associated with such lending.

The following table summarizes the securities portfolio by classification as a percentage of the portfolio. The values are reported at the balance sheet carrying value, as of September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025. Refer to the financial statements Note 3, Securities for the complete fair value of securities.


	September 30, 2025				June 30, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)		Balance	Percentage of portfolio			Balance	Percentage of portfolio
Securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	10,539	0.9	%	$	10,453	0.9	%
U.S. government sponsored enterprises		11,752	1.1			11,644	1.0
State and political subdivisions		203,441	17.9			209,844	18.5
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		30,700	2.7			31,587	2.8
Mortgage-backed securities-multifamily		75,536	6.6			74,597	6.6
Corporate debt securities		18,105	1.6			17,937	1.6
Total securities available-for-sale		350,073	30.8			356,062	31.4
Securities held-to-maturity:
U.S. Treasury securities		15,864	1.4			15,850	1.4
State and political subdivisions		470,775	41.4			460,919	40.7
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		141,161	12.4			138,468	12.2
Mortgage-backed securities-multifamily		126,651	11.1			130,119	11.6
Corporate debt securities		32,654	2.9			30,763	2.7
Other securities		27	0.0			28	0.0
Total securities held-to-maturity		787,132	69.2			776,147	68.6
Total securities (at carrying value)	$	1,137,205	100.0	%	$	1,132,209	100.0	%

There was no allowance for credit losses on securities available-for-sale as of either period presented as the securities in the portfolio are investment grade, current as to principal and interest and their price changes are consistent with interest and credit spreads when adjusting for convexity, rating, and industry differences.

Securities held-to-maturity are evaluated for credit losses on a quarterly basis under the CECL methodology. The allowance for credit losses on securities held-to-maturity was $599,000 and $548,000 at September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, respectively.

LOANS

Net loans receivable increased $42.3 million, or 2.6%, to $1.65 billion at September 30, 2025 as compared to $1.61 billion at June 30, 2025. Loan growth experienced during the three months ended September 30, 2025, consisted primarily of $32.3 million in commercial real estate loans, $9.2 million in commercial loans, and $3.1 million in home equity loans. The allowance for credit losses on loans increased $1.1 million, or 5.7%, to $21.3 million at September 30, 2025 as compared to $20.1 million at June 30, 2025. The increase in the allowance for credit losses was primarily attributable to an increase in loan volume and an increase in the quantitative modeling reserve for the commercial real estate segment due to the conversion of construction loans to permanent financing. The Company continues to experience loan growth as a result of the continued growth in its customer base and its relationships with other financial institutions in originating loan participations. The Company continues to use a conservative underwriting policy in regards to all loan originations and does not engage in sub-prime lending or other exotic loan products. Updated appraisals are obtained on loans when there is a reason to believe that there has been a change in the borrower’s ability to repay the loan principal and interest, generally, when a loan is in a delinquent status. Additionally, if an existing loan is to be modified or refinanced, generally, an appraisal is ordered to ensure continued collateral adequacy.

The following tables present the composition of the Company’s loan portfolio at amortized cost in dollar amounts and percentages as of the dates indicated.


	September 30, 2025						June 30, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)	Balance				Percentage of portfolio		Balance				Percentage of portfolio
Residential real estate		$	416,463		24.9	%		$	417,719		25.7	%
Commercial real estate			1,086,848		65.1				1,054,504		64.8
Home equity			37,221		2.2				34,103		2.1
Consumer			4,336		0.3				4,311		0.3
Commercial loans			125,979		7.5				116,769		7.1
Total gross loans (1)(2)			1,670,847		100.0	%			1,627,406		100.0	%
Allowance for credit losses on loans			(21,292	)					(20,146	)
Total net loans		$	1,649,555					$	1,607,260

(1)

Loan balances include net deferred fees/(costs) of ($583,000) and ($567,000) at September 30, 2025 and at June 30, 2025, respectively.

(2)

Loan balances exclude accrued interest receivable of $7.2 million and $7.0 million at September 30, 2025 and at June 30, 2025, respectively, which is included in accrued interest receivable in the consolidated statement of financial condition.

The following table presents commercial real estate loans by concentrations:



		At September 30, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)		Balance	Percentage of total
Owner occupied:
Warehouse	$	43,182	4.0	%
Mixed use real estate		29,023	2.7
Office building		20,834	1.9
Retail		18,130	1.7
Firehouse		10,211	0.9
Other		44,576	4.1
Total owner occupied		165,956	15.3

Non-owner occupied:
Multi-family		282,315	26.0
Retail plaza		136,213	12.5
Mixed use real estate		108,712	10.0
Office building		87,335	8.0
Construction		68,621	6.3
Motel/hotel		62,390	5.7
Warehouse		55,203	5.1
Other		120,103	11.1
Total non-owner occupied		920,892	84.7
Total commercial real estate	$	1,086,848	100.0	%

Commercial real estate loans are the largest segment of the Company’s loan portfolio and are comprised of 84.7% in non-owner occupied loans and 15.3% in owner occupied loans. These loans are generally secured by commercial, residential investment or industrial property types. The Company’s commercial real estate loan portfolio generally consists of standalone loans supported by both sufficient cash flows and collateral. On a portfolio basis, the Company’s non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans have a weighted average LTV of approximately 57.0%, and the Company’s owner occupied commercial real estate loans have a weighted average LTV of approximately 49.4%, as of September 30, 2025. The Company’s commercial real estate loans are primarily made within our market area in Greene, Columbia, Albany, Ulster and Rensselaer Counties of New York State. The Company actively monitors the economic and credit trends for borrower industries and manages our commercial real estate portfolio concentrations to mitigate its credit risk exposure.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company’s largest commercial real estate concentration was non-owner occupied multi-family loans at $282.3 million, or 26.0% of total commercial real estate loans. Non-owner occupied multi-family loans provide much needed housing for the residents located in our market area and have historically performed well with strong credit metrics. As of September 30, 2025, the weighted average LTV was approximately 58.6% for the non-owner occupied multi-family loan segment.

As of September 30, 2025, non-owner occupied construction loans were $68.6 million, or 6.3% of total commercial real estate loans. Construction loans are typically 12 to 24 months in duration with active monitoring, which may include pre-engineering review and third party site inspections for more complex projects. High volatility commercial real estate loan exposure totaled $6.5 million of the Company’s construction exposure. Construction loans are primarily comprised of approximately 35.6% mixed use real estate, 35.3% multi-family buildings, and 14.2% self-storage.

The Company’s outstanding balance of non-owner occupied commercial real estate office loans were $87.3 million, or 8.0% of total commercial real estate loans as of September 30, 2025. The office loans are primarily low-rise, non-metropolitan buildings, located within our geographic footprint. As of September 30, 2025, the weighted average LTV was approximately 59.4% for the non-owner occupied office loan segment.

ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

The allowance for credit losses (the “ACL”) on loans is established through a provision made periodically by charges or benefits to the provision for credit losses. This is necessary to maintain the ACL at a level which management believes is reasonably reflective of the overall loss expected over the contractual life of the loan portfolio. Management has an established ACL policy to govern the use of judgments exercised in evaluating the ACL required to estimate the expected credit losses over the expected contractual life of the loan portfolios and the material effect that such judgments can have on the consolidated financial statements. While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, additions or reductions to the allowance may fluctuate from one reporting period to another. These fluctuations are reflective of changes in the reasonable and supportable forecast, analysis of loans individually evaluated, and/or changes in management’s assessment of qualitative factors.

The ACL on loans is based on the results of life of loan quantitative models, reserves associated with collateral-dependent loans individually evaluated and adjustments for the impact of current conditions not accounted for in the quantitative models. The discounted cash flow methodology is used to calculate the ACL on loans for the residential real estate, commercial real estate, home equity and commercial loan segments. The remaining life method is utilized to determine the ACL on loans for the consumer loan segment. The Company elected to use the practical expedient to evaluate loans individually, if they are collateral dependent loans that are on non-accrual status with a balance of $250,000 or greater, which is consistent with regulatory requirements. The fair value of collateral for collateral dependent loans less selling expenses will be compared to the loan balance to determine if an ACL on loans is required. A qualitative factor framework has been developed to adjust the quantitative loss rates for asset-specific risk characteristics or current conditions at the reporting date.

The Company charges loans off against the ACL on loans when it becomes evident that a loan cannot be collected within a reasonable amount of time or that it will cost the Company more than it will receive, and all possible avenues of repayment have been analyzed, including the potential of future cash flow, the value of the underlying collateral, and strength of any guarantors or co-borrowers. Generally, consumer loans and smaller business loans (not secured by real estate) in excess of 90 days are charged-off against the ACL on loans, unless equitable arrangements are made. Included within consumer installment loan charge-offs and recoveries are deposit accounts that have been overdrawn in excess of 60 days. For loans secured by real estate, a charge-off is recorded when it is determined that the collection of all or a portion of a loan may not be collected and the amount of that loss can be reasonably estimated. The ACL on loans is increased by a provision for credit losses (which results in a charge to expense) and recoveries of loans previously charged off, and is reduced by charge-offs.

Additional information about the ACL on loans is included in Note 4, Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans, of the Company’s 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025. Management considers the ACL to be appropriate based on evaluation and analysis of the loan portfolio.

The ACL on loans totaled $21.3 million at September 30, 2025, compared to $20.1 million at June 30, 2025. The ACL on loans to total loans receivable was 1.27% at September 30, 2025 compared to 1.24% at June 30, 2025. The increase in the ACL on loans from September 30, 2025 to June 30, 2025 was primarily attributable to an increase in loan volume, an increase in the quantitative modeling reserve for the commercial real estate segment due to the conversion of construction loans to permanent financing.

At September 30, 2025, the allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments totaled $1.5 million as compared to $1.8 million at June 30, 2025, a decrease of $237,000, or 13.4%. The decrease in the provision for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily due to a decrease in the Company’s contractual obligation to extend credit.

Non-accrual Loans and Non-performing Assets

Non-performing assets consist of non-accrual loans, loans over 90 days past due and still accruing, other real estate owned that has been acquired in partial or full satisfaction of the loan obligation or upon foreclosure, and non-performing securities.

Generally, management places loans on non-accrual status once the loans have become 90 days or more delinquent. A non-accrual loan is defined as a loan in which collectability is questionable and therefore interest on the loan will no longer be recognized on an accrual basis. A loan is not placed back on accrual status until the borrower has demonstrated the ability and willingness to make timely payments on the loan. A loan does not have to be 90 days delinquent in order to be classified as non-performing and may be placed on non-accrual when circumstances indicate that the borrower may be unable to meet the contractual principal or interest payments. The threshold for evaluating classified and non-performing loans specifically evaluated for individual credit loss is $250,000. Foreclosed real estate represents property acquired through foreclosure and is valued at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value, less any estimated disposal costs. The Company monitors loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. As of September 30, 2025, three loans have been modified in the last 12 months with a total amortized basis of $2.9 million. As of September 30, 2024, there were three loans modified with a total amortized basis of $4.1 million.

Analysis of Non-accrual Loans and Non-performing Assets



(Dollars in thousands)		September 30, 2025			June 30, 2025
Non-accrual loans:
Residential real estate	$	2,630		$	2,265
Commercial real estate		600			628
Home equity		221			30
Consumer		-			2
Commercial		110			135
Total non-accrual loans	$	3,561		$	3,060
Total non-performing assets	$	3,561		$	3,060

Non-accrual loans to total loans		0.22	%		0.19	%
Non-performing loans to total loans		0.22	%		0.19	%
Non-performing assets to total assets		0.12	%		0.10	%
Allowance for credit losses on loans to non-performing loans		597.92	%		658.37	%
Allowance for credit losses on loans to non-accrual loans		597.92	%		658.37	%

At September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, there were no loans delinquent greater than 90 days and accruing.

Non-performing assets amounted to $3.6 million and $3.1 million at September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, respectively. Loans on non-accrual status totaled $3.6 million at September 30, 2025, of which there were six residential real estate loans totaling $1.1 million and one commercial real estate loans totaling $142,000 in the process of foreclosure. Included in non-accrual loans were $1.8 million of loans which were less than 90 days past due at September 30, 2025, but have a recent history of delinquency greater than 90 days past due. These loans will be returned to accrual status once they have demonstrated a history of timely payments. Loans on non-accrual status totaled $3.1 million at June 30, 2025, of which there were one commercial real estate loan totaling $142,000 and three residential real estate loans totaling $841,000 in the process of foreclosure. Included in non-accrual loans were $1.2 million of loans which were less than 90 days past due at June 30, 2025, but have a recent history of delinquency greater than 90 days past due.

DEPOSITS

Deposit flows are influenced significantly by general economic conditions, changes in prevailing interest rates and competition. The diversity of deposit accounts offered allows the Company to be competitive in obtaining funds and responding to changes in consumer demand. Deposits are obtained predominantly from the areas in which the Company’s branch offices are located. The Company relies primarily on competitive pricing of its deposit products, customer service, and long-standing relationships with customers to attract and retain these deposits. However, market interest rates and rates offered by competing financial institutions significantly affect the Company’s ability to attract and retain deposits. The Company uses traditional means of advertising its deposit products, including radio, television, print and social media. While the Company accepts certificates of deposits in excess of $250,000, they are not subject to preferential rates. The Company does not actively solicit such deposits, as they are more difficult to retain than core deposits. The Company’s emphasis is placed on acquiring locally, stable, low-cost deposits to fund high-quality loans without taking on unnecessary interest rate risk. The ability to attract and maintain deposits and the rates paid on these deposits are and will continue to be affected by market conditions.

Deposits totaled $2.7 billion at September 30, 2025 and $2.6 billion at June 30, 2025, an increase of $83.4 million, or 3.2%. The Company had $31.6 million and $51.6 million of brokered deposits at September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, respectively. NOW deposits increased $96.1 million, or 4.9%, and noninterest bearing deposits increased $12.7 million, or 11.5%, when comparing September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025. Savings deposits decreased $11.3 million, or 4.6%, money market deposits decreased $10.2 million, or 10.0%, and certificates of deposits decreased $3.9 million, or 1.7%, when comparing September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025.

The following table summarizes deposits by major categories:


(Dollars in thousands)		September 30, 2025	Percentage of portfolio			June 30, 2025		Percentage of portfolio
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$	122,871		4.5	%	$	110,163		4.2	%
Certificates of deposit		224,224		8.2			228,174		8.6
Savings deposits		235,224		8.6			246,488		9.3
Money market deposits		92,542		3.4			102,787		3.9
NOW deposits		2,048,326		75.3			1,952,223		74.0
Total deposits	$	2,723,187		100.0	%	$	2,639,835		100.0	%

The following table summarizes deposits by depositor type:


(Dollars in thousands)		September 30, 2025	Percentage of portfolio			June 30, 2025		Percentage of portfolio
Business deposits	$	530,207		19.5	%	$	499,964		18.9	%
Retail deposits		884,721		32.5			903,767		34.2
Municipal deposits		1,276,694		46.9			1,184,514		44.9
Brokered deposits		31,565		1.1			51,590		2.0
Total deposits	$	2,723,187		100.0	%	$	2,639,835		100.0	%

The Company’s deposit base and liquidity position continues to be strong, and the deposit base is well diversified across segments to meet the transactional and investment needs of our customers. Municipal deposits are primarily from local New York State government entities, such as counties, cities, villages and towns, as well as school districts and fire departments. There is a seasonal component to municipal deposits levels associated with annual tax collections and fiscal spending patterns. In general, municipal balances increase at the end of the first and third quarters of our fiscal year. Municipal deposits above the FDIC insured limit are required to be collateralized by irrevocable municipal letters of credits issued by the Federal Home Loan Bank, municipal bonds, US Treasuries or government agency securities. Additionally, the Company offers large retail, business and municipal customers the ability to enhance FDIC insurance coverage, by electing to participate their deposit balance into a national deposit network.

The Company has many long-standing relationships with municipal entities throughout its market areas and their deposits have provided a stable funding source for the Company. The Company has a separate municipal department for the retention, management, and monitoring of municipal relationships.

Uninsured deposits represents the portion of deposit accounts that exceed the FDIC insurance limit. The Company calculates its uninsured deposit balances based on the methodologies and assumptions used for regulatory reporting requirements, which includes affiliate deposits and collateralized deposits.

The following table summarizes total uninsured deposits based on the same methodologies and assumptions used for the Bank’s regulatory reporting:



(Dollars in thousands)		September 30, 2025		June 30, 2025
Estimated amount of uninsured for the Bank of Greene County	$	380,625	$	388,060
Estimated amount of uninsured for Greene County Commercial Bank		1,141,961		1,049,268
Uninsured deposits, per regulatory requirements	$	1,522,586	$	1,437,328

⁽¹⁾

All of Greene County Commercial Bank deposits in excess of FDIC insurance limits are fully collateralized.

The following table estimates uninsured deposits after certain exclusions:


(Dollars in thousands)		September 30, 2025			June 30, 2025
Uninsured deposits, per regulatory requirements	$	1,522,586		$	1,437,328
Less: Affiliate deposits		(59,175	)		(59,018	)
Collateralized deposits		(1,141,961	)		(1,049,268	)
Uninsured deposits, after exclusions	$	321,450		$	329,042

Immediately available liquidity (1)	$	353,145		$	422,398
Uninsured deposits coverage		109.9	%		128.4	%

⁽¹⁾

Reflects $154.6 million and $183.1 million of cash and cash equivalents, $180.2 million and $221.1 million of remaining borrowing capacity from the Federal Home Loan Bank, and $18.4 million and $18.2 million of remaining borrowing capacity from the Federal Reserve Bank, as of September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, respectively.

Uninsured deposits after exclusions represent 11.8% and 12.5% of total deposits as of September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, respectively. The Company believes that this presentation provides a more accurate view of deposits at risk, given that affiliate deposits are not customer facing and therefore are eliminated upon consolidation, and collateralized deposits are fully secured by investments and municipal letters of credit. The Company continually monitors the level and composition of uninsured deposits.

BORROWINGS

At September 30, 2025, the Bank had pledged approximately $623.1 million of its residential and commercial mortgage portfolio as collateral for borrowing and irrevocable municipal letters of credit at the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLB”). The maximum amount of funding available from the FHLB was $384.4 million at September 30, 2025, of which there were $4.2 million long-term fixed rate borrowings, $200.0 million irrevocable municipal letters of credit and zero of overnight borrowings outstanding at September 30, 2025. At June 30, 2025, the Bank had $74.0 million in overnight borrowings, $4.2 million of long-term fixed rate borrowings and $90.0 million in irrevocable municipal letters of credit at the FHLB. Interest rates on overnight borrowings are determined at the time of borrowing. The irrevocable municipal letters of credit with the FHLB have been issued to secure municipal transactional deposit accounts, on behalf of Greene County Commercial Bank.

The FHLB term borrowings include long-term fixed rate borrowings from the “FHLB 0.0% Development Advance (ZDA) Program.” The Company receives a corresponding credit related to the FHLB term fixed rate borrowings, which effectively reduces the interest rate paid to zero percent. At September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, the Bank had a FHLB long-term fixed rate borrowing of $2.2 million at a stated rate of 3.8%, maturing October 2027, and a FHLB long-term fixed rate borrowing of $2.0 million at a stated rate of 4.2%, maturing June 2028.

The Bank pledges securities and certificates of deposit as collateral at the Federal Reserve Bank discount window for overnight borrowings. At September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, approximately $18.4 million and $18.2 million, respectively, of collateral was available to be pledged against potential borrowings at the Federal Reserve Bank discount window. There were zero overnight borrowings outstanding with the Federal Reserve Bank at September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025.

The Bank has established unsecured lines of credit with Atlantic Community Bankers Bank for $15.0 million and three other financial institutions for $75.0 million. The lines of credit provide for overnight borrowing and the interest rate is determined at the time of the borrowing. There were zero borrowings outstanding with these lines of credit for the Bank at September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025.

On September 17, 2020, the Company entered into Subordinated Note Purchase Agreements (“SNPAs”) with 14 qualified institutional investors, issued at 4.75% Fixed-to-Floating Rate due September 17, 2030, in the aggregate principal amount of $20.0 million, carried net of issuance costs of $424,000 amortized over a period of 60 months. These notes totaled $20.0 million and had a floating interest rate of 8.99% at September 30, 2025. These notes were callable on September 15, 2025. The Company redeemed its 4.75%, Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2030, in full on October 1, 2025.

On September 15, 2021, the Company entered into SNPAs with 18 qualified institutional investors, issued at 3.00% Fixed-to-Floating Rate due September 15, 2031, in the aggregate principal amount of $30.0 million, carried net of issuance costs of $499,000 amortized over a period of 60 months. These notes are callable on September 15, 2026. At September 30, 2025, there were $29.9 million of these SNPAs outstanding, net of issuance costs.

The sales of the SNPAs were made in a private placement to accredited investors under the exemption from registration provided under Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 506. The Notes are not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended ("Securities Act"), and may not be offered or sold in the United States absent registration or an applicable exemption from registration requirements.

For regulatory purposes, the Company allocated the SNPAs to the Bank of Greene County to qualify as Tier 1 capital subject to a 25.0% of capital limitation under risk-based capital guidelines. The portion that exceeds 25.0% of capital limitation qualifies as Tier 2 capital.

At September 30, 2025, there were no other long-term borrowings and therefore, no scheduled maturities of long-term borrowings.

EQUITY

Shareholders’ equity increased to $248.2 million at September 30, 2025 compared to $238.8 million at June 30, 2025, resulting primarily from net income of $8.9 million and a decrease in accumulated other comprehensive loss of $1.3 million, partially offset by dividends declared and paid of $781,000.

The Federal Reserve raised its target benchmark interest rate in 2022 and 2023, resulting in subsequent prime lending rate increases of 525 basis points and a significant increase in market rates. The Federal Reserve has since reduced interest rates 100 basis points in the third and fourth quarter of 2024 and 25 basis points in September 2025.

When market interest rates rise, the fair value of the fixed income bond portfolio will decrease, resulting in additional unrealized losses, and depending on the extent of the rise in interest rates, the increase in unrealized losses could be significant. The non-credit portion of unrealized losses are recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a component of Shareholders' Equity. A significant increase in market rates may have a negative impact on book value per share. The Company's bond portfolio is expected to mature at par and therefore the unrealized losses in the portfolio that result from higher market interest rates will decrease as the bonds become closer to maturity. However, if the Company were required to sell investment securities with an unrealized loss for any reason, including liquidity needs, the unrealized loss would become realized and reduce both net income for the reported period and regulatory capital, which as currently reported, excludes unrealized losses on investment securities.

As of the quarter ended September 30, 2025, market rates generally decreased as compared to June 30, 2025. The Federal Reserve cut its target benchmark by 25 basis points at their September 2025 meeting. This resulted in the fair value of the fixed income bond portfolio to increase and therefore, decreased the unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2025. Additionally, the Company continued to purchase investment securities in the higher interest rate environment, decreasing the unrealized loss position.

On September 17, 2019, the Board of Directors of the Company adopted a stock repurchase program. Under the repurchase program, the Company may repurchase up to 400,000 shares of its common stock. Repurchases are made at management’s discretion at prices management considers to be attractive and in the best interests of both the Company and its stockholders, subject to the availability of stock, general market conditions, the trading price of the stock, alternative uses for capital, and the Company’s financial performance. For the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company did not repurchase any shares.


Selected Equity Data:
			At September 30, 2025			At June 30, 2025
Shareholders’ equity to total assets, at end of period			8.11	%		7.85	%
Book value per share (1)		$	14.58		$	14.03
Closing market price of common stock		$	22.60		$	22.22

	For the three months ended September 30,
			2025			2024
Average shareholders’ equity to average assets			8.30	%		7.87	%
Dividend payout ratio (2)			19.23	%		24.32	%
Actual dividends paid to net income (3)			8.80	%		24.48	%

⁽¹⁾ Shareholders’ equity divided by outstanding shares.

⁽²⁾ The dividend payout ratio has been calculated based on the dividends declared per share divided by basic earnings per share. No adjustments have been made for dividends waived by Greene County Bancorp, MHC (“MHC”), the owner of 54.1% of the Company’s shares outstanding.

⁽³⁾ Dividends declared divided by net income. The MHC waived its right to receive dividends declared during the three months ended December 31, 2023, March 31, 2024, June 30, 2024, March 31, 2025, June 30, 2025 and September 30, 2025. Dividends declared during the three months ended September 30, 2023, September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2024 were paid to the MHC. The MHC’s ability to waive the receipt of dividends is dependent upon annual approval of its members as well as receiving the non-objection of the Federal Reserve Board.

Comparison of Operating Results for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

Average Balance Sheet

The following table sets forth certain information relating to the Company for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. For the periods indicated, the total dollar amount of interest income from average interest-earning assets and the resultant yields, as well as the interest expense on average interest-bearing liabilities, are expressed in both dollars and rates. No tax equivalent adjustments made. Average balances were based on daily averages. Average loan balances include non-performing loans. The loan yields include net amortization of certain deferred fees and costs that are considered adjustments to yields.


		Three months ended September 30,
		2025							2024
(Dollars in thousands)		Average outstanding balance			Interest earned / paid	Average yield / rate			Average outstanding balance			Interest earned / paid	Average yield / rate
Interest-earning Assets:
Loans receivable, net ⁽¹⁾	$	1,647,858		$	21,973	5.33	%	$	1,490,079		$	19,243	5.17	%
Securities non-taxable		669,521			5,266	3.15			609,339			4,468	2.93
Securities taxable		470,596			3,868	3.29			442,843			3,313	2.99
Interest-bearing bank balances and federal funds		38,477			474	4.93			45,273			689	6.09
FHLB stock		2,898			42	5.80			2,046			56	10.95
Total interest-earning assets		2,829,350			31,623	4.47	%		2,589,580			27,769	4.29	%
Cash and due from banks		12,369							12,323
Allowance for credit losses on loans		(20,344	)						(19,147	)
Allowance for credit losses on securities held-to-maturity		(548	)						(482	)
Other noninterest-earning assets		107,397							100,407
Total assets	$	2,928,224						$	2,682,681

Interest-Bearing Liabilities:
Savings and money market deposits	$	344,508		$	420	0.49	%	$	360,346		$	431	0.48	%
NOW deposits		1,912,993			11,096	2.32			1,723,313			11,742	2.73
Certificates of deposit		210,460			1,847	3.51			148,746			1,633	4.39
Borrowings		71,243			740	4.15			83,659			827	3.95
Total interest-bearing liabilities		2,539,204			14,103	2.22	%		2,316,064			14,633	2.53	%
Noninterest-bearing deposits		111,830							125,294
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities		34,034							30,187
Shareholders' equity		243,156							211,136
Total liabilities and equity	$	2,928,224						$	2,682,681

Net interest income				$	17,520						$	13,136
Net interest rate spread						2.25	%						1.76	%
Net earnings assets	$	290,146						$	273,516
Net interest margin						2.48	%						2.03	%
Average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities		111.43	%						111.81	%

⁽¹⁾

Calculated net of deferred loan fees and costs, loan discounts, and loans in process.

Non-GAAP to GAAP Reconciliation

The following table summarizes the adjustments made to arrive at the fully taxable-equivalent net interest margins.


Taxable-equivalent net interest income and net interest margin	For the three months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)		2025			2024
Net interest income (GAAP)	$	17,520		$	13,136
Tax-equivalent adjustment ⁽¹⁾		2,110			1,713
Net interest income fully taxable-equivalent basis (non-GAAP)	$	19,630		$	14,849

Average interest-earning assets (GAAP)	$	2,829,350		$	2,589,580
Net interest margin fully taxable-equivalent basis (non-GAAP)		2.78	%		2.29	%

⁽¹⁾ Interest income calculated on a taxable-equivalent basis (non-GAAP) includes the additional amount of interest income that would have been earned if the Company’s investment in tax-exempt securities and loans had been subject to federal and New York State income taxes yielding the same after-tax income. The rate used for this adjustment was 21% for federal income taxes and 4.44% for New York State income taxes for the periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Rate / Volume Analysis

The following table presents the extent to which changes in interest rates and changes in the volume of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities have affected the Company’s interest income and interest expense during the periods indicated. Information is provided in each category with respect to:

(i)

Change attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate);

(ii)

Change attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume); and

(iii)

The net change.

The changes attributable to the combined impact of volume and rate have been allocated proportionately to the changes due to volume and the changes due to rate.


		Three months ended September 30, 2025 versus 2024
	Increase/(decrease)							Total
		Due to							increase/
(In thousands)			Volume			Rate			(decrease)
Interest-earning assets:
Loans receivable, net ⁽¹⁾		$	2,113		$	617		$	2,730
Securities non-taxable			453			345			798
Securities taxable			213			342			555
Interest-bearing bank balances and federal funds			(95	)		(120	)		(215	)
FHLB stock			18			(32	)		(14	)
Total interest-earning assets			2,702			1,152			3,854

Interest-bearing liabilities:
Savings and money market deposits			(20	)		9			(11	)
NOW deposits			1,221			(1,867	)		(646	)
Certificates of deposit			586			(372	)		214
Borrowings			(127	)		40			(87	)
Total interest-bearing liabilities			1,660			(2,190	)		(530	)
Net change in net interest income		$	1,042		$	3,342		$	4,384

⁽ ¹ ⁾ Calculated net of deferred loan fees, loan discounts, and loans in process.

GENERAL

Return on average assets and return on average equity are common methods of measuring operating results. Annualized return on average assets increased to 1.21% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to 0.93% for the three months ended September 30, 2024. Annualized return on average equity increased to 14.59% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to 11.86% for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The increase in return on average assets and average equity for the three months ended September 30, 2025 was primarily the result of net income outpacing growth in the balance sheet.

Net income amounted to $8.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to $6.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, an increase of $2.6 million.

Average assets increased $245.5 million, or 9.2%, to $2.9 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to $2.7 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2024. Average equity increased $32.0 million, or 15.2%, to $243.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to $211.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024.

INTEREST INCOME

Interest income amounted to $31.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to $27.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, an increase of $3.9 million, or 13.9%. The increase in the average balances on loans and securities had the greatest impact on interest income when comparing the 2025 and 2024 periods. The increase in yields of loans and securities also increased during the comparative periods contributing to higher interest income.

Average loan balances increased $157.8 million and the yield on loans increased 16 basis points when comparing the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The average balance of securities increased $87.9 million and the yield on such securities increased 24 basis points when comparing the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Average interest-bearing bank balances and federal funds decreased $6.8 million and the yield on interest-bearing bank balances and federal funds decreased 116 basis points when comparing the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

INTEREST EXPENSE

Interest expense amounted to $14.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to $14.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, a decrease of $530,000, or 3.6%. The decrease in the average cost of funds on NOW deposits had the greatest impact on interest expense when comparing the 2025 and 2024 periods.

The cost of NOW deposits decreased 41 basis points and the cost of certificates of deposit decreased 88 basis points when comparing the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

The growth in interest-bearing liabilities was primarily due to an increase in average NOW deposits of $189.7 million and an increase in average certificates of deposits of $61.7 million when comparing the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. This was partially offset by a decrease in average savings and money market deposits of $15.8 million and a decrease in borrowings of $12.4 million when comparing the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Yields on interest-earning assets increased when comparing the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, as the Company continued to reprice assets into the higher interest rate environment. During the prior fiscal year and continued through the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company implemented a strategic reduction in deposit rates that aligns with the Federal Reserve’s rate cuts, while providing competitive financial solutions to the Company’s customers that reflect the prevailing economic conditions, and continued to grow new relationships.

NET INTEREST INCOME

Net interest income increased $4.4 million to $17.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, from $13.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The increase in net interest income was due to an increase in the average balance of interest-earning assets, which increased $239.8 million when comparing the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, an increase in interest rates on interest-earning assets, which increased 18 basis points when comparing the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, and a decrease of 31 basis points in rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities when comparing the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The increase in net interest income was offset by increases in the average balance of interest-bearing liabilities, which increased $223.1 million when comparing the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Net interest rate spread increased 49 basis points to 2.25% for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to 1.76% for the three months ended September 30, 2024.

Net interest margin increased 45 basis points to 2.48% for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to 2.03% for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The increase in net interest rate spread and margin during the three months ended September 30, 2025, was due to increases in interest income on loans and securities, as they continue to reprice at higher yields and the interest rates earned on new balances were higher than the historic low levels from the prior periods, and the reduction in rates paid on deposits.

Net interest income on a taxable-equivalent basis includes the additional amount of interest income that would have been earned if the Company’s investment in tax-exempt securities and loans had been subject to federal and New York State income taxes yielding the same after-tax income. Tax equivalent net interest margin was 2.79% and 2.29% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

The Company closely monitors its interest rate risk, and the Company will continue to monitor and prudently manage the asset and liability mix to address the risks or potential negative effects of changes in interest rates. Management attempts to mitigate the interest rate risk through balance sheet composition. Several strategies are used to help manage interest rate risk such as maintaining a high level of liquid assets such as short-term federal funds sold and various investment securities and maintaining a high concentration of less interest-rate sensitive and lower-costing core deposits.

PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES

Management continues to closely monitor asset quality and adjust the level of the allowance for credit losses. The amount recognized for the provision for credit losses is determined by management based on its ongoing analysis of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. Provision for credit losses on loans amounted to $1.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $634,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The provision for the three months ended September 30, 2025 was primarily attributable to an increase in loan volume and an increase in the quantitative modeling reserve for the commercial real estate segment due to the conversion of construction loans to permanent financing. The allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans receivable was 1.27% at September 30, 2025 compared to 1.24% at June 30, 2025.

Commercial and commercial real estate loans classified as substandard and special mention totaled $37.5 million at September 30, 2025, and $39.4 million at June 30, 2025, a decrease of $1.9 million. Of the loans classified as substandard or special mention, $36.7 million were performing at September 30, 2025. There were no loans classified as doubtful or loss at September 30, 2025 or June 30, 2025.

Net charge-offs on loans amounted to $60,000 and $114,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, a decrease of $54,000. There were no material charge-offs in any loan segment during the three months ended September 30, 2025.

NONINTEREST INCOME


(Dollars in thousands)	For the three months ended September 30,				Change from prior year
Noninterest income:		2025		2024		Amount		Percent
Service charges on deposit accounts	$	1,298	$	1,226	$	72		5.9	%
Debit card fees		1,100		1,101		(1	)	(0.1	)
Investment services		277		248		29		11.7
E-commerce fees		27		37		(10	)	(27.0	)
Bank-owned life insurance		652		648		4		0.6
Other operating income		632		477		155		32.5
Total noninterest income	$	3,986	$	3,737	$	249		6.7	%

Noninterest income increased $249,000, or 6.7%, to $4.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $3.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The increase during the three months ended September 30, 2025 was primarily due to an increase in income earned on customer interest rate swap contracts of $170,000 included in other operating income.

NONINTEREST EXPENSE


(Dollars in thousands)	For the three months ended September 30,				Change from prior year
Noninterest expense:		2025		2024		Amount		Percent
Salaries and employee benefits	$	6,156	$	5,878	$	278		4.7	%
Occupancy expense		653		636		17		2.7
Equipment and furniture expense		205		150		55		36.7
Service and data processing fees		787		767		20		2.6
Computer software, supplies and support		440		355		85		23.9
Advertising and promotion		100		77		23		29.9
FDIC insurance premiums		367		322		45		14.0
Legal and professional fees		406		364		42		11.5
Other		947		1,001		(54	)	(5.4	)
Total noninterest expense	$	10,061	$	9,550	$	511		5.4	%

Noninterest expense increased $511,000, or 5.4%, to $10.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $9.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The increase during the three months ended September 30, 2025 was primarily due to an increase of $278,000 in salaries and employee benefits, due to new positions created during the period to support the Company’s continued growth, an increase of $250,000 in charitable contributions, included in other expenses, as the bank made a donation to the Bank of Greene County Charitable Foundation, and an increase of $110,000 in third party bank service charges, included in other expenses. This was offset by a $547,000 decrease in the unfunded commitment expense, included in other expenses, due to a decrease in the Company’s contractual obligation to extend credit.

INCOME TAXES

Provision for income taxes reflects the expected tax associated with the pre-tax income generated for the given period and certain regulatory requirements. The effective tax rate was 12.9% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 6.4% for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The statutory tax rate is impacted by the benefits derived from tax-exempt bond and loan income, the Company’s real estate investment trust subsidiary income, income received on the bank owned life insurance and tax credits, to arrive at the effective tax rate. The increase during the three months ended September 30, 2025, is primarily due to higher pre-tax income and reflects a lower mix of tax-exempt income from municipal bonds, tax advantage loans, and bank owned life insurance in proportion to pre-tax income.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Market risk is the risk of loss in a financial instrument arising from adverse changes in market rates and/or prices such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, and equity prices. The Company’s most significant form of market risk is interest rate risk since the majority of the Company’s assets and liabilities are sensitive to changes in interest rates. The Company’s primary sources of funds are deposits and proceeds from principal and interest payments on loans, mortgage-backed securities and debt securities, with lines of credit available through the Federal Home Loan Bank, Atlantic Community Bankers Bank and three other financial institutions, as needed. While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans and securities are predictable sources of funds, deposit outflows, mortgage prepayments, and lending activities are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition. At September 30, 2025, the Company had $154.6 million in cash and cash equivalents, representing 5.1% of total assets, and had $343.0 million available in unused lines of credit.

As needed, to enhance strong levels of liquidity and to fund loan demand, the Bank and Commercial Bank (the “Banks”) may accept brokered deposits, generally in denominations of less than $250,000, from national brokerage networks, custodial deposit networks or through IntraFi’s one-way CDARS and ICS products, including IntraFi’s Insured Network Deposits (“IND”). The Banks combined can place and obtain brokered deposits up to 30% of total deposits, in the amount of $785.4 million based on policy. Additionally, both Banks participate in the IntraFi reciprocal (“two-way”) CDARS and the ICS products, which provides for reciprocal two-way transactions among other institutions, facilitated by IntraFi, for the purpose of maximizing FDIC insurance for depositors.

The Company had $31.6 million and $51.6 million brokered deposits as of September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, respectively.

Ensuring adequate liquidity to meet the Company’s cash and collateral obligations and due to the speed at which the movement of deposits may exit the bank, the Company’s primary liquidity measurement is focused on forward cash flows and the time sequence of available liquidity. This liquidity time sequence is determined by when cash becomes available in the Bank's Federal Reserve Account and then analyzed in time intervals of Minute 1, Day 1, Week 1 and Month 1.

The Company’s secondary liquidity measurement is On-Balance Sheet liquidity, which utilizes cash and cash equivalents, the market value of unpledged securities and the market value of pledged but unencumbered securities.

At September 30, 2025, liquidity measures were as follows:

Primary:


Minute 1: (Cash and cash equivalents / non-contractual deposits)	10.00	%
Day 1: (Minute 1 liquidity plus same day borrowing capacity / non-contractual deposits)	28.68	%
Week 1: (Day 1 liquidity plus unpledged marketable investments and one-third brokered deposit capacity / non-contractual deposits)	49.96	%
Month 1: (Week 1 liquidity plus remaining borrowing capacity / non-contractual deposits)	106.03	%

Secondary:
On-Balance Sheet: (Cash plus unpledged and unencumbered securities / non-contractual deposits)	15.26	%

The Company’s off-balance sheet credit exposures at September 30, 2025:


(In thousands)
Unfunded loan commitments	$	149,000
Unused lines of credit		116,284
Standby letters of credit		793
Total commitments	$	266,077

The Company anticipates that it will have sufficient funds available to meet current commitments and other funding needs based on the level of cash and cash equivalents as well as the investments available-for-sale portfolio and borrowing capacity.

The Bank of Greene County and its wholly owned subsidiary, Greene County Commercial Bank, met all applicable regulatory capital requirements at September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025.





(Dollars in thousands)	Actual				For capital adequacy purposes				To be well capitalized under prompt corrective action provisions				Capital conservation buffer
The Bank of Greene County		Amount	Ratio			Amount	Ratio			Amount	Ratio			Actual		Required
As of September 30, 2025:

Total risk-based capital	$	304,107	16.7	%	$	145,569	8.0	%	$	181,961	10.0	%		8.71	%	2.50	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital		281,354	15.5			109,176	6.0			145,569	8.0			9.46		2.50
Common equity tier 1 capital		281,354	15.5			81,882	4.5			118,274	6.5			10.96		2.50
Tier 1 leverage ratio		281,354	9.6			117,854	4.0			147,317	5.0			5.55		2.50

As of June 30, 2025:

Total risk-based capital	$	293,952	16.6	%	$	141,305	8.0	%	$	176,632	10.0	%		8.64	%	2.50	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital		271,869	15.4			105,979	6.0			141,305	8.0			9.39		2.50
Common equity tier 1 capital		271,869	15.4			79,484	4.5			114,811	6.5			10.89		2.50
Tier 1 leverage ratio		271,869	9.2			117,646	4.0			147,057	5.0			5.24		2.50


Greene County Commercial Bank
As of September 30, 2025:

Total risk-based capital	$	124,630	44.6	%	$	22,333	8.0	%	$	27,916	10.0	%	36.64	%	2.50	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital		124,630	44.6			16,750	6.0			22,333	8.0		38.64		2.50
Common equity tier 1 capital		124,630	44.6			12,562	4.5			18,146	6.5		40.14		2.50
Tier 1 leverage ratio		124,630	9.8			50,784	4.0			63,480	5.0		5.82		2.50

As of June 30, 2025:

Total risk-based capital	$	122,243	46.9	%	$	20,871	8.0	%	$	26,089	10.0	%	38.86	%	2.50	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital		122,243	46.9			15,654	6.0			20,871	8.0		40.86		2.50
Common equity tier 1 capital		122,243	46.9			11,740	4.5			16,958	6.5		42.36		2.50
Tier 1 leverage ratio		122,243	9.1			53,543	4.0			66,929	5.0		5.13		2.50

Item 3.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Not applicable to smaller reporting companies.

Item 4.

Controls and Procedures

Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer (who is our principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (who is our principal financial and accounting officer), evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), at the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports, that the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the issuer’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended September 30, 2025, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Because of its inherent limitations, management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all error and fraud. Any control system is based upon assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that its objective will be met. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. No evaluation of control can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, with the Company have been detected.

Part II. Other Information

Item 1.

Legal Proceedings

The Company, including its subsidiaries, are not currently the subject of any material pending legal proceedings, other than ordinary routine litigation occurring in the normal course of their business. On an ongoing basis, the Company is often the subject of, or a party to, various legal claims by other parties against the Company, by the Company against other parties, or involving the Company, which arise in the normal course of business.

Item 1A.

Risk Factors

Not applicable to smaller reporting companies.

Item 2 .

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

On September 17, 2019, the Board of Directors of the Company adopted a stock repurchase program. Under the repurchase program, the Company is authorized to repurchase up to 400,000 shares of its common stock. Repurchases will be made at management’s discretion at prices management considers to be attractive and in the best interests of both the Company and its stockholders, subject to the availability of stock, general market conditions, the trading price of the stock, alternative uses for capital, and the Company’s financial performance. There were no additional share repurchases during the quarter ended September 30, 2025.

Item 3.

Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Not applicable.

Item 4.

Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5.

Other Information

No director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non- Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement, as each term is defined in Item 408 of regulation S-K, during the quarter ended September 30, 2025.

Item 6.

Exhibits


	31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer, adopted pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)
	31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer, adopted pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)

	32.1	Statement of Chief Executive Officer, furnished pursuant to U.S.C. Section 1350
	32.2	Statement of Chief Financial Officer, furnished pursuant to U.S.C. Section 1350
	101	The following materials from Greene County Bancorp, Inc. Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2025, formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL): (i) the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (iv) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, (detail tagged).
	104	Cover Page Integrative Data File (formatted in iXBRL and included in exhibit 101).

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

Date: November 7, 2025

By: /s/ Donald E. Gibson

Donald E. Gibson

President and Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

Date: November 7, 2025

By: /s/ Nick Barzee

Nick Barzee

Senior Vice President,

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)